Hardware of Personal Computer

Bangladesh Computer Council Chittagong

Ver.1.1

Hardware

The hardware are the parts of computer itself including the Central Processing Unit (CPU) and related microchips and micro-circuitry, keyboards, monitors, case and drives (floppy, hard, CD, DVD, optical, tape, etc...). Other extra parts called peripheral components or devices include mouse, printers, modems, scanners, digital cameras and cards (sound, video) etc...

Together they are often referred to as a personal computers or PCs.

Monitor

Speaker

ImageScanner

Printer

Key Bord Mouse

PC(Body)

CD-ROM Drive

FD Drive

Role chart of per-device

Internal structural chart of main body

Power supply

CaseCD-ROM Drive

Front cover

FD Drive

HD Drive

Main Board

5 Inch drive bay

3.5 Inch drive bay

Expansion card slot

Component in main body of internal structural chart of main body

Power supply

Main Board CD-ROM HDD FDD

Connected cable

Graphics Card Memory CPU Cooling Wheel

Main Board

Power supply connector

FD drive connector

IDE connector (HDD,CD-ROM)

BIOS ROM

Backup battery

PCI SlotAGP Slot

Expansion card slotPS/2 Port

(Key board, Mouse)

Chip Set

Printer Port

Serial port

Sound port

LAN portUSB port

CPU Slot

Basic Computer Operations

How Computers Work Input - - - - - - - - - - - - - - keyboards, Mouse, microphone, etc…

Output - - - - - - - - - - - - Monitor, Speaker, Printer, etc..

Memory (Storage) - RAM, ROM, HDD, FDD, CD etc…

Control - - - - - - - - - - - - Chip Set

Processing - - - - - - - - CPU (Central Processing Unit)

Input Device , Output Device

In computing, input/output, or I/O, is the collection of interfaces that different functional units (sub-systems) of an information processing system use to communicate with each other, or the signals (information) sent through those interfaces.

Inputs are the signals received by the unit, and outputs are the signals sent from it. The term can also be used as part of an action; to "do I/O" is to perform an input or output operation.

I/O devices are used by a person (or other system) to communicate with a computer. For instance, keyboards and mouses are considered input devices of a computer and monitors and printers are considered output devices of a computer.

Typical devices for communication between computers are for both input and output, such as modems and network cards.

Input Device , Output Device

Mouse

Keyboard

Image Scanner

Microphone

Printer

Display (Video Terminal)

Speaker

Memory (Storage) Device (Primary storage) Primary storage is directly connected to the central

processing unit of the computer. It must be present for the CPU to function correctly, just as in a biological analogy the lungs must be present (for oxygen storage) for the heart to function (to pump and oxygenate the blood). As shown in the diagram, primary storage typically consists of three kinds of storage: Processor registers Cache memory Main memory

Memory (Storage) Device (Secondary storage) Secondary and off-line storage

Secondary storage requires the computer to use its input/output channels to access the information, and is used for long-term storage of persistent information. However most computer operating systems also use secondary storage devices as virtual memory - to artificially increase the apparent amount of main memory in the computer. Secondary storage is also known as "mass storage", as shown in the diagram above. Secondary or mass storage is typically of much greater capacity than primary storage (main memory), but it is also much slower. In modern computers, hard disks are usually used for mass storage.

The time taken to access a given byte of information stored on a hard disk is typically a few thousandths of a second, or milliseconds. By contrast, the time taken to access a given byte of information stored in random access memory is measured in thousand-millionths of a second, or nanoseconds. This illustrates the very significant speed difference which distinguishes solid-state memory from rotating magnetic storage devices: hard disks are typically about a million times slower than memory. Rotating optical storage devices (such as CD and DVD drives) are typically even slower than hard disks, although their access speeds are likely to improve with advances in technology.

Memory (Storage) Device (Primary, Secondary)

RAM (Random Access Memory)

ROM (Read Only Memory)

HD (Hard Disk )

FD (Floppy Disk)

CD-ROM (Compact Disc-ROM)

Control Unit

A control unit is the part of a CPU or other device that directs its operation. The outputs of the unit control the activity of the rest of the device. A control unit can be thought of as a finite state machine.

At one time control units for CPUs were ad-hoc logic, and they were difficult to design. Now they are often implemented as a microprogram that is stored in a control store. Words of the microprogram are selected by a microsequencer and the bits from those words directly control the different parts of the device, including the registers, arithmetic and logic units, instruction registers, buses, and off-chip input/output. In modern computers, each of these subsystems may have its own subsidiary controller, with the control unit acting as a supervisor. (See also CPU design and computer architecture.)

Processing Unit (Arithmetic logic unit) The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital circuit that

calculates an arithmetic operation (like an addition, subtraction, etc.) and logic operations (like an Exclusive Or) between two numbers. the ALU is a fundamental building block of the central processing unit of a computer.

Many types of electronic circuits need to perform some type of arithmetic operation, so even the circuit inside a digital watch will have a tiny ALU that keeps adding 1 to the current time, and keeps checking if it should beep the timer, etc...

Control Unit , Processing Unit

Chip Set - - - Control Unit

CPU (Central Processing Unit)- - - - Arithmetic Logic Unit

Processing of CPU

Control Unit

CPU

Storage Device

Input Device

Control

Output Device

DATAMain Memory

DATA

Personal computer hardware (1) Motherboard or system board with slots for expansion cards and holding parts

** Central processing unit (CPU) Computer fan - used to cool down the CPU Random Access Memory (RAM) - for program execution and short term data s

torage, so the computer does not have to take the time to access the hard drive to find the file(s) it requires. More RAM will normally contribute to a faster PC. RAM is almost always removable as it sits in slots in the motherboard, attached with small clips. The RAM slots are normally located next to the CPU socket.

Basic Input-Output System (BIOS) or Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI) in some newer computers

Buses PCI PCI-E USB HyperTransport CSI (expected in 2008) AGP (being phased out) VLB (outdated) ISA (outdated) EISA (outdated)

Network Card, Sound Card, Pen Drive, Graphics Card, etc..

Personal computer hardware (2) Power supply - a case that holds a transformer, voltage control, and

(usually) a cooling fan Storage controllers of IDE, SATA, SCSI or other type, that control hard

disk, floppy disk, CD-ROM and other drives; the controllers sit directly on the motherboard (on-board) or on expansion cards

Video display controller that produces the output for the computer display. This will either be built into the motherboard or attached in its own separate slot (PCI, PCI-E or AGP), requiring a Graphics Card.

Computer bus controllers (parallel, serial, USB, FireWire) to connect the computer to external peripheral devices such as printers or scanners

Internal storage - keeps data inside the computer for later use. Hard disk - for medium-term storage of data. Disk array controller

Personal computer hardware (3) Some type of a removable media writer:

CD - the most common type of removable media, cheap but fragile. CD-ROM Drive CD Writer

DVD DVD-ROM Drive DVD Writer DVD-RAM Drive

Floppy disk Zip drive USB flash drive AKA a Pen Drive Tape drive - mainly for backup and long-term storage

Sound card - translates signals from the system board into analog voltage levels, and has terminals to plug in speakers.

Networking - to connect the computer to the Internet and/or other computers Modem - for dial-up connections Network card - for DSL/Cable internet, and/or connecting to other computers.

Personal computer hardware (4) Input or Input devices

Text input devices Keyboard

Pointing devices Mouse Trackball

Gaming devices Joystick Gamepad Game controller

Image, Video input devices Image scanner Webcam

Audio input devices Microphone

Output or Output devices Image, Video output devices

Printer Peripheral device that produces a hard copy. (Inkjet, Laser) Monitor Device that takes signals and displays them. (CRT, LCD)

Audio output devices Speakers A device that converts analog audio signals into the equivalent air vibrations in order t

o make audible sound. Headset A device similar in functionality to that of a regular telephone handset but is worn on th

e head to keep the hands free.

Structure of CPU (1)

Package

Die

Pin

Die Closeup

Structure of CPU (2)

Bus interface

Cache memory

Fetch unit

Control unit

Floating point processing unit

Integer operation unit

Decoder

Kind of CPU

AMD K5 K6 K6-2 K6-III Athlon Duron AMD64

Athlon 64 Opteron Turion 64

Intel Pentium III Pentium4 Xeon Pentium M Pentium 4 Extreme Edition Pentium D Pentium Extreme Edition Intel Core

Intel Core 2

VIA C3 C7

Kind of hard disk drive

Hard disk drives are generally accessed over one of a number of bus types, including ATA (IDE, EIDE), Serial ATA (SATA), SCSI, SAS, IEEE 1394, USB, and Fibre Channel.

5inc3.5inc

PCMCIA2.5inc

Internal HDD

Figure of hard disk drive

Power Supply Connector

Interface Connector

Spindle motorActuatorPositioning device

Swing arm

Magnetic head

Pratta(Magnetic disk)

High velocity revolutionSwing

Kind of RAM of Personal Computer EDO DRAM (Extended Data Out DRAM) SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM)

DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM) DDR200 - 200MHz -(PC1600) DDR266 - 266MHz -(PC2100) DDR333 - 333MHz -(PC2700) DDR400 - 400MHz -(PC3200)

DDR2 SDRAM DDR2-400 - 200MHz -(PC2-3200) DDR2-533 - 266MHz -(PC2-4200) DDR2-667 - 333MHz -(PC2-5300) DDR2-800 - 400MHz -(PC2-6400)

GDDR3 (Graphics Memory) DDR3 SDRAM (2008year~ )

DIP

SIPP

SIMM 30Pin

SIMM 72Pin

SDRAM

DIMM

Structure of memory

Package

Memory chip

Terminal

SPD

Memory IC

Terminal It connects it with the memory slot.

Kind of Removable media(1) Magnetic Tape

QIC 525MB DAT(DDS) 36GB DLT 220GB AIT 500GB LTO 400GB

Magnetic Disk Floppy Disk 1.44MB Qick Disk 128kB Sper Disk 240MB Bernoulli Disk Zip 750MB

Removable Disk SQ327 EZ135 ezflyer SparQ SyJet Jaz PocketZip ORB REV

Kind of Removable media(2)

Removable HDD SQ327 EZ135 ezflyer SparQ SyJet Jaz PocketZip ORB REV

Removable HDD Mobile Disk PocketZipPC Card Micro Drive Peerless iVDR Tandberg RDX

Magneto-optical drive MO Hi-MD HyperStorage

Kind of Removable media(3)

Optical Disc CD

CD-ROM CD-R CD-RW

DVD DVD-ROM DVD-R DVD-RW DVD+R DVD+RW DVD-RAM

Phase-change Dual Ultra Density Optical Professional Disc Blu-ray Disc HD DVD HVD

Structure of CD-ROM

12cm in diameter1.2mm in thickness

Polycarbonate base

Recording layer (reflection film)

Protection film (about 10 um)

Structure of DVD-ROM

Structure to paste with adhesive and to put two of 12cm in diameter and 0.6mm in thickness disks together

Polycarbonate base

The above recording layer (translucent reflection film)

Transparent film (about 10μm)

Recording layer in the under (reflection film)

Protection film (about 10μm)

Arrangement chart of Strage

CD-ROM　 DriveDVD-ROM　 DriveEtc.

Drive in enhancing bay

FD Drive

Internal HD Drive

SCSI interface

Interface cable

External Drive Unit