00000 apj vol 1 no 5
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Contents
EDITORIAL ................................................................................................................ 4
From the Desk of Hennie Heymans ........................................................................ 4
ETHIOPIA (ABYSSINIA) OR THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF
ETHIOPIA ................................................................................................................ 11
Names for Ethiopia ...................................................................................... 12
Prehistory .................................................................................................... 12
Antiquity ...................................................................................................... 13
Middle Ages ................................................................................................ 14
Aussa Sultanate .......................................................................................... 15
Zemene Mesafint (Age of Princes) .............................................................. 15
Emperor Tewodros II ................................................................................... 16
From Menelik II to Adwa (1889-1913) ......................................................... 16
Haile Selassie 1 era .................................................................................... 17
Communist period (1974-1991) ................................................................... 18
Federal Democratic Republic (1991-present) ............................................. 20
Admin regions ............................................................................................. 21
References .................................................................................................. 22
LAW ENFORCEMENT IN ETHIOPIA ....................................................................... 23
Ethiopia: Federal Police Commission .......................................................... 23
History of law enforcement in Ethiopia ........................................................ 24
Army vs Constabulary ................................................................................. 25
Addis Ababa Police ..................................................................................... 26
Prisons ........................................................................................................ 26
Secret Police Organizations ........................................................................ 27
References .................................................................................................. 27
Further reading ............................................................................................ 27
External links ............................................................................................... 27
ETHIOPIAN FEDERAL POLICE .............................................................................. 27
INTERPOL ADDIS ABABA ...................................................................................... 28
SOUTH AFRICAN POLICE IN ETHIOPIA ................................................................ 28
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No 1 Motorcycle Coy (Police): Photos Mr Gerald Prinsloo SANDF Archive 28
THE MICKEY DILLON-COLLECTION: HBH ............................................................ 30
No 1 Cycle Coy (Police): Acting Mobile Police Addis Abeba ............................. 30
In the lead: Const Michael John Dillon .............................................................. 30
FURTHER RESEARCH ON SA POLICE IN ETHIOPIA ........................................... 37
Capt RD Jenkins ......................................................................................... 37
Head-Constable WB Joyner ........................................................................ 37
A short biography on Const MJ Dillon ......................................................... 39
Maureen with sketch of Mickey Dillon ......................................................... 41
Photo from Lt Col William Marshall ............................................................. 41
NO.1 SOUTH AFRICAN MOTORCYCLE COMPANY ............................................. 42
Mr Gerald Prinsloo (SANDF Archive) .......................................................... 42
Headdress: Ethiopian Police Force ............................................................. 43
Headdress: South African Forces ............................................................... 43
1941: Ethiopian Police .......................................................................................... 43
1941: Name list alphabetically of some Acting Mobile Police members from
South Africa serving in Addis Ababa ................................................................. 44
MOZAMBIQUE POLICE CONTACT WITH THE ETHIOPIAN POLICE .................... 45
ETHIOPIAN POLICE: THE OLD KHAKI & NEW BLUE ............................................ 47
Bibliography .......................................................................................................... 47
VARIOUS ASPECTS AFFECTING LAW & ORDER ON THE CONTINENT ............ 48
EGYPT ..................................................................................................................... 48
Egypt's tourism revenue drops by nearly HALF as holidaymakers avoid coast .... 48
NIGERIA .................................................................................................................. 50
Nigeria preparing to receive ex-US Coast Guard cutter Gallatin .......................... 50
US deploys military to help search for kidnapped Nigerian girls ........................... 52
KENYA ..................................................................................................................... 53
Former national assembly deputy speaker Farah Maalim summoned by anti-
terrorism police unit .............................................................................................. 53
Heartbreaking aerial images show bodies of elephants slaughtered by vicious
poachers lying in the Kenyan wilderness .............................................................. 54
Kenya Tourism in Turmoil Amid Terror Warnings ................................................. 60
LIBYA ....................................................................................................................... 61
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MI6 spies close in on prime suspect in WPC Yvonne Fletcher murder - 30 years
after her death - in 3million covert operation from British embassy in Libya ....... 61
Counter-Revolutionaries Continue the Destruction of Libya ................................. 67
SUDAN ..................................................................................................................... 70
Ramaphosa returns from South Sudan ................................................................ 70
SOUTH AFRICA ...................................................................................................... 70
Intelligence a tool for Luthuli House - Kasrils ........................................................ 70
Cops targeting drug 'demons' - Mthethwa ............................................................ 72
Zama-Zama Miners .............................................................................................. 72
Khayelitsha police allocation unfair - researcher .................................................. 76
Selebi 'infected the police' .................................................................................... 77
LETTERS ................................................................................................................. 79
Nyasaland Police Ray Ellis (Australia) .................................................................. 79
Some Nyasaland & Malawi Police devices (HBH) ................................................ 79
IN CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................... 81
Open Invitation to Share Knowledge .................................................................... 81
CONTACT DETAILS ................................................................................................ 81
NEXT ISSUE DUE ................................................................................................... 81
EDITORIAL
From the Desk of Hennie Heymans
The main focus of this magazine is the South Africa connection with Ethiopia. Indeed
a strange historicaland somewhat ironical - road was traversed upon ...
In African politics Addis Ababa is to Africa just what Brussels is to Europe.
Some of us are Christians and were brought up with the Bible. Reading from it, orhearing the Bible or reading adventure books and history we have all heard of theland of Kush, Ethiopia and Egypt, here in Africa on our continent. As an example theworks on Maj Gen Orde Wingate and his exploits in Sudan and Ethiopia not tomention Burma and his Chinditsare very interesting.
We read in the Bible about Moses was married to a lady from Kush1 and KingSolomon met the famous Queen of Sheba2it is alleged that both famous women
1Num 12:12The Queen of Sheba(Hebrew: , MalkainBiblical Hebrew;Malkat Sh'va in Modern Hebrew; ..
/... / ..) was amonarch of the ancient kingdom ofSheba and is referred to inYemenite andEthiopian history,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Hebrewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Hebrewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language -
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were from Kush or Ethiopia. In the New Testament we also read about the Ethiopiansitting on his coach reading the Bible. I have always been interested in Africa and inthose places mentioned in the Bible. We had the pleasure to visit various places onour continent, but not Ethiopia.
We all know that Ethiopia and Liberia took South Africa to the World Court in TheHague for e.g. see: Summary of the Summary of the Judgment of 21December 1962
SOUTH-WEST AFRICA CASES(PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS)Judgment of 21 December 19623
We also know that former Pres Nelson Mandela received training at the Kolfe PoliceBarracks in Ethiopia during 1962.
One day my friend, Mr JW de Castro Lopo, from the Mozambique Police, SNASP,
told me that he was in Ethiopia and that the country had beautiful women. Then afriend from the Royal Swaziland Police attended a conference in Addis Ababa. As asouvenir he brought me, a beautiful Ethiopian Cross.
My late friend, Brig SJP Steve du Toit, flew overseas and went via Addis Ababa.He told me all about Addis Ababa.
One day I visited Van Reenen and a friend, Maureen Blignaut, the daughter of thelate Mickey Dillon, gave me some photographs of her father serving in Ethiopiaduring the 2ndWorld War. I poured over maps of Africa and I looked intently at thephotographs Maureen gave me of my elder colleagues serving in Ethiopia thencalled Abyssinia.
Last winter a friend, Lt-Col Eric Samuels invited me to a video show on railways inEritrea and Ethiopia and I always had a nagging feeling that I wanted to visitEthiopia. I sat through the video wishing I could visit the places the makers of theDVD had visited its always nice to soak up the African sun at various places andto take in the different smells of this great and interesting continent. My chance cameout of the blue!
Late last year before Christmas I had the honour and privilege to visit Addis Ababaand environs. From a national security point of view this was one of the mostinteresting trips I had ever undertaken. It was hard work, but it was worthwhile.Ethiopia is an interesting country and I had the honour to visit the country and to
meet the police, officials from various ministries and other people.Ethiopia has a number of firsts or records
Traces its roots back to the 2ndmillennium BC The Nile runs through Ethiopiaits the longest river in the world The most populous land-locked country in the world Second highest population in Africa
theBible,theQur'an,Yoruba customary tradition,andJosephus.She is widely assumed to have been aqueenregnant,but, since there is no historical proof of this, she may have been aqueen consort.The location of herkingdom is uncertain.Wallis Budge believes it to beEthiopia while Islamic tradition saysYemen.More modern
scholarship suggests it was theSouth Arabian kingdom ofSaba.-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba3http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?sum=286&code=lsa&p1=3&p2=3&case=47&k=f2&p3=5
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27anhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_regnanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_regnanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_consorthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_Budgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Arabiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabaeanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Shebahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Shebahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Shebahttp://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?sum=286&code=lsa&p1=3&p2=3&case=47&k=f2&p3=5http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?sum=286&code=lsa&p1=3&p2=3&case=47&k=f2&p3=5http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?sum=286&code=lsa&p1=3&p2=3&case=47&k=f2&p3=5http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?sum=286&code=lsa&p1=3&p2=3&case=47&k=f2&p3=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Shebahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabaeanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Arabiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_Budgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_consorthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_regnanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_regnanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27anhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible -
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The home of Homo sapiens For most of its history it was a monarchy The 1stMajor Empire in the world to adopt Christianity Gave the world coffee Ethiopia has the mostUNESCO World Heritage Sites in Africa
There is so much more to Ethiopia and yes, the people are very friendly, the womenare beautiful and their coffee and bread are superb!
Africa in general and Ethiopia in particular has a problem. Actually two problems:national borders & water. The Ethiopians want to build a dam in the Nile becausethey are one of the most populous countries in Africa and they practice intensiveagriculture methods. They are near European markets especially as far as fruit,vegetables and flowers are concerned. If they build a dam in the Nile, it would impactnegatively on Egypt. Egypts farmers expect the Nile to annually flood their land withrich compost and soil deposits. The dam would prevent the rich fertile deposits andthe flooding. Many years ago the boundaries of countries were decided upon quite inan arbitrary fashion by the Colonial powers.
When reading about police history in Africa we tend to read the police history inEnglish, we thus focus on the British Empire because sadly we do not read Arabic,French, Italian, German or Spanish! What are we left with, when we have read thehistory is: The great influence of British Culture as manifested in British Justice andthe British Police System in the English speaking world of Africa. The Colonial Policeof the Empire comprised of various races, cultures and in various stages ofdevelopment. There was a colourful array of uniforms and headdress. In Africa it wasthe system to have two types of police those under the government for dutyanywhere in the colony and those whom we called tribal police or native police
employed locally. Last mentioned were semi-trained or well trained depending on thelocal circumstances. They served as court messengers and as liaison between thedistrict commissioner and the chiefs.
Although uniforms differed one knew it was a policeman, askari or a soldier. From allaccounts they were good policemen and soldiers! They wore tarbooshes, berets,and caps in more sophisticated areas; they usually wore a dark blue jersey, khakishorts, and blue puttees. Boots was originally seen as a form of rank, today alltroopers and constables wear boots and / or shoes. Spears and sticks are replacedby fire arms and batons. Tribal police sometimes only wore a badge and headdress.But the police in the colonies performed various extraneous duties; as inspectors of
hut tax, dog tax, personal tax, census duties, prison warders, guards, postal agentsand assisting the Colonial powers.
Then in the 1960 came independence and when one looks back one can see thegreat influence our Colonial Masters exerted over us.
Our Continent has various police problems and believe it or not, many are mutualand affect more than one country for e.g. drugs, piracy, religious intolerance, terror,poaching...... From a general policing perspective we will look at terror, kidnapping,piracy,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Africa -
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Addis Ababa Hotel dating from 1898
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Above: Cathedral in Addis Ababa. Below: An arial photo of the countryside
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ETHIOPIA (ABYSSINIA) OR THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA
Ethiopia officially known as the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia,4 is acountry located in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered byEritrea to the north and
northeast,Djibouti andSomalia to the east,Sudan andSouth Sudan to the west,and Kenya to the south. With over 93,000,000 inhabitants,[9]Ethiopia is the mostpopulous landlocked country in the world, as well as the second-most populatednation on the African continent. It occupies a total area of 1,100,000 squarekilometres (420,000 sq mi), and its capital and largest city isAddis Ababa.[2]
Some of the oldest evidence for modern humans is found in Ethiopia,[10]which iswidely considered the region from whichHomo sapiens first set out for the MiddleEast and points beyond.[11][12][13]Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BC, Ethiopiawas amonarchy for most of itshistory. Alongside Rome, Persia, China andIndia,[14]theKingdom of Aksum was one of the great world powers of the 3rd
century. In the 4th century, it was the first major empire in the world to officially adoptChristianity as a state religion.[15][16][17]
Ethiopia derived prestige for its uniquely successful military resistance during the late19th-centuryScramble for Africa, and subsequently many African nations adoptedthe colors of Ethiopia's flag following their independence. Ethiopia was the onlyAfrican country to defeat a European colonial power and retain itssovereignty as anindependent country.[18][19][20]It was the first independent African member of the 20th-centuryLeague of Nations and the UN.[21]
In 1974, at the end ofHaile Selassie I's reign, power fell to a communistmilitaryjunta known as theDerg,backed by theSoviet Union,until it was defeated
by theEPRDF,which has ruled since about the time of the collapse of the USSR in1991.
Ethiopia is amultilingual society with around 80 ethnic groups, with the two largestbeing theOromo and theAmhara. It is the origin of the coffee bean. Ethiopia is aland of natural contrasts; with its vast fertile West, jungles, and numerous rivers,theWorld's hottest settlement in its north, Africa'slargest continuous mountain rangesand the largest cave in Africa atSof Omar.[22]Ethiopia has the mostUNESCO WorldHeritage Sites in Africa.[23]Ethiopia's ancientGe'ez script,also known as Ethiopic, isone of the oldest alphabets still in use in the world.[24]
TheEthiopian calendar, which is seven years and about three months behind
theGregorian calendar, co-exists alongside theOromo calendar.5
The majority ofthe population is Christian and a third is Muslim; the country is the site of thefirstHijra in Islamic history and the oldest Muslim settlement in Africa atNegash.Asubstantial population of Ethiopian Jews, known as Beta Israel,resided in Ethiopiauntil the 1980s but most of them have since gradually emigrated toIsrael.[25][26]Ethiopia is also the spiritual homeland of the Rastafari movement,whichglobalized its flag colors worldwide via pop culture andReggae music.
Ethiopia is one of the founding members of theUN,theGroup of 24 (G-24), theNon-Aligned Movement,G-77 and theOrganisation of African Unity, with Addis Ababaserving as the headquarters of theAfrican Union, thePan African Chamber of
4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia5Ethiopia also has a different time; i.e. 09:00 is 03:00 - HBH
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_of_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djiboutihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landlocked_countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_Ababahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-CIA-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-CIA-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-CIA-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapienshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapienshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_Africa_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ethiopiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-Munro-Hay57-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-Munro-Hay57-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scramble_for_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereigntyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_juntahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_People%27s_Revolutionary_Democratic_Fronthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Ethiopiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromo_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhara_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallol,_Ethiopiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallol,_Ethiopiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_highlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sof_Omar_Caveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%27ez_scripthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-Wilfpag-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-Wilfpag-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-Wilfpag-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_calendarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromo_calendarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijra_(Islam)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastafari_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_77http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_African_Chamber_of_Commerce_and_Industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_African_Chamber_of_Commerce_and_Industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_77http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastafari_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijra_(Islam)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromo_calendarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_calendarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-Wilfpag-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%27ez_scripthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sof_Omar_Caveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_highlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallol,_Ethiopiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallol,_Ethiopiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhara_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromo_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Ethiopiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_People%27s_Revolutionary_Democratic_Fronthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_juntahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereigntyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scramble_for_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-Munro-Hay57-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-Munro-Hay57-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ethiopiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_Africa_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapienshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-CIA-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_Ababahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landlocked_countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djiboutihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_of_Africa 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Commerce and Industry, theUNECA, African Aviation Training HQ, the AfricanStandby Force and much of global NGOs focused on Africa. Despite being the mainsource of theNile,the longest river on earth, Ethiopia underwent a series of faminesin the 1980s, exacerbated by civil wars and adverse geopolitics. The country hasbegun to recover recently, and it now has the largest economy by GDP in East Africa
and Central Africa.[27][28][29]
Names for Ethiopia
TheGreek name(from,Aithiops, 'an Ethiopian') appears twice intheIliadand three times in theOdyssey.[30]TheGreek historianHerodotusspecifically uses it for all the lands south of Egypt,[31]including Sudan and modernEthiopia.Pliny the Elder says the country's name comes from a son ofHephaestus (aka Vulcan) namedAethiops.[32]
Similarly, in the 15th centuryGe'ezBook of Aksum, the name is ascribed to alegendary individual calledItyopp'is,an extrabiblical son ofCush, son of Ham,said
to have founded the city ofAxum.In addition to this Cushite figure, two of the earliestSemitic kings are also said to have borne the name Ityopp'isaccording to traditionalEthiopian king lists. At least as early as c. 850,[33]European scholars considered thename to be derived from the Greek words aitho"I burn" + ops"face".[34][35]
The name Ethiopiaalso occurs in many translations of the Old Testament, but theHebrew texts haveKush,which refers principally toNubia.[36]In the New Testament,however, the Greek term Aithiops, 'an Ethiopian', does occur,[37]referring to aservant of Candace orKentakes, possibly an inhabitant ofMeroe which was laterconquered and destroyed by theKingdom of Axum.The earliest attested use of thename Ityopyain the region itself is as a name for theKingdom of Aksum in the 4th
century, in stone inscriptions ofKing Ezana,
[38]
who first Christianized the entireapparatus of the kingdom.
In English, and generally outside of Ethiopia, the country was also once historicallyknown asAbyssinia, derived from Habesh, an earlyArabic form of theEthiosemitic name "abat" (unvocalized "BT"). The modern formHabeshaisthe native name for the country's inhabitants (while the country has been called"Ityopp'ya"). In a few languages, Ethiopia is still referred to by names cognate with"Abyssinia", e.g., modern ArabicAl-abashah.
Prehistory
Ethiopia is widely considered the site of the emergence of anatomically modernhumans,Homo sapiens sapiens, in theMiddle Paleolithic 200,000 years ago. Theearliest known modern human bones were found in Southwestern Ethiopia, and arecalled theOmo remains.[39]Additionally, skeletal remains ofHomo sapiensidaltuwere found at a site in theMiddle Awash in Ethiopia. Dated to around 160,000years ago, they may represent an extinct subspecies of Homo sapiens sapiens, orthe immediate ancestors of anatomically modern humans.[40]
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Antiquity
Coins of theAxumite kingEndybis, 227235 AD, at theBritish Museum. Theinscriptions inAncient Greek read "AWMITW BACIEYC" ("King of Axum") and"C CC" ("King Endybis").
Around the 8th century BC, a kingdom known asDmtwas established in northernEthiopia and Eritrea. Its capital was around the current town ofYeha, situated innorthern Ethiopia. Most modern historians consider this civilization to be a nativeAfrican one, althoughSabaean-influenced because of the latter's hegemony of the
Red Sea.[15]
Others view Dmt as the result of a mixture of Sabaeans of southernArabia andindigenous peoples. However,Ge'ez, the ancient Semitic language of Ethiopia, isthought to have developed independently fromSabaean (also South Semitic). Asearly as 2000 BC, other Semitic speakers were living in Ethiopia and Eritrea, whereGe'ez developed.[41][42]Sabaean influence is now thought to have been minor, limitedto a few localities, and disappearing after a few decades or a century. It may havebeen a trading or military colony in alliance with the Ethiopian civilization of Dm t orsome other proto-Aksumite state.[43]
After the fall of Dmt in the 4th century BC, the plateau came to be dominated bysmaller successor kingdoms. In the first century AD theAksumite Empire emerged inwhat is now northern Ethiopia and Eritrea, at times extending its rule into Yemen onthe other side of the Red Sea.[44]The Persian religious figureMani listed Aksum withRome, Persia, and China as one of the four great powers of his time in the 3rdcentury.[45]
In about 316AD,Frumentius and his brother Edesius from Tyre accompanied theiruncle on a voyage to Ethiopia. When the vessel stopped at a Red Sea port, thenatives killed all the travellers except the two brothers, who were taken to the courtasslaves. They were given positions of trust by the monarch, and convertedmembers of the royal court to Christianity. Frumentius became the first bishop of
Aksum.[46]
A coin dated to 324 shows that Ethiopia was the second country to
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officially adopt Christianity (afterArmenia), although the religion may have been atfirst confined to court circles; it was the first major power to do so.
Middle Ages
Lebna Dengel,ngusngst(Emperor) ofEthiopia and a memberof the Solomonicdynasty.
King Fasilides' Castle.
TheZagwe dynasty ruled many parts of modern Ethiopia and Eritrea fromapproximately 1137 to 1270. The name of the dynasty is derived from the Cushitic-speakingAgaw of northern Ethiopia. From 1270 AD onwards for many centuries,theSolomonic dynasty ruled theEthiopian Empire.
In the early 15th century, Ethiopia sought to make diplomatic contact with Europeankingdoms for the first time since Aksumite times. A letter from King Henry IV ofEngland to the Emperor of Abyssinia survives.[47]In 1428, the EmperorYeshaq senttwo emissaries toAlfonso V of Aragon,who sent return emissaries. They failed to
complete the return trip.
[48]
The first continuous relations with a European countrybegan in 1508 with Portugal under EmperorLebna Dengel,who had just inheritedthe throne from his father.[49]
This proved to be an important development, for when the Empire was subjected tothe attacks of theAdal General andImam,Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi (called"Gra", or "the Left-handed"), Portugal assisted the Ethiopian emperor by sendingweapons and four hundred men, who helped his sonGelawdewos defeat Ahmadand re-establish his rule.[50]ThisEthiopianAdal War was also one of the first proxywars in the region as theOttoman Empire andPortugal took sides in the conflict.
When EmperorSusenyos I converted toRoman Catholicism in 1624, years of revolt
and civil unrest followed, resulting in thousands of deaths.
[51]
TheJesuit missionarieshad offended the Orthodox faith of the local Ethiopians. On 25 June 1632
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EmperorFasilides,Susenyos's son, declared the state religion again to beEthiopianOrthodox Christianity. He expelled the Jesuit missionaries and otherEuropeans.[52][53]
Aussa Sultanate
TheAussa Sultanate or Afar Sultanate succeeded the earlierImamate of Aussa.Thelatter polity had come into existence in 1577, whenMuhammed Jasa moved hiscapital fromHarar toAussa with the split of the Adal Sultanate into Aussa andtheSultanate of Harar. At some point after 1672, Aussa declined and temporarilycame to an end in conjunction with ImamUmar Din bin Adam's recorded ascensionto the throne.[54]
The Sultanate was subsequently re-established byKedafu around the year 1734,and was thereafter ruled by hisMudaito Dynasty.[55]The primary symbol of theSultan was a silverbaton,which was considered to have magical properties.[56]
Zemene Mesafint (Age of Princes)
TheBattle of Gundet was one of the
battles into which EmperorYohannes
IV led Ethiopian troops.
EmperorTewodros II's rule is oftenplaced as the beginning of modern
Ethiopia, ending the decentralizedZemene Mesafint("Era of the Princes").
Between 1755 to 1855, Ethiopia experienced a period of isolation referred to astheZemene Mesafintor "Age of Princes". The Emperors became figureheads,controlled by warlords like RasMikael Sehul ofTigray,RasWoldeSelassie ofTigray, and by the OromoYejju dynasty, such as RasGugsa ofBegemder, which later led to 17th-century Oromo rule of Gondar, changing thelanguage of the court fromAmharic toAfaan Oromo.[57][58]
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treaty and its ratification by the Italian government to expand their territorial claims.This conflict erupted in thebattle of Adwa on 1 March 1896 in which Italy's colonialforces were defeated by the Ethiopians.[61][65]
About a third of the population died in theGreat Ethiopian Famine (1888 to1892).[66][67]
Haile Selassie 1 era
Above left:Haile Selassie was crowned Emperor on 2 November 1930 with the titles "King
of Kings", "Lord of Lords", "Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah", "Elect of God." He took -
as hisregal name - Haile Selassie I which translates to "Power of the Trinity". He is seen by
Rastafari asJah incarnate. Above right: The 1897Ethiopian flag with theLion of Judah.
The early 20th century was marked by the reign of EmperorHaile Selassie I, whocame to power afterIyasu V was deposed. He undertook the modernization ofEthiopia from 1916, when he was made a Ras and Regent (Inderase) forZewdituI and became the de factoruler of the Ethiopian Empire. Following Zewditu's death,he was made Emperor on 2 November 1930.
Haile Selassie I was born from parents of three Ethiopian ethnicities:theOromo andAmhara, the country's two main ethnic groups, as well as
theGurage.The independence of Ethiopia was interrupted by theSecond Italo-AbyssinianWar and Italian occupation (19361941).[68]During this time, Haile Selassieappealed to the League of Nations in 1935, delivering an address that made him aworldwide figure, and the 1935TimemagazineMan of the Year.[69]Also in thisperiod, 1937, was the Italian massacre ofYekatit 12.
Following the entry of Italy into World War II,British Empire forces, together withpatriot Ethiopian fighters, officially liberated Ethiopia in the course of theEast AfricanCampaign in 1941. AnItalian guerrilla campaign continued until 1943. This wasfollowed by British recognition of Ethiopia's fullsovereignty,(i.e. without any special
British privileges), with the signing of theAnglo-Ethiopian Agreement in December1944.[70]On 26 August 1942 Haile Selassie I issued a proclamation
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abolishingslavery.[71][72]Ethiopia had between two and four million slaves in the early20th century, out of a total population of about eleven million.[73]
In 1952, Haile Selassie orchestrated the federation with Eritrea.
He dissolved this in 1962 and annexed Eritrea, which resisted and finally won
itsEritrean War of Independence.Haile Selassie played a leading role in the formation of theOrganisation ofAfrican Unity (OAU) in 1963.
Opinion within Ethiopia turned against Haile Selassie I owing to the worldwide oilcrisis of 1973, which caused a sharp increase in gasoline prices starting on February13, 1974;[74]food shortages; uncertainty regarding the succession; border wars, anddiscontent in the middle class created through modernization.[75]
The high gasoline prices caused the taxi drivers and teachers to go on strike onFebruary 18, 1974.[76]Students and workers in Addis Ababa began demonstratingagainst the government on February 20, 1974.[77]
The feudal oligarchial cabinet of Akilou Habte Wolde was toppled.[78]A newgovernment was formed withEndelkachew Makonnen serving as Prime Minister.[79]
Haile Selassie's reign came to an end on September 12, 1974, when a Soviet-backedMarxist-Leninistmilitary junta, the "Derg" led byMengistu Haile Mariam,deposed him.[80]The new Provisional Military Administrative Council established aone-partycommunist state which was calledPeople's Democratic Republic ofEthiopia.
Communist period (1974-1991)
The ensuing regime suffered several coups, uprisings, wide-scale drought, and ahuge refugee problem. In 1977, theOgaden War resulted in Somalia capturing partof the Ogaden region. Ethiopia recovered it after receiving massive military aid fromtheUSSR,Cuba,South Yemen,East Germany[81]andNorth Korea. This includedaround 15,000 Cuban combat troops.
Logo of theEthiopian People's RevolutionaryParty (EPRP).
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Up to 500,000were killed as a result of the Red Terror,[82]from forced deportations,or from the use of hunger as a weapon under Mengistu's rule.[75]The Red Terror wascarried out in response to what the government termed "White Terror", supposedly achain of violent events, assassinations and killings carried out by the opposition.[82]
In 2006, after a trial that lasted 12 years, Ethiopia's Federal High Court in AddisAbaba found Mengistu guilty in absentiaofgenocide.[83]Numerous other top leadersof his were also found guilty of war crimes. He and others who had fled the countrywere tried and sentenced in absentia. Numerous former officials received the deathsentence and tens of others spent the next 20 years in jail, before being pardonedfrom life sentences.
In the beginning of the 1980s, aseries of famines hit Ethiopia that affected around 8million people, resulting in 1 million dead. Insurrections against Communist rulesprang up, particularly in the northern regions of Tigray and Eritrea. In 1989,theTigrayan Peoples' Liberation Front (TPLF) merged with other ethnically basedopposition movements to form the coalition known as theEthiopian Peoples'
Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF).
Concurrently the Soviet Union began to retreat from building world communismunderMikhail Gorbachev'sglasnostandperestroikapolicies, marking a dramaticreduction in aid to Ethiopia from Socialist Bloc countries. This resulted in moreeconomic hardship and the collapse of the military in the face of determinedonslaughts by guerrilla forces in the north.
The collapse of communism in general, and in Eastern Europe duringtheRevolutions of 1989, coincided with the Soviet Union stopping aid to Ethiopiaaltogether in 1990. The strategic outlook for Mengistu quickly deteriorated.
In May 1991, EPRDF forces advanced on Addis Ababa and the Soviet Union did notintervene to save the government side.
Mengistu fled the country to asylum in Zimbabwe, where he still resides.TheTransitional Government of Ethiopia, composed of an 87-member Council ofRepresentatives and guided by a national charter that functioned as a transitionalconstitution, was set up. In June 1992, theOromo Liberation Front withdrew from thegovernment; in March 1993, members of theSouthern Ethiopia Peoples' DemocraticCoalition also left the government.
In 1994, a new constitution was written that formed a bicameral legislature and ajudicial system.
The first formally multi-party election took place in May 1995, in whichMelesZenawi was elected the Prime Minister andNegasso Gidada was elected President.
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Federal Democratic Republic (1991-present)
Former Prime Minister of EthiopiaMeles Zenawi at the2012World Economic Forum annual meeting.
In 1994,a constitution was adopted that led to Ethiopia'sfirst multiparty election the
following year. In May 1998, a border dispute with Eritrea led to theEritreanEthiopian War, which lasted until June 2000 and cost both countries anestimated $1 million a day.[84]This hurt Ethiopia's economy, but strengthened theruling coalition.
On 15 May 2005, Ethiopia held athird multiparty election,which was highly disputed,with some opposition groups claiming fraud. Though theCarter Center approved thepre-election conditions, it expressed its dissatisfaction with post-electionmatters.European Union election observers continued to accuse the ruling party ofvote rigging. The opposition parties gained more than 200 parliamentary seats,compared with just 12 in the 2000 elections. Despite most opposition representativesjoining the parliament, certain leaders of the CUD party, some of whom refused totake up their parliamentary seats, were accused of inciting the post-election violencethat ensued and were imprisoned.Amnesty International considered them "prisonersof conscience"and they were subsequently released.
A coalition ofopposition parties and some individuals was established in 2009 tooust the regime of theEPRDF in legislative elections of 2010. Meles Zenawi's partythat has been in power since 1991, published its 65-pagemanifesto in Addis Ababaon 10 October 2009. The opposition won most votes in Addis Ababa, but the EPRDFhalted counting of votes for several days. After it ensued, it claimed the election,amidst charges of fraud and intimidation.
Some of the eight member parties of this EthiopianForum for DemocraticDialogue (FDD orMedrek in Amharic) include theOromo FederalistCongress (organized by theOromo Federalist Democratic Movement and theOromoPeople's Congress), theArena Tigray (organized by former members of the rulingparty TPLF), the Unity for Democracy and Justice (UDJ, whose leader isimprisoned), and theCoalition of Somali Democratic Forces.
In mid-2011, two consecutive missed rainy seasons precipitated the worstdrought inEast Africa seen in 60 years. Full recovery from the drought's effects are notexpected until 2012[needs update], with long-term strategies by the national governmentin conjunction with development agencies believed to offer the most sustainableresults.[85]
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Prime MinisterMeles Zenawi died on 20 August 2012 in Brussels, where he wasbeing treated for an unspecified illness. Deputy Prime MinisterHailemariamDesalegn was appointed as a new prime minister.[86]Hailemariam will remain in theposition until new elections in 2015.[87]In 2013, the massdeportation fromSaudiArabia of Ethiopian migrant workers has caused tensions.[88]
The politics of Ethiopia takes place in a framework ofafederalparliamentaryrepublic, whereby thePrime Minister is thehead ofgovernment.Executive power is exercised by the government. Federallegislativepower is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament. On thebasis of Article 78 of the 1994 Ethiopian Constitution, theJudiciary is completelyindependent of the executive and the legislature.[89]The current realities of thisprovision are questioned in a report prepared byFreedom House.[citation needed]
According to theDemocracy Index published by the United Kingdom-basedEconomist Intelligence Unit in late 2010, Ethiopia is an "authoritarian regime",ranking 118th out of 167 countries (with the larger number being less
democratic).[90]Ethiopia has dropped 12 places on the list since 2006, and the latestreport attributes the drop to the regime's crackdown on opposition activities, mediaand civil society before the2010 parliamentary election,which the report argues hasmade Ethiopia a de facto one-party state.
Admin regions
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on File. p. 230.ISBN0-8160-4472-4.25. Weil, Shalva 2008 'Jews in Ethiopia', in M.A. Erlich (ed.) Encyclopaedia of the Jewish Diaspora, Santa Barbara, USA:ABC CLIO, 2: 467-475
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28. Ethiopia GDP purchasing power 2010: 86 billion.Imf.org (2006-09-14). Retrieved on 2012-03-03.29. Kenya GDP purchasing power 2010: 66 Billion.Imf.org (2006-09-14). Retrieved on 2012-03-03.30. Histories, book 2, chapters 29 and 146; book 3 chapter 17 Odyssey, book 1, lines 2223; book 4, line 8431. Histories, II, 2930; III, 114; IV, 19732. Nat. Hist.6.184187; son of Hephaestuswas also a general Greek epithet meaning "blacksmith".33. Etymologicum Genuinums.v. ; see alsoAethiopia34. "Aithiops, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', at Perseus".Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved
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