kmaq-ly-imkvXw˛I

Ãm≥tU¿Uv

tIc-f-k¿°m¿

hnZym- ym-k-h-Ip∏v

Xbm-dm-°n-bXv

kwÿm\ hnZym- ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT), tIcfw

2010

IX

tZio-b-Km\w

P\-K-W-a-\- -A-[n-\m-bI Pbtl

`mc-X-`m-Ky-hn-[mXm,

]©m-_ -kn‘p KpP-dmØ admTm

ZmhnU DXv°-e- _w-Km,

hn‘y-ln-am-N-e -b-ap\mKwKm,

D—ePe-[nX-cwKm,

Xh -ip-`-\mta PmtK,

Xh- ip` Bin-j -am-tK,

Kmtl Xh- P-b-KmYm

P\-K-W-aw-K-e-Zm-bI Pbtl

`mc-X-`m-Ky-hn-[mXm.

Pb-tl, Pb-tl, Pb-tl,

Pb Pb Pb Pbtl!

]Xn⁄

C¥y Fs‚ cmPy-am-Wv. F√m C¥y-°mcpw Fs‚ ktlm-Z-co-

ktlmZc-∑m-cm-Wv.

Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPysØ kvt\ln -°p∂p; kºq¿Whpw

sshhn -[y -]q¿W-hp -amb AXns‚ ]mc-º-cy -Øn¬ Rm≥

A`n-am\w sIm≈p∂p.

Rm≥ Fs‚ amXm-]n-Xm-°-sfbpw Kpcp-°-∑m-scbpw apXn¿∂-

hscbpw _lp-am-\n-°pw.

Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPy-Øn-s‚bpw Fs‚ \m´p-Im-cp-sSbpw t£a-Øn\pw

sFiz-cy-Øn-\pw- th≠n ]bXv\n°pw.

Prepared by :State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram - 695 012, KeralaWebsite www.scertkerala.gov.ine-mail scertkerala@asianetindia.comPhone : 0471 - 2341883, Fax: 0471 - 2341869First Edition : 2010Typesetting : Computer Lab, SCERT© Department of Education • Government of Kerala

]nbs∏´ Ip´n-I-tf,

A\-¥-km-[y-X-I-fp≈ Hcp ]pXnb temI-Øns‚

am¥n-I-hm-Xn-en\p-ap-∂n-emWv \n߃ \n¬°p-∂-Xv.

hmb-\-bp-sSbpw Fgp-Øn-s‚bpw Cu hmXn¬∏Sn-

bn¬\n∂v ]pXn-b-temIw ImWm\p≈ kml-

knIat\m-`mhw DW¿∂m¬, Cu am¥nIhmXn¬

Xpd∂v AXn-\-∏p-d-ap≈ A\p-`-h-ß-fn-tebv°v \n߃

IuXpI-tØmsS ]th-in-°p-sa-s∂-\n-°p-d-∏p≠v.

AXn-a-t\m-l-c-amb ]pdw-tem-Iw \ΩpsS Cµn-b-߃°v

hncp-s∂m-cp-°p-I-bmWv. Poh-\p≈hbp-sSbpw C√m-

ØhbpsSbpw hnhn[cq]-߃, Ah-bp-sS emfn-Xyhpw Zp¿K-

l-Xbpw, kqtcym-Z-bhpw AkvX-a-bhpw, ag-hn-√ns‚ cq]hpw

\nd-ßfpw ssItIm¿Øp-sIm≠v sX∂n-\o-ßp∂ taL-߃,

Xoc-Ø-W-bp∂ Xnc, Imt‰‰p Ncn-bp-Ibpw ho≠pw Dbcp-

IbpwsNøp∂ ]p√p-Iƒ, Icp-Øp-Im´n Xe-bp-b¿Øn-

\n¬°p∂ ac-߃, ImSp-Iƒ, \£-X-ß-fpsS an∂¬,

Ntµm-Zbw... Ch-bpsS cl-ky-߃ tXSp-∂-Xn-\p≈

Xmt°m¬; a\p-jy≥ ]n∂n´ hgn-Iƒ ...

Cu ]pkvXIw \n߃°p \¬Ip-∂Xv AXm-Wv.

A[ym-]-I-tcm-sSm∏w \n߃ Cu hmXn¬ Xpd-°p-∂-

tXmsS Cusbm-cp-hm-Xn¬ amX-a√ a‰-t\Iw hmXn-ep-

Iƒ \n߃°pap-ºn-ep-s≠∂v t_m[y-s∏-Spw.

At∂cw Cu hnizw apgp-h≥ Hcp Xpd∂ ¢m v apdn-

bmbn amdpw. PohnXwXs∂ hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-eq-sS-

bp≈ Hcp bmX-bm-Ipw.

kvt\lm-iw-k-I-tfmsS,

s]m^k¿ Fw.F. JmZ¿Ub-d-IvS¿Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn.

kwÿm\ hnZym- ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT)hnZym-`h≥, ]qP-∏p-c, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw 695 012

]mT-]p-kvXI kanXn

tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥ hn.Fw.

slUvam-ÿ, Pn.F¬.-]n.-F-kv, ]ø-Sn-ao-ج, tImgn-t°mSv

tKmhn-µ≥Ip´n. Fw. Fkv

sslkvIqƒ So®¿ (tkmjy¬ k-b≥kv), Kh. lb¿

sk°-≠dn kvIqƒ, Fcp-a-s∏-´n, Xr»q¿

Pb-Ir-jvW≥.-H.sI

sslkvIqƒ So®¿ (tkmjy¬ kb≥kv)

sI.]n.kn lb¿ sk°-≠-dn- kvIqƒ, ]´m-\q¿, IÆq¿

tUm. ]k-∂-Ip-am¿ ]n.kn.

ske-£≥ tKUv eIvN-d¿ (s]mfn-‰n-°¬ kb≥kv),

bqWn-th-gvkn‰n tImtf-Pv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

bpk v Ipam¿ Fkv.-Fw.

lb¿ sk°-≠dn So®¿ (lnÃ-dn), Kh. lb¿ sk°-≠dn

kvIqƒ, X´-Øp-ae, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

AwK-߃

$ aZ-\≥, B¿´v FUn-‰¿, amXr-`qan. $ sI. jco^v, B¿´n-Ãv, amXr-`qan. $ tZh-]-Imiv, B¿´n-Ãv,

kwÿm\ _me-km-lnXy C≥Ãn-‰yq´v. $ ]n. cta-i≥, Ccn-ß-∂q¿ lb¿ sk°‚dn kvIqƒ.

hnZKv[kanXn

AssUz-k¿

tUm. tIi-h≥ shfp-Øm-´v

s]m^-k¿, Un∏m¿´vsa‚v Hm^v lnÃ-dn, U¬ln bqWn-th-gvkn‰n, U¬ln

sNb¿am≥

hn. Im¿Øn-tI-b≥ \mb¿

Ub-d-IvS¿ (dn´.), lb¿sk-°≠dn hnZym-`ym-kw, tIc-f

Fw. B¿. cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿, s]m^-k¿ (dn´.) lnÃ-dn, tImgn-t°mSv k¿∆-I-em-ime, ae-∏pdw

tUm. sI.hn. Ip™n-Ir-jvW≥, Ub-d-IvS¿, k¿∆in£m A`n-bm≥, tIcfw

tUm. Fw. `mkvI-c≥ \mb¿, s]m^-k¿ & slUv (dn´.) Un∏m¿´vsa‚v Hm^v s]mfn-‰n-°¬ kb≥kv,

tIcf k¿∆-I-em-im-e, Xncp-h-\-¥]pcw

tUm. jmPn h¿°n, eIvN-d¿, s]mfn-‰n-°¬ kb≥kv, tIcf k¿∆-I-em-ime, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

tUm. F_lmw hnP-b≥, eIvN-d¿, tkmtjym-f-Pn, Kh. tImtf-Pv Im™n-cw-Ipfw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

sF.]n. tPmk-^v, Akn. s]m^k¿ (dn´.), Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

cXv\m-I-c≥ Sn.

lb¿ sk°-≠dn So®¿ (lnÃ-dn), Kh. t_mbvkv lb¿

sk°-≠dn kvIqƒ, ae-∏pdw

hnizw- -c≥ F≥.

lb¿ sk-°-≠dn So®¿ (s]mfn-‰n-°¬ kb≥kv),

t_mbvkv lb¿ sk°-≠dn kvIqƒ, Icp-\m-K-∏≈n

tUm. ioIp-am¿ ]n.sI.

ko\n-b¿ eIvN-d¿ (lnÃ-dn), Kh. hnIvtSm-dnb tImtf-Pv,

]me-°mSv

tUm. kp_-“-Wy-Zmkv ]n.hn.

lb¿ sk°-≠dn So®¿ (tkmtjym-fPn), Kh. KW-]Xv

lb¿ sk°-≠dn kvIqƒ, tImgn-t°mSv

kptcjv Ipam¿ B¿.

eIvN-d¿ (tkmjy¬ kb≥kv), Kh. tImtfPv Hm^v So®¿

FUyq-t°-j≥, tImgn-t°mSv

A°m-Z-anIv tImUnt\‰¿

a[p-kq-Z-\≥ kn.

dnk¿®v Hm^o-k¿ (Chm-eyp-th-j≥), Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn

A[ym-]-I-tcmSv...

kmaq-ly-im-kvX-]-T\w kaq-l-cq-]hXvI-c-W-sØbpw AXns‚ ]cn-Wm-a-

sØbpw kq£va-am-bn hni-I-e\w sNøp∂p. CXn¬ a\p-jy-k-aq-l-Øns‚

hf¿®-bpsS Ncn-X-hpw AXns‚ kmº-Øn-I-˛-km-aq-ln-I-hn-I-k-\hpw c-W-

hy-h-ÿ-Ifpw qan-im-kvX-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-IfpsS ]tbm-Khpw Dƒs∏-

Sp-∂p. Ncn-X-sa-∂m¬ cmPm-°-∑m-cptSbpw NI-h¿Øn-am-cp-tSbpw IY-bm-bn-

cp-∂p, BZy-sams°. Ah¿ `cn® sIm√-߃, Ah-cpsS bp≤-߃, `c-W-]-

cn-jvIm-c-߃ F∂nh Ncn-X-Øns‚ Xmfp-Iƒ \nd®p. \Ωp-sS-sbms°

]q¿∆n-I-cmb a\p-jy-cpsS IY Ahn-sS-sbm-∂pw ImWm-am-bn-cp-∂n-√.

C∂v Ahÿ amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. a\p-jy-Po-hnXw Iam-\p-K-X-ambn hnI-kn®p

]cn-W-an® IY Ncn-X-Øn¬ ImWmw. Dev]m-Z-t\m-]m-[n-I-fnepw _‘-ß-

fnepw h∂ am‰-߃°-\p-k-cn®v kaq-l-Ønepw kwkvIm-c-Ønepw

cmjvSobLS-\-bnepw h∂ am‰-߃ C∂v Ncn-X-Øn\p hnj-b-am-Wv. cmPm-

°-∑m-cpsS ]´p-Sp-∏ns‚ an∂-e-√, km[m-c-W-°m-cs‚ Pohn-X-bm-Ym¿∞y-ß-

fm-Wv, kmaq-ly-im-kvX-sa∂ \nebv°v Ncn-X-Øn¬ ]Tn-t°-≠-Xv. \ΩpsS

kaqlw C∂sØ Xe-Øn-te-bvs°-Øn-t®¿∂-Xns‚ NnXw CXn¬\n∂p

In´pw.

]mT-]p-kvXIw ¢mkv apdn-bnse Adn-hp-\n¿ΩmW]In-b-bpsS ][m\ D]m-

[n-bm-Wv. Cu A¿∞-Øn¬ Hmtcm A≤ym-b-Ønepw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈

][m\ Bi-b-ß-sfbpw D]m-i-b-ß-sfbpw kao-]n-°-Ww. Hmtcm Bi-bhpw

kw_-‘n®v Ip´n-I-fn¬ Ah-t_m[w D≠m-°m\pw AXns\ kw_-‘n®v

IrXy-amb [mc-WIƒ Ip´n-bn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-߃

So®¿ A[ym-]-I-k-lm-bn-bpsS klm-b-tØmsS Xøm-dm-°-Ww. Hmtcm Bi-

bhpw (Concept) Ip´n Fßs\ kzmwio-I-cn®p F∂-dn-bm\pw AXp kw_-

‘n®v Ah¿°p≈ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ, \ne-]mSp-Iƒ Ch ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n®p

N¿® sNøm\pw Ah-kcw \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\mWv ]mT-`m-K-߃°nS-bn¬

]tXyI A£-c-ß-fn¬ \¬Inbn´p≈ tNmZy-ßfpw ]h¿Ø\\n¿t±-i-

ßfpw. Cu tNmZy-߃ So®¿ ¢mkn¬ s]mXp-hmbn D∂-bn-°-Ww. XpS¿∂v

Bh-iy-amb kabw \¬In DØcw Is≠-Øn-b-h¿ ssI Db¿Øm≥ ]d-bmw.

Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw Xß-fpsS Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ Ah-kcw

\¬I-Ww. Ip´n-Iƒ°v Xß-fpsS \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ \ymbo-I-cn-°m≥ Ahkcw

\¬I-Ww. XpS¿∂v hntbm-Pn-∏p-Ifpw hyXykvX \ne-]m-Sp-Ifpw So®¿ Nq≠n-

°m´n s]mXp N¿®-bn-eqsS tImUo-I-cn-°Ww. H‰ DØ-c-a√ tImUo-I-cn-

t°-≠Xv; km[p-hmb F√m DØ-c-ß-fpw, \ne-]m-Sp-Ifpw tImUo-I-cn-°Ww.

CXv Dev]-∂-ambn ¢m n¬ ]Z¿in-∏n-°mw. Ip´n-I-fpsS t\m v _p°n¬ tcJ-

s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Bh-iy-s∏Smw Cu AS-bmfw D≈ tNmZy-߃ hy‡n-]-

c-amb Nn¥-bv°pw A`n-]m-b-]-I-S-\-Øn-\p-ap≈XmWv. CXv ]c-

kv]cN¿®-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Is≠-tØ≠ \nK-a-\-߃°p-≈Xpw.

tNmZy-߃ D∂bn®v DS-\Sn DØcw ]d-bn-°m-\-√, Nn¥-bp-sS-bpw hni-I-e-

\-Øn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]Xn-I-cn-°m-\mWv Ip´n-Isf ioen-∏n-t°-≠-

Xv. kz¥w \nK-a-\-Øn-s‚ bp‡nbpw \ymbo-I-c-Whpw Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw

thWw.

Hmtcm A[ym-b-Øn-s‚bpw Ah-km\w Cu ASbmftØmsS \¬In-bn-

´p≈ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ hn]p-eo-IrX ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fm-Wv. Bh-iy-amb d^-

d≥kn-s‚-bpw At\z-j-W-ß-fpsSbpw kqN-\-Iƒ So®¿ \¬I-Ww. kwL-]-

h¿Ø-\-ambpw ¢mkv apdn°v ]pd-Øp≈ ]h¿Ø-\-ambpw CXv amd-Ww.

tlmwh¿°v/Assk≥Uv h¿°v F∂-XmWv e£yw. Ch Hmtcm Ip´n-bp-

sSbpw "t]m¿´v t^mfntbm' tiJ-camWv. Hmtcm A[ym-b-Øn-s‚bpw ]T-\-

e-£yw, N¿®m taJ-e-Iƒ, \n¿t±-in-°-s∏´ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS Dt±iyw Ch

kw_-‘n® IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-߃ A≤ym-]-I-k-lmbnbn¬ D≠v. kaq-l-cq-

]hXv-I-cW ]In-bbpw a\p-jys‚ kmwkvIm-cnIhf¿®-bpw kaq-l-Ønse

]ucs‚ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-߃, IS-a-Iƒ, Ah-Im-i-߃ Chbpw Xncn-®-dn™v

]h¿Øn°m\h-kcw \¬Ip∂ coXn-bn¬ Cu ]mT-]p-kvXIw ]tbm-P-\-

s∏-Sp-ØWw.

1. `£y-ti-J-c-W-Øn¬\n∂v

`t£ymev]m-Z-\-Øn-tebv°v .............................................................. 9

2. sh¶-e-Øns‚ I≠p-]n-SnØw .......................................................... 19

3. Ccpºpw a\pjy\pw............................................................................. 33

4. A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ BZycq]-߃ ......................................................... 42

5. \mSp-hm-gn-Øhpw tZi-cm-jvS-ß-fpw................................................ 50

6. `mj, Ie, Z¿i\w ............................................................................... 62

7. tIc-f-∏-ga ................................................................................................ 69

8. kmaqlyPohnXw ................................................................................... 87

9. P\-ßfpw `c-W-L-S-\bpw ................................................................. 95

10. tIµ-`-cWw ............................................................................................. 108

D≈S°w

kkkk

BZy-Im-esØ a\p-jyPohnXw Fß-s\-bm-bn-cp∂p

F∂v Btem -Nn -®n -´pt≠m? th´ -bm -Snbpw

ImbvI\nIƒ tiJ-cn-®p-amWv As∂ms° a\p-jy¿

Pohn-®p-t]m-∂-Xv. Npcp°w Nne ÿe-ß-fn¬

amXta a\p -jy -hmkw D≠m-bn -cp -∂p -≈q.

A°meØv a\p-jy¿ sNdnb Iq´-ß-fm-bmWv Ign-

™p-t]m-∂-Xv. `£-Ww Dev]m-Zn-∏n®p XpS-ßn-bXv

GI-tZiw 10,000 h¿j-߃°p apºp amX-am-Wv.

]IrXn ASn-t®¬]n® sImSnb ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ°v

A[o-\cm-bn-cp∂p a\p-jy¿. -ar-K-߃ P\n®v

Ipd®pka-b-Øn-\p-≈n¬ Fgp-t∂¬°p-Ibpw \S-

°p -Ibpw sNøp -∂Xv I≠n -´nt√? F∂m¬

a\pjy°p™p-߃ Aß-s\-bmtWm?

$ \o≠ ssiihw a\p-jy\p amXap≈ Hcp khn-

tijX-bmWv.

$ hnc-ep-I-fp-sSbpw aWn-_-‘-Øn-s‚bpw LS-\-

bmWv as‰m-∂v. s]cp-hn-c¬ a‰p hnc-ep-Iƒ°v

A`n-ap -J-ambn ]nSn -°m-\mhp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v

hm\ch¿KØn\v ac-Øns‚ Nn√-I-fn¬ apdpsI

]nSn®pIb-dm≥ Ign-bpw. a\p-jy¿ aÆn-te°v

Cdßnh∂tXmsS Imep-I-fn¬ CØcw hnc-ep-

I-fpsS Bh-iy-an√m-Xmbn. ssIhn-c-ep-I-fpsS

Cu LS\ `£Wkºm-Z-\-Øn\v ico-c-Øn\p

]pd-Øp≈ Ah-b-h-ß-sf-t∂mWw Bbp-[-

ßfpw D]-I-c-W-ßfpw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw ]tbm-

Kn-°m\pw Ahsc klm-bn-®p.

`£y-ti-J-c-W-Øn¬\n∂v

`t£ymev]m-Z-\-Øn-tebv°v1$ ]¿∆-X-]-tZ-i-ß-fnse Im´m-Sp-Iƒ°v XWp-∏-

I-‰p-hm≥ ico-c-Ønse I´n-bp≈ tcma-߃

Xs∂ aXn. sImSpw-X-Wp∏n¬ Ign-bp∂ a\p-

jy-cm-hs´ BSpI-fp-sSbpw a‰pw XpI-en¬\n∂pw

tcma-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw hkvX-߃ D≠m°n XWp-

∏n¬\n∂v c£-t\-Sp-∂p.

$ ]√p-Ifpw \J-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn®v D≠m-°nb

amf-ß-fn-emWv apbepw Fenbpw a‰pw ]m¿°p-

∂-Xv. a\p-jy-cm-Is´ acw, I√v, CjvSnI apX-

embhsIm≠v hoSp-Iƒ D≠m°n Xma-kn°p∂p.

$ ]√pw \J-hp-ap-]-tbm-Kn®mWv ISp-hbpw knwl-

hp-sams° Cc-]nSn-°p-∂-Xv. a\p-jy¿ ImbvI\n-

Iƒ tiJ-cn-°m\pw Cc-Isf th´-bm-Sm\pw

Xßfp-≠m-°nb Bbp-[-ßfpw D]-I-c-W-ß-fp-

amWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.

s]mXpth ]d-™m¬ a\p-jysc arK-ß-fn¬

\n∂v thdn´p\n¿Øp-∂Xv D]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS ]-

tbm-K-am-Wv. arK-ßfpw £Wkºm-Z-\-Øn\v D]-

I-c-W-߃ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂p-≠v. F∂m¬ a\p-jysc

hyXy-kvX-cm-°p-∂Xv D]-I-c-W-߃ \n¿Ωn-°p-

∂-Xn¬ Ah¿ Ah-ew-_n-°p∂ coXn-I-fm-Wv.

Bh-iy-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v ]pXnb D]-I-c-W-߃

I≠p-]n-Sn-°m\pw D≈h ]pXp-°n-∏-Wn-bm\pw

D≈ Ignhv a\p-jycpsS khn-ti-j-X-bmWv.

10 kmaq-ly-imkvXw I

¢mkv ˛ IX

amdp∂ ]cnX-ÿn-Xn-tbmSv s]mcp-Ø-s∏´v D]-I-c-

W-߃ \n¿an-°p-Ibpw Ah D]-tbm-Kn®v Cc ]nSn-

°p-Ibpw sNøm≥ a\p-jy¿°v Ign-bpw. Xßfp-

≠m-°nb D]-I-c-W-ßfpw/Bbp-[-ßfpw imco-

arK-߃

$ Bƒ°p-cßv Ddp-ºn≥ Iq´n¬\n∂v

I\w Ipd™ hSn-bpsS klm-b-

tØmsS Ddp-ºns\ ]nSn®p Xn∂p-∂p.

$ Nne¥n kz¥w ico-c-Øn¬ \n∂p≈

ZmhIw D]-tbm-Kn®v he-s\bvXv AXn¬

IpSp-ßp∂ ]mWn-Isf Xn∂p-∂p.

$

a\p-jy¿

$ hSn-sbm-Sn-s®-SpØv I\w Ipd®v Bh-

iy-Øn-ep≈ cq]-Øn-em°n Ddp-ºns\

]nSn®p Xn∂p-∂p.

$ ]pd-Øp-\n∂pw tiJ-cn® \q¬, NIncn

apX-emb hkvXp-°ƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v he-

s\bvXv Cc-tXSn `£W-am-°p-∂p.

$

a\p-jy\pw arK-ßfpw ˛ D]-I-c-WßfpsS ]tbm-K-Ønse Nne hyXym-k-ß-fmWv ]´n-I-bn¬.

]´nI hn]p-eam-°q.

a\p-jy¿ \n¿Ωn® BZysØ D]-I-c-W-߃

$ I√n≥Xp≠p-Iƒ

$ I¬®ofp-Iƒ

$ F√n≥Ij-W-߃

$ ac-°-ºpIƒ

I√p-I-fn¬\n∂v AS¿Øn-sb-SpØ

Nofp-Isf Bbp-[-ßfmbpw/D]-I-c-

W-ß-fmbpw D]-tbm-Kn-®p. ]n∂oSv

Cßs\ AS¿Øn-sb-SpØ Nofp-

Iƒ AW®v aq¿®Iq´n ssI-bn¬

HXp-°n-∏n-Sn®v Cc-]nSn-°m\pw kzc-

£tX-Sm\pw D]-tbm-Kn-®p.

\nc-¥-c-amb \nco-£-Whpw imco-

cn -I-£-a-Xbpw Poh-k-‘m-c-W-

Øn\v a\p -jysc klm-bn -®p.

AtX-t]mse kq£va\nco-£-W-

Øn-eq-sSbpw kz¥w A\p-`-h-Øn-

eq -sSbpw hnj-s®-Snbpw \√-

sNSnbpw Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign™p.

arK-ß-sf-t∏mse Cc-tXSn \S∂ ]mNo\a\p-jy¿ ]n∂oSv arK-ß-fn¬\n∂v hyXy-kvX-cm-hm≥

CS-bm-°nb kml-Ncyw F¥mhmw? \nß-fpsS \nK-a-\-߃ ¢m n¬ N¿® sNøq.

cnI]cn-an-Xn-Isf adn-I-S-°p-hm≥ Ahs\ klm-

bn-®p. Npcp-°-Øn¬, X߃ \n¿Ωn-s®-SpØ D]-

I-c-W-ß-fpsS ]tbmKw hgn a\p-jy¿ t\Sn-sb-

SpØ ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS IY-bmWv, Ncn-Xw F∂p

]d-bmw.

`£Ww tiJ-cn-°m≥ amdn-h-cp∂ Imem-h-ÿ,

EXp-°ƒ, DZ-bm-kvX-a-b-߃ Chsb√mw \nco-£n-

t°-≠-Xp-≠v. tPymXn-»mkvXw ChnsS XpS-ßp-

∂p. anI® inem-bp-[-߃ D≠m-°m≥ tbmPn®

]md GsX-∂-dn-b-Ww. Ah-bv°p-th-≠n-bp≈

BZn-a-a-\p-jy¿ amwkw Np´p-Xn-∂p∂p

A[ymbw ˛ 1

11`£y-ti-J-c-W-Øn¬ \n∂v t£ymev]m-Z-\-Øn-tebv°v

At\z-jW-amWv `qK¿`imkvX-Øns‚ XpS-°w.

kqcy-N-µ-∑m¿, \£-X-߃, hr£-e-Xm-Zn-Iƒ,

]£n-ar-Km-Zn-Iƒ, Pem-i-b-߃, Np‰p-ap≈ `qan,

Imem-h-ÿm-hy-Xym-k-߃ Ch-sb√mw \nco-£-

W-߃°v hnt[-b-am-bn. AhnsS\n∂mWv a\p-

jycpsS imkvX-t_m[w XpS-ßp-∂-Xv.

Cu¿∂p apdn-°m\pw sh´n-\p-dp-°m\pw Npc-≠n-sb-

Sp-°m\pw D≈ inem-bp-[-ß-ƒ \n¿Ωn®-tXm-sSm∏w

Xobp-≠m-°m\pw D]-tbm-Kn-°m\pw a\pjy¿ ]Tn-

®p. XobpsS I≠p-]nSpØhpw \nb-¥-Whpw N-cn-

X-Ønse hnπ-h-I-c-amb t\´ßfmWv.

I√-eIv (Chopper) I∑gp (Hand Axe)

XobpsS I≠p-]n-SnØw

Fßs\bmWv Xo I≠p-]n-Sn-®Xv? A-dn-bn√. h\-hm-kn-Iƒ Xobp-≠m-°p∂ Nne hnZy-Iƒ CXm.

I√p-Iƒ Iq´n-bp-c®v DW-°-a-c-s°m-ºp-Iƒ Iq´n-bp-c®v

XobpsS I≠p-]n-Sp-Ø-tØmsS a\p-jyPohn-X-Øn¬ henb am‰-ß-fp-≠m-bn. Fs¥ms° am‰-

ß-fmWv Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-Øn¬ hcpØnbn-´p-≠m-hpI?

th´-bm-Snbpw ImbvI-\n-Iƒ tiJ-cn®pw \S-°p∂

ImeØpXs∂-bm-bn-cn-°Ww Iq´wtN¿∂pw kl-

I-cn®pw a\p-jy¿ Pohn-°m≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xv.

GI-tZiw 20 e£w sIm√w apºv, qan-bpsS D]-cn-

Xew a™p-aq-Sn-°n-S∂ "πotÃm-ko≥' ImeL´-

Øn-emWv ]mNo\inem-bpKkwkvIrXn hnImkw

]m]n-®-Xv.

]mNo-\-in-em-bp-K-Ønse D]-I-c-W-߃

πotÃm-ko≥

`qanbn¬ a\p-jy¿ Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ Pohn-I-fpsS

hnImkw kw`-hn-®Xv \nc-h[n h¿j-ß-fn-eq-sS-

bm-Wv. CXnse Hcp L -amWv πotÃm-ko≥. (`qan-

bpsS ]mbhpw Pohs‚ hnIm-k-hpw-˛-A\p-_-

‘-ambn \evInbn-´p≠v.)

I¬®o-fp-Iƒ (Flake) I√m∏v (Cleaver)

]mNo-\-in-em-bp-K-Ønse a\p-jy¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ hnhn[ D]-I-c-W-߃ i≤n-®-t√m. F¥n-

s\-√-mam-bn-cn°pw Cu D]-I-c-W-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠m-hpI? N¿® sNøq.

12 kmaq-ly-imkvXw I

¢mkv ˛ IX

D]-Po-h-\-am-XrI

lna-bp-K-Øn-ep-S-\ofw a\p-jy\v ]Ir-Xn-tbm-Sp≈

_‘Øn\v ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb am‰-߃ H∂pw

Xs∂-bp-≠m-bn√. ]Ir-Xn-bn¬\n∂p In´p-∂-Xp-

sIm≠v Ah¿ kwXr-]vXcm-bn-cp-∂p. ]Ir-Xnsb

\nb-¥n-°p-hm≥ ]Ir-Xn-tbmSp kl-I-cn-®p-

sIm≠p Xs∂ a\p-jy≥ Xs‚ ia-߃ XpS-ßn-

b-Xv C°meØmWv.

`owt_-TvI-bnse Kplm-Nn-Xw Aƒ´m-an-d-bnse Kplm-NnXw

]mNo-\-in-em-bpKa\p-jys‚ £-W-co-Xn-I-sf-°p-

dn-®p≈ sXfn-hp-Iƒ Xosc ]cn-an-X-am-b-Xn-\m¬

CXn-s\-°p-dn®v Hcp kaKNnXw \¬IpI km[y-

a-√. a[y-]-tZ-inse `owt_-TvI, kvs]bn-\nse

Aƒ´m-and apX-emb ÿe-ß-fnse KplmNnX-

߃ Cc-tX-Sp∂ inem-bp-K-a-\p-jy-sc-°p-dn-®p≈

hnh-c-߃ \¬Ip∂p.

Cu NnX-߃ ]mNo-\-in-em-bp-K-Øn-te-Xm-Wv. Ch \¬Ip∂ kqN-\-Iƒ h®v A°m-esØ

a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-sØ-∏‰n Hcp Ipdn-∏p-X-øm-dm-°q.

a[y-in-em-bpKw

]mNo-\-in-em-bp-K-Øn\pw \ho-\-in-em-bp-K-Øn\pw

CS-bv°p≈ Ime-L- -amWv a[y-in-em-bpKw. C°m-

eØv Imem-h-ÿ-bn¬ Imcy-amb am‰-߃ h∂p.

lna-bp-K-Ønse XWp-∏n¬\n∂v NqSp≈ Imem-h-

ÿ-bn-te-bv°p≈ am‰w, A¥-co-£-Ønse Db¿∂

Xm]-\ne F∂nh Cu Ime-L-´-Øns‚ khn-ti-

kq£vaXc inem-bp-[-߃

2 cm0 1

A[ymbw ˛ 1

13`£y-ti-J-c-W-Øn¬ \n∂v t£ymev]m-Z-\-Øn-tebv°v

j-X-I-fm-Wv. D]-I-c-WßfpsS \n¿Ωm-W-Ønepw

]I-S -amb am‰ -߃ h∂p. NnX-Øn -ep≈

kq£vaXc-in-em-bp-[-ß-fpsS \n¿Ωm-Whpw ]tbm

Khpw a[yinem-bp-K-Øns‚ ]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv. Cc-

tX-S-enepw am‰-߃ h∂p. sNdp-ar-K-ßsf th´-

bm-Sepw ao≥]n-Sp-Ø-hp-amWv B ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ.

]mNo-\-in-em-bp-K-Øn¬\n∂v a[y-in-em-bp-K-Øn-se-Øn-b-t∏mƒ Bbp-[-ß-fn¬ h∂ am‰w a\-

n-em-°n-bt√m. CXv a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ Fs¥√mw am‰-ß-fmWv D≠m-°n-bn-´p≠m-hp-I?

]Ir-Xn-°p-ta¬ a\p-jy¿ \nb-¥Ww t\Sn-bXv

hf-sc-∏-Xp-s°-bp≈ Hcp ]Inb-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

AXns‚ kzm[o\w i‡hpw Bh¿Ø\kz`mhw

D≈Xp-am-bn-cp-∂p. a\p-jys‚ D]-Po-h-\Øn¬ am‰-

ap-≠m-°n-b-h-bmWv Irjnbpw Imen-h-f¿Ø-epw.

Irjn-bpsS Bhn¿`mhw

Np‰p-]m-Sp-ap≈ hkvXp-X-Isf kq£vaambn \nco-

£n®Xpw Nne BI-kvanIkw` -h -ßfpw

`t£ym¬]m-Z-\-Øn-te°v hgnh®p. ]pcp-j-∑m¿

th´-bm-Sm≥ t]mIp∂ kµ¿`-ß-fn¬ ImbvI-\n-

Iƒ tiJ-cn-°m≥ t]mbn-cp∂ kvXoIƒ Im´p-hn-

Øp-Iƒ kam-l-cn-®n--cn-°-Ww. ImbvI-\n-Iƒ Xn∂v

]m¿∏nS-Øn-\-SpØv Dt]-£n® hnØp-Iƒ ap-f-bv°p-

∂Xpw Hmcne hncnbp∂Xpw ]qhpw Imbpw AWn-

bp-∂Xpw hnf-bp-∂Xpw Ah¿ I≠ncn-°-Ww.

CØcw Adn-hp-Iƒ B¿Pn® a\p-jy¿ hf-sc-∏-

Xps° Irjn-bn-te°pw £Ww D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂

hnZy-bn-te°pw FØn-s∏-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. `£y-

tbm-Ky-amb ]p√p-Iƒ, thcp-Iƒ, Ing-ßp-Iƒ, sNdp-

sN-Sn-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh Xnc-™p-]n-Sn®vv \´p-sIm≠v

]Xps° Irjn sa®-s∏-Sp-Øn.

tKmX-ºv, _m¿en, s\√v, Xn\, Nma, tNmfw, tN\,

a[p-c-°n-g-ßv Ch-bm-bn-cp∂p C°m-esØ ][m-

\-Im¿jnIhnf-Iƒ.

Im´p-sN-Sn-Isf sacp°n Irjn XpS-ßn-b-Xp-

t]mseØs∂ ]men\pw amwk-Øn\pw th≠n

Im´p-ar-K-ßsf sacp°n hf¿Øm≥ XpS-ßnbXpw

C°m-e-Øm-Wv.

Irjn-bpsS Bcw`w hnh-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv hmbn-®-t√m. kwL-ßfmbn Xncn™v ][m\L´-߃

NnXo-I-cn-°pI. Hmtcm kwLhpw Xß-fpsS \nK-a-\-߃ ¢m n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n®v N¿® sNøpI.

\nK-a-\-߃°v B[mc-amb \ymbo-I-cWhpw \¬I-Ww. s]mXp\nK-a\w Nm¿´mbn ¢m n¬

]Z¿in-∏n-°p-I.

\ho-\-in-em-bpKw

`t£ym¬]m-Z\Pohn-Im-k-º-Zmbw a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-

sØ BI-am\w am‰n-a-dn®p. CXv \ho\inem-

\ho-\-in-em-bp-[-߃

bpKhnπ-hØns‚ Hcp hi-am-Wv. tX®v aq¿®-Iq-

´nb inem-bp-[-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ XpS-ßnb

Ime-Øn-\mWv \ho-\-in-em-bpKw F∂p ]d-bp-

14 kmaq-ly-imkvXw I

¢mkv ˛ IX

14 tkmjy¬ kb≥kv˛I

∂Xv. IqSp-X¬ Imcy-£-ahpw ^e-]-Z-hp-amb D]-

I-c-W-am-WnXv. \ho-\-in-em-bpKw khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

IrjnbpsS Bcw`w

Imen hf-¿Ø¬

hmbvØe aq¿® Iq´nb

inem-bp-[-߃.

]cp-°≥ Ifn-a¨ ]mX-ß-fpsS

\n¿amWw

kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ Bcw-`w.

\ho-\-in-em-bpKw

ÿew Imew Irjn

]›n-tajy In. ap. 8500 apX¬ tKmX-ºv, _m¿en

_eq-Nn-ÿm≥ In. ap. 6000 apX¬ tKmX-ºv, _m¿en

s_emkm Xmgvhc (bp.]n.) In. ap. 5440 ˛ 4530 s\√v

ss\¬ \Zo-XSw In. ap. GI-tZiw 3000 tKmX-ºv, _m¿en

sXt° C¥y In. ap. 2500 ˛ 1500 dmKn

temI-sØ-√m-bn-SØpw Irjn-bpsS Bcw`w Htc Ime-ØmtWm? CXv \¬Ip∂ kqN-\-I-sf-

¥mWv? ]´nI hni-I-e\w sNbvXv \nK-a-\-Øn-se-Øq.

NI-Øns‚ I≠p-]n-SnØw

NI-Øns‚ I≠p-]n-SnØw a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬

hen-b ]cn-h¿Ø-\-ap-≠m-°n. CsX-∂m-sWt∂m

Fß-s\-bm-sWt∂m \ap°v hy‡-ambn Adn-

bn√. temI-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ \n∂p

Is≠-Øp∂ Ncn - Xm-h-in -jvS -ß-fmb Ifn -

a¨]mX-߃, ine-Iƒ F∂n-h-bn¬ NI-Øns‚

NnX-߃ D≠v.

Irjn-bpsSbpw Imen-h-f¿Ø-en-s‚bpw A\n-tj-

[y-amb sXfn-hp-Iƒ BZy-ambn e`n-°p-∂Xv \ho-

\-in-em-bp-K-Øn-em-Wv. ]›n-ta-jy-bnse tbm¿±m≥

\Zo-Xo-c-Øp≈ Pm¿tam, sPdot°m F∂n-hn-S-ß-

fn¬\n∂v Irjn-bp-sSbpw Nne B^n-°≥ ]tZ-

i-ß-fn¬\n∂v Imen-h-f¿Ø-en-s‚bpw sXfn-hp-

Iƒ In´n-bn-´p-≠v.

Irjnbpw Imen-h-f¿Øepw ]c-kv]ct]mj-I-ß-

fm-sW∂v a\p-jy≥ Is≠Øn.

Irjnbpw Imen-h-f¿Øepw XΩn¬ Fß-s\-sb-

√m-am-bn-cn°pw _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-I?

NmWIw Irjn°v hf-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.

ssht°m¬ Imen-Iƒ°v Xo‰-bmbn \¬Ip-∂p.

lc-∏≥ apZ-I-fn¬ ImWp∂ hml-\Øn¬ a\p-jy≥

\n¬°p∂ NnXw

In.ap. 2500 ¬ kndn-b, Cemw F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ cY-߃,

h≠n-Iƒ apX-em-bh ]Nm-c-Ønep≠m-bn-cp-∂p

saml≥P-Zm-tcm-hn¬ \n∂v Is≠-Ønb

Ifn-aÆv sIm-≠p≈ Ifn-h-≠n

A[ymbw ˛ 1

15`£y-ti-J-c-W-Øn¬ \n∂v t£ymev]m-Z-\-Øn-tebv°v

kpta-dn¬ \n∂v Is≠-Øn-b NI-Øns‚ NnX-߃

NI-Øns‚ I≠p-]n-SnØw KXm-K-Xw, hyh-kmbw

F∂n-h-bpsS KXn am‰nadn®p. Xncnbp∂ NI-

Øn≥ta¬ Ifn-aÆv Ipg®p sh®v a¨]mX-ap-≠m-

°m≥ Ffp-∏-am-Wv. ]mXap≠m-°m≥ Cßs\

b¥-ap-]-tbm-Kn-®Xv sXmgn¬ Xg-°-Øn\v XpS°w

Ipdn-®p. a¨]m-X-\n¿Ωn-Xn-bn¬ NI-Øns‚ D]-

tbmKw ]tXy-I-]-cn-io-e-\-Øns‚ Bh-iy-IX

sIm≠p-h-∂p. Dev]m-Z-\-Øn¬ t\cn-´n-S-s]-SmsX

a¨]mXw \¬In Dev]m-Z-\-an-®-Øn¬ Htcm-lcn

hmßp∂ sXmgn¬°q-´m-bva-I-fpsS Bhn¿`mhw

Cu ImeL-´-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-bmbn.

Ifn-a¨]mXw D≠m-°p∂Xns‚ NnXw

hml-\-ßfpw arK-ßfpw

5000 sIm√-߃°p apºpXs∂ `mcw Npa-°p-∂-

Xn-\v Igp-Xsb t]m‰n-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. _m_n-

temWpw Gjymssa\-dp-ambn \S∂ I®-hSØn¬

km[-\-߃ sIm≠p-t]m-bn-cp-∂Xv Igp-X-∏p-d-Øm-

bn-cp-∂p. Igp-X-bpsS kz¥w \mSv hS-°p-In-g-°≥

B^n-°bmWsX. CuPn-]v‰nepw sak-s∏m-t´m-

an-b-bnepw \neapgm\pw mcw Npa-°m\pw Igp-Xsb

D]-tbm-Kn-®p.

bqtdm-∏n-sebpw at[y-jy-bn-sebpw hnim-e-amb

]p¬ta-Sp-IfmWv IpXn-c-bpsS P∑-tZ-iw. BZy-amZyw

IpXn-csb ]men\pw khm-cn-°p-ap-]-tbm-Kn-®p;

]n∂oSv bp≤-Øn\pw. IpXn-c-bpsS hc-thmsS KXm-

K-X-Øns‚ KXnamdn. thKw-sIm≠pw _p≤n-

sIm≠pw CW°w sIm≠pw ap¥n-\n∂ IpXnc

ka-X-e-ßfnepw ]¿∆-X-]-tZ-i-ß-fnepw Hcp-

t]mse D]-tbmKtbmKy-am-bn.

Ie, BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-߃

X߃°p a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-bm-Ø Nne i‡n-

I-fn¬ a\p-jy\v hnizm-k-a¿∏n-°p-hm≥ tXm∂n-

bXv BZy-amZyw ]Ir-Xn-bnse ]Xn-`m-k-ß-

fn¬\n∂pXs∂-bm-bn -cn -°-Ww. CSn -an -∂¬,

16 kmaq-ly-imkvXw I

¢mkv ˛ IX

s]cpag, sh≈-s∏m-°w, sImSpw-Nq-Sv, sImSpw-X-

Wp∏v apX-em-bh Ahs\ A¤p-X-kvX_v[-\m-°n.

CXn-\p-]p-dta ac-W-sa∂ kXyhpw P\-\-sa∂

hnkva-bhpw Ahs‚ a\- n¬ D≠m-°nb bm¤p-

X-߃ A⁄mXi‡n-Ifn¬ D≈ Ahs‚

hnizm-ksØ _e-s∏-Sp-Øn.

A\p-jvTm-\w, Ie

lna -bp -K -Øns‚ Ah-km -\ -Øn¬ ]pXnb

ta®n¬∏pdßft\z-jn®p t]mb sdbn≥Un-b¿ Iq -

ßsf A∂sØ inem-bpKa\p-jy≥ Iim-∏p-

sNbvXp. Hmtcm EXp-hnepw BZyw th´-bm-Sn-°n-

´nb arKsØ Ah¿ A⁄m-X-\mb Bflm-hn\v

ka¿∏n-®p. Cu BNm-c-ß-fpsSbpw A\p-jvTm-\-

ß-fp-sSbpw XpS¿®-bmWv Ah-cpsS NnX-ß-fn¬

]I-S-am-Ip-∂Xv.

\ho-\-in-em-bp-K-am-b-t∏m-tg°pssIh∂ Dev]m-Z-

\-an®w, Hgn-hp-k-a-bw F∂nh kwKo-X-sØbpw

NnX-I-e-sbbpw ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-®n-cn-°-Ww. F√n¬

Xo¿Ø kpjn-c-hm-Zy-ßfpw ]o∏n-Ifpw kwKo-X-

]-tbm-KsØ shfn-hm-°p-∂p-≠v.

BI-a-W-ßfpw IpSn-tb-‰ßfpw \ne-hnep≈

BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-ß-fp-ambn IqSn-°-e¿∂p. CtXm-

sSm∏w hf-sc-s∏s´-∂p-≠m-hp∂ sh≈-s∏m-°w,

sImSp-¶m-‰v, ]I¿®hym[nIƒ XpS-ßn-bh Hcp kaq-

l-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-d-Xs∂ Cf-°n-bn-cn-°mw.

BI-a-W-ßfpw IpSn-tb-‰-ßfpw ]pXnb ]pXnb

Bi-b-ßfpw A\p-jvTm-\-ßfpw sIm≠p-h-∂p.

Aßs\ c≠p-Xcw BNm-c-߃ H∏-Øn-s\m-∏hpw

Nne-t∏m-sgms° ISpØ a’-c-Øn-eq-sSbpw apt∂-

dp-∂p.

\ho-\-in -em-bp-K-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-am-b-t∏m-

tgbv°pw kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bn-eq-∂nb Irjn hnI-

kn-®v `£y-km-[-\-ß-fpsS sNdnb tXmXn-ep≈

ssIam-‰-߃ Dcp-Øn-cnbm≥ XpS-ßn. Irjn-bp-sS

hym]\w ÿnc-hmkw Bh-iy-am-°n. ItaW Kma-

k-aq-l-w cq]-s∏-´p.

]h¿Ø-\-߃

Irjn-bpsS Bcw-`-tØmsS \mbmSn \S∂ a\p-jycpsS Pohn-X-Øn¬ hºn® am‰-ß-fp-≠m-

bt√m. Blm-c-co-Xn, D]-I-c-W-߃, k©mcw, kwLw-tN-c¬, hnt\m-Zw, hnizmkw Ch-

bn¬ h∂ am‰-߃ ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-SpØn ]mNo\inem-bpKa\p-jy-cn¬\n∂v \ho-\-in-em-

bpKa\p-jycn-te-°p≈ hf¿® Hcp t]mP-IvSmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n°q. kwL-ß-fmbn sNbvXv

s]mXp-A-h-X-c-W-Øn-eqsS tImUo-I-cn-°pI. (]mT-`mKw, sse_-dn, C‚¿s\‰v F∂n-h-

bpsS klmbw D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØmw.)

th´-bm-Snbpw ImbvI-\n-Iƒ tiJ-cn®pw Pohn® a\p-jy≥ `£Ww Dev]m-Zn-∏n®Xpw ÿnc-hmkw

XpS-ßn-bXpw am\hNcn-X-Ønse kp]-[m\L -am-Wv. a‰p Poh-Pm-e-ß-sf-t∏mse ]Ir-Xn°v Iog-

Sßn Pohn-®n-cp∂ a\p-jy≥, "a\p-jy-\mb IY' NnX-I-Ym-cq-]-Øn¬ Xøm-dm-°p-I.

Hcp ]mNo\kwKo-tXm-]-I-cWw ]h¿Øn-∏n-°p∂

Kplm-NnXw

A[ymbw ˛ 1

17`£y-ti-J-c-W-Øn¬ \n∂v t£ymev]m-Z-\-Øn-tebv°v

a™p-aq-Sn-°n-S∂ πotÃm-ko≥ Ime-L-´-Øn¬\n∂v \ho-\-inembpK-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-am-b-t∏m-

tg°pw a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ Ht´sd am‰-߃ h∂p. `£Wkºm-Z-\w, ]c-kv]ckl-I-cWw,

kaqlcq]hXvI-cWw, A\p-jvTm-\-Ie F∂nh ap≥\n¿Øn skan-\m¿ kwLSn-∏n-°p-I.

NI-Øns‚ I≠p-]n-SnØw, a\p-jys‚ hf¿®bn¬ Fs¥ms° am‰-߃ hcp-Øn-bn-cn-°pw? "NI-

Øns‚ Bfl-IY'bpsS cq]-Øn¬ CXv Ah-X-cn-∏n-°q.

F√mhcpw X߃°m-h-iy-ap-≈ `£Ww Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ coXn-bn¬\n∂v C°m-eØv F¥v am‰-

amWv h∂n-cn-°p-I? \nß-fpsS Dulw ¢m n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°q. N¿® sNbvXv s]mXp-\n-K-a-\-Øn-

seØq.

a[yinem-bp-K-Ønse inem-bp-[ß-tf-°mƒ kq£-a-X-chpw IqSp-X¬ ]tbm-K-£-a-Xbpw D≈-h-

bm-Wv \ho\inem-bp-K-Ønse Bbp-[-߃. hen∏w, D]-tbm-K-co-Xn Ch ap≥\n¿Øn D]-I-c-W-ß-

fp-sSbpw Bbq[-ß-fp-sSbpw \n¿ΩmW-Ønepw ]tbm-K-Ønepw h∂ am‰-߃ Fs¥-√m-am-bn-cn-

°pw? "inem-bq-[-߃ ˛ hf¿®bpw hnIm-khpw' F∂ ss…Uv tjm Xøm-dm°n ¢m n¬ Ah-X-

cn-∏n-°p-I. (]mtZ-inI Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿, kvIqƒ sse_-dn, C‚¿s\‰v F∂nh-bpsS klmbw

tXSmw.)

arKßfn¬\n∂v a\p-jys\ hyXy-kvX-\m-°p-∂Xv D]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS \n¿Ωm-Whpw AhbpsS kq£va-

]-tbm-K-hp-am-Wv. ]IrXntbmSp a√n´p Pohn® a\p-jy≥ ]Xp-s°∏-Xps° ]Ir-Xnsb \nb-¥n-

°p∂ NnX-amWv \ho\inem-bp-K-Øns‚ A¥y-Øn¬ ImWp-∂-Xv. sXfn-hp-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-

Øn¬ Cu ]kvXm-h\ \ymbo-I-cn-°p-I.

$

18 kmaq-ly-imkvXw I

¢mkv ˛ IX

A\p-_

‘w

`qan-b

psS

]mb

hpw

Poh

s‚

hnI

m-k

hpw

bpK

w (E

ra)

Ime

-L´w

(Pir

iod)

kw`

hw

(Epo

ch)

Ime

-∏-g°

w˛Zi

-

e£

w h

¿j

-

Øn¬

(M

YA)

ssP

h-k

m-∂n-[

y-Øns

‚ k

z`mh

w

$sk

t\

m-tk

m-bnI

v

(Cen

ozoi

c)(k

kvX

-\n-b

psS

Ime

w)

$\

memw

L´w

$tl

mtfm-k

o≥(H

oloc

ene)

(\h

o-\-I

mew)

$0.

01$

a\

p-jy-\

pƒs∏

-sS-b

p≈ ]

pXp-X

-e-apd

Poh

-Pm-e

-߃

$\

memw

L´w

$π

otÃ

m-ko≥

(Ple

stoc

ene)

$2.

5$

Znt\

m-k-dp-I

ƒ t

]me

p≈ h

enb

kk

vX-\

n-I-fp-s

Sb

pw B

Zy-I

m-e-a-\

p-jy-h

¿K-Ø

n-

s‚

bpw h

wi-\

miw

$π

ntb

m-ko≥

(Plio

cene

)$

7$

]me

q´n h

f¿Ø

p-∂- a

rK-ß

ƒ

$k

kvX

-\n-I

fps

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nIm-k

hpw h

f¿®

bpw

$atb

m-ko≥

(Mio

cene

)$

26

$He

n-tKm-k

o≥(O

ligoc

ene)

$38

$C

tbm-k

o≥(E

ocen

e)$

54

$]

men-tb

m-ko≥

(Pal

eoce

ne)

$65

$antk

mtk

m-bnI

v

(Mes

ozoi

c)

$tI

t‰-k

n-bk

v (C

rata

ceou

s)$

135

$Znt\

m-k-dp-I

ƒ, ]

k-h

n-°p∂

kk

vX-\

n-Iƒ

, ]

q°-fp-≠

m-Ip∂

sN

Sn-I

ƒ h

ym]

n-°p-

∂p.

$aq∂

mw L

´w

$18

0$

Znt\

m-k-dp-I

ƒ B

[n-]

Xyw

t\

Sp-∂

p. k

kvX

-\n-I

ƒ, ]

£n-I

ƒ, j

Uv]

-Z-ß

ƒ.

$22

5$

Znt\

m-k-dp-I

ƒ, B

Zy-I

m-e-k

-kvX

-\n-I

ƒ, h

enb

D-b

-Po-h

n-Iƒ

$P

pdm-k

nIv( J

uras

sic)

$S

bm-k

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riass

ic)

$]

men-tb

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m-bnI

v

(Pal

aeoz

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$s]

¿an-b

≥(P

erm

ian)

$27

0$

D-b

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n-Isf a

m‰n Dc-K-ß

ƒ B

[n-]

Xyw

t\

Sp-∂

p.

$\

memw

L´w

$35

0$

D-b

-Po-h

n-Iƒ

, BZy-I

m-e-D-c-K-ß

ƒ, a

c-ß

ƒ

$40

0$

a’

y-߃

, BZy-D

--b

-Po-h

n-Iƒ

$I

m¿t_

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v

( Car

boni

fero

us)

$sU

tam-\

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(Tr

iass

ic)

$44

0$

BZy-I

m-e-a’

y-߃

, R≠

p-Iƒ

, B¿tX

m-t]

m-Sp-I

ƒ, k

q£va-k

-ky-ß

ƒ$

kne

q-dn-b

≥ (

Silu

rian

)

$50

0$

BZy-I

m-e-\

-s-√

p≈ P

ohn-I

ƒ, \

s-√

n-√mØ

Poh

n-h¿K-Ø

ns‚

B[

n-]-X

y-Ime

w$

Hm¿

tUmh

njn-b

≥ (

Ord

ovici

an)

$60

0$

\s

-√n-√

mØ a

rK-ß

ƒ, B

¬K-I

ƒ$

Imº

n-b≥

(C

ambr

ian)

$45

00$

`qa

n-bps

S D

ev]

-Øn. G

I-tI

m-i-P

o-hn-I

fps

Sb

pw I

pd®

v _l

p-tI

m-i-P

o-hn-I

-fp-s

Sb

pw

km∂

n[yw

$]

o-I

m-º

n-b≥

(Pre

- Cam

bria

n)

sh¶-e-Øns‚ I≠p-]n-SnØw2D]-I-c-W-ß-fp-≠m-°m≥ th≠n teml-ß-fp-]-tbm-

Kn-°m≥ XpS-ßn-b-XmWv, a\p-jy-]p-tcm-K-Xn-bpsS

ASpØ L´w. hnZKv[]cn-io-e-\hpw AXns‚

]tbm-Khpw th≠ H∂mWv teml-kw-kvI-c-

Whpw Iq´p-teml\n¿Ωn-Xn-bpw. \nc-¥-c-amb ]co-

£Wß-fpsS ^e-amWv Iq´p-temlw. ip≤-amb

sNºv th¿Xn-cns®-Sp-°pIsb∂Xv BZy-Im-e-

sØms° _p≤n -ap -´p≈ H∂m-bn -cp -∂p.

XpS¿®bmb ]co-£-W-߃°pw ]tbm-K-߃°p-

sam-Sp-hn¬ sNºpw Cubhpw Dcp°n- sh¶ew

AYhm HmSp-≠m-°p∂ hnZy kpta-dn-b-°m¿

Is≠Øn. F∂m¬ Cu I≠p-]n -S nØw

AhcptSXp amXam-bn-cp-∂n-√. CtX ImeØv

Z£n-tW-jy≥ D]-`q-J-fi-Ønepw sh¶ew D]-

tbm-Kn-®ncp∂p F∂-Xn\v sXfn-hp-Ifp-≠v. sNº-

bncv Dcp-°nbt∏mƒ bmZr—n-I-ambn sNºns‚bpw

NnX-Ønse AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Ønb `mK-߃ GXv kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpsS D]-tbm-K-

amWv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv? a\p-jy≥ t\Snb \nc-h[n Adn-hp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv teml-

kw-kvI-c-Whpw D]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS \n¿Ωm-Whpw km[y-am-°n-b-Xv. Fs¥-√m-am-bn-

cn°pw B Adn-hp-Iƒ? \nß-fpsS ]tZ-iØv CØcw hnZy-Iƒ \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-

cpt∂m? Ch cq]-s∏-´p-h-∂-Xns‚ NcnXw Is≠Øn Fgp-Xmtam?

teml-∏-Wn-°m¿ sh¶-e-D-]-I-c-W-߃ \n¿Ωn-°p∂p

Cub-Øn-s‚bpw Abn-cp -Iƒ IqSntbm-Pn®v

sht≈mSv AYhm sh¶ew D≠mbn. kq£-va-\n-

co-£-W-hpw IrXy-X-bm¿∂ ]co-£-W-ß-fpw

hy‡-X-bm¿∂ Xmc-X-ay-]-T-\hpw Cu Iq´pteml-

sØ sNºn-t\-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ anI-®-Xm-°n.

Iq´p-temlw (Alloy)

ct≠m AXn-e-[n-Itam tem-l-߃ Dcp-°n-

t®¿Øp-≠m-°p-∂Xv. satkms∏-mt´ -an -b,

CuPn]vXv, lc∏, ssN\ XpS-ßnb kwkvIr-Xn-

I-fn¬ Iq´p-temlw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn ]pcm-

h-kvXp-K-th-j-I¿ Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.

sh¶ew (Bronze)

sNºpw sh≈obhpw tN¿∂ Iq´p-tem-lsØ

sh¶ew AYhm sht≈mSv F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p.

20 kmaq-ly-imkvXw˛ I

¢mkv ˛ IX

sh¶e-∏-Wn°m-c\v hnZKv[]cn-io-e\w th≠n-bn-

cp-∂p. apgp-h≥kabhpw Abmƒ B ]hrØn-bn-

te¿s∏-´p. lc-∏, kpta-¿, _m_n-tem¨ F∂n-

hn-S-ß-fn¬ sNºv, Cubw F∂nh- D≠mbn-cp-∂n√.

Ch Zqc-tZ-i-ß-fn¬\n∂v sIm≠p-h-tc-≠n-bn-cp-∂p.

Cßs\ hnZqchn\n-a-b-Øn-te¿s∏-Sm≥ Dev]m-Z-\-

an®-ap≈ kwkvIr-Xn-Iƒt° Ign-bq.

sh¶-e-bpKw

inem-bp-K-Øn\pw CcpºpbpK-Øn\pw CS-bv°p≈

Ime-ØmWv sh¶ew D]-tbm-K-Øn¬ h∂-Xv. Cu

ImeL-´w sh¶-e-bpKw F∂mWv Adn-bs∏Sp-

∂Xv. inem-bp-[-ß-fp-sS ]tbmKw C°m-eØpw

XpS-¿∂pt]m∂p.

Ncn-Xm-XoXImeØv ]Xp-s°-∏-Xps° kwkvIrXn

hf¿∂Xn-\p-tijw D]-I-c-W-ßfpw Bbp-[-ßfpw

\n¿an-°p-∂-Xn\v sh¶-ew D-]-tbm-Kn°m≥ XpS-ßn.

Blm-c-k-ºm-Z-\-Øn\v ]pXnb, sa®-s∏´, D]-I-

cW-߃ tXSn-bp≈ At\z-jWw sh¶-e-Øns‚

Is≠-Ø-en\pw ]tbm-K-Øn\pw hgn-sh-®p. BZy-

Ime\K-c-߃ Db¿∂p-h-∂Xv C°m-e-Øm-Wv.

k¶o¿W-amb Cu Ah-ÿsb "\Kc hnπhw'

F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°m-dp-≠v.

Bdm-bn-c-tØmfw sIm√w apºv Ing-°≥ a[y-[-c-

Wymgn apX¬ Z£n-tWjy hsc-bp≈ ÿe-ß-

fn¬ P\-kw-Jy -h¿[n®p. CtXm-sSm∏w AXXv

ÿe-Øn-\-\p-k-cn® Pohn-Im-k-º-Zm-b-hpw cq]-

s∏´ph∂p. Cu Ime-L-´-Ønse ][m\sXmgn-ep-

Iƒ

$ \mbm´v

$ ao≥]nSpØw

$ sImgp (Ie-∏) D]-tbm-Kn®p≈ Irjn

$ Imen-tabv°¬

$ ssIsØm-gn-ep-Iƒ

$ ssIam‰w, hnZq-c-hm-WnPyw

]n∂oSv sh¶-e-bp-K-am-hp-tºm-tg°v hnhn[ P\-

h¿Kß-fp-sSbpw \mK-cn-I-X-I-fp-sSbpw kº¿°w

hf¿∂p-h-∂p. P¥pimkvXw, `qK¿`-hn-⁄m\w,

tPymXn-»m-kvXw, ck-X¥w Ch-bpsS ]tbm-

K⁄m\w [mcmfw th≠p∂ Irjn, teml

kwkvI-c-Ww, sI´nS\n¿ΩmWw XpS-ßnb Adn-

hns‚ taJeIƒ Ah¿°v hi-am-bncp-∂p. ac-Ww,

ac-Wm-\-¥cPohnXw XpS-ßnb Imcy-ß-sf-°p-dn-

®p≈ Ah-cpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ, sh¶-e-bp-K-

Ønse NnX -ßfnepw in -e v] -ßfnepw -

hmkvXphnZybnepw ]I-S-am-Ip-∂p-≠v. Adnhv Hcn-

SØpXs∂ HXpßn \n¬°m-sX, a‰nS-ß-fn-te°v

hym]n-°p-∂Xv Cu ImeØns‚ khn-ti-j-X-

bmWv. Adn -hns‚ hym]-\-Øn\v A∂sØ

ssIam‰ hyh-ÿbpw Zqc-hm-Wn-Pyhpw klm-b-I-

ambn.

teml-߃ kwkvI-cn®v D]-I-c-W-߃ \n¿Ωn-°¬, Irjn, sI´n-S-\n¿ΩmWw Ch-sb√mw \nc-

h[n Adn-hp-I-fpsSbpw ]tbm-K-⁄m-\-Øns‚bpw ^e-ambn D≠m-b-XmWv.

$ Fs¥ms° Adn-hp-I-fmWv Chbv°v Bh-iy-am-bXv?

$ ]tbm-K-Øn-eqsS ssIh∂ GsX√mw [mc-W-Iƒ Chbv°v D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°pw?

$ Cu Adn-hp-Ifpw ]tbmK[mc-W-Ifpw Htc ÿe-Øp-Xs∂ Is≠-Øn-b-Xm-hptam?

$ Adn-hp-Iƒ ssIam‰w sNø-s∏-Sm≥ CS-bm-°nb kml-Ncyw F¥v?

kwLß-fmbn N¿®sNbvXv \nK-a-\-߃ ¢m n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I. s]mXp[mc-W-Iƒ, Hcp

Nph¿ NnX-am°n ¢m n¬ ]Z¿in-∏n-°p.

ss\¬, bq^-´okv˛ssS - Kn -kv , kn‘p,

slmbmwKvslm F∂o \Zo-X-S-ß-fn-emWv sh¶-

e-bpK]cn-jvIrXn hym]-I-am-hp-∂-Xv. sh≈-

s∏m°waqew F°¬aÆv ASn-™p-≠mb ^e-`q-

bn-jvT-amb \Zo-Xo-c-߃, Pe-k-ar-≤n CsX√mw

Bh-iy-Øn-e[nIw `£Ww Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p-hm-

\p≈ kml-N-cy-߃ s]mXpsh krjvSn-®p.

$ NXp-∏p-Iƒ h‰n®v Irjn°v D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥

XpS-ßn.

A[ymbw ˛ 2

21sh¶-e-Øns‚ I≠p-]n-SnØw

$ \n_nUh\-߃ C√m-Xm-bn.

$ sh≈w Hgp-In-t∏m-Ip-hm-\p≈ NmepI-fpsS

\n¿ΩmWw s]cp-In.

$ sh≈-s∏m-°-Øn¬\n∂p c£-t\-Sm≥ \Zn-

I-fn¬ XS-b-W-Iƒ D≠mbn.

\Zo-XSkwkvIm-c-߃

CuPn]vXv (InkvXphn\v apºv 3000˛1780)

CuPn-]vXns‚ ]Sn-™mdv hnim-e-amb klm-dm-a-

cp-`q-anbpw Ing°v \ao_n-b≥ acp-]-tZ-i-hp-am-Wv.

kz¿Æw, sNºv, hnhn-[-\n-d-ß-fn-ep≈ kqcy-Im-

¥-°-√p -Iƒ F∂nh CuPn -] vXn¬ kpe-` -

ambncp∂p. CuPn-]vjy≥ kwkvIr-Xn-bpsS BZn-a-

L-´-sØ-°p-dn-®v t\cn-´p≈ sXfn-hp-Iƒ e`n-°p-

∂-Xv ss\¬ \Zo-X-S-Øn¬ ASn-™p-Iq-Snb

F°¬a-Æn-\-Sn-bn¬ \n∂mWv. CuPn-]vjy≥ \mK-

cn-I-X-bpsS DZbhpw AkvX-a-bhpw ss\¬\Zn-

bnse sh≈-s∏m-°-Øns‚ G‰-°p-d-®n-en-\-\p-k-

cn-®m-bn-cp∂p. Hmtcm th\¬°m-ehpw Ah-km-\n-

°p-tºmƒ D≠m-Ip∂ FtXym-]y≥ sh≈-s∏m-°w,

\Zo-X-S-Øn¬ Idp-Ø-Xpw ^e-`q-bn-jvT-hp-amb

F°¬ aÆv \nt£-]n-°pw. Cu aÆn¬ hnf-bn-

s®-Sp-°p∂ Im¿jn-tIm-ev]∂-߃ CuPn-]vjy≥

kwkvIr-Xn-bpsS ASn-ÿm\LS-I-am-bn. BZy-

Ime Ko°vk©mcnIƒ AS°w F√m-hcpw CuPn-

]vXns\ "ss\ens‚ hc-Zm\w' F∂v hnti-jn-∏n®p.

CuPn-]vXnse cmPm°∑m¿ ^dthm F∂ t]cn-

emWv Adn-b-s∏-´ncp-∂-Xv. ]c-am-[n-Imcw ^d-thm-

\n¬ \n£n-]vX-am-bn-cp-∂p.

]pcm-X-\-Cu-Pn-]vXns‚ q]Sw

^dthm

ssltdm-•n-^nIvkv

\S∂ kw`-h-߃ IrXy-ambn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂

coXn CuPn-]vjy≥ \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS kz`m-ham-bn-

cp-∂p. Fgp-Xm-\p-]-tbm-Kn-®Xv ssltdm-•n-^nIvkv

F∂ en]n-bm-Wv. "]pWy-en]n' F∂mWv Cu

22 kmaq-ly-imkvXw˛ I

¢mkv ˛ IX

]nc-anUv

hm°n-\¿∞w. In´n-b-Xn¬ h®v G‰hpw ]g-bXv

In.ap. kpam¿ 3200 se tcJ-bmWv. he-Øp-\n∂v

CS-tØm-´mWv Cu en]n hmbn-t°-≠-Xv.

ssltdm-•n- n°v en]n-

ssltdm-•n-^n°v en]n-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏´

Nne kw`-h-߃

$ ^d-thmam-cpsS `cWt\´-߃

$ t£X-߃, ]Xn-jvT-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS

Imew

$ cmP-Iob BNm-c-߃ A\p-jvTm-\-߃

F∂nhbpsS Imew

$ P\-kw-Jy-m°-W-°p-Iƒ

$ ]S-tbm-´-ß-fpsS hnhcW-߃.

Ncn-X-kvam-c-I-ß-fpsS \n¿ΩnXn

cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS Hm¿Ω-bv°mbn kvamc-I-߃

\n¿Ωn-®n-cp-∂p. Ah ]nc-an-Up-Iƒ F∂-dn-b-

s∏ -´p . Chbv°p ]pdta t£X߃,

sIm´mckap-®-b-߃ XpS-ßn-bhbpw ]pcm-

hkvXpKth-j-I¿ Is≠-Øn-bn- p-≠v. BZy-L-

´-Øn¬ Nfn-bn¬ \n¿Ωn®v DW-°n-sb-SpØ

CjvSn-I-bmWv sI´n-S-\n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v D]-tbm-

Kn®ncp-∂Xv. ]n∂oSv NXpc°-´-Iƒ D]-tbm-

Kn-°m≥ XpS-ßn. ItaW sNØn-an-\p-°n-b-

Icn -¶ -√ v ih-Ip -So -c -ßfpsSbpw a‰pw

\n¿ΩmWØn\v D]-tbm-Kn°m≥ XpS-ßn.

A[ymbw ˛ 2

23sh¶-e-Øns‚ I≠p-]n-SnØw

]nc-an-Up-Iƒ

temIm-¤p-X-ß-fn¬ H∂mWv CuPn-]vXnse ]nc-

an-Up-Iƒ. Ch I¬∏-Wn-bpsS i‡nkuµcy߃

shfn-®ØpsIm≠phcp-∂p. ]nc-an -Up-I-fpsS

ASnØd NXp-cm-Ir-Xn-bn-epw hi-߃ XntIm-Wm-

Ir-Xn-bnepamWv. ]nc-an-Uns‚ D®-ÿm-\w XntIm-

W-Øns‚ AKsØ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.

]nc-an-Up-I-fpsS D≈-S°w

$ "aΩn'Ifm°n kq£n® cmPm-°-∑m-cp-sSbpw

cmP-Ip-Spw-_mw-K-ß-fp-sSbpw arX-i-co-c-߃

$ Ah¿°v ]nb-s∏-´-h-cpsS arX-i-co-c-߃

$ Ah-cp-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ Bbp-[-߃, BS-

Iƒ, B`-c-W-߃

$ IW-°‰ s]m∂pw sh≈nbpw cXv\-ßfpw

hmkvX-h-Øn¬ CuPn-]-vjy≥ kwkvIm-c-sØ-°p-

dn-®p≈ Adn-hp-Iƒ temI-Øn-\p-In-´m≥ XpSßp-

∂Xv ]nc-an-Up-Iƒ sIm≈-b-Sn® \n[n-th- -°m-cn¬

\n∂m-Wv.

Bbn-c-°-W-°n\v ASn-a-ItfmsSm∏w Irjn-bnepw

ssIsØm-gn-enepw G¿s∏-´-h-scbpw ]nc-an-Up-I-

fpsS \n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v D]-tbm-Ks∏Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p.

ss\¬\Zn-bn¬ sh≈w s]mßp∂ Ime-ØmWv

]nc-an-Up-I-fpsS \n¿ΩmWw ][m-\-ambpw \S-∂n-

cp-∂-Xv. A°m-eØv Irjn sNøm≥ Ign-bn-√.

sh≈-Øn-eqsS `mc-ta-dnb Icn-¶-√p-Iƒ ]Wn-ÿ-

e-sØ-Øn-°pI Ffp-∏-am-bn-cp-∂p.

]nc-an -Up -I-fpsS \n¿ΩmWw Pyman -Xn -bpsS

hf¿®sb ImWn-°p-∂p. Af-hp--Ifpw Xq°-ßfpw

CuPn]vXp-Im-cpsS Db¿∂ kmt¶-Xn-I-⁄m-\-

Øns‚ Nn”-ß-fmbn IW-°m-°mw. Zimw-i-

Øns‚ D]-tbm-Khpw Ah¿°v hi-am-bn-cp∂p.

]g-°-ta-dnb ]nc-anUv

k°md ]oT-`q-an-bn¬ saw^n-kn\v kao-]-ØmWv Cu ]n-c-an-Uns‚ \n¿Ωn-Xn.

Cwtlm- ∏v F∂m-bn-cp∂p CXp \n¿Ωn® inev]n-bpsS t]cv. ZvtPmk¿ (Djoser)F∂ cmPm-hns‚ Hm¿Ω-°m-bmWv Cwtlm-´∏v Cu ]nc-anUv \n¿Ωn-®-Xv.

aΩnbpw AS°wsNbvX

s]´nbpw

24 kmaq-ly-imkvXw˛ I

¢mkv ˛ IX

Pohn-Xm-h-iy-߃ \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xns‚ mK-ambn hnImkw ]m]n-®-h-bm-Wv kmt¶-Xn-I-hnZyIƒ.

]ncanUv\n¿am-W-Øns‚ hnhn[ L´-ß-fmWv Xmsg NnX-Øn¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Ah Ia-

Øn-em-°q. Hmtcm L´-Ønepw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Adn-hv, AXn-eqsS cq]-s∏´ imkvX-ta-

Je Ch Is≠Øn CuPn-]vXp-Im-cpsS imkvXkmt¶-XnIhn⁄m-\-sØ-°p-dn®v Ipdn∏v Xøm-

dm-°p-I.

5. Zqc-ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ \n∂v I√p-Iƒ ss\¬ \Zn-bn-

eqsS h≈-ß-fn¬ sIm≠p-h-cp-∂p.

2. ]nc-anUv \n¿am-W-Øn-\p-tijw sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ Xn- -Iƒ \o°w-

sN-bvXv ]pdw- m-KØv an\p-k-ap≈ NpÆm-ºp-I-√p-Iƒ ]mIp∂p

3. Xn´Iƒ \n¿an®v ]nc-anUv \n¿am-W-Øn-\m-bp≈ I√p-Iƒ

sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-∂p

3. henb NpÆm-ºp-I-√p-Iƒ s]m´n-s®-SpØv ]mI-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. 4. ]nc-anUv \n¿am-W-Øn-\mbn ÿew Hcp-°p∂p

A[ymbw ˛ 2

25sh¶-e-Øns‚ I≠p-]n-SnØw

kpta-¿ (In.ap. 3200 ˛ 1200)

C∂sØ Cdm-Jn-eqsS Hgp-Ip∂ bq^-´o-kv-˛-ssS-

Knkv \Zn-IfpsS CS-bn-ep≈ ]tZiw sak-s∏m-

t´-anb F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-´p. Cu ]tZ-i-

Øp-≠mb sh¶-e-bp-K-\m-K-cn-I-X-bpsS BZysØ

ÿm\w kpta¿ Bbn-cp-∂p. ss__n-fn¬ Cu

]tZiØn\v jn\m¿ F∂mWv t]cv. hnim-e-amb

NXp-∏p-Iƒ, BIm-iw-aps´ hf¿∂ apf-¶m-Sp-Iƒ,

CS-bv°nsS aÆpw sNfnbpw IqSn-°-e¿∂ Xoc-

߃, Imem-Im-e-ß-fn¬ D≠m-Ip∂ sh≈-s∏m°w

F∂nh a‰p- sa-skm-s∏m-t -an-b≥ \mK-cn-I-X-I-fn¬

\n∂v kpta-dns\ hyXy-kvX-am-°p∂p.

t£Xw, sIm´m-cw, henb I®-hSIpSpw-_-߃

F∂nh-bpsS IpØ-I-bmbn Irjn, arK-kw-c-

£Ww, Pe-tk-N\w F∂nh amdp-∂Xv kpta-dn-

b≥ kwkvIr-Xn-bpsS Ime-L-´-Øn-em-Wv. cmPy-

Øns‚ \nb-¥-W-Øn-ep≈ Irjn`qan -bn¬

[mcmfw sXmgn-em-fn-Isf \nb-an-°p-∂-Xm-bn-´p≈

enJnXe£y-߃ "D¿' F∂ kpta-dn-b≥ \K-c-

Øn¬\n∂v In´nbn-´p-≠v.

kn§p-dm-Øp-Iƒ

t£X-sØtbm t£X-ß-fpsS Hcp Iq -sØtbm

kn§pdm -Øv F∂p ]d-bp∂p. ]q¿Æ-ambpw

ssIsIm≠v Ipg-s®-SpØ henb Nfn-bp-≠-Iƒ ]Sp-

ØmWv kn§p-dm-Øp-Iƒ D≠m-°n-bXv. G‰hpw apI-

fn¬ sh≈-]q-inb Hcp sNdnb Aº-e-hpw NfnIpg-

®p -≠m°nb CjvSn -I -sIm≠v ]WnX Hcp

tImWnbpw \n¿Ωn-®n-cn-°pw.

kn§p-dm-Øns‚ amXrI

CXbpw henb Hcp \n¿Ωn-Xn-bv°v- Nfn, CjvSn-I

XpS-ßnb km[-\-km-a-Kn-Ifpw hml-\-kw-hn-[m-

\hpw [mcmfw sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpw Bh-iy-ambn-cp-

∂p. B¿°pth≠n-bmWv Ah¿ ]Wn-sb-Sp-Øn-cp-

∂Xv? tZh\pth≠n-tbm? AtXm Ahsc \nb-

¥n -®n -cp∂ i‡-cmb at‰-sX-¶nepw Bfp-

Iƒ°pth≠n-tbm?

Pe-tk-N-\-Øn\p sa®-s∏´ kmt¶-XnI hnZy

Ah¿ ]tbm-Kn-®p. Irjn-∏-Wn-bn¬ ]pXn-b-Xpw

^e-]-Z-hp-amb D]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS ]tbmKw hym]-

I-am-bn. sImgphns‚ D]-tbm-K-tØm-sSm-∏w, Imf-

sbbpw Igp-X-sbbpw ]q´n \new Dgp-Xp-a-dn-°p∂

Irjn-coXnbpw GXm-≠ntXIme-Øv hym]-I-am-bn.

ka-K-amb Pe-tk-N\hyh-ÿ, Xcn-im-bn-°n-S∂

`qan-sb-°qSn ^e-`q-bn-jvT-am°n.

hnf-Ifpw arK-k-ºØpw

_m¿en, tKmX-ºv, ]bdph¿K-߃, CuØ-∏-gw,

ap¥ncn XpS-ßn-bhbmbn-cp∂p kpta-dnse ][m\

hnf-Iƒ.

I∂p-Im-en-Ifn¬ tImem-Sp-Iƒ, sNΩ-cn-bm-Sp-Iƒ,

]∂n-Iƒ, Igp-X-Iƒ XpS-ßnbh Dƒs∏-´p. Cu

Ime-Øpw th´- XpS-¿-∂pt]m∂p F∂ Imcyw

hnkva-cn-°-cp-Xv. ]mep-ev]-∂-߃°p th≠n ]ip-

°sf t]m‰nhf¿Øn-bn-cp∂p. arK-kw-c-£Ww

]mtZ-inIkºZvhyh-ÿ-bpsS Ahn- mPyLSIam-

bn-cp-∂p.

26 kmaq-ly-imkvXw˛ I

¢mkv ˛ IX

_m_n-tem¨

sak-s∏-mt -an-b≥ kwkvIr-Xn-bpsS mK-amb kpta-

dns\ ]cn-N-b-s∏-´-t√m. CtX kwkvIr-Xn-bpsS

`mK-amWv ]pcm-X\_m_n-tem-Wn-b≥ kwkvImcw.

CXv hnImkw ]m]n-°p-∂Xv ssSKokv \Zo-XS-

Øn-em-Wv. sak-s∏m-t´-an-b-bpsS cmjvSnbNcn-X-

Øn¬ At\Iw \Kc-˛-cm-jvS-ß-fpw sNdpcmPy-

ßfpw `cWw ÿm]n-°p-∂Xp ImWmw. C°m-e-

Øp-Xs∂ cmP-hw-i-ßfpw DS-se-Sp-Øp.

In.ap. Bbn-cØn FÆq-dn-t\m-S-Sp-∏n®v _m_n-tem-

Wnse cmjvSobImem-hÿ ho≠pw amdn. Z£nW

_m_n-tem¨ dnw-kns‚bpw DØ-c-_m-_n-tem¨

lΩp-dm_n-bpsSbpw \nb-¥-W-Øn-em-bn.

IyqWnt^mw enJn-X-߃

kpta-dn-¬ hnI-kn-∏n-®- en-]nsb IyqWnt^mw

F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p. IpØ-s\bpw hne-ß-s\bpw

ac-∏q-fp-I-fpsS BIr-Xn-bn-ep≈ Nn”-߃ D]-tbm-

Kn-°p∂-XmWv Cu Fgp-Øns‚ coXn. he-Øp-\n∂v

ssIsØm-gn-ep-Iƒ

t£X-ß-fn¬\n∂pw sIm´mchf-∏p-I-fn¬\n∂pw

In´n-bn-´p≈ ]pcm-h-kvXp-°ƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv

hnZKv[]cn-io-e\w th≠p∂ ssIsØm-gn-ep-Iƒ

AhnsS \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂p F∂m-Wv. temlm-h-in-

jvS-߃, Ifn-a¨]mX\n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v D]-tbm-

Kn®n-cp∂ Nqf-Iƒ Ch-sbms° CXn\p sXfn-

hmW.v a¨]mX\n¿Ωm-Ww, sImØp-]-Wn-Iƒ,

B`-cW\n¿ΩmWw F∂nhbpw ssIsØm-gn-ep-

I-fn¬ NneXmWv. kz¿Æw, sh≈n, hnhn-[-bn\w

Iq´pteml-߃ F∂nh-bpsS D]-tbmKw hym]-

I-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p thWw Icp-Xp-hm≥.

Irjn-bn¬\n∂pw ]mep-ev]-∂-ß-fn¬\n∂pw

In´nb an®w hmWnPyØn\v ASn-Ø-d-]mIn.

t£X-߃ [m\y-∏pc-I-fmbn NnXo-I-cn-°p∂

kpta-dn-b≥ IY-I-fp-≠v.

[m\y-߃ kq£n-® CS-ß-fn¬\n∂v ]pg-bn-

te°pw tXm´nte°pw Cd-ßp-hm-\p≈ kuIcyw

Hcp-°n-bn-cp-∂p. [m\y-߃, a’yw, arK-߃ C-

hsb h≈-ß-fn¬ Ib-‰n-s°m≠p t]mIp-∂-

NnXßfpw In´n-bn-´p-≠v.

CS-tØm-´mWv IyqWn-t^mw enJn-X-߃ hmbn-

t°-≠-Xv. InkvXp-hn\p apºv aqhm-bn-c-tØmsS Cu

en]n-bp-sS hnImkw ]q¿W-am-bn.

-temI`q]-S-Øn¬ CuPn-]vXv, kpta¿ \mK-cn-IX-IfpsS ÿm\w Is≠Øq. Irjn, Pohn-X-co-Xn,

sI´nS\n¿am-Ww, Fgp-Øp-hn-Zy, ssIsØm-gn-ep-Iƒ F∂n-h-bn¬ Cu c≠p kwkvIr-Xn-Ifpw

XΩn¬ Fs¥√mw kmay-ßfpw hyXym-kßfpap-s≠∂v ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øq. F¥mhmw CXn\p

Imc-Ww? N¿® sNøq. \nK-a-\-߃ Ipdn-°q.

cmjvSobamb Aÿn-cX hmWn-Py-sØbpw I®-

h-SsØbpw _m[n-®p. \K-c-߃ £-bn-°m≥

XpSßn. kmt¶-XnIhnZy ]Xps° Dƒ\m-Sp-I-fn-

te°v HXp-ßn-°qSn. N¥-Iƒ Kma-]-tZ-i-ß-fn-

te°v amdn . Z£nW _m_n -tem -Wnse

ssk\nIkm∂n -[ywaqew P\-߃ henb

tXmXn¬ DØc_m_n-tem-Wn-te°v IpSn-tb-dn.

`qan- A[n-Ihpw cmPm-hn-t‚-Xv. arK-ß-fpsSbpw

sXmgn-em-fn-I-fp-sSbpw ta-ep≈ Ah-Im-ihpw cmPm-

hn\pXs∂. F∂n´pw ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\v Icm¿

tPmen-°msc Bi-bn-t°-≠-Xmbn h∂p. IpSpw-

_-߃ Xp≠p`qan-bn¬ Irjn-bn-d-°n. Irjn-bm-h-

iy-߃°mbn ]e-t∏mgpw sIm´m-c-Øn¬\n∂pw

A[ymbw ˛ 2

27sh¶-e-Øns‚ I≠p-]n-SnØw

t£X-ß-fn¬\n∂pw ISwhmßm≥ Irjn-°m¿

\n¿_-‘n-X-cm-bn. h¿≤n®phcp∂ IS-Øn¬\n∂v

c£-t\-Sp-hm≥ ]ecpw ASn-a-∏Wn kzoI-cn®p.

lΩp-dm-_n-bpsS \nbakwlnX

_m_n-tem-Wn¬ lΩp-dm_n sIm≠p-h∂ ka-K-

amb Hcp \nb-a-kw-ln-X ]kn-≤-amWv. sak-s∏m-

t´-an-b-bn¬ AXn-\p-apºpw \nb-a-߃ D≠m-bn-´p-

≠v. "IÆn\p IÆv, ]√n\p ]√v'F∂ in£m\b-

amWv lΩp-dm_n \S-∏m-°nb \nb-a-kw-ln-X-bpsS

ASn-Ød. \oXn, ka-Xzw, hn[hmkwc-£-Ww,

Irjn-°m-cp-sSbpw I®-h-S-°m-cp-sSbpw kwc-£Ww

XpSßnb Bi-b-߃°pw ]tbm-K-߃°pw

th≠n lΩp-dm_n \ne-sIm-≠p.

lΩp-dm-_n-bpsS \nb-a-ßsf ]cn-N-b-s∏-´-t√m. F¥n-\mbncn°pw \nb-a-߃ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-

≠m-hpI? N¿® sNøpI.

ssN\ (In.ap. 3000 ˛ 1600)

slmbmMvslm \Zo -X-S -Øn-emWv ]pcm -X\

ssN\okv \mK-cn-IX hf¿∂v hnImkw ]m]n-®Xv.

kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ XpS°w ]mNo\inem-bp-K-Øn-

em-Wv. In.ap. 6000 Øn\v ap≥]pXs∂ Irjnbpw

Imen-h-f¿Øepw hnI-kn-®n -cp∂p. ]mNo\

Im¿jnItKmX-߃ GXm-≠n-tX-Im-e-Øp-Xs∂

Irjn-∏-Wn-Iƒ Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn.

]mNo\ssN\mkwkvIrXnbpsS BZyL´-ß-sf-

°p-dn®v Npcp°w Nne sXfn-hp-Itf In´nbn-´p-≈q.

hoSp-Iƒ hrØm-Im-c-ØnemWv \n¿Ωn-®n-cp-∂Xv;

ta¬°qc tImWm-Ir-Xn-bnepw. hoSn-\-IsØ Xd

ssht°mepw Nfnbpw Iq´n°pg-®p-≠m-°n. A¿≤-

hr-Øm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep≈ ASp-∏p-I-fp-sS Ah-in-jvS-

߃ ChnsS\n∂pw In´n-bn-´p-≠v. km[-\-߃

kq£n-°m-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Ad-Iƒ, Ifn-a¨]m-

X-߃ NpSm-\p≈ Nqf F∂nh hoSn-t\mSptN¿∂v

Is≠-Øn-bn- p-≠v. Cu Bhmkÿm\-Øn\v kao-

]-Ømbn Hcp s]mXpivaim-\-Øns‚ Ah-in-jvS-

ßfpw ImWmw.

apJy-ambpw Im¿jnIhrØnsb Bi-bn-®mWv

]mNo\ ssN\okv\mK-cn-IX hnImkw sIm≠Xv.

I√p-]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS ]tbmKw k¿∆-km-[m-c-W-

am-bn-cp-∂p. ISp-∏-ta-dnb I¬t°m-Sm-en-Iƒ ImSp-

sh´nsØfn-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn kqN-\-

I-fp-≠v. ac-Øn¬ \n¿Ωn-®, c≠p ap\-Ifp≈ Ipgn-

∏m-c-bpsS klm-b-tØmsS aÆv Ipgn-°p-hm\pw

I¬ssIt°m-´p -]-tbm-Kn®v Irjn-°p-th≠n

asÆmcp-°phm\pw C°m-eØv ia-߃ \S∂p.

Irjn-bm-bp-[-ß-fpsS h¿≤-\-hpw h¿≤n® -

ImenkºØpw Im¿jnI]ptcm-K-Xnsb kqNn-∏n-

°p-∂p.

ssN\okv a¨]mX-߃

Nmc-\n-d-Øn-ep≈ Ifn-a¨]mX߃ [mcm-f-ambn

hym]n-®p. Nph∏pw Idp∏pw Ie¿∂ ]mX-ß-fpsS

D]-tbm -Khpw Cu Ime-L-´ -Øn¬ sNdnb

tXmXn¬ ImW-s∏- p. ]mX-ßfpsS Iq -Øn¬ Xfn-

IIƒ, tIm∏-Iƒ, IpS-߃ XpS-ßn-b-h ImWmw.

In.ap. 1900 1600 t\mS-Sp-∏n®v sIm´mckap-®-b-ß-

fpsS \n¿ΩmWw hym]-I-ambn. ssN\-bn¬ sh¶-

e-bp-K-Øns‚ Imew CXp Xs∂-bm-Wv. ]mX-߃

hm¿°p∂Xn\p≈ aqi-Ifpw a¨]m-X-߃ NpSm-

\p≈ Nqf-Ifpw a‰pw Cu Ime-L-´-Øn-t‚-Xmbn

]pdØph∂p. sh¶-e-Øn¬ hm¿Ø ho™ptIm∏-

Iƒ, sh¨a-gp, Xfn-I-Iƒ, aq∂p Imep-≈-Xpw ASn-

]-c-∂-Xpw ssI∏n-Sn-tbmSpIqSn-b-Xp-amb ]mX-߃

F∂nh kpe-`-ambn e`n®n´p≠v.

ssN\-bn¬ Fgp-Øp-hnZy cq]w sIm≈p-∂Xv C°m-

e-Øm-Wv. saskm-s∏m-t´-an-b-bnse IyqWnt^mw

en]n-I-fn¬\n∂pw CuPn-]vXnse ssltdm-•n-^n-

Ivkn¬\n∂pw hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp∂p ssN\-°m-

28 kmaq-ly-imkvXw˛ I

¢mkv ˛ IX

cpsS NnX-en-]n. Cu en]n-bn¬ Hmtcm hm°n\pw

Hmtcm Nn”w F∂ kº-Zm-b-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. apI-

fn¬ \n∂v Xmtgm-´mWv CXv Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-∂-Xv.

C°m-eØv ssN\-bn¬ \K-c-߃ Db¿∂ph∂p.

kaq-l-Øn-se D®-\o-N-Xz-߃, ]e-hn[ ssIsØm-

gn-ep-Iƒ, Zqc-hm-Wn-Pyw, \K-c-Po-hn-Xw, Fgp-Øp-

hn-Zy, sIm´m-c-s°-´p-Iƒ Ch-sb√mw kqNn-∏n-°p-

∂Xv `c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ Bhn¿`m-h-sØ-bm-Wv.

lc-∏≥ kwkvIrXn

In.ap. aqhm-bn-c-tØmsS \ne-hn¬ h∂ al-Ømb

Hcp kwkvIm-c-amWv lc-∏≥ \mK-cn-IX. h≥\-K-

c-߃, sNdp-]-´-W-߃, At\Iw Kma-߃

Chsb√mw ]c-kv]cw _‘-s∏´p InS-°p∂ Hcp

henb `q]-tZ-i-ØmWv lc-∏≥ \mK-cn-IX DZ-

bw-sIm≠Xv.

t]cns‚ bp‡n

]pcm-hkvXpimkvX-Øn¬ \S-∏p-≈ Hcp Iogvh-

g -°-a -\p -k-cn -®m -Wv lc-∏≥ \mK-cn -IX/

kwkvIrXn F∂v t]cn´-Xv. ]mNo\kwkvIm-c-

sØ-∏‰n ]Tn-°p-tºmƒ, B kwkvIm-c-sØ--∏-‰n-

bp≈ sXfnhpIƒ BZy-ambn e`n® CS-Øns‚

B[p-\n-I-\m-a-Øn-emWv B kwkvIm-ctam \mK-

cn-I-Xtbm Adn-b-s∏-Sp-I. kn‘p\-Zn-bp-sSbpw

t]mj-I-\-Zn-I-fp-sSbpw XS-Øn-ep-≈Xv F∂

A¿Y-Øn¬ lc∏mkwkvIr-Xnsb kn‘p-\-Zo-

X-S-kw-kvIrXn F∂pw ]d-bm-dp-≠v.

Cu ]cn-jvIrXnsb-°p-dn-®p≈ sXfnhp-Iƒ e`n-

°p-∂Xv lc-∏-, taml≥sPm-Zm-tcm F∂o c≠p

ÿm\-ß-fn¬ \S-Ønb D¬J\-\ß-fn¬\n∂mWv.

1921˛¬ BWv Cu ÿe-ßfn¬ D¬J\\-߃

Bcw-`n-®-Xv.

]©m-_nse tam≠vtKmadn Pn√-bn¬ dmhn \Zn-

bp-sS he-tØ-°-c-bnse Hcp Kma-amWv lc-∏.

20˛mw \q‰m -≠ns‚ BZy -Øn¬ AhnsS

dbn¬]mX ]Wn-bp-tºmƒ AXn--en-Sm≥ I√p-

Iƒ°p ]Icw ASp-Øp≈ hen-sbmcp Iq\-bn¬

\n∂v [mcmfambn In´nb CjvSn-I-I-fm-Wv Icm-dp-

Im-c≥ D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv. CXp-I≠ dbn¬th F©n-

\o-b¿ A[n-Im-cn-Isf hnhcw [cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw

]pcm-h-kvXp-h-Ip∏v AhnsS D¬J-\\w \S-Øp-

Ibpw sNbvXp. Aß-s\-bmWv, lc-∏≥

kwkvIrXnsb°p-dn®v temIw Adn-bp-∂-Xv.

]ikvX]pcm-hkvXpKth-j-I-\mb k¿ tPm¨

am¿jens‚ t\Xr -Xz -Øn -emWv lc-∏≥

Bhmkÿm\-ß-fn¬ D¬J-\\w \S-∂-Xv. lc-

∏≥ P\X D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ D]-I-c-W-߃, Ic-

Iu-iehkvXp-°ƒ, sI´n-Sm-h-in-jvS-߃ XpS-ßn-

b-hsb Ah-ew-_n®p sIm≠mWv \mw Cu

kwkvIr-Xnsb-°p-dn®v Adn-hp-t\-Sp-∂-Xv. BZyIm-

esØ Cu ]h¿Ø-\-߃°p tijw ]e ÿm]-

\-ß-fp-sSbpw ]fin-X-∑m-cp-sSbpw Iogn¬ c≠m-

bn-ctØmfw ÿm\-ß-fn¬\n∂v Cu kwkvIr-Xn-

sb-°p-dn-®p≈ sXfn-hp-Iƒ In´n-bn-´p-≠v.

ssN\okv en]n

A[ymbw ˛ 2

29sh¶-e-Øns‚ I≠p-]n-SnØw

kn‘p\Zo-XSkwkvIr-Xn-Iƒ: Ime-K-W\

In.ap. 5500 ˛ 3500˛ \ho\ inem-bpKw

In.ap. 3500 ˛ 2600˛ lc-∏m-]q¿hL´w

(Pre-Harappan)

In.ap. 2600 ˛ 1800˛ ]q¿Æ hf¿®-sbØnb lc-

∏≥ kwkvIrXn (MatureHarappan Culture)

In.ap. 1800 apX¬˛ ]nev°me lc-∏≥ \mK-cn-I-

Xm-L´w (Late Harappan Cul-tures)

]e ÿm\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Cu kwkvIr-Xn-sb-°p-

dn®v sXfn-hp-Iƒ e`n-®n-´p-≠v. lc-∏, taml-≥sPm-

Zm-tcm, temYmƒ apX-em-bh CXn¬ ][m-\-amWv.

lc∏ F∂ \K-c-Øn\v c≠p `mK-ß-fp-≠v. aÆn-

´p-s]m-°nb Hcp tIm´ Xmsg kmam-\y-P-\-ß-fpsS

hmk-ÿ-ew. a‰p- l-c-∏≥ \K-c-ß-fnepw Cu

hn\ymkcoXn ImWmw. hk-Xn-I-fpsS hen-∏hpw

]mam-Wyhpw A\p-k-cn®v P\-kwJy-bn¬ ]e- km-

aq-ly-hn-`m-K-߃ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn a\- n-em-

°mw. lc-∏-bn¬ Is≠-Ønb hensbmcp [m\y-

∏pc B kaqlw tiJ-cn®v \nb-¥n-®n-cp∂ hn`-h-

ß-sf-°p-dn®v Adnhp Xcp-∂p.

taml≥sPmZmtcm ÿnXnsNøp-∂Xv kn‘nse

em¿°m\m Pn√-bn-em-Wv. kn‘p-\-Zo-Xo-c-Øp≈

Cu \K-c-amWv lc-∏≥ kwkvIr-Xn-bnse G‰hpw

henb \K-cw. henb kv\m\-L´w (Great Bath)

Chn-SpsØ Hcp ]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv. KpP-dm-Ønse

temYm-fn¬ Is≠-Ønb Xpd-ap-JØns‚ Ah-in-

jvS-߃ lc-∏≥ kwkvIr-Xn-bpsS hntZ-i-hm-Wn-

Py-sØ-°p-dn®v A\n-tj-[y-amb sXfn-hp-Iƒ

\¬Ip-∂p. PΩp-hn-\-Sp-Øp≈ afip- ap-X¬

sXt°m´v \¿aZmXocw hscbpw aIm≥XocsØ

kp¿t°mØvZm apX¬ Ing-t°m´v DØ¿]tZ-in-

se Aew-Ko¿]q¿ hscbpw Hcp-e-£-Øn¬∏cw

NXp-ci Intem-ao-‰¿ hym]n®p InS-∂ncp-∂-Xm-Wv

lc-∏≥ kwkvIr-Xn.

]mNo-\-tem-I-Ønse a‰p \K-c-ß-fn¬\n∂v hyXy-

kvX-ambn lc-∏≥ \K-c-ß-fpsS ]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv

lc∏ q]Sw

30 kmaq-ly-imkvXw˛ I

¢mkv ˛ IX

alm-kv\m-\-L´w

lc-∏≥ "]ptcm-ln-X≥'

\K-cm-kq-XWw. ]c-kv]cw ka-tIm-Wm-

Ir-Xn-bn¬ apdn-™p-t]m-Ip∂ sXcp-hp-Iƒ,

Ahbv°v Ccp-h-ihpw ]WnX sI´n-S-

߃, aqSnb Agp-°p-Nm¬ F∂n-h-bmWv

Cu \K-c-ß-fpsS a‰p ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ.

CjvSn-I-Iƒ°v IrXy-amb hoXnbpw

\ofhpw I\hpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. \ne-hm-c-

s∏-Sp-Ønb Af-hp-Ifpw Xq°-ßfpw Cu

kwkvIr-Xn-bpsS AS-bm-f-am-Wv. Ãnb-

ss‰‰v (Steatite) arZpine-bn¬ sImØnb

AkwJyw apZ-Iƒ Cu kwkvIr-Xn-sb-

°p -dn®v ]e hnh-c -ßfpw Xcp∂p.

apZIfn¬ NnX-߃, en]n-Iƒ F∂n-h-

bmWv ImW-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. Inf-s®-SpØ Hcp lc-∏≥ ÿm\w

NnX-߃ en]n-Iƒ

Bƒcq]w ASnÿm\Nn”-߃

arK-߃ Iq´-£-c-߃

]£n-Iƒ NnX-߃

D]-I-c-W-߃

Bbp-[-߃

hr£-߃

lc-∏≥ en]n-Iƒ CXp-h-scbpw Xr]vXn-Ic-ambn

hmbn-®p-Ign™n- n-√. kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpsS klm-

A[ymbw ˛ 2

31sh¶-e-Øns‚ I≠p-]n-SnØw

"]ip-]-Xn' -apZ

b-tØmsS AXn-\p≈ ia-߃ temI-Øns‚ ]e-

`m-K-ß-fnepw \S-∂p-h-cp-∂p.

kaq-l-Øn¬ Irjn-°m¿°p ]pdsa ]e-Xcw

ssIsØm-gn -¬ Iq´m-bva -Iƒ D≠m-bn -cp -∂p.

iwJnepw Nn∏n-bnepw Ic-Iu-i-e-h-kvXp-°ƒ

\n¿Ωn-°p-∂-h¿, teml-∏-Wn-°m¿, a¨]m-X-˛-C-

jvSnI \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-h¿, sImØp-]-Wn-°m¿,

s\bvØp-Im¿ F∂n-h¿ C°q- -Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

lc-∏≥ hmWnPyw

Irjn-°p-]p-dta lc-∏≥ kwkvIr-Xnsb \ne-

\n¿Øn-bXv hmWn-Py-am-Wv. CuPn-]vXv, saskm-

s∏m-t -an-b, ssN\ XpS-ßnb ]tZ-i-ß-fp-ambn lc-

∏≥ \K-c-߃°v hmWn-Py-_-‘-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

CuPn-]vXn¬\n∂pw sak-s∏m-t -an-b≥ \K-c-ß-fn¬

\n∂pw In´nb lc-∏≥ hkvXp-°-fpsS ASn-ÿm-

\-Øn-emWv \mw Cu \nK-a-\-Øn¬ FØp∂-Xv.

lc-∏≥`c-W-k-º-Zm-b-sØ-°p-dn®v hy‡-amb

cq]-߃ In´m-\n--√. Cu hnj-b-sØ-°p-dn®v Ncn-

X-Im-c-∑m¿ hyXy-kvX-amb A`n-]m-b-ap-≈-h-cm-Wv.

lc-∏≥ kwkvIr-Xn-bpsS A¥yw

lc-∏-≥ kwkvIr-Xn-bpsS A¥-y-L-´sØ°pdn®v

hnhn[ Xc-Øn-ep≈ kn≤m-¥-߃ Ncn-X-Im-c-

∑m¿°n-S-bn¬ \ne-\n-¬°p-∂p. Ah-bn¬ Nne-Xv.

$ i‡-amb sh≈-s∏m-°-߃, `qN-e-\-߃

$ KXn amdn-sbm-gp-Inb \Zn-Ifpw L§¿- - lIvd

\Znbn-e-\p-`-h-s∏´ hcƒ®-bpw. (Cu \Zn

C∂n-√).

sh¶eØn¬ Xo¿Ø \¿ØIn

$ a‰p P\-XIfpsS BI-a-W-߃

$ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ h∂ am‰-߃

$ hmWn-Py-Øns‚ XI¿®

sh¶-e-bpKkhn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

CuPn]vXv, saskms∏m-t´-an-b, lc-∏, ssN\ XpS-

ßnb kwkvIr-Xn-Isf°pdn®v s]mXpth ]d-bm-

hp∂ t]cm-bmWv sh¶-e-bp-KsØ ImtW-≠-Xv.

sh¶-e-Øns‚ kwkvI-c-Whpw D]-tbm-Khpw Hcp

]pXnb temIIa-Øn\v Xs∂ XpS°w Ipdn-®p.lc-∏≥ apZ-Iƒ

32 kmaq-ly-imkvXw˛ I

¢mkv ˛ IX

Ncn - Xm -Xo -X -Im -e -Øns‚ Ah-km -\ -am -b -

t∏mƒØs∂ sNºv Ipgn-s®-SpØv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-

hm≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xmbn ]pcm-hkvXp e£y-ß-fp≠v.

\ho\inem-bp-[-sØ-°mƒ sa®-s∏´ kmt¶Xn-

Ita∑ sh¶-e-ap-]-tbm-Kn-®p-≠m-°p∂ Bbp-[-

߃°pw D]-I-c-W-߃°pap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. inem-

bp-[-ß-tfm-sSm-∏w-Xs∂ sh¶-e-Øn¬ \n¿Ωn®

D]-I-c-W-߃ ka-\n-c-∏mb Ir-jn-bn-S-ß-fnepw

]oT-`q-an-I-fnepw D]-tbm-Kn-®p-t]m-∂p. hy-X-y-kvX-

amb Cu D]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS ]tbmKw [mXphn`-h-

ß-fpw h\-hn-`-h-ß-fpw sa®-s∏´ coXn-bn¬

NqjWw sNøp-hm≥ klm-b-I-am-bn. kzm-`m-hn-I-

ambpw inem-bp-[-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ tKmX-

ßfpw sh¶-e-Øn¬ \n¿Ωn-°p∂ D]-I-c-W-߃

]tbm-Kn-°p-∂-hcpw kl-I-cn®v Pohn-t°≠

kml-N-c-y-߃ D≠m-°n.

Hcp kl-I-c-Wm-flIkaq-l-cq-]hXvI-c-W-Øn\v sh¶-e-bpKkwkvImcw CS-bm-°ntbm? ]cn-

tim-[n-°p-I.

sh¶-e-Øn\v [mcmfw ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ D≠v.

ISp-∏-ta-dnb ]X-e-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-

tºmƒ sh¶-e-Øn¬ \n¿Ωn® D]-I-c-W-

߃ HSn™p t]mIp-∂p.

sNºpw Cubhpw Xmc-X-tay\ Zp¿e-`-amb

teml-ß-fm-Wv.

anI® teml-∏-Wn-°m¿°p amXta sh¶-e-

sa∂ Iq´ptemlw D≠m-°m-\mhq.

amdnb kmaq-lnI\ho-I-c-W-Øn¬ ssIam-‰w,

sNdnb bp≤-߃, BI-a-W-߃, hm-Wn-Pyw Ch

hnI-kn-°p-hm≥ XpS-ßn. I®-hSw \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v

s]mXpsh ]men-t°-≠- Ia-߃ \ne-hn¬ h∂p.

Nc-°p-I-fpsS aqeyw \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xn\v Af-hp-

Ifpw Xp°-ßfpw Bh-i-y-ambn h∂p. kzm-`m-hn-I-

ambpw CXv ]Xo-I-ß-fn-eqsS kqNn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂

FgpØphnZ-y-bn-te°pw A°-߃ hgn FÆphm-

\p≈ Ign-hn-te°pw \bn-®p. sh¶-e-bpKkwkvIr-

Xn-bpsS ][m-\-]-tXy-I-X-Iƒ

$ \K-c-h¬°-cWw

$ FgpØphnZybpsS Bhn¿`mhw

$ IW-°p-Iq-´ens‚ I≠p-]n-SnØw

sh¶-e-bp-Kw ]ptcm-K-an-®-tXmsS Cu teml-

Øns‚ ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn™ a\p-jy¿ as‰mcp

teml-Øn-\m-bp≈ At-\-z-j-W-amcw`n-®n-cn-°Ww.

BI-kvan-I-ambn Ccp-ºns‚ I≠p]nSnØ-Øn-

te°v CXp hgnsh®p.

]h¿Ø-\-߃

"Fgp-Øp-hn-Zy-bpsS hf¿®°v Blm-c-k-ºm-Z-\-co-Xn-bn-ep-≠mb am‰w henb kw`m-h\

sNbvXp' Ko°v, kpta¿, ssN\m kwkvIr-Xn-I-fpsS Fgp-Øp-hn-Zy-bpsS NcnXw ap≥\n¿Øn

Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ skan-\m¿ ]_‘w Xøm-dm-°pI.

inem-bp-[-ß-tfm-sSm∏w sh¶e Bbp-[-ßfpw D]-I-c-W-ß-fpw D]-tbm-Kn-®-tXmsS Dev]m-Z-\-Øn-

ep-≠mb am‰w F¥m-Wv? CXns‚ `mK-ambn kaq-l-Øn-ep-≠mb am‰-߃ F¥v?

inem-bp-K-tØ-°mƒ kl-I-c-Wm-fl-I-amb Hcp kaq-l-amWv sh¶eIme-L-´-Øn¬ ImWp-∂-Xv.

CXv a\pjy kwkvIm-c-Øn¬ hcp-Ønb am‰-߃ Hcp ss…Uv tjm Ah-X-cn-∏n-°pI

\Zo-X-S-ß-fn-emWv kwk-Im-c-߃ ]nd-hn-sIm≠sX∂v \mw I≠p. CXn-\p≈ Imc-W-߃ ]´n-I-

bm-°q. ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n®v tImUo-I-cn-°q. Nm¿´v Xøm-dm°n ]Z¿in-∏n-°q.

lc-∏≥ kwkvIr-Xn-bpsS q]-Sw, hnh-cWw F∂n-h-bn¬\n∂v hy‡-am-Ip∂ kn‘p-\-Zo-XS\mK-cn-

I-X-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Ipdn-°q. CuPn-]vXv, sak-s∏m-t´-an-b, ssN\, lc∏ F∂o kwkvIr-Xn-

I-fpsS c-Ww, Im¿jn-Ihyhÿ, hmWn-Pyw, Fgp-Øp-hnZy, \K-cm-kq-X-Ww, kmt¶-Xn-I-hnZy Ch

kw_-‘n® Nm¿´p-Iƒ Xøm-dm-°p-I. Nm¿´p-Isf ASn-ÿm-\-am°n Ch-bpsS kmayhyXym-k-

߃ N¿® sNøq.

$

Ccpºpw a\pjy\pw3sh¶etØ°mƒ ImTn\yw IqSnb Ccpºns‚

I≠p]nSnØw a\p-jy-]p-tcm-K-Xn-bn¬ henb ]¶p-

h-ln-®p. Ccpºv Is≠Øn ]tbm-Kn-°m≥ sshIn-

bXv F¥p-sIm-≠m-bn-cn°mw?

Ccpºv Abn-cp-I-fm-bn-´mWv ]Ir-Xn-bn¬ ImW-

s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Cu Abn-cns\ kwkvI-cn®v Ccp-ºm°n

am‰p-∂-Xn\v sa®-s∏´ kmt¶-XnIhnZy Bh-iy-

amWv. Cu kmt¶-XnIhnZy B¿÷n-°m≥ Ime-

Xm-akw t\cn´XpsIm≠v Ccp-ºns‚ ]tbmKw

sshIn.

sshIn h∂n´pw F¥p-sIm-≠m-bn-cn°mw Ccp-ºn\v

CX-amXw ]m[m\yw ssIh-∂Xv ?

$ ZrVX

$ kue`yw

Ccp-º-bncv BZy-ambn kwkvI-cn-®Xv Gjym ssa\-

dn¬ (C∂sØ Xp¿°n) ]m¿Øn-cp∂ lnss‰-

‰pIƒ F∂ hwi-°m-cm-bn-cp-∂p.

Ccp-ºns‚ kmt¶-XnI hnZy

`qan-bn¬ an° ÿe-ß-fnepw Ccp-º-bn-cns‚

\nt£-]-ap-≠v. Ccp-º-bn-cn¬ ac°cn (Charcoal)tN¿Øv Db¿∂ Dujvam-hn¬ (GI-tZiw 15000

sk¬jy-kv) NqSm°n kwkvI-cn-®mWv - Ccpºv

Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂Xvv. Aßs\ In´n-b ip≤-amb

Ccpºv ASn®v cq]-s∏-SpØn Bh-iy-߃°-\p-

k-cn®v -B-bp[ßfpw D]-I-c-W-ßfpw D≠m°n.

]mNo-\-Im-esØ P\-ß-fpsS ][m\ sXmgn-ep-

Isf°pdn®v ap≥ A[ym-b-Øn¬ ]cn-N-b-s∏- t√m.

NnX-Ønse Ccp-ºp-]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS BIrXn t\m°q. sh¶-e-D-]-I-c-W-ß-tf-°mƒ Ch-bv°p≈

hyXym-k-ß-tfh? Ch-bpsS BIrXn, D]-tbmKw kw_-‘n®v \¬Ip∂ kqN-\-Iƒ F¥v?

$ NnX-Øn¬ ImWp∂ Ccpºp]-I-c-W-߃ A°m-esØ P\-ß-ƒ Gs¥√mw Bh-iy-

߃°mbncn°pw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°pI?

34 kmaq-ly-im-kvXw˛ I

¢mkv ˛ IX

ISp-∏hpw aq¿®-bp-ap≈ Cu D]-I-c-W-ß-ƒ Ah-

cpsS PohnX-Øn¬ Fs¥√mw t\´-߃ D≠m-

°n-bn-cn°pw?

$ h≥a-c-ßfpw Iq‰≥]m-d-Ifpw apdn-°m≥ klm-

bn-®p.

$ ]i-bp≈ aÆv DgpXp adn-°m≥ klm-bn®p.

$

Ccp-ºns‚ D-]-tbmKw C¥y-bn¬

C¥y-bn¬ Ccp-ºns‚ D]-tbmKw Bcw- n-®Xv GI-

tZiw 3000 h¿j-߃°v ap≥]mWv.

]Sn-™m-d≥ DØ¿]-tZ-inse AXm-RvPn-tJU,

cmP-ÿm-\nse tPm[v]p-c, t\mlv, lcn-bm-W-

bnse `K-h≥]pc XpS-ßnb ÿe-ß-fn¬

\n∂mWv Ccpºmbp-[-ß-fp-tSbpw D]-I-c-W-ß-

fp-tSbpw Ah-in-jvS-߃ BZy-ambn e`n-°p-∂Xv.

Bbn-c-°-W-°n\v a‰p ÿm\-ß-fn¬\n∂pw Cu

sXfn-hp-Iƒ In´n-bn-´p-≠v.

Ccp-ºns‚ D]-tbm-K-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v C¥y-

bn -¬\n∂v In´nb BZy-Ime]pcm -hkvXp

kwkvIr-Xnsb Kth-j-I¿ "Nmbw tX® Nmc-\n-

d-∏m-X-ßfpambn' (Painted Grey Ware) _‘n-∏n-

°p-∂p. ]n¬°me sshZnIIrXn-I-fn¬ ]cm-a¿in-

°p∂ Pohn-X-co-Xn-bp-ambn Cu kwkvIrXn HØp-

t]m-Ip-∂p.

C¥y-bpsS hS°p]Sn-™mdv `mKsØ k]vX-

kn‘p]tZ-iØv ]m¿Øn-cp∂ BZy-Im-e-ssh-Zn-

I-P-\X Imen-ta-®mWv Pohn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. ItaW

]pXnb ta®n¬∏pd-߃ tXSn Ah¿ Ing°v KwKm-

k-a-X-e-Øn-te°v ]pd-s∏-´p. KwKm-XSw i‡-amb

ag e`n-°p∂ \n_n-U-h\]tZ-i-am-bn-cp-∂p. kº-

∂-amb Ccpºp\nt£-]-Øns‚ tIµw IqSnbm-

bn-cp∂p KwKmka-X-ew. Ccp-ºm-bp-[-ßfpw D]-I-

c-W-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn®v Ah¿ ImSp-Iƒ sh´n-sØ-

fn-bn°p-I-bpw ^e-`p-bnjvTamb F°¬aÆv

DgpXpadn®v Irjn Bcw-`n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ISp-

∏-ta-dnb aÆm-b-Xn-\m¬ h¿j-Øn¬ \nc-h[n

XhW Dg-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. I∂p-Im-en-Isf sI´nb

Ie∏I-fm-Wv CXn\v D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.

Cu ]tZ-isØ BZnahm-kn-Iƒ Db¿∂ ]tZ-i-

ß-fnse Xp≠p qan-bn¬ Irjn-bn-d-°n-bmWv Pohn-

®n-cp-∂-Xv. Ch¿°v Ccp-ºns‚ D]-tbmKw A⁄m-

X-am-bn-cp-∂p. s\√pw sNdp-[m-\y-ß-fp-amWv Ah¿

][m-\-ambpw Irjn sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬

Irjnsb Imenhf¿Ø-ep-ambn _‘n-∏n-°m≥ Ign-

bm-Xn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ah¿°v Irjn Bh-iy-Øn\v

Imf-I-sf-bpw hf-ambn NmW-Ihpw D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥

Ign-™n-√. ]men-\pw Cd-®n-°p-am-bmWv Ah¿ BZy-

Im-eØv Imen-Isf hf¿Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv.

KwKmka-X-e-Øn-te°v IS-∂p-h∂ ]n¬°m-e-ssh-

Zn-I-P-\X Ccpºp sIm≠p≈ Bbp-[-ß-fpw D]-

I-c-W-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn®v ka-X-e-ß-fnse \n_n-

U-h-\-߃ sh´nsØfnbn®v Irjn-bn-S-ß-fm-°p-

Ibpw Irjn hym]n-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ccp-ºm-

bp-[-ßfpw IpXn-c-Isf ]q´nb cY-hp-ambn apt∂-

dnb Chsc XS-bm≥ KwKm-X-S-Ønse BZn-ahm-

hm-kn-Iƒ°v Ign-™n-√. ImcWw Ah¿ D]-tbm-

Kn-®n-cp-∂Xv sNºns‚ Bbp-[-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.

XpS¿∂v Ah¿ sshZn-I-P-\-X-bp-ambn Cgp-In-t®-

cp-Itbm Ah¿°v Iog-S-ßp-Itbm sNbvXp.

Imen-h-f¿Ø-ens\ At]-£n®v IqSp-X¬ ]Wn-

°msc Bh-iy-ap≈ taJ-e-bm-Wt√m Irjn.

KwKm-X-S-Øn-te°v IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿Ø ]n¬°me

sshZn-I-P-\-X°v Irjn hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Ø-t∏mƒ

[mcmfw ]Wn-°msc Bh-iy-ambn h∂p. Ah¿

Iog-S-°nb ]tZ-i-ß-fnse P\-ßsf Irjn-∏-Wn-

°mbn D]-tbm-Kn®v CXp ]cn-l-cn-®p. ka-Im-enI

kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fn¬ Zmk¿ F∂ t]cn¬ hyh-

l-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Xt±-io-b-cmb C°q- -cm-Wv. kaq-

l-Øn -se D®-\o -N -Xz -Øns‚ Bcw`w

ChnsS°mWmw.

Irjn-bpsS hnImkw a\p-jys‚ Iq -tØm-sS-bp≈

ÿnc-hm-k-Øn\pw Imen-Isf CW°n hf¿Øp-

∂-Xn\pw hgn-sX-fn-bn®p. Imen-I-fm-bn-cp∂p

][m\ kº-Øv. ImenkºØv ssIhiw hbv°p-

∂-Xn-\mbn Ah¿ ]e-t∏mgpw Bbq-[-ß-sf-SpØv

t]mcm-Sn. IpXn-cbv°pw ]ap-J-ÿm-\-ap-≠-m-bn-cp-

∂p. bmX-Iƒ°pw bp≤-߃°pw IpXn-c-Isf D]-

tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p. bhw (_m¿fn) Bbn-cp∂p ][m\

hnf. ]n¬°meØv s\√n-s‚bpw Icn-ºn-s‚bpw

Irjn A`n-hr≤n ]m]n-®p.

Ccpºpw a\pjy\pw 35

A[ymbw ˛ 3

Imen-h-f¿Ø-ens‚ Ime-L- -Øn¬ sshZn-I-P-\X

]IrXni‡n-Isf Bcm-[n-®ncp∂p. Irjn-bpsS

hym]-\-hpw ÿnc-hm-khpw h∂-tXmsS BNm-c-

ßfpw A\p-jvTm-\-ßfpw IqSp-X¬ hn]p-eambn.

Chbv°p th≠p∂ hn`-h-ß-fmb [m\y-߃,

]m¬, s\øv, arK-߃ F∂nh kpe-`-ambn. Bdv

EXp-°fp≈ Hcp Im¿jnI]©mw-Kw C°m-e-

ØmWv hnI-kn-®-Xv.

kn‘p\-Zn-bp-sS XocØv sh¶-e-bp-K-Øn¬ cq]w]m]n® kwkvIm-c-sØ-°p-dn®v \Ωƒ N¿®

sNbvXt√m. kn‘phns\t∏mse Xs∂ C¥y-bnse ][m-\-s∏´ \Zn-I-fn-sem-∂mWv KwK. F∂m¬

sh¶-e-bp-K-Øn¬ KwKm-\-Zn-bpsS XocØv AØ-c-Øn-semcp kwkvImcw cq]-s∏-Sm-Xn-cp-∂Xv

F¥p-sIm-≠m-bn-cn°mw? N¿® sNøp-I.

sa®-s∏´ ]Wn-bm-bp[-ßfp]tbmKn®Xpw IqSp-

X¬ `qanbn¬ hym]-I-ambn Irjn-sN-bvXXpw

Im¿jnIcoXn-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Adn-hp-≠m-bXpw

Im¿jn-tImev]m-Z\w KWy-ambn h¿≤n-°p-∂-Xn\v

CS -bm -°n. Cßs\ D]-tbm -K -Øn -\m -h -iy -

ap≈Xnepw- A[nIw [m\yw Dev]m-Zn-∏n-®-Xp-hgn

h≥tXm-Xn-ep≈ an®w D≠mbn. A[zm-\-Øn-

te¿s∏-´-h¿°pw Ahsc \nb-¥n-®n-cp-∂-h¿°pw

Htc-t]m-se-b√ Cu an®w e`n-®-Xv. kmaq-ln-I-amb

D®-\o-NXzw h¿≤n-°m≥ CXv Imc-W-am-bn.

\ho\inem-bp-K-Øn¬ Im¿jn-tImev]m-Z-\-Øn¬

hnhn[tPmen-Iƒ ]¶n-s´-Sp-°p∂ coXn ]cn-N-b-

s∏-´t√m. hn`-h-߃ ]c-kv]cw ssIam-dn-bmWv

Bh-iy -߃ \nd -th-‰n -bn -cp -∂-Xv . F∂m¬

sshZnIkwkvIm-c-Øn¬ ]Wn-sb-Sp-∏n-°p-∂-hcpw

]Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-hcpw kaq-l-Øn-ep-≠m-bn. Cu

hyhÿ a\p-jy¿°n-S-bn¬ F¥p-X-c-Øn-ep≈

th¿Xn-cn-hmWv krjvSn-®n-´p-≠m-hp-I?

KwKm -k-a -X -e -Ønse P\-߃ Ah-cpsS

ant®mev]∂߃ ssIam‰w sNbvXp. CXv

hmWnPyw sXmgn-em-°nb Hcp ]pXnb h¿K-Øns‚

DZ-b-Øn\v Imc-W-am-bn. Hcp ]tZ-isØ hym]m-

cn-Iƒ HØp-tN¿∂v "tiWn-Iƒ' F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂

hWnIvkwL-߃ (Trade Guilds) cq]hXv-I-cn-®p.

Ch-bpsS Xe-h≥ tijvTn F∂-dn-b-s∏-´p. hmWn-

Py-tI-µ-߃ \K-c-ß-fmbn hf¿∂ph∂p. ItaW

hnhn[hmWn-Py-tI-µ-߃ XΩn¬ Iq´n-bn-W-

°p∂ hmWn-Py-]-Y-ßfpw D≠mbn.

KwKm-\Zn Hcp ][m-\-hm-Wn-Py-P-e-]m-X-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

Cu \ZoXocsØ ]´-W-߃ hn`-h-߃ tiJ-cn-

°m\pw hkvXp-°ƒ hnX-cWw sNøm-\p-ap≈

kuI-cy-sam-cp-°n. KwKm-\-Zn-bpsS XocsØ Hcp

][m\ ]´-W-am-bn-cp∂p Imin.

\K-c-߃ tIµo-I-cn®v Ic-Iu-i-e-hpw ssIsØm-

gn-ep-Ifpw hf¿∂ph∂p. XpWn-Ø-c-߃, apØp-

Iƒ, a¨]m-X߃, B\-s°m-ºn¬ Xo¿Ø Dev]-

∂-߃ apX-em -b -hbm -bn -cp∂p ][m\

hmWnPyhkvXp-°ƒ. BZy-Im-e-ß-fn¬ ssIam-‰-

Øn\v km[-\-߃°p ]I-c-ambn km[-\-߃

Nm∏ IpØnb Cu \mWb߃ i≤n-°q. CXn¬ ImWp∂ apZ hWnIv kwLsØ Xncn-®-dn-

bm-\p≈ AS-bm-f-ß-fm-Wv. \mW-b-߃ \ap°v Fs¥√mw Adn-hp-Iƒ \¬Ip-∂p.

36 kmaq-ly-im-kvXw˛ I

¢mkv ˛ IX

Xs∂-bmWv D]-tbm -Kn -®n -cp -∂Xv. F∂m¬

]n¬°methZ-Im-e-L- -w Ign-bm-dm-Ip-tºmƒ hn\n-

a-b-Øn\v \mW-b-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®p XpS-ßn.

Nm∏IpØnb \mW-b-߃ (Punch Marked Coins)Bbn-cp∂p C°m-eØv D]-tbm-K-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-

Nm∏-Ip-Ønb \mW-b-ß-fn¬ s]mXpsh A©v

apZ-IƒImWpw. hWnIvkwL-ß-fpsS apZ-I-fm-

bn-cp∂p Ch-sb∂v Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. \mW-b-

ßfpsS Xq°w Hcp-t]m-se-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw

BIr-Xn-bn¬ henb hyXym-k-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

cp-∂-Xv. NnX-Øn¬\n∂v Nm∏-Ip-Ønb hnhn-[-Xcw

\mW-b-ß-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bmw.

A∂sØ \mW-b߃°v Im¿jm-]Ww F∂

t]cmWv D≈Xv. ae-bm-f-Øn-ep≈ Imiv, ]Ww

F∂o hm°p-I-fp-ambn CXn-\p≈ _‘w i≤n-

°pI. \mW-b-ß-fpsS D]-tbmKw hym]-mc-Øn\v

henb DW¿th-In. hmWn-Py-Øns‚ hnImkw

hnZq-c-tZ-i-ßfp-ambn _‘w ÿm]n-°m≥ KwKm-

X-S-Ønse P\-ßsf klm-bn-®p.

Nm∏-Ip-Ønb \mW-b-ß-ƒ Nm∏-Ip-Ønb \mW-b-ß-fn¬ ImWp∂ apZ-Iƒ

Ccpºpw a\pjy\pw 37

A[ymbw ˛ 3

sshZnIImesØ hmWn-Py-tI-µ-ß-fmbn hf¿∂ \K-c-ß-tfh? Ahsb XΩn¬ _‘n-∏n-°p∂

hmWn-Py-]-Y-߃ `q]-S-Øns‚ klm-b-tØmsS Is≠-Øq.

$ \n߃ A°m-esØ hWnIvkwL-Ønse tiWn]ap-J-\m-sW∂v Icp-XpI. A°m-esØ hmWn-

Py-sØ-°p-dn®v Hcp hnh-cWw Xøm-dm-°mtam?

$ Dev]m-Z\w h¿[n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v hnhn[ tPmen-Iƒ ]¶n-s -Sp-°p-∂Xv \ho-\-in-em-bp-KØnepw sshZn-

I-kw-kvIm-c-Ønepw \mw I≠p. Ch XΩn-ep≈ hymXymkw F¥v? CXv kaq-l-Øn-ep-≠m-°nb

am‰-߃ F¥mhpw? N¿® sNøp-I.

38 kmaq-ly-im-kvXw˛ I

¢mkv ˛ IX

Ko°vkwkvImcw

CcpºpbpK-Øn¬ hnIkn® c≠v ][m\ kwkvIm-

c-ß-fmWv Ko°v kwkvIm-chpw tdma≥ kwkvIm-

chpw.

]pcm-X\ ]m›m-Xy-tem-IsØ it≤-b-amb

kwkvIm-c-am-bn-cp∂p Ko°vkwkvIm-cw. CXn\v

sl√-\nIv kwkvImcw F∂pw ]dbpw. Ko°v

kwkvIm-csØ°pdn®v ][m-\-ambpw hnh-c-߃

e`n-°p-∂Xv tlma-dns‚ Cen-b-Uv, HUo n F∂o

CXn-lm-k-ß-fn¬ \n∂m-Wv. Ko°p-Im-cpsS kmaq-

ln-I-˛-km-º-ØnI PohnXw Xmc-X-tay\ efn-X-am-

bn-cp-∂p. Irjnbpw Imen-h-f¿Ø-ep-am-bn-cp∂p P\-

ß-fpsS ][m-\- sXm-gn¬. km[-\-߃ ssIam‰w

sNøp∂ _m¿´¿ kº-Zmbw \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p.

hym]m-chpw ]Xn-tcm-[m-h-iy-ßfpw hnImkw

]m]n-®-Xns‚ `mK-ambn ]´-W-߃ DS-se-SpØp.

`cWtIµ-߃ IqSn-bm-bn-cp∂ Ch \K-c-cm-jvS-

ß-fmbn hf¿∂p. GY≥kv, kv]m¿´ F∂n-h-bm-

bn-cp∂p Koknse ][m\\KccmjvS-߃.

hn⁄m-\-Øns‚ hnhn[taJ-e-I-fn¬ it≤-b-

amb kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \¬Inb P\-X-bmWv ]pcm-

X\ Ko°p-Im¿. ]´n-I- 3.1˛ ¬ \n∂v Ko°p-Im¿

t\´-߃ ssIh-cn® taJ-e-Isfbpw Hmtcm taJ-

e-bnepw kw`m-h-\-\¬Inb hy‡n-I-sfbpw ]cn-

N-b-s∏-Smw.

XØz-Nn¥ tkmI-´o-kv, tπt‰m,

Acn-tÃm-´n¬

KWn-X-imkvXw B¿°nanUnkv

ss]X-tKm-d-kv,

bq¢nUvv

sshZy-imkvXw lnt∏m-In-‰kv

\mS-I-thZn Cukv°n-e-kv,

tkmt^m-¢nkv

bqdn-∏n-Unkv,-

AcntÃm-^m-\nkv

NcnXw sld-tUm-´kv

Xqkn-ssU-Unkv

inev]-Ie ^nUn-bmkv

`qan-imkvXw Cdm-tØmkvX\okv

sKt°m-˛-tdm-a≥ P\-X-Ifpw `mc-Xo-b-cp-ambn

hmWn-Py-_-‘-߃ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. C¥y-bnse

hnhn-[-`m-K-ß-fn¬\n∂v [mcmfw tdma≥\mW-b-

߃ In´n-bn-´p-≠v. C‰-en-bnse shkqhn-b v

A·n-]¿hXw s]m´n-b-t∏mƒ emh-°-Sn-bn¬

Aa¿∂p-t]mb t]mwt] \K-c -Øn¬\n∂v

C¥ybn¬ D≠m-°nb Ic-Iu-i-e-h-kvXp-°fpw

e`n-®n- p-≠v.

XØz-Nn-¥m-cw-KsØ Ko°ns‚ t\´-߃ ]kn-

≤-am-Wv. ssaen-kn-b≥ Nn-¥-I-∑m-cpsS Bi-b-ß-

fmWv Ko°v XØzNn-¥bv°v ASn-Ø-d-bn- -Xv. Ah-

cpsS XØz-Nn¥ `uXn-IhmZ-]c-am-bn-cp -∂p.

imkvXo -b -amb At\z -j-W-߃°v Ah¿

]mapJyw \¬In. F∂m¬ Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ Bi-

b-hm-Z-]-c-amb XØz-Nn¥ ]Nm-c-Øn¬ h∂p. Cu

Nn¥-Isc tkm^n-Ãp-Iƒ F∂p hnfn-®n-cp-∂p.

Ko°pIm¿ tZho-tZ-h≥amsc a\p-jy- m-hØnemWv

k¶-ev∏n -®n -cp -∂-Xv. Ch¿ hn⁄m-\-Øns‚

Hmtcmtcm imJ-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-´mWv Adn-b-

s∏-´-Xv. AYo-\, At∏m-tfm, knbqkv F∂n-h¿

Ahcn¬ Nne-cm-Wv. AYo\bpsS t]cp-ambn

_‘s∏´mWvv- GY≥kn\v B t]cv e`n-®X.v

GY≥knse PohnXw a‰v \K-c-cm-jvS-ß-fp-tS-

Xn¬\n∂v XnI®pw `n∂-am-bn-cp-∂p. P\m-[n-]-Xy-

]-c-amb `c-W-co-Xn-bmWv GY≥kn¬ \ne-hnen-

cp-∂Xv. s]cn-¢n-kns‚ Iogn¬ GY≥kv kph¿W-

Z-i-bnseØn-b-Xmbn Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ hniz-kn-°p-

∂p. Irjnbpw hym]m-c-hp-am-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS D]-

Po-h-\-hr-Øn-Iƒ. hym]mcw hnImkw ]m]n-®n-cp-

∂p-sh-¶nepw Ah-cpsS kmº-ØnIPohnXw

s]mXpth efn-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. Iem-km-ln-Xy-cw-K-ß-

fn¬ Ah-¿ hcn® t\´w ]n¬°m-esØ ]m›-

mXy-kw-kvIm-c-߃°v ASn-Ø-d-bm-bn.

GY≥kpw P\m-[n-]-Xyhpw

GY≥knse `c-W-hy-h-ÿ-sbbpw \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-

W-co-Xn-sbbpw P\m-[n-]Xyw F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-

°p∂p. CXp-sIm-≠¿∞-am-°p-∂Xv GY≥knse

]ucm-h-Imiw kn≤n® F√m ]pcp-j-∑mcpw t\Xm-

°sf Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p

F∂pam-XamWv. Xß-fpsS cmPysØ \nb-a-]´nI 3.1

Ccpºpw a\pjy\pw 39

A[ymbw ˛ 3

\n¿Ωm-W-Ønepw `c-W-]-c-amb Xocp-am-\-ß-sf-Sp-

°p-∂-Xnepw Ch¿°v ]¶m-fn-Ø-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

GY≥kn¬ cmPmthm cm⁄ntbm D≠m-bn-cp-

∂n√. 500 t]c-S-ßnb Iu¨knepw hn]p-e-amb

$

Akw-ªn-bp-amWv D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. ]pcp-j-∑m-cmb

F√m ]uc-∑m¿°pw Akw-ªn-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°m-

am-bn-cp∂p.

GY≥knse Cu `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\sØ P\m-[n-]Xyw F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂Xv FX-amXw

icnbmWv? N¿® sNøpI.

amkntUmWn-b-bnse Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ CuPn-]vXv,

saskm-t∏m-s -an-b, t]¿jy apX-emb ]tZ-i-߃

Iog-S°n kn‘p\Zo-XSw hsc-sb-Øn. CXn≥ e-

ambn Cu ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ ]m›-mXyhpw ]uc-kvXy-

hp-amb kwkvIm-c-ß-fpsS k¶-e\w D≠m-bn.

CXn\v sl√-\n-ÃnIv kwkvImcw F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.

Ko°v kwkvIm-c-Øn¬ \n∂v tdma≥ kwkvIm-c-

Øn-te°v hgn-sh-®Xv sl√-\n-ÃnIv kwkvIm-c-am-

bn-cp∂p F∂p ]d-bmw.

tdma≥ kwkvImcw

C‰-en-bnse ssS_¿\Zn-bpsS sX°p`mKØv hkn-

®n-cp∂ P\-X-bmWv tdmans‚ ÿm]-I¿. C¥y-

bp-am-bp≈ tdmans‚ hym]mc_‘-sØ-°p-dn®v

\Ωƒ N¿® sNbvX-t√m. Ing-°≥ cmPy-ßfpw ]Sn-

™m-d≥ temIhpw XΩn¬ hmWn-Py-]-chpw

kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb _‘w ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn¬

tdmw \n¿Wm-bI]¶v hln-®p.

InkvXp-hn\v apºv c≠v \q‰m-≠p-Im-esØ tdmans‚

NcnXw \nc-¥-c-amb bp≤-ß-fpsS NcnXamWv.

Cu bp≤-߃°p tij-amWv h¿[n-®phcp∂ P\-

s∏-cp-∏sØ Dƒs°m-≈m-\p≈ ]tZ-i-߃ tdmw

Ic-ÿ-am-°n-b-Xv. IqSp-X¬ ]tZ-i-߃ ]nSn-®-S-

°n-b-Xns‚ e-ambn IqSp-X¬ P\-߃ Irjn-bn-

te°v Xncn-™p. AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ Ah¿ hyh-

km -b -Øn\pw hmWn -Py -Øn\pw th≠X

]m[m\yw \¬In-bn-√. bp≤hpw Irjn-bp-am-bn-

cp∂p P\-ß-fpsS ][m-\- sXm-gn¬. ]´-W-ß-fn¬

Npcp°w ssIsØm-gn -ep -Im¿ Pohn-®n -cp -∂p.

hym]mcw hf¿∂ph∂Xv aµ-K-Xn-bn-emWv.

Ko°v kwkvImcw tdmamkwkvIm-c-Øn¬ \n¿Æm-

bIamb kzm[o\w sNep-Øn. kmln-Xy-Ønepw

inev]-I-e-bnepw XØz-Nn-¥-bnepw Cu kzm[o\w

]I-S-ambn ImWmw. ac-Wm-\-¥cPohn-X-Øn¬

Ah¿ hniz-kn-®n-√. ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m¿°v kaq-l-

Øn¬ \n¿Wm-bIkzm[o\w D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

Imen-I-sf-bpw Dev]-∂-ßsfbpw t]mse a\p-jysc

Itºm-f-ß-fn¬ hn¬°pIbpw hmßp-Ibpw sNbvXn-

cp∂ kº-Zm-b-sØ-°p-dn®v tI´n-´pt≠m? AXm-

AIzn-UIv‰v

AIzn-UIv‰v

\Zo-X-S -Øn-\p -ap -I-fn -eqsS

sh≈w hln-®p-sIm-≠p-t]m-

Ip-∂- I\m-ep-Iƒ. Ch ImgvN-

bn¬ ]mew-t]mse tXm∂n-

°pw.

40 kmaq-ly-im-kvXw˛ I

¢mkv ˛ IX

bn-cp∂p ASnakº-Zm-bw. ASn-aØw \ne-\n-∂n-

cp-∂ \mSm-bncp∂p tdmw. tdmapw B^n-°-bpsS

hS-°≥Xo-c-Øp≈ Im¿tØPpw XΩn¬ ]yqWnIv

bp≤-߃ F∂-dn-b-s∏´ \o≠ bp≤-߃ \S-∂p.

Ch-bv°p-ti-j-ap≈ tdmans‚ NcnXw k¶o¿W-

amWv. ISpØ h¿Kk-a-c-߃°pw sIme-]m-X-I-

߃°pw bp≤-߃°pw Iem-]-߃°pw Cu

Ime-L´w km£yw hln-®p. Iem-]-ß-fn¬ ASn-

a-Ifpw ]¶m-fn-I-fm-bn. ]t£m`w kwL-Sn-∏n-®

kv]m¿´-°kv F∂ ASnat\Xm-hns‚ IY ]kn-

≤-am-Wv. tdmanse G‰hpw it≤-b-\mb `c-Wm-

[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp∂ AK-Ãkv NI-h¿Øn-bpsS

ImeØv [mcmfw ]cn-jvIm-c-߃ \S-∏n-em-bn.

Ie, kmln-Xyw, hmkvXp-hnZy F∂o cwKßfn¬

tdmam-°m¿ al-Ømb kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \¬In.

sh¿Pn¬, Hhn-Uv XpSßnb-h¿ eØo≥ kmln-

XysØ kºp-jvS-am-°n. A[n-Im-chpw IcpØpw

]Xm-]hpw ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS

hmkvXp-hnZymcoXn. Ah¿ [mcmfw tdmUp-Ifpw

]me-ßfpw AIzn-U-Iv‰p-Ifpw \n¿Ωn-®p. InkvXp-

hn\ptij-ap≈ BZysØ c≠p aq∂p \q‰m-≠p-

Iƒ tdmam Ncn-X-Øn¬ kº’ar-≤n-bpsS Ime-

am-bn-cp-∂p. C°meØv C¥y AS-°-ap≈ temI-

Ønse hnhn[cmPy-ß-fp-ambn Ah¿ hmWn-Py-

_‘w ÿm]n-®p.

kaq-l-Ønse D®-\o-NXzw

KwKm-k-a-X-e-Ønse hnIm-k-ß-sf-°p-dn®v \mw

t\csØ I≠p-. hn`-h-ß-fpsS e`y-Xbv°v A\p-

k-cn®v hym]m-cn-Iƒ \K-c-ß-fpsS Hmtcm `mKØv

Iq´-ambn Xma-kn-®p. CXns‚ ^e-ambn hmWn-

Pyhpw ssIsØm-gn-ep-Ifpw ]mtZ-in-I-ambn tIµo-

I-cn-®p. ItaW hmWn-Py-hpw ssIsØm-gn-ep-Ifpw

]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn amdn. hym]m-cn-I-fpw ssIsØm-

gn-ep-Imcpw \K-c-߃ tIµam°n kaq-l-Ønse

][m\ hn`m-K-ambn hf¿∂ph∂p. hym]m-chpw

Irjnbpw A`n-hr≤n ]m]n-®-tXmsS [mcmfw ]Wn-

°msc Bh-iy-ambn h∂p. KwKmka-Xe-Ønse

P\-߃ Im¿jnIcwK-tØ-bpw hymh-km-bnIcwK-

tØbpw ]Wn-°mcmbn amdn.

sshZnIP\-X-bpsS KwKm-X-S-Øn-te-°p≈ hchv sXmgn¬ cwKØv Fs¥√mw am‰-߃

krjvSn®p.? A°m-eØv P\-߃ GsX√mw sXmgn-ep-I-fn-emWv ][m-\-ambpw G¿s∏-´n-cp-∂Xv?

F√m sXmgn¬ sNøp-∂-h¿°pw kaq-l-Øn¬ Xpey Ah-Im-i-hpw ÿm\-hp-amtWm D≠m-bn-cp-

∂Xv? N¿® sNøq.

sshZnIP\-Xbpw Ah¿°v Iog-S-ßnb KwKm-X-S-

Ønse \n-hm-kn-I-fp-a-S-ßnb kaq-l-Øn¬ sXmgn-

ens‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Nne kmaq-ln-I-amb

th¿Xn-cn-hp-Iƒ cq]-s∏-´p. CXv h¿Wkº-Zmbw

F∂-dn-b-s∏- p. Cu kº-Zm-b-Øn¬ Xmtg-Ø- nse

P\-߃ ASn-a-Isft∏mse Zmky-∏Wn-sb-Sp-

t°≠nh∂p. Ch-cpsS PohnXw Zpcn-Xhpw IjvS-

∏m-Sp-Ifpw \nd-™-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ kaq-l-

Ønse Hcp hn`mKw P\-߃ Irjn-bpw hmWn-Py-

hpwsIm≠v kº-∂-cmbn. Krl-]-Xn, tijvTn

Fs∂ms° Adn-b-s∏-´-h¿ kaq-l-Ønse A[n-

Im-c-ßfpw Ah-Im-i-ßfpw ssIb-S°n h®p.

BUw-_cPohnXw \bn-®p. kºØv ssI°-em-

°p∂-Xn-\p≈ ia-߃ ]e-t∏mgpw bp≤-߃°pw

BI-a-W-߃°pw Imc-W-am-bn. sXmgn-ens‚ ASn-

ÿm-\-Øn¬ cq]-s∏´ CØcw kmaq-ln-I, kmº-

ØnI D®-\o-N-Xz-߃ ]n¬°m-eØv I¿°-i-amb

PmXnhyh-ÿ-bmbn ]cnWan®p.

A°m-esØ kmaq-ly-hn-`-P-\-Øn\v XmØzn-I-

amb \oXoI-cWw \¬In-bXv NmXp¿h¿Wy-hy-

h-ÿ-bm-Wv. CX-\p-k-cn®v P\-ßsf _m“W¿,

£Xn-b¿, sshiy¿, ipZ¿ F∂n-ßs\ \mep-

h¿Æ-ß-fm°n.

kaq-l-Ønse CØcw Ak-a-Xz-߃ ]pcm-X\

tdmamkmam-Py-Ønepw \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬

C¥y-bn-te-Xp-t]mse PmXn ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-

bp≈ th¿Xn-cn -hm-bn -cp -∂n√ AhnsS. AXv

h¿KsØ ASn -ÿm-\ -am -°n -bmbn -cp -∂p.

tdma≥kaqlw sπ_n-b-∑m¿ F∂pw s]So-jy-∑m¿

F∂pw D≈ c≠v h¿K-ß-fmbn th¿Xn-cn-™p.

s]So-jy-∑m¿ kº-∂cmb A[n-Imcnh¿Khpw

Ccpºpw a\pjy\pw 41

A[ymbw ˛ 3

sπ_n-b-∑m¿ I¿j-I-cpw sXmgn-em-fn-Ifpw AS-

ßp∂ km[m-c-W-°m-cp-am-bn-cp-∂p. sπ_n-b-∑m¿

IjvS-∏m-Sp-Ifpw Zpcn-X-ßfpw A\p- -hn-®p. Ah¿°v

`cWØn¬ ]¶m-fn-Øw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. \nb-a-]-

c-amb Hcp kwc-£-Whpw Ah¿°v tdma≥ `c-W-

Øn¬ \n∂v e`n-®n-√. s]So-jy-∑mcpw sπ_n-b-

∑mcpw XΩn¬ \S∂ \o≠ t]mcm-´-sØ- kvSKnƒ

Hm^v Hm¿tU¿kv (Struggle of Orders) F∂p ]d-

bp-∂p. CXn¬ π_n-b-∑m¿ \n¿Æm-bIhnPbw

t\Sn. CXns‚ ^e-ambn t\Sn-sb-SpØ Ah-Im-i-

߃ ]¥≠p ^e-I-ßfn¬ (Twelve Tables)

sImØn-sh-®p. CXv ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb am‰-

sam∂pw hcp-Øn-bn-√. ]n∂oSv BZysØ sπ_n-

b≥ k` (tIm¨k¬) \ne-hn¬ h∂p. Cu k`-

bn¬ \n¿Ωn-°p∂ \nbaw s]So-jy-∑m¿°pIqSn

_m[-I-ambtXmsS sπ_n-b-∑m¿ Cu t]mcm-´-

Øn¬ A¥nahnPbw t\Sn.

C¥y-bn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ PmXnIfpw tdmanse h¿K-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ kmPmXysshPm-Xy-߃

N¿® sNøpI.

Imenhf¿Ø-en¬\n∂v Irjn-bn-te°pw XpS¿∂v

hmWn-Py-Øn-te-°p-ap≈ sshZnIP\-X-bpsS am‰w

kaq-l-Øn¬ \nc-h[n ]iv\-߃ krjvSn-®p.

ChtbmSv ]Xn-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v In.ap. 6˛mw \q‰m-

t≠msS ]pXnb Bi-b-ßfpw ]ÿm-\-ßfpw

C¥y-bn¬ DS-se-SpØp. D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ, ssP\-

cp-sSbpw _u≤-cp-sSbpw ]ÿm-\-߃ F∂nh

DZm-l-c-Ww.

]h¿Ø-\-߃

"Ccpºv Dev]m-Z-\-h¿[-\-hn\v CS-bm-°n-b-tXm-sSm∏w kaq-l-Ønse a\p-jy-cpsS Xcw-Xn-cn-

hn\pw CS-bm°n' Cu A`n-]m-b-tØmSv \n߃ tbmPn-°p-∂pt≠m? F¥p-sIm≠v?

Dev]m-Z-\-h¿[-\hv ssIam-‰-hy-hÿbn-tebv°pw ItaW hmWn-Py-Øn-tebv°pw \bn-®p. hmWn-

Py-Øns‚ hf¿®-bpsS Hcp ^vtfmNm¿´v Xøm-dm°n ¢m n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I.

tdmanse ASn-a-k-º-Zm-bhpw KwKm-k-a-X-e-Ønse h¿W-k-º-Zm-bhpw XΩn¬ Fs¥√mw kmay-

hy-Xym-k-߃ D≠v. ]´nI Xøm-dm-°p-I.

Ccp-ºns‚ D]-tbmKw, Irjn, kmaq-ly-_-‘-ß-fpsS hnIm-kw, hmWnPyw Ch-bn-ep-≠mb am‰w

ap≥\n¿Øn skan-\m¿ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°pI.

ASn-a-I-fpsS t\Xm-hmb kv]m¿´-°-kns\-°p-dn-®p≈ kn\n-a- ¢m- n¬ ]Z¿in-∏n®v A°m-esØ

ASn-a-I-fpsS PohnXw ap≥\n¿Øn Hcp ^o®¿ Xøm-dm-°p-I. (kv]m¿´m-°-kns‚ IY (]pkvXIw)

Ncn-X-K-Ÿ-߃, C‚¿s\‰v Ch-bpsS klmbw tXSpI.)

a\p-jys‚ kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmº-Øn-I-hp-amb PohnXapt∂-‰-Øn¬ Ccp-ºns‚ D]-tbmKw hcp-

Ønb am‰-߃ Fs¥√mw? N¿® sNøpI.

$

42 kmaq-ly-imkvXw˛ I

¢mkv ˛ IX

a\p-jy-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ hnIm-k-N-cn-X-Øn¬

\ho-\-in-em-bp-K-Øns‚ ]m[m\yw \mw Xncn-®-

dn™p-. \mtSmSnIfpsS Ah-ÿ-bn¬\n∂v ÿnc-

hm-k-Øns‚ Np-‰p-]m-Sp-I-fn-te°v a\p-jy¿ ]th-

in-°p-∂Xv At∏m-gmWv. XpS¿∂v sh¶-e-bp-K-

Ønepw Ccp-ºp-bp-K-Ønepw AhcpsS kmaq-ly-

Po-hn-X-w hnI-kn-®ph-∂p. IpSpw-_-ambn-cp∂p

AXns‚ ASn-Ø-d. kmaq-ly-Po-hnXw k¶o¿W-

am-b-t∏mƒ \nb-¥-W kw-hn-[m-\-ßfpw A[n--Im-

c-]tbm-Khpw Hgn®p IqSm-Ø-Xm-bn. IpSpw-_-

Øn¬\n∂v XpS-ßp∂ A[n-Im-c-]-tbm-K-Øn-

s‚bpw AXns‚ hym]-\-Øn-s‚bpw NcnXw Adn-

tb-≠-Xp≠v.

hwi-Øn¬\n∂v cmjvS-Øn-te°v

IpSpw-_-Øns‚ C∂sØ LS-\bpw ]c-kv]-c-_-

‘hpw Npa-X-e-I-fp-sa√mw Fß-s\--bm-sW∂v Adn-

bm-at√m. IpSpw-_-Øn¬ BZy-Im-eØv kvXobpw

]pcp-j\pw Npa-X-e-Iƒ ]¶n-s -Sp-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

ItaW IpSpw-_-\m-Y≥ t\Xr-ÿm-\Øp \n∂v

IpSpw-_sØ \bn-°p-Ibpw \nb-¥n-°p-Ibpw

sNøm≥ XpS-ßn. c‡-_-‘-ap≈ ]e IpSpw-_-

ß-fnse AwK-߃ tN¿∂v hen-sbmcp kaq-l-am-

b-t∏mƒ AXv hwiw F∂ t]cn-e-dn-b-s∏-´p. hwi-

Øns‚ s]mXp-hmb Imcy-߃ \nb-¥n-°p-∂Xpw

`cn-°p-∂Xpw hwi-\m-Ys‚ Npa-X-e-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

\nc-h[n hwi-߃ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ henb kaq-

l-߃ cq]-s∏- -t∏mƒ AXv tKmX-sa-∂-dn-b-s∏´p.

Ah¿°pw s]mXp-hmb BNm-c-ßfpw hnizm-k-ß-

fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. tKmX-Ø-e-h-∑m-cmWv B kaq-

lsØ \nb-¥n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. Irjn-tbm-S-\p-_-‘n-

®p≈ Dev]m-Z-\-hn-X-cWkº-Zm-b-ß-fpsS Npa-Xe

\n¿h-ln-°pI F∂-XmWv ][m-\-amb A[n-

Imc]tbm-Kw.

\nß-sfmcp tKmX-Ø-e-h-\m-sW∂p Icp-Xq. AXn-\p-≈nse hwi-߃ XΩn-ep≈ _‘-sØbpw

tKmX-Øns‚ s]mXpNpa-X-e-I-sfbpw \nß-sf-ß-s\-bmhpw \nb-¥n-°p-I?

$ Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Xbm-dm-°nb Ipdn∏v Kq∏n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n®v IpSpw-_w, hwiw, tKmXw Ch XΩn-

ep≈ _‘-Øns‚ ^vtfmNm¿´v Xøm-dm-°q.

hwi-Øn-s‚bpw tKmX-Øn-s‚bpw ]cn-an-Xn-Isf

adn-I-S∂v cmjvS-sa∂ k¶-ev]-Øn-te°v a\p-jy¿

FØn-t®¿∂-sX-ß-s\-bmhmw?

Irjn hym]-I-am-b-tXmsS Dev]m-Z\w h¿[n-®p. CXv

I®-h-S-Øns‚ hnIm-k-Øn\v CS-bm-°n. I®-h-S-

tI-µ-߃ \K-c-ß-fmbn hf¿∂p-h-∂p. I®-h-S-Øn-

\mbn \nc-h[n tKmX-߃ \K-c-ß-fn-se-Øn. I®-

h-Shpw ssIth-ebpw ÿnc-sØm-gn-em-°nb Hcp

hn`mKw \K-c-ß-fn¬ hf¿∂ph∂p. CXv kzIm-cy-

kz-Øns‚ Bhn¿`m-h-Øn-\n-S-bm-°n. ItaW

kmaq-lym-k-a-Xz-߃ h¿≤n-®p. I®-h-S-Øns‚

hf¿®-tbmsS \K-c-߃ hnI-kn-°m≥ XpS-ßn.

hnhn[hn`m-K-ßsf \nb-¥n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn \nb-

a-ßf-p-≠m-t°≠nh∂p. \nb-a-ß-fpsS ]tbm-K-

Øn-\mbn A[n-Imc-ÿm]-\-߃ hf¿∂ph∂p.

Cßs\ Xmtg-°n-S-bn¬\n∂v tatem-´p-b¿∂ph∂

A[n-Im-c-cq-]-amWv cmjvSw. I®-h-S-tI-µ-ß-fmbn

amdnb \K-c-ß-fmWv BZy-Im-e-cm-jvS-ß-fpsSbpw

tIµ-ambn amdn-b-Xv.

A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ BZycq]-߃4

A[ymbw ˛ 4

43A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ BZycq]-߃

I®-h-S-°m-scbpw ssIsØm-gn-ep-Im-scbpw \nb-¥n-°p-∂-Xn\v Fs¥√mw \nb-a-ß-fmWv A∂p-

≠m-°n-bn-cn-°pI? B \nb-a-߃ Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn°pw \S-∏n-em-°n-bn-cn-°p-I? N¿® sNøq.

C¥y-bn¬ P\-]-Z-߃ F∂ t]cnepw Kokn¬

\K-c-cm -jvS -߃ F∂ t]cn-ep -amWv A[n-

Imcÿm\-߃ BZ-y-Im-eØv Adn-b-s∏-´-Xv. P\-

]-Z-ßfpsS A[n-Imc]cn[n ]cn-an-X-ambncp-∂p. Ch-

Z£n-tW-jy-bpsS cmjvSo-b-`q-]Sw D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn alm-P-\-]-Z-ßfpw Ah-bpsS C∂sØ

ÿm\hpw Is≠-Øp-I. Ah Z£n-tW-j-y-bpsS GsX√mw ]tZ-i-ß-fn-emWv hym]n-®n-cp-∂Xv?

bn¬ ]Xn-\m-sdÆw hf¿∂v alm-P-\-]-Z-ß-fmbn.

Nne almP\-]-Z--ß-fn¬ cmP-hm-gvNbpw a‰p Nne-

Xn¬ KW-kw-L-ß-fpsS c-Whpw \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂p.

alm-P-\-]Zw

][m\-ambpw Im¿jn-I-ta-J-esb Ah-ew-_n-

®n-cp∂ Hcp ]tXyI`q]-cn-[n-bnse P\-߃

Dƒs∏´ cmjvS-Øns‚ BZycq]-am-bn-cp∂p

almP\-]-Zw. hmWn-Py-Øn-s‚bpw D]-t`m-K-Øn-

s‚bpw tIµ-ambn Db¿∂ph∂ \Kc߃°p

Np‰p-amWv Ch hf¿∂ph∂Xv. Dev]m-Z-\-an®w

tiJ-cn®v ]p\¿hn-X-cWw \S-Øp-hm\pw \oXn-

\ymbhyhÿ ]cn-]men°phm\pw AhnsS

cmjvSo-bm-[n-Imccq]-ß-fp-≠m-bn. cmP-hm-gvN-

sb∂pw KW-kw-L-ß-sf∂pw B A[n-Imccq]-

ßsf hnti-jn-∏n-°mw.

KW-kw-L-ßfpw cmP-hm-gv®bpw

almP\-]-Z-ß-fnse KW-kw-L-ß-fp-sS `cWhpw

cmP-hm-gv®bpw Hcp-t]m-se-bm-bn-cpt∂m?

C¥y-bpsS `qan-imkvXkz`mhw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-

tºmƒ DØc]¿h-X-ta-J-e-bv°pw a-lm-k-a-X-e-

Øn-\p-ap≈ ]m[m\yw hfsc hep-Xm-W-t√m.

AXn¬ lnam-e-b-]¿h-X-tØmSv ASpØpInS-°p∂

]tZ-i-ß-fnse alm-P-\-]-Z-ß-fn-emWv ][m-\-

ambpw KW-kw-L-ß-fpsS `cWw \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂-

Xv. cmPhmgv® IqSp-X-epw KwKmka-Xe ]tZ-i-ß-

fnse alm-P-\-]-Z-ß-fn-embn-cp-∂p. "KW-kwLw',

"KW-cmPyw' F∂o ]Z-߃ Htc ]Z-hn-bp-≈-h-

P\-]-Z-߃

12

3

4

567

8

9

11

12

13

15

16

10

14

1. aK[w

2. AwKw

3. h÷n

4. a√

5. Imin

6. h’w

7. tImkew

8. tNZn

9. ]m©mew

10. AivaIw

11. Ah¥n

12. iqc-tk\

13. Ipcp

14. am’yw

15. Km‘mcw

16. Iwt_mPw

44 kmaq-ly-imkvXw˛ I

¢mkv ˛ IX

cpsS k`- `cn® alm-P-\-]-ZsØ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.

tKmXßfp-sStbm tKmX-Ø-e-h≥am-cpsStbm

Iq´m-bva-bmWv KW-kw-Lw. s]mXp-Xo-cp-am-\-

Øns‚- A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ sFIyw \ne-\n¿Øn-

s°m-≠p≈ `c-W-amWv KW-kw-L-ß-fpsS coXn.

A`n-]mbhyXym-k-߃ s]mXpXocp-am-\-Øn\v

hn´n-cp-∂p.

P\m-[n-]-Xy-coXn `c-W-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ kzoI-cn-®n-cp-

∂-Xn-\m-¬ AØcw P\-]-Z-ßsf Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿

"dn∏-ªnIv' F∂v hnfn®p.

A[n-Imcw cmP-Ip-Spw--_-Øn¬ tIµo-I-cn-®n-cp∂

`c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-amWv a‰p P\-]-Z-ß-fn¬ D≠m-bn-

cp-∂-Xv. ]`p-Xz-`-cWcoXn-bn¬ \n∂mWv cmP-]-Z-

hn-bn-te°v `c-W-cq]w amdn-b-Xv. ]mc-º-cy-ambn

ASp-Ø- X-e-ap-d-bn-te°v A[-n-Imcw ssIam-dn-bn-

cp-∂p. a¥n-amcpw D]-tZ-i-I-k-an-Xn-Ifpw cmPm-

hns\ `c -W-Øn¬ klm-bn -®p . a√≥am¿,

h÷nIƒ, imIy≥am¿ F∂nhcptSXv KW-kw-L-

ßfm --bn -cp∂p. Imin, tImk-ew, aK[w

F∂nhnSß-fn¬ cmP-hm-gvN-bpw-. \nIpXn ]ncn-hv,

Ia-k-am-[m-\w, Pe-tk-N-\w, Dev]m-Z-\-˛-hn-X-cW

kº-Zm-b-ß-fpsS \nb-¥Ww F∂n-h-bmWv KW-

cm-Py-ß-fnepw cmP-hmgvN \ne-\n∂ ]tZ-i-ß-

fnepw D≠m-bn-cp∂ `c-W®p-a-X-e-Iƒ.

KW-kw-L-`c-W-Øn-s‚bpw cmP-hm-gvN-bp-sSbpw ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv Nm¿´v Xøm-

dm-°q. kmay--hy-Xym-k-߃ N¿® sNøq.

cmjvS-k-¶-ev]hpw BZy-km-am-Pyhpw

cmjvS-Øns‚ BZy-Imecq]-am-bn-cp∂ almP\-

]-Z-ß-sf-°p-dn®v \Ωƒ N¿® sNbvXp. Cu

almP\-]-Z-ß-ƒ cmjvSw F∂ ]Z-hn-bn-te°v

FØn. Ah-bn¬ NneXv kmam-Py-ß-fmbn hnI-

kn-®p.

aK[w BWv C¥-y-bnse BZ-ysØ kmam-Pyw.

alm-P-\-]-Z-ß-fn¬ H∂m-bn-cp∂ aK[w Hcp kmam-

Py-Øns‚ tIµ-ambn hf¿∂Xv Fß-s\-bmWv?

KwKbpsSbpw t]mjI-\-Zn-Ifp-sSbpw kmao]yw

aK-[sØ ^e-`qbn-jvT-am-°n-. \Zn-bn-eqsSbp≈

hmWnPyw \nb-¥n-°m≥ aK-[bv°v Ign-™p. Ccp-

º-bncv \nt£]w IqSp-X-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬

[mcmfw Bbp-[-ßfpw Im¿jn-tIm-]-I-c-W-ßfpw

ChnsS \n¿Ωn-°m-\m-bn. lnam-e-b-Øns‚ ASn-

°p-∂p-I-fnse ImSv as‰mcp LS-I-amWv. ChnsS

\n∂v ]nSn® B\-Iƒ aK[ ssk\-y -Øn\v

h¿≤n®i‡n ]I¿∂p. Im´nse ac-ß-fp-]-tbm-

Kn®v tIm -sIm-Øf-ß-fpw hmWn-Pymh-i-y-Øn-\p≈

henb h©n-Ifpw Xo¿Øp. a‰p alm-P-\-]-Z-

߃°pta¬ aK-[bv°v ta¬ss° t\Sm≥ CXp

klm-bIam-bn.

In.ap. Bdmw \q‰m-t≠m-sS Imin, tImk-ew, aK-

[w, h÷n F∂o alm-P-\-]-Z-ß-fmWv KwKmka-

X-e-Øn¬ i‡-cmbn h∂-Xv. Hcp \q‰m-t≠mfw

Ch¿ cmjvSobta[m-hn-Xz-Øn-\p-th≠n ]c-kv]cw

t]mcm-Sn-. CXn¬ aK[w hnP-bn°pIbpw DØ-tc-

¥y-bnse G‰hpw i‡-amb A[n-Im-c-tI-µ-ambn

amdp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]¿hX]tZ-i-Øp≈ cmP-Kr-

l-Øn¬ \n∂v ka-X-e-Ønse ]mS-eo-]p-X-Øn-

te°v Xe-ÿm-\w am‰nb APm-X-iXphns‚

Ime-tØmsS Cu hnPbw ]q¿W-am-bn. ]n∂oSv

alm-]fl-\-µ≥ cWw ]nSn-s®-SpØv cmP-ym-Xn¿Øn

hn]p-e-am-°n-b-tXmsS C¥-y-bn¬ kmam-Py`c-W-

Øn\v XpS-°-ambn. \µ-cm-P-hw-i-Øns‚ c-Whpw

\nIp-Xn-hyh-ÿbpw P\-ß-fn¬ Akw-Xr]vXn

hf¿Øn-.- CXv aucy-km-am-Pyÿm]-\-Øn\v hgn-

sbm-cp-°n.

Ccp-ºp-cp°v hyh-km-b-߃ IqSp-X¬ tIµo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv _olm¿ ˛ Qm¿Jfiv taJ-e-I-

fn-em-Wv. aK[w Cu taJ-e-bn-em-Wt√m ÿnXn sNbvXn-cp-∂Xv. Ccpºv aK-[-Øns‚ hf¿®bv°v

GsX√mw Xc-Øn¬ klm-bn-®n-´p-≠mhpw? N¿® sNøq. \nK-a-\-߃ Ipdn°q.

A[ymbw ˛ 4

45A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ BZycq]-߃

IuSn-e-y\pw k]vXmwKkn≤m-¥hpw

cmjvS-sa∂ Bi-b-Øn\v kzoIm-cy-amb Hcp hni-

Zo-I-cWw BZy-ambn \¬In-bXv A¿Y-im-kvX-

sa∂ KŸ-ØneqsS IuSn-ey≥ AYhm NmW-Iy-

\m-Wv. NmW-I-y-s‚ A¿Y-im-kvX-a-\p-k-cn®v

cmjvS-Øn\v Ggv LS-I-߃ D≠v. kzman (cmPm-

hv), Aam-Xy≥ (a¥n), P\-]Zw (cmPyw/`q]-tZ-

iw), Zp¿Kw (tIm´), tImiw (JP-\m-hv), Zfiw

(\oXn-\ym-bw), anXw (kJy-i-‡n) F∂n-h-bm-

W-h. CXn¬ GsX-¶nepw Hcp LSIw Zp¿_-e-am-

bm¬ c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ F√m ]h¿Ø\ßsfbpw

AXp _m[n-°p-sa∂v IuSn-ey≥ hy‡-am-°p-∂p.

KwKmka-X-e-Øn¬ Dcp-Øn-cn-™p-h∂ cmjvShy-

h-ÿ°v kn≤m¥w Na-bv°p-I-bmWv IuSn-e-y≥

sNbv-X-Xv. Nµ-Kp-]vX-au-cy≥ kmam-Py-Øns‚

hnkvXrXn h¿≤n-∏n-°p-Ibpw Np‰p-]m-Sp-ap≈ ]tZ-

i-ßsf Hcp tIµ-ÿm-\Øp \n∂v \nb-¥n-°p∂

Xc-Øn-ep≈ c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-Øn\v XpS°w Ipdn-

°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. aucy-km-amPyw G‰hpw i‡-

am-bXv Atim-Is‚ Ime-Øm-Wv.

AtimIs‚ [¿Ωimk-\-߃

kmam-P-y-Øns‚ ]e- m-KØpw Atim-I≥ imk-

\-߃ ÿm]n-®n-´p-≠v. alm-im-k-\-߃, eLp-

im-k-\-߃, kvXw`-im-k-\-߃ F∂n-ßs\

aq∂p hIp-∏n-emWv Ch. kmam-P-ym-Xn¿Øn-I-fn-

ep≈ Iq‰≥ ]md-I-fn≥taemWv alm-im-k-\-

߃. KwKm-Xo-c-ß-fn¬ Ahn-S-hnsS apºp-Xs∂

\m´nb \ne-bn-ep≈ inem-kvXw-`-ß-fn-emWv

kvXw`-im-k-\߃. Chbv°p ]pdsa kmam-

PyØn-\-IØv Nnte-S-ß-fn¬ Xmc-Xt-a-y\ \ofw

Ipd™ eLpimk-\ßfpw ÿm]n-°-s∏-´p.

kmaq-l-yhpw c-W-]-c-hp-amb Im-cy-ß-fmWv alm-

im-k-\-ß-fpsS D≈-S-°w. _u≤-kw-L-ß-tfmSv

kvXw -im-k-\-ß-fn-eqsS Atim-I≥ t\cn v kwh-

Zn-®p. ]mtZ-in-Ihpw Imen-I-hp-amb hnj-b-ß-

fmWv s]mXpsh eLpimk-\߃°v hnjbw.

Atim-I≥ Xs‚ imk-\-ß-fn¬ ]d-bp-∂Xv

Km‘m-cw, Iwt_m-Pw, tbm\w F∂nh Xs‚

AXn¿Øn-I-fm-sW-∂m-Wv. sXs°- C-¥ybnse

tNmg-≥-am¿, tNc≥am¿, ]mWvUy≥am¿ F∂n-h¿

Xs‚ Ab¬°m-cm-bn-cp∂p F∂pw Atim-I-im-

k-\-ß-fn¬ ]d-bp∂p. _wKmƒ XocsØ Xma-

en]vXn AYhm C∂sØ XmweqIv F∂ -Xp-d-ap-

J-Øn¬ \n∂v _¿Ω, ioe-¶, Z£n-tW¥y F∂n-

hn-S-ß-fp-ambn IS¬am¿Kw I®-h-S-_‘w ÿm]n-

®n-cp-∂p. At¥-ym-Jy (C∂sØ Zam-kvIkv Dƒs∏-

Sp∂ ]tZiw), t]¿jy, CuPn]vXv apX-emb

cmPyß-fp-ambn Xm≥ ASp-∏-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p F∂v

Atim-I≥ ]d-bp-∂p.

t]¿jy-bp-ambn hf-sc-°mew apºp-Xs∂ aK-

[Øn\v _‘-ap-≠mbncp∂p. t]¿jy≥ `c-Wm-[n-

Im-cn-bmb Zmcn-bqkv H∂m-as‚ Imew apX¬ c≠p

\q‰m-t≠mfw \o≠p-\n∂ t]¿jy≥ _‘w kmº-

Øn-I-kmwkvImcnItaJ-e-Isf kzm[o-\n-®p.

X¬^e-ambn hym]m-chpw hmWn-Pyhpw A`n-hr≤n

]m]n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. aucy≥ inev]-I-e-bnepw

t]¿jy≥ kzm[o\w D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn Atim-

I-kvXw-`-ß-fn¬\n∂v hy‡-am-Ip-∂p.

Atim -I≥ ÿm]n®

kvXw`-ß-fn¬ H∂mWv

kmc-\m-Yn-teXv. \mev

knwl-ß-sfbpw [¿Ω-N-

I -sØbpw AXn¬

Bte-J\w sNbvXn-cn -

°p-∂p. Cu kvXw`-amWv

kz-X-¥-`mcXw Nn”-

ambn kzo -I -cn -® -X v .

CXns‚ \Sphn¬ Ccp-]-

Øn-\mev Bc-°m-ep-I-

fp≈ NIap≠v. \ΩpsS

tZiob]Xm-I-bn¬ CXv

FSp-Øp-sIm-Sp-Øn- p-≠v.

Atim-Is‚ cpΩn≥tZbv imk-\w

46 kmaq-ly-imkvXw˛ I

¢mkv ˛ IX

aucy-km-amPyw ˛ Btim-Is‚ ImeØv

kmc-\mYv

X£-ine

km©n

kqcmjvS

D÷-bn\nIuimw_n

]mS-eo-]pXw

I]n-e-hkvXp

IenwK

aucy-km-am-Py-Øns‚ AXn¿Øn

`cWkwhn-[m\w

BZysØ hyh-ÿm-]nXkmam-Py-amWv aucy∑mcp-

tSXv. Hcp tIµo-IrX`c-W-kw-hn-[m\w \S-∏n-em-

°m≥ aucy-∑m¿°v Ign-™p. ]mS-eo-]p-X-am-bn-

cp∂p Xe-ÿm\w. AXn-\p-]p-dta D÷-bn\n,

Iuimw-_n, tXmken (Hdo- ), kph¿W-Kncn

(B‘) F∂nh ][m\\K-c-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. Ing°v

KwKmXSw apX¬ ]Sn-™mdv I‘m¿ hsc-bpw

hS°v Iivao¿ apX¬ sX°v I¿Æm-SIw hsc-

bpap≈ `q]-tZ-i-߃ auc-y-km-am-Py-Øn\v Iogn-

em-bn-cp-∂p.

`q]SØn¬ \n∂v aucy-km-amPyw Fhn-sS-sbms° hym]n-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂v Is≠-Øp-I.

aucy-km-am-Py-ÿm-]-I-\mb Nµ-Kp-]vXs‚ kZ-

n-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ bh\cmP-Zq-X-\m-bn-cp-∂p, saK-

kvX-\o-kv. At±lw Fgp-Xnb C≥Un° F∂

KŸw A°m-esØ C¥y-bnse kmaq-ly-cm-jvSo-

bm-h-ÿ-Iƒ hnkvX-cn®p ]Xn-]m-Zn°p-∂p.

ssk\y-Øn-s‚bpw \oXn-\ymbkwhn-[m-\-Øn-

s‚bpw Imcy-\n¿h-lWhn`m-K-Øns‚bpw ]c-am-

[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp∂p cmPm-hv. \K-c-]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬

Aø©wK-ß-fp≈ Bdv kan -Xn -Iƒ `cWw

\n¿hln-®p. `q\n-Ip-Xn-bpw Np¶hpw Bbn-cp∂p

A[ymbw ˛ 4

47A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ BZycq]-߃

][m\ hcp-am-\-am¿K߃. cmPm-hns‚ t\cn- p≈

\nb-¥-W-Øn-ep≈ hnim-e-amb Irjn-bn-S-amb

koXm-`q-anI-fn¬\n∂p-≈Xv C\n-sbm∂v. J\n-I-

fn¬\n∂p≈ hcp-am\ambn-cp∂p as‰m-∂v. `c-W-

Øns‚ Hcp ][m\hiw kpkw-L-Sn-X-amb Nmc-

h-y -h-ÿ-bm-bn -cp -∂p. t£a]h¿Ø\Øn\v

`cWkwhn-[m\w ]m[m-\yw \¬In. Ip‰IrXy-

߃°v ITn\in£ G¿s∏-Sp-Øn. Atim-I≥ c-

W-Øn¬ [¿Ωw Hcp \b-ambn kzoI-cn-®p.

kmamPyw £bn-°p∂p

aucy-∑m-cpsS `c-W-\n-b-¥-W-Øn¬ hn]p-e-amb

`q]-tZiw Dƒs∏-´n-cp-∂p-sh∂v \Ωƒ a\- n-em-

°n. Cßs\ i‡-am-bn-cp∂ kmamPyw £bn-®p-

t]m-b-sX-¥p-sIm-≠v?

]e ]tZ-i-ß-fn-embn hym]n-® aucy-km-am-

PyØns‚ \nb-¥Ww Hcp tIµ-ÿm-\-Øp-\n∂m-

bn-cp-∂p-ht√m. Atim-I\p tijw tIµ-`-cWw

Zp¿_-e-am-b-t∏mƒ ]hn-iy-Iƒ ]eXpw kzX-¥-

cm-Py-ß-fmbn amdn. C≥tUm- -_m-IvSn-b-∑m¿, kmX-

hm-l-\-∑m¿, ipwK-∑m¿, ImWz≥am¿, tNZn-Iƒ

F∂n-h-sc√mw Cßs\ kzX-¥-cm-b-h-cm-Wv.

ssk\y -sØbpw DtZym -K -ÿ-scbpw \ne

\n¿Øns°m≠p-t]m-Im≥ Bh-iy-amb hcp-am\w

e`n-°m-Xm-bn. ]hn-iy-I-fnse P\-ßsf ASn-®-

a¿Øm≥ DtZym-K-ÿ¿ ian-®Xpw cmPy-Øns‚

XI¿®bv°v hgn-sbm-cp-°n.

hntI-µo-IrX`c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-ß-fn-√msX Hcp tIµ-Øn-en-cp∂v hnZq-c-tZ-i-ßsf \nb-¥n-®n-cp-

∂-XmtWm aucy-km-amPysØ \mi-Øn-te°v \bn-®Xv? hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Hcp Ipdn∏v Xøm-

dm-°p-I.

Kokpw tdmapw

BZy-Im-eØv Ko°p-Im¿ tKmX-ß-fmbn Pohn-®n-

cp-∂p. Hmtcm tKmX-Øn-\p-w Hcp Xe-h≥ D-≠mIpw.

tKmX-ß-fpsS Iq´-Øn\v Hcp aq∏\pw. ItaW

Kma-߃ HØp-tN¿∂v henb hn`m-K-ß-fmbn

amdm≥ XpS-ßn. AXv \KccmjvS-ß-fpsS Bhn¿`m-

h-Øn\v hgn-sX-fnbn-®p. Kokn¬ Aßs\ hf¿∂p-

h∂ ][m\\K-c-cm-jvS-ß-fmWv ssakn\n,

GY≥kv, kv]m¿´, amkn-tUm-¨, tImdn-¥v,

Xo_vkv F∂n-h. BZy-Im-eØv cmP-`-cWw \ne-

\n-∂n-cp∂ \KccmjvS-ß-fn¬ ]n∂oSv qhp-S-a-Iƒ

A[n-Imcw ssI°-em-°n. I®-h-S-°m¿ kaq-l-

Øn¬ kº-∂-cmbn amdn-b-t∏mƒ Ah¿ I¿j-I-

tcm-sSm∏w tN¿∂v qhp-S-a-Isf FXn¿Øp XpSßn.

Ah-km\w P\m-[n-]-Xy-`-c-W-Iaw hnI-kn-°m≥

CXv hgn-sbm-cp-°n-. -Nn-e-bn-S-ß-fn¬ ]`p-`-c-Whpw

\ne-hn¬ h∂p.

Koknse \KccmjvS-ß-sf-°p-dn®v ]d-bp-tºmƒ

c≠p hyXykvX`c-W-co-Xn-I-fpsS DZm-l-c-W-ambn

GY≥kn-s\bpw kv]m¿´-sbbpw FSp-Øp-]-d-bm-

dp-≠v. Hcp ssk\n-I-cm-Py-sa∂ \ne-bn-emWv

kv]m¿´ hf¿∂p h∂Xv. cmPysØ B¨Ip-´n-I-

ƒs°√mw ssk\n-I-]cn-io-e-\hpw tkh-\hpw

\n¿_-\v[-am°n. cmPm-hns‚ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw

ssk\n-I-`-cWw \S-∏n-em-°pI F∂-Xm-Wv.

CXn¬\n∂v hyXy-kvX-ambn GY≥kn¬ Hcp P\m-

[n-]Xy`c-W-Iaw hf¿∂p-h-∂p. cmP-`-c-W-Øn¬

\n∂v ]`p-`-c-W-Øn-te°pw AhnsS\n∂v P\m-[n-

]-Xy-I-a-Øn-te-°pw-GY≥kv amdn-. hyh-km-bw,

hmWn-Pyw kwkvImcw F∂o taJ-e-I-fn¬ A`n-

hr≤n ssIh-cn-°m≥ P\m-[n-]-Xy-`-c-W-I-a-Øn¬

GY≥kn\p Ign-™p. ]n∂oSv kv]m¿´-bp-ambn

\S∂ \o≠ bp≤-Øn-s\m-Sp-hn¬ GY≥kns‚

P\m-[n-]-Xyw Ah-km-\n-®v AXv kv]m¿´-bpsS

\nb-¥-W-Øn-em-bn-.

Ko°v \K-c-cm-jvS-ßfpw t]¿jym kmam-P-yhpw

XΩn¬ \S∂ bp≤-ß-fpsS hnh-c-W-amWv sld-

tUm- -kns‚ "lnkvt‰m-dnbm' F∂ KŸ-Ønse

]Xn-]mZyw. temI-Ønse BZ-ysØ Ncn-X-]p-

kvX-I-ambn CX-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. kv]m¿´-bp-sSbpw

GY≥kns‚bpw Iogn¬ AWn-\n-c∂ Ko°p-\-

KccmjvS-߃ XΩn-ep≈ s]e-t∏m-sW-kn-b≥

bp≤-ßfpsS IY Xpkn-ssU-Unkv F∂ Ncn-

X-Im-c≥ ]d-™p. BZ-ysØ cmjvSob Ncn-X-

ambn CXns\ hnti-jn-∏n-°m-dp-≠v.

48 kmaq-ly-imkvXw˛ I

¢mkv ˛ IX

C¥y-bnse almP\-]-Z-ßfnsebpw Koknse \K-c-cm-jvS-ß-fnsebpw `cW kwhn-[m-\-߃

hni-I-e\w sNbvXv kmay-hy-Xym-k-߃ ]´n-I-s∏-SpØn ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°q.

In. ap. Bbn-c-tØmsS ÿm]n-°-s∏´ tdman\p

Np‰pw Hcp \KccmjvSw Db¿∂ph∂p. AhnsS

BZy-Im-eØv Hcp cmPm-hv, Akw-ªn, sk\‰v

F∂n-h-bp-≠mbncp∂p. ]n∂oSv cmPm-hns\ A´n-

a-dn®v dn∏-ªnIv ÿm]n-Xambn.

tdma≥ dn∏-ªnIv

kº-∂-Ip-Spw-_-߃ B[n-]Xyw ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp∂

Hcp sk\-‰mWv tdman¬ bYm¿Y A[n-Imcw

ssIbm-fn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Cu hyh-ÿ-sb-bmWv dn∏-

ªnIv F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. ]gb sk\‰pw

Akw-ªnbpw Dƒs°m-≈p∂Xmbn-cp∂p sk\-‰v.

Akw-ªn-bpsS Xocp-am-\-ßsf Xncp-Øm≥ sk\-

‰n\v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. In.-ap. 27 ¬ dn∏-ªn-

°ns\ C√m-Xm-°n-sIm≠v HIvtS-hn-b≥ cmP-y-`-

cWw ]p\xÿm]n-®p. CXv BZy-tdm-am-km-am-Py-

sa-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. NI-h¿Øn, DtZym-K-ÿ-ta-[m-

hn-Iƒ, ssk\yw F∂n-h¿ BZy-Imetdmamkmam-

Py-Øns‚ ][m\cmjvSobLS-I-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.

C¥y-bn¬ aucykmam-Py-Øn-se∂t]mse C°m-

eØv tdman¬ Hcp tIµo-IrX`c-W-w \S-∏n-embn.

InkvXp-hn\ptij-ap≈ BZ-ysØ aq∂p \q‰m-≠p-

Iƒ tdmam-km-am-P-y-Øns‚ ]Xm-]-Im-e-am-Wv. ]Xp-

s°-∏Xps° kmam-Pyw £tbm∑pJ-am -bn.

hS°pIng-°≥ bqtdm-∏n¬\n∂p≈ tKmX-h¿K-

ß-fpsS BI-a-W-ß-fpw kmº-ØnIh¿K߃

XΩn-ep≈ kwL¿j-ßfpw Po¿Wn® ASn-a-k-º-

Zm-bhpw Cu XI¿®bv°v Imc-W-am-bn.

tdma≥ \nb-a-߃

s]So-jy≥amscbpw sπ_n-b≥amscbpw apºv

]cnN-b-s∏´t√m. Ah-cpsS kwL¿jw Ah-km-

\n-°p-∂-Xn\v \nb-a-ß-fpsS GIo-I-cWw Bh-

iy-ambn h∂p. ]¥≠v \nb-a-ß-fpsS ]´nI

F∂v AXdn-b-s∏-´p. Xß-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ß-sf-

∏‰n P\-߃ IqSp-X¬ t_m[-hm-∑m-cm-Ip-Ibpw

DtZym-K-ÿ-cpsS \nb-a-hn-cp≤]h¿Ø-\-ßsf

sNdp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ Ign™v

PÃo-\n-b≥ NI-h¿Øn Ah-sb√mw Dƒs°m-

≈p∂ \nb-a-kw-ln-X tIm-Uo-I-cn-®p.

]h¿Ø-\-߃

kmaq-ly-Po-hnXw k¶o¿W-am-Ip∂ Xc-Øn¬ \K-c-tI-µ-߃ hnI-kn-®-t∏mƒ ]gb hwi-

߃°pw tKmX-߃°pw ]k‡n \jvS-am-Im-\n-S-bm-b-sX-ß-s\-sb∂v N¿® sNbvXv Ipdn∏v

Xøm-dm-°pI.

\nc-h[n kmam-Py-ß-fpsS DZ-bm-kvX-a-b-߃°v aK[w km£yw hln-®n-´p-≠v. temIsØ BI-

am\w ]cn-tim-[n-®mepw P\-߃ Gsd Xnßn-∏m¿°p∂ ]tZ-i-ß-fn-sem-∂m-W-hn-Sw. CXns‚ Imc-

W-߃ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.

alm-P-\-]-Z-ß-fnse KW-hm-gv®bpw cmP-hm-gv®bpw Xmc-X-ayw sNbvXv skan-\m¿ ]_‘w Xøm-dm-

°p-I. kqN-\-Iƒ-:˛ -`q-]-tZ-iw, `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ, A[n-Im-c-Øn-se-Øp-∂ -co-Xn, Npa-X-e-Iƒ, `c-

W-kz- m-hw.

B[p-\nI hm¿Øm-hn-\n-ab kwhn-[m-\-ß-sfm-∂p-an-√m-Xn-cp∂ ImeØv hn]p-e-amb ]tZ-i-ßsf

auc-y-km-am-Pyw Fß-s\-bmWv \nb-¥n-®n-cn-°pI? C∂p \mw a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-ep≈ Hcp

tIµo-Ir-X-`-cWw AhnsS D≠m-bn-cp-∂pthm?

A[ymbw ˛ 4

49A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ BZycq]-߃

Atim-Is‚ ImeØv aucy-km-amPyw kµ¿in® Hcp k©m-cn-bmWv \nß-sf∂p Icp-Xp-I.

A∂sØ aucy-km-am-Py-Øns‚ hnkvXr-Xn. c-W-c-co-Xn, Ab¬]°_‘-߃ XpS-ßn-bh hy‡-

am-°p∂ Hcp bmXm-hn-h-cWw Xøm-dm-°p-I. aucykmam-Py-Øn¬ \n߃ k©-cn® ][m\

]tZ-i-߃ Dƒs∏-SpØn Hcp dq´v am∏v Xøm-dm-°-Ww. (]mT-]p-kvX-Iw, sse_-dn, C‚¿s\‰v Ch-

bn¬ \n∂v hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn°mw)

aucy-km-am-Pyw Hcp tIµo-IrX`c-W-kw-hn-[m\w F∂ \ne-bn¬ e-]-Z-am-bn-cp-t∂m? Cu hnjbw

ap≥\n¿Øn Hcp kwhmZw \S-Øp-I. dnt∏m¿´v FgpXn Xøm-dm-°p-Ibpw thWw.

$

50 kmaq-ly-imkvXw˛ I

¢mkv ˛ IX

aucy -km - amPyw, tdmamkmamPyw F∂n -

hsb°pdn®v N¿® sNbvX-t√m. Ah-bpsS ]X\w

Fß-s\-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂pw \mw I≠p. Chn-S-ß-

fn-sems° Dev]m-Z-\-Ønepw hnX-c-W-Ønepw h∂

am‰-߃ kmaq-ly-cq-]-Ønepw A[n-Im-c-]-tbm-K-

Øns‚ coXn-bnepw am‰-߃ hcp-Øn.

C¥y-bn¬ aucy-`-cWw Zp¿_-e-ambt∏mƒ kmam-

PyØns‚ Iogn -ep≈ `q] -tZ -i -ßsf

H∂n®p\n¿ØpI ]bm-k-ambn h∂p. aucy-km-

am-Py-Øns‚ ÿm\Øv ipwK∑m¿, ImWz∑m¿

XpS -ßnbhcpsS ]mtZ -inIcmPy -߃

Db¿∂ph∂p. Ah ]c-kv]cw a’-c-Øn-te¿s∏´p.

AtXm-sSm∏w ]e hntZ-in-Ifpw C¥y-bn-se-Øn.

Ct¥m˛Ko°p-Im¿, ]m¿Yn-b∑m¿, IpjmW≥am¿

XpS-ßn-b-h-cm-bn-cp∂p Ah-cn¬ ]ap-J¿. U°m≥

]oT- q-an-bn¬ kmX-hm-l-\∑m-cmWv cWw \S-Øn-

bn-cp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ i‡-amb tIµo-IrX`cWw

G¿s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ch¿s°m∂pw Ign-™n-√.

InkvXp-hn-\p-tijw 4-˛mw \q‰m≠nemWv Kp]vX-

hwiw ÿm]n-°-s∏-´-Xv. Ipd®p Ime-tØ-s°-

¶nepw tIµo-IrX`cWw \S-Øm≥ ian-®Xv Kp]vX-

∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p. ]©m_pw cmP-ÿm\pw Hgn-sI-

bp≈ DØ-tc-¥y≥ ]tZ-i-ß-fmWv Ch-cpsS `c-

W-Øn≥Io-gn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. C∂sØ ]m‰v\

Dƒs°m-≈p∂ a[yKwKm-tZ-isØ ^e-`q-bn-

jvThpw [mXp-k-º-∂-hp-amb ]tZ-i-am-bn-cp∂p Ch-

cpsS ]h¿Ø\tIµw. ]mS-eo-]pXw F∂ t]cn-

emWv ]m‰v\ Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv. ]mS-eo-]p-X-

hnI-am-ZnXykZ- nse \h-c-Xv\-߃

Imfn-Zm-k≥, hc-cpNn,

km£m¬ thXm-f-`-´\pw

hcm-l-anln-c≥, i¶p,

LS-I¿-∏-c\pw XYm

[\z-¥-cn, £]-W-I≥

]n∂oS-a-c-knw-l\pw

hnI-am-Zn-Xy-k- -bn¬

\h-c-Xv\-ß-fo-hn[w

Øns‚ kao]]tZ-i-߃ Ccp-º-bncv \nt£-]-

Øm¬ kar≤-am-bn-cp-∂p. CXv Ah¿ D]-tbm-K-

s∏-SpØn. ]uckvXy tdmam kmam-Py-hp-ambn

]´phkvX°®-hSw \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ DØ-tc-¥y-

bnse A\p-KwK (a[y-KwKm ka-X-ew), ]bmKv

(Ae-lm-_m-Zv), kmtIXw (Atbm-[y) XpS-ßnb

]tZ-i-ß-fp-am-bp≈ hmWn-Py-_‘w Kp]vX≥

am¿°v kmº-ØnIamb ta¬ss° h-cm≥ Imc-

W-am-bn. Nµ-Kp-]vX≥ H∂m-as‚ c-W-Im-e-ØmWv

Cu cmP-hwiw ]Jym-X-am-b-Xv. bp≤-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw

hnhm-l-_-‘-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw Kp]vXkmam-PysØ

IqS-p-X¬ hnkvXr-X-am-°n-bXv kap-Z-Kp-]vX-\m-Wv.

hnI-am-Zn-Xy≥ F∂-dn-b-s∏-´ Nµ-Kp-]vX≥ c≠m-

a≥ Z£n-tW-¥y≥ cmPy-ß-fp-ambn kulr-Z-_‘w

]pe¿Øn. At±lw Iebv°pw kmln-Xy-Øn\pw

hn⁄m-\-߃°pw anI® t]m’m-l-\-amWv

\¬In-b-Xv.

\mSp-hm-gn-Øhpw tZi-cm-jvS-ß-fpw5

A[ymbw ˛ 5

51\mSp-hm-gn-Øhpw tZi-cm-jvS-ß-fpw

Kp]vX`cWw

`-c-W-Øn¬ cmPm-hn-\v B-bn-cp∂p ]c-am-[n-Im-cw.

cmPm-hns\ a¥n-am¿ klm-bn-®p.

`cWkuI-cy-Øn-\mbn Kp]vXkmam-PysØ hn`-

Pn® coXn I≠-t√m. \K-c-ß-fpsS cWw \n¿hln-

®ncp-∂Xv \K-cm-[y-£≥ AYhm ]pc-]m-e≥ Bbn-

cp-∂p. alm-Zfi\mb-I≥ \oXn-\ym-b-Øn-s‚bpw

almtk\m-]Xn ssk\y-Øn-s‚bpw NpaX-e-°m-

c-m-bn-cp-∂p.

Kp]vX-`-c-W-Im-esØ Nne ÿe\m-a-߃ ]cn-N-b-s∏-´t√m. C∂sØ C¥ym`q]-S-Øn¬

Ah-bpsS ÿm\w Is≠-Øq. aucy-km-am-Py-Øns‚ hnkvXr-Xn-bp-ambn Kp]vX-km-am-PysØ

Xmc-Xayw sNøq.

tIµ-

`-cWw

`q‡n-Iƒ

(]hn-iy-Iƒ)

hnj-b-߃

(Pn√-Iƒ)

Kma߃

Kp]vX-km-amPyw

52 kmaq-ly-imkvXw˛ I

¢mkv ˛ IX

- -^mln-bm≥

ssN\okv ]fin-X-\mb ^mln-bm≥ _p≤-a-X-

X-Øz-ß-ƒ a\- n-em-°m-≥ C¥y-bn-se-Øn-.-

_u≤-hn-lm-cß-fn¬ Xma-kn®p ]Tn® At±lw

C¥ysb°pdn®v Hcp hnh-cWw -FgpXn. Kp]vX-

Im-esØ- P\-ß-fpsS PohnXcoXn-I-sf-°p-dn-

®p≈ hnh-c-߃ CXn¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

iI-∑m¿, lqW∑m¿ XpS-ßnb hntZ-i-tKm-X-°m-

cpsS BI-aWw Kp]vXkmam-Py-Øns‚ XI¿®°v

Imc-W-am-bn-. Kp]vX≥am-cpsS ]X-\-tijw a[y-Kw-

Km-k-a-Xew ho≠pw \nc-h[n sNdpcmPy-ß-fmbn

NnXdn. C°m-eØv KwKm-k-a-Xew \nb-¥n-°m≥

_wKm-fnse ]me-∑mcpw U°m-\nse cmjvS-Iq-S-

∑mcpw I\q -Pnse l¿j\pw t]mcm -´ -ß-fn -

te¿s∏´p. AtXm-sSm∏w Xs∂ hS-°p-]-Sn-™m-

dp-\n∂v hntZimI-an-Iƒ C¥y-bn-se-Øn.

] -W-߃ XI-cp∂p

tdmamkmam-Py-Øns‚ XI¿®bpw DØ-tc-¥y-

bnse cmjvSobamb A\n-›n-X-Xzhpw C¥y≥I®-

h-S -Øn\v Xncn -® -Sn -bm -bn. ssN\-bp -ambpw

Z£nW]q¿th-jy-bp -ambpw DØtc-¥ybv°v

hmWnPy_‘-߃ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ I®-

h-S-Ønse CS-\n-e-°m-cmb Ad-_n-Iƒ°mbncp∂p

CXns‚ t\´w. Kp]vX≥am-cpsS ImeØv kz¿W\m-

W-b-߃ kpe-`-am-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw AXn-\p-tijw

Ahbv°v Zu¿e`yw t\cn-´p. CXv ImWn-°p-∂Xv

I®-h-S-ß-fpsS XI¿®-bm-Wv. \mW-b-ß-fpsS

Zu¿e`yw Fßs\bmbn-cn°pw I®-h-SsØ _m[n-

®n-´p-≠m-hp-I? I®-h-S-Øns‚ XI¿® ]´-W-ß-

fpsS Po¿W-Xbv°v Imc-W-am-bn. ]pcm-W-Ine

(Zn√n), Iuimw_n (Ae-lm-_m-Zn-\p-k-ao-]w),

sshim-en, ]mS-eo-]pXw XpS-ßnb ]´-W-߃

Kp]vXImeØv XI-cm≥ XpS-ßp-Ibpw Kp]vXm-

\¥cIme-ß-fn¬ an°-hmdpw \mam-h-tij-am-hp-

Ibpw sNbvXp.

KwKm-k-a-X-e-Øn¬ I®-h-S-tI-µ-ß-fmb \K-c-߃ hf¿∂p-h-∂Xv ap≥ A[ym-b-Øn¬ a\- n-

em-°n-b-t√m. Kp]vX-Im-eØv \K-c-߃ XI-cm≥ Imc-W-sa-¥m-bn-cn°mw? N¿®sNøq.

Kma-߃ hf-cp∂p

I®-h-S-Ønse ]Xn-k‘n ImcWw ]´-W-ß-fn¬

Pohn® I®-h-S-°mcpw ssIsØm-gn-ep-Imcpw Iq´-

tØmsS Kma-Øn-te°v IpSn-tbdn. Ah-scm-s°

Irjn-∏-Wn-bn-emWv G¿s∏- -Xv. I®-h-S-Øns‚bpw

]´ -W-ß-fpsSbpw XI¿®-aqew \ntXym -] -

tbmKhkvXp-°fpsS Dev]m-Z\w Gsd-°psd Kma-

ß-fn-tebv°v HXp-ßn-°q-Sn. I®-hSw \ma-am-X-ambn.

CXv kzbw]cym]vXKma-ß-fpsS ]nd-hn°v Imc-

W-am-bn.

`qZm\w

Dev]m-Z-\-cw-KsØ ]Xnk‘n sshiy-scbpw iqZ-

scbpw _m[n-®p. I\Ø \nIpXnbpw a‰p _m[y-

X-I-fpw I¿j-I¿°p Ak-ly-am-bn. \nIpXn HSp-

°m\pw the sNøm\pw Ah¿ hnk-Ω-Xn-®p.

\nIpXn e`n-°m-Xm-b-t∏mƒ cmPm-°≥am-cpsS hcp-

am-\-Øn¬ CSn-hp-≠m-bn. iº-fw, Zm\w, Z£nW

XpS-ßnb sNe-hp-Iƒ°v a‰p am¿K߃ Is≠-

tØ-≠-Xmbn h∂p. DtZym-K-ÿ¿°v iº-f-Øn\pw

]ptcm-ln-X∑m¿°v Z£n-Wbv°pw ]I-c-ambn `qan

Zm\wsNtø≠nh∂p. U°m-Wnse kmX-hm-l-

\∑m-cmWv `qZm\kº-Zm-b-Øn\v XpS°w Ipdn-®-

sX-¶nepw hym]-I-ambn `qan- Zm\w sNø-s∏-´Xv

Kp]vX-Im-e-L-´-Øn-em-Wv. hnhn-[-Xcw qZm-\-߃

\ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. Kma-߃ apgp-h-\m-bnt∏mepw

Zm\-ambn \¬In-bn-cp-∂p.

`-qZm-\-߃ (Land Grants)

_m“-W¿°v Zm\w In´nb `qan AK-lmcw/

_“-tZbw F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏´p: Aº-e-

߃°p-In-´nb `qan tZh-Zm\w/tZhkzw F∂

t]cnepw.

Zm\w In´nb ]tZ-i-ß-fnse \nIpXn ]ncnhpw Ia-

k-am -[m -\ -]m -e -\hpw `qan e`n®h¿°p

h∂ptN¿∂p. AX-bv°X cmPm-°≥am-cpsS A[n-

Imcw Ipd-™p. qanZm-\w q]-`q-°≥am-cpsS DZ-b-

A[ymbw ˛ 5

53\mSp-hm-gn-Øhpw tZi-cm-jvS-ß-fpw

Øn\v Imc-W-am-bn. `q]-`q-°≥am¿ kzbw Irjn

sNømsX `qan Irjn°msctbm ]m´-°m-sc-tbm

G¬]n®p. CXv P-∑n-Xz-Øns‚ Bhn¿`m-h-Øn\vv

Imc-Wambn.

`qhp-S-a-ÿ-X-bn¬ h∂ am‰w `c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ A[n-Im-csØ ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øn. Cu \nK-a\w

Kq∏n¬ N¿® sNøq.

kma¥hyhÿ

kma-¥¿, alm-km-a-¥¿ F∂o t]cp-I-fn-emWv

`q]-`q-°∑m¿ Adn-bs∏´ncp-∂-Xv. cmPm-hn-t\mSv

hy‡n-]-c-ambn hnt[-bXzw ]I-Sn-∏n-°m≥ kma-

¥¿ _m[y-ÿ-cm-bn-cp-∂p. ]I-c-ambn kma-¥-ÿm-

\Øv XpS-cm≥ cmPmhv A\p-aXn \¬Ipw. bp≤-

Im-eØv cmPm-hn\v ssk\ysØ \¬Im≥ Hmtcm

kma-¥\pw Npa-X-e-s∏´p. Cu hnt[-b-Xz-Øns‚

ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Hmtcm kma-¥\pw Ah-cpsS

]tZ-isØ `cWw kzbw Gs‰-SpØp\S-Øn.

\nIpXn AS-bv°m-sXbpw cmPm-hn\v Bh-iy-

ap≈ka-bØv ]´m -f -°msc Ab®psImSp -

°msXbpw Nne kma-¥∑m¿ cmPm-hns\ Zp¿_-

e-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ian-®p. kma-¥∑m¿ XΩn-ep≈ hg-

°pIfpw bp≤-ßfpw km[m-c-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. Nne

kma-¥≥am¿ kzmX¥yw ]Jym-]n®v cmPyw

ÿm]n-°m\pw ian-®n-cp-∂p. CXn-s\mcp DZm-l-c-

W-amWv U°m\nse cmjvSIqS¿. Nmeq-Iy-cpsS

kma-¥-cm-bn-cp∂ cmjvS-Iq-S¿ kzmX¥yw ]Jym-

]n-°p-Ibpw Nmeq-Iysc Iog-S-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Ai-‡-cm -b-cmPm-°-∑m-¿°p kma-¥∑msc

\nebv°p \n¿Øm≥ Ign-™n-√.

kma¥hyh-ÿ-bn¬ G‰hpw ZpcnXw A\p- -hn-®Xv

Irjn-°m-cm-bn-cp-∂p. kma-¥\v \nIpXnsImSp-°m≥

amX-a-√, Abmƒ°p th≠ F√mXc-Øn-ep≈

tPmen-Ifpw kuP-\y-ambn sNøm\pw Ah¿ \n¿_-

‘n-X-cm-bn. cmPm-hn\v kma-¥s‚taep≈ A[n-

Imcw ]cn-an-X-am-b-Xp-sIm≠v Irjn-°m¿°v cmPm-

hn-t\mSv ]cmXn t_m[n-∏n-°m\pw Ign-™n-cp-∂n√.

PmXn-Iƒ s]cp-Ip∂p

sXmgn¬°q´m-bva-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-´mWv PmXn

cq]-s∏- -sX∂v ap≥ A[ym-b-Øn¬\n∂v a\- n-em-

°n-b-t√m. Kp]vXm-\-¥cImeØv PmXn-L-S-\-bn¬

am‰-ß-fp-≠m-bn. \nc-h[n PmXn-Iƒ ]pXp-Xmbn

D≠mbn. C°m-eØv C¥y-bn-te-°p -h∂ hntZ-

in-Isf°pdn®v ]d™t√m. Ah¿ kaq-l-Øns‚

`mK-am-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw Hmtcm ]tXyI PmXn-bmbn

]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Irjn-bpsS

hym]\w sIm≠v tKmX-h¿§-°m¿ I¿j-I-cmbn

]cn -Wan -®p . Hmtcm tKmXhpw Ipehpw

_m“WtIµnXkaq-l-Øn¬ Hmtcm ]tXyI

PmXn-bpsS cq]w ssIs°m-≠p. PmXn-Iƒ XΩn¬

hnhm-l-_-‘-߃°v ]e-]-cn-an-Xn-Ifpw G¿s∏- p.

AtX t]mse PmXn-I-fpsS ta¬Iogv hyhÿ Dd-

∏n-°m≥ ip≤m-ip-≤-hy-h-ÿ-Ifpw Imc-W-am-bn.

Ipw`m-c-∑m¿, s\bvØp-Im¿, £pc-I-∑m¿, ao≥]n-

Sp-Ø-°m¿ F∂n-h¿ "Xmtg-°n-S'-°m-cm-bn. Ic-Iu-

ie tPmen°m¿°pw am\yX Ipd™p. P\-\hpw

sXmgnepw PmXn-bp-sSbpw kmaqly]Z-hn-bp-sSbpw

\n¿Wm-bIi‡n-bmbn amdn. kmaq-ly-]-Z-hn°v

`qkzØv ASn-ÿm-\-L-S-I-ambn. PmXnhyhÿ

IqSp-X¬ I¿i-\-am-bn.

kma-¥-∑m¿ cmPm-°-∑msc sh√p-hn-fn-®n-cp∂Xn\p≈ DZm-l-cWw I≠t√m. F¥m-bn-cn°mw

kma-¥-∑msc CXn\p t]cn-∏n-®-Xv? N¿®sNøq.

Kp]vXm-\-¥-c-Im-eØv PmXn hyh-ÿ-bn-ep-≠mb am‰-߃ N¿®sNøpI.

kqN-I-߃

$ `qkzØv $ PmXn-I-fpsS s]cp∏w

$ P\-\hpw sXmgnepw $ hnhmlw

$ ip≤m-ip≤w

54 kmaq-ly-imkvXw˛ I

¢mkv ˛ IX

^yqU-e-nkw bqtdm-∏n¬

aucy-km-am-Py-Øns‚ XI¿®sbØpS¿∂p-≠mb

kmaqlycmjvSob]cn-Wma߃ C¥y≥ kma-¥-

hy-h-ÿ-bpsS Bhn¿`m-h-Øn\pw hf¿®bv°pw

CS-bm-°nbsX-ß-s\-sb∂v \mw I≠-t√m. AXp-

t]mse tdmamkmam-Py-Øns‚ XI¿®-tbm-Sp-

IqSnbp≠mb Acm-P-I-Xz-Øn¬\n∂pw Ac-£n-Xm-

h-ÿ-bn¬\n∂pamWv Hcp kmaq-ly-cm-jvSo-b-km-

º-ØnIhyh-ÿ F∂ \ne-bn¬ bqtdm-∏n¬

^yqU-enkw Dcp-Øn-cn-™Xv.

tdmamkmam-Py-Øns‚ ]X-\-Øn\v CS-bm-°nb

Imc-W-ß-fn-sem∂v Dev]m-Z-\-_-‘-ß-fnse ]Xn-

k-‘n-bm-Wv.

ASn-a-Isf D]-tbmKn®mWv tdman¬ Dev]m-Z\w \S-

∂n-cp-∂-Xv. bp≤-Øn¬ XS-hp-Im-cmbn ]nSn-°-s∏-

-h-cm-bn-cp∂p ASn-a-I-fn-e-[nIhpw. ]`q-°∑mcpsS

kzImcy kzØm-bmWv ASn-a-Isf ]cn-K-Wn-®n-cp-

∂-Xv. ]cn-Xm-]-I-c-amb PohnXkml-N-cy-ß-fmWv

Ah¿°p--≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. X߃ A[zm-\n-®p-≠m-

°nb Dev]-∂-ß-fn¬ Ah°v Hc-h-Im-i-hp-ap-≠m-

bn-cp-∂n-√. ASn-a-Iƒ tZlm-[zm-\-Øn¬ hnap-JX

]I-Sn-∏n°pIbpw Iem-]-߃ Bcw-`n-°p-Ibpw

kzX-¥-cm-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXv Dev]m-Z-\sØ

_m[n-®p. ASna˛DSa _‘-Øn-ep-≠mb Cu ]Xn-

k‘n Dev]m-Z\_‘-ß-fn-¬ am‰-ap-≠m-°n. ASn-

a-k-ºZvhyh-ÿ-bpsS XI¿®bv°pw ^yqU-en-k-

Øns‚ Bhn¿`m-h-Øn\pw CXv Imc-W-am-bn.

tdmam-km-am-Py-Øns‚ A]-N-b-Im-e-tØmsS

hmWnPyw £bn®p. kº-Zvhy-hÿ Kma-ß-fn-

te°v Npcp-ßn-°q-Sn. CtX ImeØp Xs∂ Um\yp-

_ns‚bpw ssd\n-s‚bpw Ing°p \n∂v h≥tXm-

Xn¬ IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿Ø tKmX-h¿§-°m¿ ]gb

kmaq-ly-cmjvSob-hy-h-ÿbv°v kmc-amb am‰-߃

hcp-Øn-Øo¿Øp.

am\¿ (Manor)^yqU¬ ]`p Xma-kn-°p∂ tIm´ "am\¿' F∂-

dn-b-s∏-´p. am\-dp-I-fnse ]`q-°∑m¿°v hn]p-e-

amb `q]-tZiw kz¥-ambn D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ASn-

bm∑msc D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv ]`p Xs‚ `qan-bn¬

Irjn \S -Øn -bn -cp -∂-X v . am\ -dp -I -tfmS v

tN¿∂mbncp∂p ASn-bm≥am-cpsS IpSn-ep-Iƒ.

Xs‚ sXmgn-en¬ am‰w hcp-Ømt\m Xma-kn-

°p∂ ]tZiw hn´v amdnØma-kn-°mt\m ASn-

bm\v Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. Ia-k-am-[m\]me-\w,

\oXn\nb-¥Ww F∂nh ]`p-°∑m-cpsS hcp-

Xnbn-em-bn-cp-∂p.

am\dpw AXpƒs°m-≈p∂ `q]tZ-i-ßfpw

A[ymbw ˛ 5

55\mSp-hm-gn-Øhpw tZi-cm-jvS-ß-fpw

cmPmhv

ASn-bm-f-∑m¿

- yqU-enkw (Feudalism)Hcp Xp≠p`qan (Fief) F∂¿Y-ap≈ ^yqUw

(Feudum) F∂ em‰n≥ ]ZØn¬ \n∂mWv yqU-

enkw F∂ hm°p-≠m-b-Xv. `qan-bpsS ssIh-

im -h -Im -isØ ASn -ÿm-\ -am -°n -bp≈

cmjvSobkmº-Øn-I-km-aq-lnIhyh-ÿ-bmWv

^yqU-en-kw.

F√m `qanbpw cmPm-hn\v t\cn´v `cn-°m\pw

IrjnsNøm\pw hnj-a-am-b-Xp-sIm≠v AXv ]e

"^o^p-Iƒ' Bbn Xncn®v cmPyØp≈ ][m\

]`q -°∑m¿°v (Dukes) hoXn®psImSp -Øp.

cmPmhpw ]`q-°≥amcpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w tkh-

\-sØbpw IS-a-I-sfbpw ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈

Icm-dn-t∑em-bn-cp-∂p. cmPmhv ]`q-°∑m¿°v kwc-

£Ww \¬Im\pw ]I-cw ]`p°∑m¿ cmPm-hn-

t\mSv Iqdp-≈-h-cm-bn-cn-°m\pw ]Xn⁄sNbv-Xp.

]`p-°-∑m¿ ssk\nItkh\w AS-°-ap≈ IS-a-

Iƒ \n¿h-ln-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]`q-°∑m¿ Ah-

cpsS ssIh-i-ap≈ qan Ahtc°mƒ Xmgv∂ ]Sn-

bn-ep≈ CS]`p-°∑m¿°v (Baron) \¬In. Cu CS-

]-`p-°-∑m¿ ss\‰vkv (Knights) F∂-dn-b-s∏-´

]amWnam¿°v X߃°p In´nb `qan hn`-Pn®v

]m´-Øn\v \¬In. Cßs\ ]Sn-]-Sn-bm-bp≈

]m´`qan-°m-cn¬ G‰hpw Xmg-sØ- ]Snbnep-≈-h-

cm-bn-cp∂p ASn-bm∑m¿ (Serfs). Bbp-[-ßtfm ]S-

°p-Xn-c-Itfm kz¥-ambn C√m-Xn-cp∂ Ch¿

ssk\nItkh-\-Øn\p ]Icw bP-am-\s‚ `qan-

bn¬ tPmen sNtø≠nh∂p. ]I-e-¥n-tbmfw

taem-f-\p-th≠n ]Wn-sb-Sp-Øn-cp∂ ASn-bm-f∑m¿

apI-fnse \mep X´n-ep-ap-≈-h-¿°p≈ hn`-h-߃

Dev]m -Zn -∏n -®p . `c -W-Øns‚ F√m kmº-

ØnI`mchpw bYm¿Y-Øn¬ hln-®n-cp-∂Xv Ch-

cm-Wv. kz¥-ambn ssk\ysØ \ne-\n¿Øn-bn-cp∂

^yqU¬ ]`phn\v ASn-bm-f-cn¬\n∂p \nIpXn

]ncn-°m\pw in£ hn[n-°m\pap≈ A[n-Im-c-ap-

≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

bqtdm-]y≥ ^yqU-en-k-Øns‚ A[n-ImcLS\ a\- n-em-°n-bt√m. AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬

]´nI ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°q.

Irjn-bpsS ]ptcm-K-Xn°v D]-I-c-W-߃ Bh-iy-

ambn h∂p. Ch \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn \nc-h[n

ssIsØm-gn-ep-Iƒ cq]-s∏-´p. ^yqU-en-k-Øn¬

Irjn-tbm-sSm∏w ssIsØm-gn-epw hf¿∂p. Irjn-

°m¿ ssIth-e-°m-cpsS Nc-°p-Ifpw ssIth-e-

°m¿ Irjn-°m-cpsS [m\yhpw hmßpw. ]´-W-ß-

fnse I®-h-S-°mcpw ssIth-e-°mcpw ^yqU¬

Nqj-W-Øn-s\-Xnsc Kn¬Up-Iƒ F∂ kwL-

S\Iƒ cq]wsIm≠p. Hmtcm hn`m-K-Øn\pw

]tXyIw ]tXyIw Kn¬Up-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

Hmtcm Kn¬Un\pw X\-Xmb \nb-am-hen \ne-\n-

∂n-cp-∂p. hne, ]hr-Øn-k-abw apX-em-b-hsb

\nb-¥n-°p∂ Cu \nb-a-߃ F√m AwK-ßfpw

AwKo-I-cn-°-Ww. F√m ssIthehn`m-K-°m¿°pw

Hcp aq∏\pw (Master Craftman) aq∏s‚ Iogn¬

\nXy°qen-°m-cmb the-°mcpw (Journeymen)

56 kmaq-ly-imkvXw˛ I

¢mkv ˛ IX

sXmgn¬ ]cn-io-e\w t\Sm-s\-Ønbhcpw (Appren-tice) D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

^yqU-en-ksØ ]n¥p-Wbv-°p∂ \ne-]m-Sp -

IfmWv bqtdm-∏nse aXta[m-hn-Iƒ ssIs°m-

≠Xv. bqtdm-∏nse qan-bpsS Gdn-b- m-Khpw tdma≥

Iq-en-°p∂ `c-W-Iq-S-߃ bqtdm-∏n-se ]e- `m-K-

ß-fnepw \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p.

""Irjn-°m-cpsS aosX km[m-c-W-°mtcm ]ptcm-

ln-X≥amtcm Bb ]`q-°ƒ, ]`q-°∑m-cp-sSbpw

]`p°-fmbn saXm-∑mcpw cmPm-°∑mcpw G‰hpw

apI-fn¬ NI-h¿Ønbpw am¿]m-∏bpw ˛ CXm-bn-

cp∂p A∂sØ LS-\. Hmtcm ]`qhpw Ht∂m

AXn-e-[n-Itam Kma-ß-fpsS DS-a-bm-bn-cp-∂p. As√-

¶n¬ At\Iw Kma-ß-fn¬ Abmƒ°v `qan-bp-

≠mhpw. Ahn-sS-sb√mw Abm-fp-sS ASn-a-Iƒ

]Wn-sb-Sp -°p-∂p˛Abmsf ]pe¿Øp-hm\pw

X߃°p ]pe-cp-hm-\pw. \mSp-hmgntkh-\-am-Ip∂

Cu DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-am-Wv, AXm-bXv _ew sImt≠m

_e-Øns‚ ]n¥p-W-tbm-Sp -Iq -Snb BNmcw

sImt≠m \n¿_-‘-]q¿hw ]hr-Øn-sb-Sp-∏n-°p∂

kº-Zm-b-am-Wv, \mSp-hm-gn-Øz-Øn-s‚ Nqj-WsØ

apX-em-fn-ØØns‚ Iqen-hy-h-ÿ-bn¬\n∂p

th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂Xv.''

- sP.Un.- _¿W¬, imkvXw Ncn-X-Øn¬, hmfyw H∂v,

t]Pv 351. (2007 ¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®Xv)

t]m∏pw NI-h¿Ønbpw

^yqU¬ bqtdm-∏nse A[n-ImcLS-\-bnse c≠p

][m\tIµ-߃ \nb-¥n-®n-cp∂Xp t]m∏pw

NI-h¿Øn-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p. F√m InkvXym-\n-I-

fpsSbpw Xe-∏-Øp≈ Xs‚ Iogn-emWv NI-

h¿Ønbpw F∂v t]m∏v iTn-®-t∏mƒ cmPysØ

a‰p ]P-I-sf-t∏mse t]m∏pw Xs‚ Iogn-em-sW∂v

cmPmhv hmZn®p. bqtdm-∏nse cmjvSob Ncn-

XsØ kmc-ambn _m[n-®-Xm-Wv, Cu hSw hen-

Iƒ.

ItØm-en°mk`-bpsS DS-a-ÿ-X-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p.

tdma≥ NI-h¿Øn-am¿ InkvXp-aXw kzoI-cn-®-

tXmsS aX-ta-[m-hn-bmb t]m∏n\v cmPm-hn-t\-°mƒ

A[n-Imcw ssIh-∂p. yqU¬ hyh-ÿsb A\p-

A∂sØ kmaq-ly-hy-h-ÿn-XnsbbmWv apIfn¬ sImSpØ D≤-cWn kqNn-∏n°p-∂-Xv. yqU¬

hyh-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ aÆn¬ ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-hs‚ Ah-ÿ- hy-‡-am-°p∂ Hcp eLp-hn-h-cWw

Xøm-dm-°pI.

kºØv tXSn-sb-Øn-b-h¿

Kp]vX≥am¿°p-tijw D≠mb A\n-›n-X-Xz-

sØ°p-dn®v N¿® sNbvXt√m. XpS¿∂v hS°p]Sn-

™m-dp- \n∂v hntZ-in-Iƒ C¥y-bn-se-Øn. A vKm-

\n-ÿm-\nse Hcp sNdnb cmPy-amb Lkv\n-bnse

`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bmb alaqZv kºØv sIm≈-b-Sn-

°p -∂-Xn -\p -th≠n C¥y BI-an -®p. CtX-

e£y-tØmsS-bmWv A^vKm-\n-bmb apl-ΩZv

tLmdnbpw C¥y-bn-se-Øn-b-Xv. A∂sØ cmPm-

hmb ]rYzo-cm-Pv Nulms\ tXm¬∏n®v aplΩZv

tLmdn Zn√n-bn¬ Xp¿°n`c-W-Øn\v XpS°w

Ipdn®p.

Zn√n-bnse kp¬Øm≥am¿

apl-ΩZvtLmdn-bpsS ac-W-tijw C¥y-bn¬

At±lw Iog-S-°nb Ing-°≥ ]tZ-i-ßfpsS Npa-

X-e-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ IpXv_p-Zo≥ sF_Iv BZy

Xp¿°n k¬Ø-\Øv cmP-hwiw (Early TurkishSultanat) ÿm]n-®p. XpS¿∂v Jn¬Pn, Xp•-°v, køn-

Zv, temZn cmP-hw-i-߃ Zn√n k¬Ø-\-Øns‚

`mK-ambn `cWw\S-Øn. kp¬Øms‚ t\Xr-Xz-

Øn¬ DtZym-Kÿhrµ-Øns‚ klm-b-tØm-sS-

bmWv `cWw \S-∂ncp-∂-Xv. cmPysØ, ]hn-iy-

I-fmbpw (CJvX), ]hn-iy-Isf "jnIv' Ifm-bpw

"jnIv' Isf "]¿Km-\'-I-fmbpw "]¿Km\' Isf Kma-

ß-fmbpw hn`-Pn-®n-cp-∂p. A°m-eØv at[y-jy-bp-

ambpw ]›n-ta-jy-bp-ambpw hym]mcw i‡n-s∏´p.

kz¿Æ-Ønepw sh≈n-bnepw \n¿Ωn® \mW-b-

߃ hn\n-abam[y-a-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p.

t_m®v, Imws_, Zn√n, apƒØm≥, Imc XpS-ßnb

\K-c -߃ hf¿∂p h∂Xv C°m-e-Øm-Wv.

ssk\nItIµ-ß-fmb Cu \K-c -ß-fmWv

`cWtIµ-ß-fmbn hnI-kn-®-Xv. am‰-ß-tfm-sS-sb-

¶nepw kma¥hyhÿ k¬Ø-\Øv Ime-L-´-

Ønepw \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p.

A[ymbw ˛ 5

57\mSp-hm-gn-Øhpw tZi-cm-jvS-ß-fpw

k¬Ø-\Øv kmamPyw

`q]Sw ]cn-tim-[n®v k¬Ø-\Øv ImesØ \K-c-߃ Is≠-Øp-I.

CJvX kº-Zmbw

\nIpXn ]ncn-s®-Sp-°m-\p≈ A[n-Im-c-tØmsS

k¬Ø-\Øv ImeØv ]`q-°≥am-¿°v CJvX-Iƒ

F∂ t]cn¬ qan hnX-cWw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. CJvX-

I-fpsS Npa-X-e-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]`q apJvXn AYhm

hmeo F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏- p. CJvX-bn¬ \n∂p

]ncn-s®-Sp-°p∂ \nIp-Xn-bn¬ Xs‚bpw ssk\y-

Øn -s‚bpw sNe-hp -Iƒ Ign -®p≈ an®w

kp¬Øms\ G¬∏n-t°-≠n-bn-cp-∂p. CJvX A[n-

Imcw \nIpXn]ncn-hn\p amX-ap-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.

apJvXn°v ssk\n-Im-[n-Im-c-ßfpw \¬I-s∏-´p.

F∂m¬ CJvX qan°v ]n≥Xp-S¿®m-h-Im-i-ßtfm

a‰p ]tXyI Ah-Im-i-ßtfm D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.

CJvX kº-Zmbw Kp]vX-Im-esØ qZm\kº-ZmbØn¬ \n∂v Fß-s\-sb√mw hyXym-k-s∏-´n-

cn-°p-∂p? Is≠-Øq.

58 kmaq-ly-imkvXw˛ I

¢mkv ˛ IX

Itºmf]cn-jv°-c-Ww

Zn√n k¬Ø-\-Ønse Aem-hp-Zo≥ Jm¬Pn-bpsS

G‰hpw ][m-\-s∏´ `c-W-]-cn-jvIm-c-am-bn-cp∂p

Itºmf]cn -jvI-cWw AYhm Itºmf\nb-

¥Ww. Zn√nbn-te-°p≈ awtKm-fn-b≥ BI-aWw

XS-bm≥ kpk-÷hpw i‡-hp -amb Hcp

ssk\ysØ \ne-\n¿ØpI F∂ e£y-tØm-sS-

bmWv At±lw Itºmf]cn-jvI-cWw G¿s∏-Sp-

Øn-b-Xv. ssk\nIs®ehv h¿[n-∏n-°msXXs∂

hn]p-e-amb Hcp ssk\ysØ \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-

Xn\p≈ ]≤Xnbmbn-cp∂p Itºmf]cn-jvI-c-Ww.

ssk\n-I-cpsS thX-\-Øn¬ Ipdhphcp-Øp-tºmƒ

Itºm-f-Øn¬ km[-\-ß-fpsS hne \nb-¥n-t°-

≠Xv Bh-iy-ambn h∂p. `£y-[m-\y-߃, IpXn-

c-Iƒ, I∂p-Im-en-Iƒ, ASn-a-Iƒ, Cd-°p-aXn sNø-

s∏´ hne-Iq-Snb XpWn-Ø-c-߃ F∂n-h-bn-

se√mw hne\nb-¥Ww G¿s∏-Sp-Øn. Kh¨sa-

‚ v \n¿t±in-°p∂ hne CuSm-°m≥ amXta

hym]m-cn-Isf A\p-h-Zn-®n-cp∂p≈q. AanXhne

CuSm-°p-I-tbm Xq°-Øn¬ IrXnaw ImWn-°p-

Itbm sNbvXm¬ ISpØin£ \¬In-bn-cp-∂p.

Itºm-f-Ønse ssZ\wZn\ Imcy-߃ \nb-¥n-

°m≥ "jmlv\" F∂ DtZym-K-ÿs\Npa-X-e-s∏-

Sp-Øn. ]qgvØnsh∏v XS-bm≥ F√m hym]m-cn-I-

tfmSpw Ah-cpsS t]cv Kh¨sa‚n¬ cPn-ÿ

sNøm≥ Bh-iy-s∏-´n-cp-∂p.

Iqenbpw thX-\hpw Itºm-fsØ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂-Xns‚ DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv Jm¬Pn-bpsS Itºmf]cn-

jvI-cWw. km[m-c-W-°m-cpsS PohnX\ne-hm-cw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Cu ]cn-jvImcw FX-tØmfw

klm-bn-®n-cn-°pw? sXfn-hp-I-fpsS ]n≥_-e-tØmsS ka¿Yn-°p-I. CØcw ]cn-jvIm-c-߃

P\-t£-a`-c-W-Øns‚ \S-]-Sn-I-fmbn ImWmtam? N¿® sNøq.

apK-f≥am¿

Zn√n k¬Ø-\-Øns‚ `c-Ww Ah-km-\n-∏n-®p-

sIm≠mWv apKƒcm-P-hwiw ÿm]n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

Im_q -fn¬ \ns∂-Ønb _m_¿ ]m\n∏-

Øn¬sh®v C_mlnw temZnsb ]cm-P-b-s∏-

SpØn. apKƒkm-am-PysØ GIo-I-cn®v Imcy-£-a-

amb Hcp cWkº-Zmbw \S-∏n-em-°n-bXv AIv_-

dm-Wv. F√m aX-ß-tfmSpw XnI™ kln-jvWp-X-

bmWv AIv_¿ ]I-Sn-∏n-®-Xv.

`c-W-coXn

tIµo-IrX`c-W-co-Xn-bmbncp∂p apK-f≥am-cp-tSXv.

`c-W-Ø-e-h-≥ NI-h¿Ønbmbn-cp-∂p. \oXn-

\ymbhIp-∏n-s‚bpw ssk\y-Øn-s‚bpw ]c-am-[n-

Imcn NI-h¿ØnXs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. cmPysØ

kq_-I-fmbpw kq_-Isf k¿°m-dp-I-fmbpw

k¿°m-dp-Isf ]¿Km-\-I-fmbpw hn`-Pn-®p. BK,

^tØlv∏p¿˛kn-In, _\m-d-kv, ]m‰v\, Vm°,

emtlm¿ XpS-ßnb \K-c-߃ hnI-kn-®p-h-∂Xv

C°m-e-Øm-Wv. Gjy-bn-sebpw bqtdm-∏n-sebpw

cmPy-ß-fp-ambn hn]p-e-amb I®-hS_‘-߃ apK-

f-Im-eØv C¥y-°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ic-Iu-ietaJ-

ebpw hnImkw ]m]n-®p. Hudw-K-tk-_n-\p-tijw

1857˛ ¬ _´o-jp-Im¿ Zn√n ]nSn-®-S-°p-∂-Xp-hsc

apK-f∑m¿ Zn√n-bnse \ma-amX`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-

fmbn XpS¿∂p.

PmKn¿Zmcn kº-Zmbw

k¬Ø-\Øv Ime-L-´-Øn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂

CJvX kº-Zm-b-Øns‚ apKƒ cq]m-¥-c-amWv

PmKn¿Zm-cn. \nc-¥-c-ambn bp≤-ß-fn-te¿s∏´ apK-

f∑m¿°v Iog-S-°nb ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Imcy-£-a-amb

`cWw \S-∏m-°m≥ Ign-™n√. AXn-\m¬ `qan

PmKn¿Zm¿amsc G¬]n-°p-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv. Cu

]tZ-i-ß-fnse \nIpXn]ncnhv PmKn¿Zm¿am¿°m-

bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw `qan-bn¬ ]mc-º-cym-h-Imiw

D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.

apKƒ PmKn¿Zmcn kº-Zmbw k¬Ø-\Øv ImesØ CJvX kº-ZmbØn¬ \n∂v Fß-s\-

sb√mw hyXym-k-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. N¿® sNøq.

A[ymbw ˛ 5

59\mSp-hm-gn-Øhpw tZi-cm-jvS-ß-fpw

a≥k_vZmcn kº-Zmbw

apKƒ kmam-PysØ hn]p-eo-I-cn -°p-∂-Xn\v

AIv_dn\v i‡-amb Hcp tk\ Bh-iy-ambn

h∂p. Cu e£y-tØmsS AIv_¿ sIm≠ph∂

`cWkº-Zm-b-amWv a≥k-_vZm-cn. CXn¬ AwK-

am-Ip∂ Hmtcm hy‡n°pw Hmtcm "a≥k_v'

AYhm ]Zhn \¬In-bn-cp-∂p. ]Z-hn-bpsS ASn-

ÿm\w a≥k-_vZm¿ \ne--\n¿Øp∂ ssk\n-I-

cpsS FÆ-ambncp∂p. Hmtcm a≥k-_n\pw c≠v

D]-hn-`m-K-߃ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ch "kmXv' (Zat)F∂pw "kmh¿' (Sawar) F∂pw Adn-b-s∏-´p.

"kmXv' Hcp a≥k_vZmdns‚ hy‡n-]-c-amb ]Z-

hn-sbbpw iº-f-sØbpw kqNn-∏n -°p-∂Xpw

"kmhm¿' Abm-fpsS Iogn¬ \ne-\n¿tØ≠ IpXn-

c-∏-S-bm-fn-IfppsS FÆsØ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-am-

Wv. a≥k-_vZm¿amcpsS iºfw ]W-amtbm As√-

¶n¬ PmKn¿ Ah-Im-i-amtbm BWv \¬In-bn-cp-

∂-Xv.

-skao-µmcn kº-Zmbw

apKƒ kmam-Py-Øn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ as‰mcp qhp-

Samkº-Zm-b-amWv skao-µm-cn. apKƒ ssk\y-

Øm¬ Iog-S -°-s∏-Sp -Ibpw XpS¿∂v apKƒ

ta¬t°mbva AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX i‡-

cmb ]mtZ-inIcmPm-°≥am¿°mWv skao-µmcn

]Zhn \¬In-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Ch¿ apKƒ NI-h¿Øn°v

I∏w \¬I-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. skao-µ¿am¿ Ah-cpsS

CjvS-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v \nIpXn ]ncn-s®-Sp-Øp. skao-

µmcn A[n-Imcw ]c-º-cm-K-X-am-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw

]pXnb Ah-Imin skaoµmcn Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\p

apºv NI-h¿Øn-bn¬ \n∂v AwKo-Imcw hmtß-

≠n-bn-cp-∂p.

tIµoIrX- -c-WsØ i‡-ambn \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn\v AIv_¿ \S-∏n-em-°nb a≥k-_vZmcn, skao-

µmcn kº-Zm-b-߃ ^e-]-Z-am-bn-cp∂p F∂v \n߃ Icp-Xp-∂pt≠m? F¥p-sIm≠v?

^yqU-en-k-Øns‚ XI¿®bpw tZi-cm-jvS-

ß-fpsS DZ-bhpw

bqtdm -∏n¬ ^yqU¬ ImesØ AS™

kºZvhyh-ÿbv-°p-]-Icw ]pXn-sbmcp kmº-

ØnIIaw hf¿∂ph∂p. ]mtZ-inIXe-Øn¬

HXpßn\n∂ hym]mcw hnZqcÿe-ß-fn-te°v

hym]n-°m≥ XpS-ßn. CXv h¿[n® tXmXn-ep≈

Dev]m-Z-\-Øn\pw hn]p-e-amb hym]m-c-Øn\pw CS-

bm-°n. hym]mctIµ-߃ ]pXnb \K-c-ß-fmbn

cq]m-¥-c-s∏-´p. hym]m-c-Øn-eqsS kº-∂-cm-b-h¿

^yqU¬ ]`q-°≥am¿°pw ASn-bm-f¿°pw CS-bn-

ep≈ a[y-h¿K-ambn Db¿∂p-h-∂p.

^yqU¬ ]`q-°∑m¿ I¿j-Isc Fß-s\-bmWv

NqjWw sNbvX-sX∂v t\csØ a\- n-em-°n-

bt√m.

CXn-s\-Xnsc bqtdm-∏n¬ ]e `mKØpw Iem-]-

߃ s]m´n∏pd-s∏-´p. AXn-sem-∂mWv jm°v do

Iem]w.

jm°v do Iem]w

a[y-Imebqtdm-∏nse BZysØ it≤-b-amb

Iem]w ^m≥kn¬ \S∂ " jm°v do'

(Jacequerie) bmWv. I¿j-I-cpsS Ak-l-\o-b-amb

Zpcn-Xß-fmWv Cu Iem-]-Øn\v Imc-W-am-bXv.'

""ip≤-\mb jm°ns‚ (I¿j-I-s‚) hnim-e-ap-

Xp-In\v F¥pw kln°mw'' F∂m-bn-cp∂p

^yqU¬ ]`q-°≥am-cpsS Iev]\. I¿j-I¿

kmbp-[-cmbn ^yqU¬ ]`p-°≥amsc t\cn-´p.

Knbmw Isø (Guillaume Caillet) F∂p t]cp≈

I¿j-I-\mWv Iem]w \bn-®-Xv.

shSnacp-∂ns‚ hcthmsS bp≤Øns‚ kmt¶-

XnIhnZy-bn¬ am‰-ß-fp-≠m-bn. shSn-a-cp∂v D]-tbm-

Kn®v ]h¿Øn-°p∂ tXm°pw ]oc-¶nbpw ]Nm-c-

Øn¬ h∂p. shSn-a-cp∂ns‚ \nb-¥Ww cmPm-

\n¿_‘ the

bqtdm-∏n¬ ^yqU¬ kaq-l-Ønse ASn-bm-f¿

`q]- q-hn-\p-th≠n ]Xn- -e-an-√msX Irjn-b-S-°-

ap≈ F√m tPmen-Ifpw \n¿_-‘-ambn sNtø-

≠n-bn-cp∂p. "tIm¿hn' F∂m-WnXv Adn-b-s∏-´-

Xv. C¥y-bn¬ thX\w \¬ImsX the sNøn®n-

cp∂ kº-Zm-b-amWv "hnjvSn'. cmPmhn\pw DtZym-

K-ÿ¿°pw th≠n Kmao-W-cmWv Cu \n¿_-

‘tPmen sNtø-≠n-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Iqen \¬ImsX

\n¿_-‘ambn tPmen sNøn-°p∂ kº-Zmbw

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. "Dugn-b-the'

F∂ t]cn-emWv CX-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv.

60 kmaq-ly-imkvXw˛ I

¢mkv ˛ IX

°∑m-¿°mbn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ yqU¬ ]`q-°≥am-

cpsS ssIbn¬ Aºpw hn√pw hmfpw Ip¥hpw

t]mep≈ Bbq-[-ß-fmWv D≠m-bn -cp -∂-Xv.

tXm°n\pw ]oc-¶n°pw ap∂n¬ CØcw Bbp-[-

߃°v ]nSn-®p-\n¬°m-\m-bn-√. CtXmsS cmPm-

°∑m-cpsS i‡nbpw A[n-Im-chpw h¿≤n-®p. cmPm-

hn\pw km[m-c-W-°m¿°pw CS-bn-ep≈ ]`p-°-

∑m¿°v A[n-Im-cw \jvS-am-bn. \nIp-Xn-]n-cnhpw

`qan-bpsS DS-a-ÿ-Xbpw cmPm-hns‚ A[o-\-X-bn-

em-bn. cmPmhv ]c-am-[n-Im-cn-bmbn. CØcw cmPy-

߃ tZi-cm-jvS-߃ F∂mWv Adn-b-s∏-´-Xv.

ssN\-bnse a©p, ^m≥knse _q¿_¨, Cw•-

≠nse SyqU¿-˛-Ãp-h¿´v F∂o cmP-hw-i-ßfmWv

Cßs\ hf¿∂p h∂ tZi-cm-jvS-ß-fpsS `cWw

ssIbm-fn-b-Xv.

\nIpXn]ncn-hns\ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n Imcy-£-a-amb

Hcp c-W-kw-hn-[m\w G¿s∏-Sp-Øm≥ tZi-cm-jvS-

ß-fnse cmPm-°∑m¿°p Ign-™p. _q¿jzm-kn-

Iƒ F∂-dn-b-s∏´ kº-∂-cmb a[y-h¿Khpw ]`q-

°≥am-cpsS \nb-¥-W-Øn¬\n∂p kzX-¥cmb

I¿j-I-cpw a‰p P\-hn- m-K-ßfpw cmPm-hn\v ]n¥pW

\¬In. CXn\v ]I-c-ambn cmPm-hn¬ \n∂v

Ah¿°v klm-b-߃ e`n-®p. ssk\yw \ho-I-cn-

°m\pw `cWw Imcy-£-a-am-°m\pw hym]m-cnIƒ

]Ww \¬In cmPm-hns\ klm-bn-®p. Ipcn-ip-bp-

≤-ß-fpsS ^e-ambn ssIkvXhk`bv°pw

t]m∏n\pw aß-te-‰Xv cmPm-[n -Im -c -Øns‚

hf¿®sb klm-bn-®p. cmPm-hv F√m A[n-Im-c-

ßfpw ]tbm-Kn®v Ia-k-am-[m-\hpw \nb-a-]m-e-

\hpw Dd-∏m-°m≥ ian-®p. CsX√mw B[q-\nI

bpK-Øns‚ Bhn¿`m-h-Øn\v hgn-sbm-cp-°n.

----Ipcn-ip-bp-≤-߃

Xp¿°nIƒ Iog-S-°nb Pdp-ktew Xncn®p ]nSn-

°p--∂-Xn-\mbn ]Xn-s\m∂mw \q‰m-≠n\pw ]Xn-

\memw \q‰m-≠n\pw C-S-bn¬ bqtdm-]y∑m¿ \S-

Ønb bp≤߃. bqtdm-∏n¬ C…m-a - ns‚

hym]\w XS-bpI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p CXns‚

e£yw. bp≤-t\-XrXzw ^yqU¬ ]`p -°-

∑m¿°m-bn-cp-∂p. \o≠-Im-e-sØ- bp≤w Ah-

cpsS i‡nbpw kºØpw £bn-°m-\n-S-bm-°n.

Ing°pw ]Sn-™mdpw XΩn-ep≈ hmWn-Py-_‘w

]p\x-ÿm-]n-X-am-bn.

]h¿Ø-\-߃

Dev]-mZ-\-_-‘-ß-fnse am‰-߃ ^yqU-en-k-Øns‚ XI¿®bv°v Imc-W-amtbm? ]cn-tim-

[n-°p-I.

^yqU-enkw Hcp hntI-µo-IrX A[n-Imc LS-\-bmtWm? F¥p-sIm≠v?

""k¬Ø-\Øv ˛ apKƒ Ime-L-´-ß-fn¬ ]pXn-sbmcp hn`mKw `qhp-S-a-Iƒ DZbw sNbvXp.'' ˛ Cu

]kvXm-h-\-bpsS ]k‡n A°m-e-ß-fnse `qhp-Sakº-Zm-b-߃ ]cn-tim-[n®v N¿® sNøp-I.

C¥y≥ kma-¥-hy-h-ÿ-sb-°p-dn®pw bqtdm-]y≥ ^yqUen-k-sØ-°p-dn®pw \Ωƒ a\-kn-em-°n-

bt√m. Xmsg-]-d-bp∂ kqN-\Iƒ B[m-c-am°n Ah XΩn-ep≈ kmPm-Xy-ssh-Pm-Xy-߃ Is≠-

Øn Ipdn∏p Xøm-dm-°p-I.

$ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sm-\p≈ kmlNcyw.

$ ASn-bmbva kº-Zm-bhpw am\-dp-Ifpw

$ aX-ÿm-]-\-߃°v kaq-l-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ \nb-¥Ww

$ ssk\nIkwL-S\mkº-Zmbw

$ I®-h-Shpw ssIsØm-gn-ep-am-bp≈ _‘w.

$ `q]-`q-°≥am-cpsS hf¿®

$ ^yqU¬ Iem-]-߃

A[ymbw ˛ 5

61\mSp-hm-gn-Øhpw tZi-cm-jvS-ß-fpw

Kp]vX-˛-k¬Ø-\-Øv-˛-ap-Kƒ Ime-L-´-ß-fn-eqsS C¥y≥ kma¥hyh-ÿ-°p-≠mb hf¿®- ˛- Hcp

skan-\m¿ ]_‘w Xøm-dm-°p-I.

"\K-c-ß-fpsS hf¿®bv°pw XI¿®bv°pw I®-hSw \nan-Ø-am-hp-∂p.' aucy-Kp]vX c-W-Im-esØ

\K-c-ß-fpsS Ahÿ hni-I-e-\w-sNbvXv apI-fn¬ sImSpØ ]kvXm-h-\-bpsS km[pX ]cn-tim-

[n-°p-I.

Atim-Is‚ ImeØv Iev]-\-Iƒ imk-\-ß-fn-eqsS P\-ß-fn¬ FØn-°p-Ibpw DtZym-K-ÿ-cn-

eqsS `cWw \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXXv \mw I≠p. F∂m¬ kma¥hyh-ÿ-bn¬ Cu coXn°v

F¥p-am-‰-amWv kw`-hn-®-Xv? Irjn°m¿°v Cu am‰w KpW-I-c-am-bn-cpt∂m? \nß-fpsS A`n-]mbw

hy‡-am-°p-I.

kmam-Py-hn-I-k-\-Øn\v AIv_¿ \S-∏n-em-°nb a≥k-_vZmcn kº-Zmbw ^e-]-Z-am-bn-cpt∂m?

F¥p-sIm≠v?

cmP-hw-i-߃ A∂sØ kmaq-ln-Im-h-ÿ-bn¬ e-]-Z-ambn CSs]- p-sIm-≠mWv A[n-Im-c-Øn¬

h∂-Xv. ssN\, ^m≥kv, Cw•≠v F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnse NcnXw hni-I-e\w sNbvXv skan-\m¿ \S-

Øp-I.

C¥y-bnse k¬Ø-\Øv c-W-Øns‚ hnhn[ ]cn-jvIm-c-߃ A[n-Imcw \ne-\n¿Øm≥ Fßs\

klm-b-I-ambn? C‚¿s\-‰v, Ncn-X-K-Ÿ-߃, Ncn-X-]-fin-X-cp-am-bp≈ A`n-apJw Ch-bn-eq-sS

Hcp Ncn-X-t]m-PIvSv Xøm-dm-°p-I.

$

62 kmaq-ly-im-kvXw˛ I

¢mkv ˛ IX

Bibhn\n-a-b-Øn-\mbn a\p-jy¿ ]e hgn-Ifpw

Is≠-Øn. hkvXp-°-fn-t∑-ep-≠m-°nb AS-bm-f-

߃, NnX-߃, en]n apX-em-bh CXn¬s∏-Sp-∂p.

\mw t\ctØ a\- n-em-°nb \ho\inem-bp-K-

ImesØ Kplm-Nn-X-ß-fm-Wn-h. ]mNo-\-Im-e-sØ-

°p-dn-®-dn-bm≥ \ap°v Ah-ew-_n-°m-hp∂ Hcp

sXfn-hmWv Kplm-Nn-X-߃. a[y-]-tZ-inse

`owt_TvI F∂ ÿe-Øv ]pcm-h-kvXp-K-th-j-I¿

Is≠-Ønb NnX-ß-fm-WnhnsS \¬In-bn-´p-≈-Xv.

Cu NnX-߃ ImWp∂ \ΩpsS a\ n¬ ]e

tNmZy-ßfpw Db-cpw. Ah hc-bv°m≥ CS-bmb

kml-Ncyw F¥mhmw F∂-XmWv AXn¬ Gsd

][m-\w.

Kplm-Nn-X-߃ ]d-bp-∂Xv

]pcm-hkvXp Kth-j-I¿ B[p-\nIkt¶-X-ß-fp-]-

tbm-Kn®v Ime-\n¿Wbw sNbvX-t∏mƒ \ho\inem-

`owt_-TvI˛ Nph¿ NnXw

"s]¨a-bn¬'˛ `owt_TvI III C- 6

"\ne-\n¬]n-\m-bp≈ ka-cw'˛ `owt_-TvI III C- 18/a

bp-K-Øn-te-sX∂v hy‡-am-Ip-∂-h-bmWv owt_-TvI-

bn-sebpw ]cn-kcsØbpw Kplm-Nn-X-߃. inem-

bp-K-Øn¬\n∂v ItaW ]cn-jv°-cn -°-s∏´v

D≠mb sa®-s∏´ ]Wn-bm-bp-[-߃ sXmgn¬taJ-

e-bn¬ A[zm-\-`mcw eLq-I-cn-®p. AXp-aqew

tPmen sNtø≠ ka-b-Ønepw Ipd-hp-h-∂p. IqSp-

X¬ hni-a-k-abw e`n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Aß-

s\-bm-hWw Ah¿ Kplm`nØn-I-fn¬ NnX-߃

hc-bv°m≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xv.

`mj, Ie, Z¿i\w6

`mj, Ie, Z¿i\w 63

A[ymbw ˛ 6

`owt_TvI-bnse Kplm-Nn-X-߃ i≤n®v Ah-bn¬ \n∂v Fs¥√mw hnh-c-߃ a\- n-em-°m≥

Ign-bp∂psh∂v Ipdn-°q.

$ \mbm-´n¬ G¿s∏-´n-cp-∂p. $ $

hmsam-gn-bn¬ hym]n-°p∂ hn⁄m\w

hS-°≥ ]m´p-I-sf-°p-dn®v \n߃ tI´n-´nt√?

BZyImeØv Ah Fß-s\-bmWv ]N-cn-®n-cp-∂Xv

F∂-dn-bmtam? hmsam-gn-bmbn ]N-cn®v Xe-ap-d-I-

fn-eqsS ]N-cn®-h-bm-bn-cp∂p Ah. ]pcm-X-\-Im-

eØpw Xe-ap-d-I-fn-eqsS hmsam-gn-bmbn Bi-b-

߃ ]N-cn-®n-cp-∂p. tKmX-ß-fmbn Ign-™n-cp∂

Ah¿ ]e ]Ir-Xn-i-‡n-I-sf-°p-dn®pw Nn¥n-®p.

CSn-an-∂¬, ag, Im‰v, kqcy≥ F∂n-h-sb√mw

BZyw hnkvabw P\n-∏n-®n-cn-°-Ww. ]ns∂ Ahsb

`b-_-lp-am-\-ß-tfmsS ]Io¿Øn-°p-I-bpw Bcm-

[n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXnt\msSm∏w hnhn[ A\p-

jvTm-\-ßfpw Bcw-`n-®p. AtXmsS AXn-\mbn

hmsamgnbnep≈ a¥-ßfpw D≠m-bn.

Adn-b-s∏- -h-bn¬ h®v G‰hpw ]g-b-a-¥-߃ thZ-

-ß-fn-em-Wv. thZ-a-¥-ß-tfm-sSm∏w Xs∂ tZh-X-

Isf ]oXn-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ A\p-jvTm-\-ßfpw

D≠m-bn.

thZ-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ a¥ßƒ°p-]p-dta _m“-W-

߃, Bc-Wy-I-߃, D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ F∂n-hbpw

Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. BZyw hmsam-gn-bm-bn- m-Wnh Bhn¿ -

hn-®-sX-¶nepw Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ Ah Dd-®-cq-]-ambn

amdn.

thZ-߃

thZ-߃ \mseÆ-ap-≠v. EtKz-Zw, kma-th-Zw,

bPq¿th-Zw, AY¿h-th-Zw. 10 afi-e-ß-fn-embn

1017 a¥-ßfp≈Xv EtKzZw. a¥-߃ D®cn-

°p∂ kµ¿`-ß-fnse A\p-jvTm-\-ß-fmWv

bPp¿th-Z-Ønse D≈-S-°w. at¥m-®m-c-W-

Øns‚ kwKo-Xm-fl-I-amb Bem-]\hi-amWv

kma-thZw. AY¿h-thZw ]n¬°m-e-tØ-Xm-Wv.

AXnse hnj-bw as‰m-∂mWv. a¥-hmZw, B`n-

Nm-cw, tcmK-Nn-In’ F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ hnj-b-

ßfpw AY¿h-Øn-ep-≠v.

hmsam-gn-∏m-´n\v as‰m-cp-Zm-l-c-W-amWv ]g-¥-angv

]m´p-Iƒ. Xan-g-IsØ P\-ß-fpsS Pohn-X-amWv

Chbv°p hnjbw.

]Øp-∏m-´v, F´p-sØm-ssI, ]Xn-s\¨Iogv

IW°v Cßs\ aq∂v hIp-∏p-I-fm-bmWv ]g-¥-

angv ]m´p-Iƒ Ia-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≈-Xv. AIw, ]pdw

F∂n-ßs\ c≠p- h-Ip-∏p-I-fmbn Ah ]ncn-bpw.

AI-Øn¬ t]ahpw ]pd-Øn¬ bp≤-hp-amWv

hnj-b-sa∂v s]mXpsh ]d-bmw. Cu ]g¥-an-gn¬

\n∂v kwkvI-cn-®p-≠m-°nb-XmWv a[y-Im-eØv

]Nmcw t\Snb sN¥-angv.

Irjn, Imen-ta-bv°¬, D∏pIpdp-°¬, ao≥]n-Sp-

Øw, apØp-hm-c¬, hn`-h-ß-fpsS ssIam-‰w,

sIm≈, t]mcv F∂n-h-sb°pdn-®p≈ hnh-c-߃

Ch-bn¬ \n∂p In´pw. amX-a-√, ]m´p-I-fn¬ bh-

\-cpsS I∏-ep-Iƒ hcp-∂Xpw Ipcp-ap-fIv Ib‰n aS-

ßn-t∏m-Ip-∂Xpw a‰pw ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. cmam-bWw,

alm-`m-cXw apX-emb `mc-X-Ønse CXn-lm-k-

ßfpw Cßs\ hmsam-gn-bmbn XpSßn hf¿∂v

]n∂oSv enJn-X-cq-]-Øn¬ Dd-®p-t]m-b-h-bm-Wv.

CXn-lm-k-߃ Koknepw

]pcm-X\Koknepw C¥y-bn-te-Xp-t]mse hmsamgn-

bmbn hocKmY-Iƒ ]N-cn-®p-. ]n∂oSv Ah kam-

l-cn-®p-≠mb CXn-lm-k-ß-fmWv tlmadpsS Cen-

b-Uv, HUokn F∂n-h. C¥y-bnepw Koknepw

D≠mb CXn-lm-k-ß-fnse ]ta-b-߃ bp≤-I-Y-

I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. A∂sØ P\-ß-fpsS PohnX-coXn-

Iƒ, kmaq-ly-_-‘-߃, A[n-Im-c-L-S\ Ch-sb-

°p-dn-s®√mw Adn-hp-\¬Ip-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Ah

F∂p ImWm≥ Ign-bpw.

\ΩpsS CXn-lm-kKŸßfpw Koknse CXn-lmkKŸ-ßfpw GXn-se√mw kmayw ]pe¿Øp-

∂p, Fs¥√mw hnj-b-߃ ]cm-a¿in-°p∂p F∂v Is≠-Øp-I. kvIqƒ sse_dn, C‚¿s\‰v

Ch-bpsS klmbw tXSmw. Is≠-Ønb Imcy-߃ N¿® sNøq.

64 kmaq-ly-im-kvXw˛ I

¢mkv ˛ IX

FgpØns‚ Bcw`w

C¥y-bn¬ Fgp-Øns‚ G‰hpw ]g-bkq-N-\-Iƒ

kn‘p\-Zo-X-S-Øn¬\n∂v lc-∏m-kw-kvIm-c-

Ønt‚Xmbn e`n® koep-I-fn-t∑-emWv. kpta-¿,

CuPn]vXv, ssN\ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ ]pcm-X-\-Im-

e-Øp-Xs∂ en]n-I-ƒ \S-∏n-em-b-Xns‚ sXfn-hp-Iƒ

e`y-am-Wv. ]mtbm-Kn-I-amb Bh-iy-ß-fmWv Fgp-

Øp-hn-Zy-bpsS Bcw`Øn\v \nan-Ø-am-bXv. kpta¿,

CuPn-]vXv, ssN\ apX-emb \mK-cn-I-X-I-fn¬ \ne-

hn-en-cp∂ Fgp-Øp-hn-Zy-I-sf-∏‰n \mw apºp ]Tn-

®n- p-≠-t√m.

C¥y-bnse FgpØp coXn-Iƒ

lc∏≥ kwkvImcIme-L-´-Ønse en]n-Iƒ

koep-I-fnepw ]mX-߃, CjvSnI apX-em-b-h-bn-

t∑epw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. Ah ]q¿W-ambn hmbn-

°m≥ Ign-™n-´n√. NnX-en-]n-I-fp-w A£cNn”-

ß-fpw Ie¿∂ Fgp-Øp-co-Xn-bmWv lc-∏≥ ]cn-

jv°r-Xn-bn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-sX∂v Nne ]fin-X-

∑m¿ Icp-Xp-∂p. A°-ß-sf- Ip-dn-°m-\p≈ Nne

Nn”-߃ Xncn-®-dn-™n-´p-≠v. IpØ-s\-bp≈ hc-

I-fpsS cq]-Øn-em-W-h. lc∏≥ en]n-sb-°p-dn®v

as‰-√m-Im-cy-Ønepw ]fin-X-kw-L-߃ XΩn¬

A`n-]m-b-t -Z-ß-fp-≠v.

Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-Øn-\mbn ]pcm-X\ C¥y-bn¬ \ne-

hn -en -cp∂ `mj "]mIr-X' -am -bn -cp -∂p. Cu

"]mIrXw' ]tZ-i-߃tXmdpw sht∆-sd-bm-bn-cp-

∂p. Cu `mj Fgp-Xm≥ D]-tbm-Kn-®Xv _m“n-en-

]n-bm-Wv. Atim-I-N-I-h¿Øn-bpsS enJn-X-ß-fn-

emWv _m“n-bpsS G‰hpw ]g-b-cq]w ImWp-∂Xv.

GXm≠v CtX-Im-eØp Xs∂ sXs° C¥y-bn¬

Xan-g-IØv Xangv Fgp-Xm≥ _m“nbpsS Hcp

`n∂cq]w D≠m-bn -cp∂p. _m“n en]n

]cnWan®p≠m-b-XmWv C¥y-bnse an° en]n-

Ifpw. CtXm-sSm∏w C¥y-bpsS hS-°p-]-Sn-™m-d≥

]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ JtcmjvTn F∂ en]n \S-∏n-ep-≠m-

bn-cp-∂p. he-Øp-\n-∂v CStØm-´mWv Cu en]n-

bpsS hmb-\.

hyXykvX `mj-Iƒ

sak-s∏mt´-an-b, CuPn]vXv F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬

hyXykvX`mj-Iƒ D¤-hn®v hnImkw ]m]n-®p.

lo_p X\n-a-bm¿∂ as‰mcp `mj-bmbn hf¿∂p.

Ac-am-bnIv, Aev]w hyXym-k-ap≈ kndn-b≥ F∂n-

hbpw hf¿∂p hnI-kn-®p.

]mIrXw

ssP\-a-X-Øn-s‚bpw _p≤-a-X-Øn-s‚bpw BZy-

Imekmln-Xy-Øn-emWv ]mIrXw IqSp-X-embpw

ImWp-∂-Xv. CXp s]mXpth ]d-™m¬, \S-∏p-`m-

j-tbmSv hfsc ASp-Ø-Xm-Wv. CXn-\p-]p-dta,

]n¬°m-eØv kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fn¬ \S-∏mb Hcp

]mIrXw thsd-bp-≠v. AXn\v kwkm-c-`m-j-bp-

ambn henb _‘-an-√. aX-K-Ÿ-߃°v ]pdta

lme≥ F∂ Ihn-bpsS Kmlm-k-Ø-kbo (KmYm-

k-]vX-i-Xo) t]mse-bp≈ Imhy-ßfpw ]mIr-X-

`m-j-bn-ep-≠v. ]e kwkvIrX\mS-I-ß-fnepw kvXo

IYm-]m-X-ßfpw \oNIYm-]m-X-ßfpw kwkm-cn-

°p∂Xv Cu ]mIr-X-am-Wv.

lc-∏≥ en]n ˛ Xmc-Xayw

`mj, Ie, Z¿i\w 65

A[ymbw ˛ 6

_m“n en]n˛ Atim-Is‚ kvXw`-im-k\w

JtcmjvTn en]n ˛ X£-in-e-bnse sh≈n ^e-I-Øn¬ sImØn-b-Xv

Atim-Is‚ inem-im-k\w ˛ 2 ˛ Kn¿\m¿

kwkvIrXw

KŸcN-\-bv°p≈ `mj-bm-bn-´mWv kwkvIr-X-

Øns‚ ]Nm-cw. sshZnIImew apX¬t° \ne-

hn-ep-≈-Xm-Wn-Xv. AXn¬ ]tbm-K-Øm¬ Nne am‰-

߃ h∂v euInIkwkvIr-X-ambnØo¿∂Xv

]n¬°me-Øm-Wv. Ko°v, eØo≥, t]¿jy≥ apX-

emb Nne ]m›m-Xy- m-j-Iƒ°p kwkvIr-X-tØm-

Sp≈ _‘w ]I-S-am-Wv. In.ap. A©mw \q‰m-≠p-

Im-c-\mb ]mWn-\n-bmWv kwkvIr-X-Øn∂p hnkvX-

cn® hymI-cWw \n¿Ωn-®-Xv. Z£n-tW-jy-bn-epw

Z£n-W-]q¿th-jy-bn-epw \S-∏mb alm-kw-kvIr-Xn-

bpsS am[y-a-ambn Cu mj h¿Øn-®p. C¥y-bnse

]mtZ-inI`mj-I-fpsS hf¿®bv°pw kwkvIrXw

hfsctbsd XpW-bm-bn.

ae-bmf`mj-bpsS D¤-hhpw hf¿®bpw

]mtZ-inI`mj-Iƒ hf¿∂p-h-∂p-sh∂v t\ctØ

]kvXm-hn-®-s√m. AXn¬ H∂mb ae-bm-f- mj DZm-

l-c-W-ambn FSp-°mw.

tIc-f-°-c-bn¬ AX-Xn-S-ß-fn¬ \S-∏n-en-cp∂ samgn-

I-fmWv Ime-Øm¬ amdn \m´p- m-j-I-fmbnØo¿∂-

Xv. Bdp-\m- n¬ \qdp- mj F∂mWv ]g-sam-gn. \mSp-

tXmdpw A¬∏m¬]w am‰-ß-fp≈ B mj-I-fmWv

\ne-hm-c-s∏´ ae-bm-f- m-j-bpsS BZy-cq-]w. ]n∂oSv

]Zy-Ønepw KZy-Øn-ep-ambn [mcmfw IrXn-Iƒ

]N-cn-®-t∏mƒ B IrXn-Iƒ hgn-bmWv `mjbv°v

\ne-hm-c-s∏´ Hcp s]mXp-cq]w ssIh-∂-Xv. ae-bm-

f-sam-gn-bpsS ]tXy-I-amb Nne e£-W-߃

InkvXp HºXmw iXIw apX-ep≈ enJn-X-ß-fn¬

ImWmw.

`mj-Iƒ kwkvIm-csØ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂v ae-bmf`mjsb ap≥ \n¿Øn hne-bn-

cp-ØpI.

66 kmaq-ly-im-kvXw˛ I

¢mkv ˛ IX

hn⁄m-\-im-J-I-fpsS Bhn¿`mhw

Ccpºv I≠p-]n-Sn-®-tXmsS Pohn-Xw IqSp-X¬ Ne-

\m-fl-I-am-Ip-∂-Xmbn ap≥ A[ym-b-Øn¬ I≠-

s√m. Irjnbpw Imen-h-f¿Øepw sXmgn-em-b-h¿

tcmK-im-¥n°pw sFiz-cy-Øn-\pw-th≠n Nne NS-

ßp-Iƒ A\p-jvTn-°phm≥ XpS-ßn. Aßs\

b⁄-߃, a‰v BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-߃ F∂nh DS-

se-Sp-Øp. Irjn, imkvXw, teml-hn-Zy, sshZyw,

tPymXn-»m-kvXw, KWnXw F∂nh hnI-kn-®p-h-∂p.

Irjn-°m-h-iy-amb Imem-h-ÿm-\n-co-£-Ww, kqcy-

N-µ-∑m-cpsS Ne-\sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Adnhv F∂nh

tPymXn-»m-kvXhnI-k-\-Øn\v hgn-sh-®p. ]mNo-

\-Imew apX¬t° IS¬bm-X-bpsS ]mc-º-cy-ap≈

C¥y-°m¿ I∏¬ \n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v kz¥-amb hnZy-

Iƒ ]tbm-Kn-®p. ]e t£X-ßfpw hmkvXp-hn-Zym-

ta∑-bpsS \nXy kvamc-I-ß-fmbn C∂pw C¥y-bn¬

\ne-sIm-≈p-∂p.

hn⁄m\taJ-e-I-fn¬ hºn® hnIm-k-ap-≠m-bXv

C¥y-bn¬ amX-a√. ssN\, Kokv, tdmw, Atd_y

F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnepw a\p-jy¿ AXn-Po-h-\-Øn\pw D]-

Po-h-\-Øn-\p-ambn hnhn[ imkvX-im-J-Iƒ

hf¿Øn-s°m-≠p-h-∂p. CuPn-]vXnse ]nc-an-Up-Iƒ

hmkvXp-hnZybnse A¤p-X-ambn C∂pw \ne-

\n¬°p-∂p-≠v. ]nc-anUpI-tfm-sSm∏w ImWp∂

kv^n≥Ivkns‚ cq]w A∂sØ inev]-I-em-ta-

∑°v anI® DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.

Øn-se-Øn-b-t∏m-tg°pw Adnhpw Nn¥bpw

h¿≤n®p. cmXn, ]I¬, Im‰v, ag, shbn¬, DZ-bw,

AkvX-a-bw, CSn-sh-´v, an∂¬ F∂n-ßs\ ]Ir-

Xn-bn¬ ImWp∂ ImgvN-Iƒ a\p-jy≥ A¤p-X-

tØmSpw `bm-i-¶-I-tfmSpw IqSn I≠p \n∂n-cn-°-

Ww. Np‰p-ap≈ ]]-©-sØ-°p-dn®pw ]]-©hpw

Xm\pw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-sØ-∏-‰nbpw ]Xp-s°-∏-

Xps° Nn¥n-°m≥ XpS-ßn-b-XmWv HSp-hn¬ XØz-

Nn-¥-bmbn hf¿∂-Xv. Pohs‚ Dev]-Øn-sb-°p-

dn®pw Pohn-X-Øns‚ A¿Y-sØ-°p-dn®pw Nn¥n-

°m≥ XpS -ßn. ]Ir -Xnsb \nco -£n -®p.

Xm\pƒs∏´ a\p-jy-cpsS Iq´m-bvabpw \nco-£-W-

hn-t[-b-ambn. C¥y-bn¬ thZ-߃, _m“-W-߃,

Bc-Wy-I-߃, D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ, ]pcm-W-߃

F∂n-h-bn¬ Nn¥-bpsS hyXykvX ]tbm-K-߃

ImWmw.

Irjn-bp-sSbpw hmWn-Py-Øn‚bpw hnImkw kaq-

l-Øn¬ am‰-߃ D≠m-°n-bXv \mw I≠p. Krl-

]-Xn-Ifpw tijvSn-I-fp-a-S-ßp∂ kaq-l-Ønse D∂-

X¿°v b⁄m-[n-jvTn-X-amb sshZn-Im-\p-jvTm-߃

\nc¿∞-I-am-bn. IqSmsX Irjn°v Bh-iy-amb

I∂p-Im-en-Isf \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Kma-Po-hn-XsØ

_p≤n-ap-´n-em-°n. B kml-N-cy-Øn-emWv io_p-

≤-s‚bpw h¿≤-am\ alm-ho-c-s‚bpw Z¿i-\-߃

]nd-∂p-h-f¿∂v kzm[o\w t\Snb-Xv.

ssP\-a-Xhpw _p≤-a-Xhpw

InkvXp-hn\p apºv Bdmw \q‰m-≠n-emWvv Cu c≠p

aX-ßfpw ]Nmcw t\Sp-∂-Xv. Cu c≠p aX-

߃°pw XΩn¬ ]e Imcy-Ønepw kmay-ap-≠v.

kv^n≥Ivkv

Z¿i-\-ß-fpsS Bhn¿`mhw

th -bm-Snbpw ]md-s∏m-Øp-I-fn¬ ]m¿Øpw Pohn®

a\p-jy¿ Irjn sNbvXv [m\yw hnf-bn-°p∂ L-´-h¿≤-am-\-a-lm-ho-c≥

`mj, Ie, Z¿i\w 67

A[ymbw ˛ 6

c≠pw lnwksb Dt]-£n-°m≥ D]-tZ-in-°p∂p;

sshZn-Im-Nm-c-ß-sfbpw A\p-jvTm-\-ß-sfbpw

FXn¿°p∂p. kwL-Po-hn-Xhpw hnlmc-hm-khpw

kzoI-cn-°p-∂p. ssP\-a-X-Ønse ]c-a-Kpcp Xo¿∞-

¶-c-\m-Wv. Ccp-]-Øn-\mep Xo¿∞-¶-c-∑m-cp-≠v. Ah-

cn¬ HSp-hn-esØ Xo¿∞-¶-c-\mb h¿≤-am-\-a-lm-

ho-c\pw io_p-≤\pw Htc ImeØp Pohn-®-h-cmWv.

t\∏mƒ Xmgvhc-bnse I]n-e-hkvXp-hmWv io_p-

≤-s‚ P∑-tZ-iw. A—≥ ipt≤m-Z-\≥, AΩ ambm-

tZ-hn. _p≤-Kbbnse t_m[nhr£-®p-h-´n¬

X] p sNbvXp. temI-Zpx-J-߃°p-≈ adp-a-cp∂v

tXSn-bm-bn-cp∂p X]- v. X]- ns‚ HSp-hn¬ At±-

l-Øn\v ⁄mt\m-Zbw D≠m-bn. BK-l-߃

AI-‰p-I-bm-Wv ZpxJsØ \ntcm-[n-°m-\p-≈ am¿K-

sa∂v io_p-≤≥ P\-ßsf D]-tZ-in-®p.

io_p-≤≥

Xmthm-bn-khpw I¨^yq-jy-\n-khpw

C¥y-bn¬ _p≤-˛-ssP\ Z¿i-\-ß-ƒ ]N-cn-∏n®

AtX-Im -e -L-´ -Øn¬ ssN\-bn¬ Bhn¿`-

hn®XmWv Xmthm-bn-kw, I¨^yq-jy-\nkw F∂n-

h. _n.kn. 604 ¬ P\n® ethm-kp-hmWv Xmthm-

aXÿm]-I≥. "Xmthm' F∂m¬ am¿Kw. emfn-Xy-

Øn\pw ⁄mt\m-Z-b-Øn\pw ]m[m\yw \¬Ip-

∂-XmWv Xmthm-aXw. I¨^yq-jy-\n-k-Øns‚

ÿm]-I-\mb I¨^yq-jykv _n.kn. 551 ¬ P\n-

®p. ]c-kv]c_‘-߃°v ]m[m\yw \¬Ip-

∂Xpw Xn∑-Iƒ°v ]cn-lm-c-ambn a\p-jy-\nse \∑

D]-tZ-in-°p-∂-Xp-amb Cu Z¿i\w ssN\-bn¬

hym]-I-am-bn.

kd-Øq-kvX-aXw (Zorastranism)t]¿jy-bn¬ P\n® kd-ØpkvX apt∂m-´p-sh-®-

XmWv Cu Z¿i-\w. `qan-bpsS A©p LS-I-ß-fn-

sem-∂mb A·n- Pz-en-°p-tºmƒ F√mw ip≤o-I-

cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. arX-tZ-lw Zln-∏n-°p-∂Xv A·nsb

Aip-≤-am-°p-sa-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ah¿ AXv sNøm-dn√.

adn®v ihw ]£n-Iƒ°pw a‰pw Xo‰-bm-hm≥

hnSp∂p. kuc-^-e-Ihpw Zo]hpw skmdm-kvSn-b-

cpsS Z¿i-\-Øns‚ ]Xo-I-ß-fmb hnip≤Nn”-

ß-fm-Wv.

PqX, ssIkvX-h, C…mw Z¿i-\-߃

PqX-a-X-hpw, ssIkvXhaX-hpw, C…mw aXhpw hf-

sc-tbsd ]Nmcw t\Snbh-bm-Wv. PqX-a-X-Øns‚

][m\KŸw lo_p `mj-bn-ep≈ tXmd-bm-Wv.

"]Øp-I-ev]-\-Iƒ' Ah-cpsS hnizm-k-]-am-W-ß-

fp-w. X߃ A_-lm-an-s‚- ]n∑pd°m-sc∂v Ah¿

hniz-kn-°p-∂p.

kaq-l-Ønse A\m-Nm-cßtfmSpw A‘-hn-izm-k-

ß-tfmSpw hntbm-Pn®v tbip-InkvXp \SØnb CS-

s]-S-en-eqsS ssIkvX-h-Z¿i\w Bcw-`n-°p-∂p.

Kncn-]-`m-jWw Cu Z¿i-\-Øns‚ kmc-kw-K-l-

am-Wv. Xs∂-t∏mse Xs‚ Ab¬°m-c-t\bpw

kvt\ln-°p-I, kº-Øns\ emfn-°p-∂-h¿°v

kz¿K-cmPyw e`n-°n√ apX-emb kZvKp-W-ß-fmWv

ssIkvXh Z¿i\w apt∂m-´p -sh-°p -∂-Xv .

ss__nƒ BWv ][m\ KŸw.

apl-Ω-Zv\_n F.Un. 571 ¬ sa°-bn¬ P\n®p.

lodm-Kp-l-bn¬ [ym\\nc-X-\m-bn-cnt° At±-l-

Øn\v \m¬∏Xmw hb- n¬ Znhy shfn-]m-Sp-≠m-

b-Xmbn hniz-kn-°s∏Sp-∂p. XpS¿∂v At±lw

]hm-N-I-\mbn Adn-b-s∏-´p. Ad_nkaq-l-Øn¬

\ne-\n∂ A\m-Nm-c-ß-sf-sb√mw A]-e-]n®

At±lw GIssZhhnizm-k-Øn-te°v F√m-h-

scbpw £Wn-®p. C…mw Z¿i-\-Øns‚ kaKcq]-

amWv Jp¿-˛-B≥. Bflm-hns‚ A\-iz-c-X-bnepw

Ah-km\hn[n-bnepw C…mw hniz-kn-°p-∂p. F√m

CS-]m-Sp-I-fnepw kXy-k-‘X ]pe¿Ø-W-sa∂pw

C…mw A\p-im-kn-°p∂p.

68 kmaq-ly-im-kvXw˛ I

¢mkv ˛ IX

hyXykvX Z¿i-\-߃ ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS a\p-jy¿°n-S-bn¬ kmtlm-Z-cyhpw kvt\lhpw

h¿[n°pw'. Cu ]kvXm-h-\-bpsS kmwKXyw ]cn-tim-[n®v hni-Z-amb Hcp Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°pI.

$ ae-bmf A°-ßfpw AfhpXq°-ßfpw C∂v ]Nm-c-Øn-en-s√∂v Adn-bm-a-t√m. C∂v \ne-hn-

ep≈ Afhp coXn-bn-tebv°v amdn-b-Xns‚ NcnXw At\z-jn-®-dn-bq. (]mtZ-in-I-N-cn-X-Imc∑mcn¬

\n∂pw sse_-dn, C‚¿s\-‰v F∂n-h-bn¬ \n∂pw klmbw tXSmw).

$ _n.kn. Bdmw \q‰m-≠n¬ C¥y-bnepw ssN\-bnepw D¤-hn®v ]Nmcw t\Snb aX-ßsf krjvSn®

kmaqlykml-N-cy-߃ Is≠-Øp-I. ap≥ A[ym-b-ß-fn¬ ]Tn® hnh-c-ßfpw ]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØq.-

]h¿Ø-\-߃]h¿Ø-\-߃]h¿Ø-\-߃]h¿Ø-\-߃]h¿Ø-\-߃

`mj-bpsS hf¿® kaq-l-Øns‚ Iq´m-bvabv°pw ]ptcm-K-Xnbv°pw \n¿Wm-b-I-amb kzm[o\w

sNepØn ˛ Cu ]kvXm-h\ sXfn-hp-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ka¿∞n-°p-I.

a\p-jy≥ Xs‚ kmaq-ly-Po-hn-XsØ \n¿h-Nn-°m-\pw, ]IrXn ka-ky-Iƒ°v DØcw tXSm-\p-

ap≈ ia-Øn¬\n∂v DZbw sIm≠-XmWv Z¿i-\-߃.

"Z¿i-\-ßfpw Ah-bpsS kzm[o-\hpw' F∂ hnj-b-Øn¬ Hcp skan-\m¿ ]_‘w Xøm-dm-°p-I.

a\p-jys‚ `mh-\-bp-sSbpw k¿Km-fl-I-X-bp-sSbpw sXfn-hp-I-fmWv Ncn-X-kvam-c-I-߃ ˛ C≥Uy-

bnse inev]-Nn-X-I-em-]-cm-º-cysØ hy‡-am-°p∂ Hcp kNnX hnh-cWw Xøm-dm-°p-I. (Ncn-X-

kvam-c-I-߃, t£X-߃ XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS t^mt´m-bpw, Ah-kw-_-‘n-®p≈ hnh-c-W-ßfpw

tN¿Øv Xøm-dm-°n-bm¬ aXn).

$

sXfn-hp-Iƒ tXSn...

tIc-f-Øn¬ P\-hmkw Bcw-`n-®Xv GXp Ime-

Øm-bn-cn°mw? BZy-ImeP\-hmktIµ-߃ cq]-

s∏-´Xv Fhn-sS-sb-√m-am-bn-cn°pw?

CXn-s\-°p-dn-s®ms° Adn-bm-s\¥p-hgn?

B¿°pw tXm∂m-hp∂ Nne IuXp-I-I-c-amb kwi-

b-ß-fm-Wt√m CØcw tNmZy-ß-fnte°v \bn-°p-

∂-Xv.

C∂p \mw Pohn-°p-∂Xv imkvX--km-t¶-Xn-I-

hnZybpsS temI-Øm-Wv. ]pcm-X\tIc-f-kw-kvIm-

c-sØ°pdn-®-dn-bm≥ Ncn-Xm-h-in-jvS-߃ C√msX

H∂pw \S-°n-√.

AXn\v Ncn-Xm-h-in-jvS-߃ Fhn-sS-bp≠v?

F¥p Ncn-Xm-h-in-jvS-ß-fmWv e`n-°pI?

]g-b-Im-eØv a\p-jy≥ D]-tbm-Kn® D]-I-c-W-߃

]pcm-h-kvXp-K-th-j-I¿ ]T-\-hn-j-b-am-°n-bn-´p-≠v.

I√nepw sNtºm-e-I-fn-ep-ambn Fgp-Xn-h-®n-´p≈

AkwJyw enJnX]am-W-ß-fp-≠v. kmln-Xy-Ir-

Xn-Ifpw a‰p-tc-J-I-fp-ap-≠v. Ch-sbms° imkvXo-

b-ambn hni-I-e\w sNbvXmWv Ncn-X-Im-c≥ `qX-

Im-esØ°pdn®p ]Tn-°p-∂-Xv.

Hcp \o≠ Ime-L-´-Ønse P\-Po-hn-X-sØ-°p-dn-

®p≈ Adn-hp-tX-Sp-tºmƒ inem-bp-K-sØ-°p-dn-

®p≈ [mcW IqSntb Xocq. I√p-Iƒ Bbp-[-ambn

D]-tbm-Kn® ]pcm-X\a\p-jys‚ Pohn-X-Im-esØ

inem-bpKw F∂m-Wt√m ]d-bp-I. ]cp-°≥ inem-

bp-[ßfpw an\p-k-s∏-Sp-Ønb sNdpinem-bp--

[ßfpw ]tbm-Kn® Imew bYm-Iaw ]q¿h-in-

em-bpKw, a[y-in-em-bpKw F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. IqSp-

X¬ ]cn-jv°-cn® I√m-bp-[-߃ ]tbm-Kn®v a\p-

jy-Po-hn -X-Øn¬ hºn® am‰-ß-fp -≠m-°nb

ImesØ \ho-\-in-em-bpKw F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.

ssII-fp-b¿Øn-\n¬°p∂ a\p-jy-cq]w˛

FS-bv°¬ Kplbnse Hcp NnXw

]Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-amb KplbpsS - n-Øn-I-fn¬ \q‰m-≠p-

Iƒ ]g-°-ap≈ NnX-߃ ]pcmhkvXpKth-j-I¿

Is≠-Øn-bn-´p -≠v. tIc-f-Øn¬ FS-bv°¬,

sXmhcn, ad-bq¿ XpS-ßnb ÿe-ß-fnse Kplm-

Nn-X-߃ ]mNo\Ime-L-´-Øn-ep-≈-h-bm-sW-

∂mWv s]mXp-th-bp≈ \nK-a-\w. kq£va-in-e-Ifpw

I∑-gphpw t]mep≈ D]-I-c-W-߃sIm≠v ]md-

®p-a-cp-I-fn¬ Dc®p hc® NnX-߃, A°m-e-L-´-

Ønse a\p-jy-cpsS Pohn-X-Øn-te°v shfn®w

hoip-∂-h-bm-Wv.

tIc-f-∏-ga7

70 kmaq-ly-imkvXw˛ I

¢mkv ˛ IX

a\p-jy-cp-sSbpw arK-ß-fp-sSbpw cq]-߃ Bc-°m-

ep≈ NIw, NIw LSn-∏n-®- h-≠n, th´arK-߃,

Pyman-Xobcq]-߃ XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv AXn¬

NnXo-I-cn-®n-´p-≈-Xv.

F¥mWv Ch-sbms° A¿Y-am-°p-∂Xv?

kpZo¿L-amb Hcp Ime-b-f-hnse \ΩpsS ap≥Km-

an-I-fpsS kmwkvIm-cnIapt∂-‰sØØs∂.

tKmX-Po-hn-X-sØ-°p-dn®pw Irjn-bpsS Bcw- -sØ-

°p-dn®pw Kplm-Nn-X-߃ \tΩmSv kwkm-cn-°p∂p.

Fß-s\-sbm-s°-bm-bn-cn°pw \ΩpsS ]q¿hn-I¿

PohnXw \bn-®n-cp-∂Xv?

Ah-cn¬\n∂v \ap°v ssIam-dn-°n-´nb kmwkvIm-

cnImh-in-jvS-߃ Fs¥ms°?

Cu hn[-Øn-ep≈ Ht´sd tNmZy-߃°v DØcw

tXSp-tºmƒ kq£va-amb At\z-j-Whpw \nco-£-

Whpw Xmc-X-ayhpw Bh-iy-am-Wv. F¶nte icn-

bmb \nK-a-\-ß-fn¬ FØn-t®-cm≥ Ign-bq.

inem-bp-[-ßfpw Kplm-Nn-X-ß-fn¬ ]eXpw inem-

bp-K-hm-k-ÿ-esØ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-h-bm-Wv.

ae-ºp-g, hmf-bm¿, sX∑-e, \n¿a-e-Kncn, s\øm¿

XpS-ßnb ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw e`n® inem-bp-

Km-h-in-jvS-߃ B Ime-L-´-Ønse a\p-jy-Po-

hn-XsØ ASp-Ø-dn-bm≥ klm-bn-°p-∂p.

th´-bm-Sp-Ibpw `£WtiJ-cWw \S-Øp-Ibpw

sNbvXn-cp∂ a\p-jy≥ ]cn-jv°-cn® kq£va-in-

em-bp-[-߃ ]tbm-Kn-°m≥ XpS-ßn. ae-s©-cp-

hp-I-fnse Ip‰n-°m-Sp-Iƒ sh´n-°-cn®p Irjn-sN-

øm≥ ]pXnb D]-I-c-W-߃ klm-bI-am-bn.

CtXm-sSm∏w Imen- h-f¿Øepw Bcw-`n-®p. `£y-

hn -` -h-ß-fpsS e`yX Dd-∏m-°m≥ Ah¿°p

Ign™p. Bfp-Iƒ°v Iq´wtN¿∂v Hcn-SØv Xma-

k-am-°m≥ A\p-Iq-e-amb kml-N-cy-߃ h∂p-

tN¿∂p. CXv Hmtcm-cn-S-sØbpw a\p-jy-kw-kvIm-

c-Øns‚ hf¿®bv°v thK-X-tb-‰n.

Cc-tXSn \S∂ Ah-ÿ-bn¬\n∂v `t£ymev]m-

Z\Øns‚ Ah-ÿ-bn -te -°p≈ Cu am‰w

\ho\inem-bpK]cn-jvIr-Xn-bpsS ]tXy-I-X-

bmWv.

]d-ºn-°p-fw, hb-\mSv, s]cn-bm¿\Zo-XSw XpSßn

FXtbm ÿe-ß-fn¬ \ho\inem-bpKPohn-

XsØ°pdn®v Adn-hp-X-cp∂ D]-I-c-W-߃ Is≠-

Øn-bn-´p-≠v. ]e-Xcw ssIsØm-gn-ep-Iƒ°pw

XpS°w Ipdn-®Xv Cu Ime-b-f-hn-emWv. hyXykvX

P\-hmktIµ-߃ XΩn¬ \S∂ hn\n-ab

_‘hpw sXmgn¬hn`-P-\hpw Cu L´-Øns‚

as‰mcp ]tXy-I-X-bmbn ImWmw.

sXmhcn-a-e-bnse Hcp Kplm-NnXw

a\p-jy-cp-sSbpw arK-ß-fp-sSbpw cq]-߃, Bc-°m-ep≈ NIw, NIw LSn-∏n® h≠n, th´-ar-

K-߃, Pyman-Xob cq]-߃˛]mNo-\-in-em-bp-K-ß-fnse Nne Kplm-Nn-X-ß-fnse D≈-S-°-ß-

fm-Wv Ch. A°m-esØ P\-Po-hn-X-sØ-°p-dn®v Cu sXfn-hp-I-fn¬\n∂v Fs¥√mw A\p-am-\n-

°mw. N¿® sNøq.

A[ymbw ˛ 7

71tIc-f-∏-ga

alm-in-em-kvam-c-I-߃

alm-inemkvamc-I-ß-fn¬ \n∂p Is≠-Øn-b

Ccp-ºp-]-I-c-W-߃

ih-Ip-So-c-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ henb I√p-Ifpw

inem-\n¿ΩnXKpl-Ifpw Kpl-Iƒ°p-≈nse

hnhn[ hkvXp-°fpw Hs°-bmWv C\n \ΩpsS

apºn¬ Ncn-X-Øn-te-bv°p≈ hgn-Im-´n-bmbn

\n¬°p-∂Xv.

Chbv°v Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ ]d-bp∂ t]cv "alm-

inemkvamc-I-߃' F∂mWv.

Fs¥√mw hkvXp-°-fmWv NnX-Øn-ep-≈-sX∂p

t\m°p.

an°-hbpw temlw sIm≠p≈ D]-I-c-W-߃.

Cu D]-I-c-W-߃ \¬Ip-∂ kqN-\-sb¥v?

Fs¥√mw Bh-iy-߃°m-bn-cn°pw tIc-f-

Ønse ]mNo\a\p-jy¿ Ch D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠m-

hpI?

hmƒ ˛

Ip¥w ˛

iqew ˛

hnf°v ˛

ap≈ºv ˛

BWn-Iƒ ˛

Dfn-Iƒ ˛

IØn ˛

Nq≠-s°m-fpØv ˛

ap°m-en-bn-cp∏v ˛

`mc-X-∏pga®mSv

Ipdp-a-t»cn

t]m¿°fw

s]cn-bm¿

alm-in-em-bpKmh-in-jvS-

߃ Is≠-Ønb ÿe-

߃

aßmSv

alm-in-em-bpKmh-in-jvS-

߃ G‰hpw IqSp -X¬

Is≠-Ønb ÿe-߃

]g-b-∂q¿

Cu D]-I-c-W-߃ FhnsS\n∂p In´n-sb-∂-dn-

tbt≠?

t\csØ kqNn-∏n® "alm-in-em-kvam-c-I-ß-fn¬'

\n∂pXs∂. tIc-f-Øn-e-tßm-f-an-tßmfw hy]n-®p-

72 kmaq-ly-imkvXw˛ I

¢mkv ˛ IX

I√-d-Iƒ \∂-ßm-Sn-

IpS-°-√p-Iƒ

In-S-°p∂ Cu alm-in-em-kvam-c-I-߃ F¥m-

sW∂p t\m°mw.

]tXyIw Xøm-dm-°nb I√-d-I-fmWv alm-in-em-

kvam-c-I-߃. I√-d-Iƒ°p-aosX hnhn[ Xc-Øn-

ep≈ `oam-Im-c-ß-fmb h´-°-√p-Itfm \of≥I-√p-

Itfm \m´n-b-Xmbn ImWmw. ih-kw-kvIm-c-co-Xn-

bnse sshhn-[y-amWv CXp hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xv.

IpØs\ \n¿Ønb aqt∂m \mtem I√p-I-fn¬

IpS-t]m-setbm sXm∏n-t]m-setbm D≈, Iptd-

sbms° sNØn an\p-°nb, sXm∏n-°-√p-Ifpw IpS-

°-√p-I-fp-amWv Nne-Xv. aÆn-\-Sn-bn¬ ÿm]n®

henb a¨`-c-Wn-I-fmWv thsd Nne-Xv. arXm-h-in-

jvS-߃ AS°w sNbvX Cu `c-Wn-Iƒ \∂-

ßm-Sn-Iƒ F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

C\n-bp-≈Xv Ht∂m AXn-e-[n-Itam AdI-tfm-Sp-

Iq-Snb inem-\n¿ΩnXKpl-I-fm-Wv. ap\n-b-d-sb∂pw

sN¶-√-d-sb∂pw Chsb hnfn-°m-dp-≠v. GXm≠v

c≠m-bncw h¿j-߃°∏p-dsØ P\-Po-hn-X-sØ-

°p-dn-®mWv alm-in-em-kvam-c-I-߃ \tΩmSp ]d-

bp-∂-Xv.

tIc-f-Ønse alm-in-em-h-in-jvS-߃ Is≠-

Ønb ][m-\-ÿ-e-߃: ad-bq¿ (CSp-°n)

t]m¿°fw (Xriq¿) Ip∏-s°m√n (hb-\m-Sv)

aßmSv (sIm√w) B\-°c (]me-°m-Sv)

A[ymbw ˛ 7

73tIc-f-∏-ga

e`yamb Ncn-Xm-h-in-jvS-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw alm-in-em-kvam-cIIme-L- -Ønse a\p-jy-cpsS Pohn-X-

sØ-°p-dn®v Fs¥√mw Imcy-߃ Adn-bm≥ Ignbpw?

Ccp-ºns‚ hchv

alm-in-em-kvam-c-I-ß-sf-°p-dn®mWt√m ]d-™p-

h∂-Xv. Xosc Dev]m-Z-\-£-a-a-√m-ØXpw ]md-s°-

´p-I-fp-≈-Xp-amb ae-s©-cp-hp-I-fn-emWv tIc-f-

Ønse ih-°-√-d-I-tf-sdbpw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

AXn-\-Sp-Ømbn ^e-`q-bn-jvTamb ]tZ-i-߃

Ds≠-∂Xv ]tXyIw it≤-b-am-Wv.

\mbm- n¬\n∂v Irjn-bn-te-°p≈ am‰-Øns‚ ]e-

L-´-ß-fn-ep-≈-h-bmWv alm-in-em-kvam-c-I-ß-fn¬

Gsdbpw.

]p\w Irjn

ae-s©-cp-hp-I-fn¬ ImSp-sh´n Xobn´v aÆn-f°n

Irjn sNbvXp. ASp-Ø-hn-fbv°v \√ hnf-hp-In-

´p-tºmƒ ]pXnb HcnSw CXp-t]mse Irjn-°mbn

Hcp-°pw. Irjn sNbvX CSØv ]ns∂sbm-cn-

°¬ ho≠pw Irjn-bn-d-°pw. Cßs\ Htc

ÿeØv CS-hn´nS-hn´v IrjnsNbvXn-cp∂ coXn-

bm-WnXv.

inem-bp-[-߃sIm≠v Ip∂n≥sNcp-hn¬ Irjn-sN-

bvXn-cp∂ BZna a\p-jy¿°n-S-bn-te-°v, Ccp-ºm-

bp-[-߃ hs∂-Øn-b-Xns‚ sXfn-hp-Iƒ IqSn-

bmWv alm-in-em-kvam-c-I-ß-fn¬ ImWp∂ D]-I-

c-W-߃.

inem-bp-[-ß-fpsS ÿm\Øv Ccp-ºm-bp-[-߃ D]-

tbm-Kn-°m≥ XpS-ßn-b-tXmsS a\pjyPohn-X-Øn¬

Fs¥√mw am‰-ß-fm-Wp-≠m-bn-cn-°pI?

$ ImSp-sh- n-sØ-fn-°m\pw kpc-£bv°pw Ccp-ºp-

]-I-c-W-߃ D]-I-cn-®p.

$ Dev]m-Z-\-Øn-\p-ap-I-fn¬ Ah-Imiw ÿm]n-

°m≥ Ccp-ºns‚ hchv klm-b-I-ambn

$ a‰p-tKm-X-ß-fpsS ta¬ A[n-Imcw Dd-∏n-°m≥

CS-bm°n

$

$

tIc-f-Ønse CS-\m-S≥ ]tZ-i-Øm-Wt√m s\¬h-

b-ep-Iƒ Gsdbpw ÿnXnsNøp-∂-Xv. e- q-bn-jvT-

amb CS-\m-´n¬\n∂p-X-s∂-bmWv IqSp-X¬ alm-

in -em-h-in -jvS-߃ In´n -b-Xpw. CXn¬\n∂v

Fs¥√mw Imcy-ß-fmWv \ap°v Is≠-Øm-\m-

hpI?

tIc-f-Øn¬ Ccpºv kpe- -ambn e`n-®n-cp∂p F∂v

alminem-kvam-c-I-߃ hy‡-am-°p-∂p. F¶n¬

Ccpºv FhnsS \n∂mhmw e`n-®Xv?

Ccpºv Dcp-°n-sb-Sp-°m-\p≈ ]h¿Ø-\-߃

\S∂ ÿe-ß-fn¬ Ccp-ºns‚ Ah-in-jvS-߃ ˛

Ccpºp IoSw (SLAG) tIc-f-Øn¬ hym]-I-ambn

ImWm≥ Ign-™n-´p≠v aÆns‚ apIƒ∏-c-∏n¬

Xs∂ h≥tXmXn¬ Ccp-ºbncv AS-ßn-bn-cp-∂-

Xmbpw Kth-j-I¿ Is≠-Ønbn-cp-∂p.

Ccp-ºp-]-I-c-W-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ XpS-ßn-btXmsS P\-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ D≠mb am‰-߃ Fs¥m-

s°-bmWv? sXfn-hp-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \nß-fpsS \nK-a-\-߃ Ipdn-°q.

Ncn-X-a-dn-bm≥ ]m´pIfpw

Ncn-Xm-t\z-j-W-Øn\v \mw kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Isfbpw

Ah-ew-_n-°mdp≠v. tIc-f-apƒs∏sSbp≈ ]mNo-

\-X-an-g-I-sØ-°p-dn®v hnh-cn-°p-∂-h-bmWv ]g-¥-

angv ]m´p-Iƒ. Ch \ap°v Gsd hne-s∏-´-h-bm-Wv.

C∂v tIc-f-sa-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ `qhn-`mKw BZy-

sams° Xan-g-I-Øns‚ `mK-am-bn-cp-∂p. hnhn[

Ime-ß-fn-embn kam-l-cn® hmsamgn∏m´p-Ifm-Wn-

Xn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ]Øp-∏m-´v, F´psØm-ssI,

]Xn-s\¨IogvIW°v F∂n-ß-s\-aq∂p `mK-ß-

fm-bmWv ]g-¥-angv∏m´p-Iƒ kam-l-cn-®n-´p-≈-Xv.

F´p-sØm-ssI-bn¬ Dƒs∏´ ]m´p-I-fmWv ]Xn-‰p-

∏-Øv, AI-\m-\q-dv, ]pd-\m-\qdv F∂nh. apss√-∏m-

´v, Ipdn-©n-∏m´v XpSßn ]Øp ]m´p-I-fpsS kam-

74 kmaq-ly-imkvXw˛ I

¢mkv ˛ IX

]g-¥-an-gv]m- pIfnse Xan-gIw

lm-c-sØ-bmWv ]Øp-∏m v F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. ]Xn-

s\-´p- ]m-´p-k-am-lm-c-ß-fmWv ]Xn-s\¨Io-gvI-W-

°v. G‰hpw ]g-°-ap≈ ]m´p-Iƒ ]Øp-∏m-´nepw

F´p-sØm-ssIbnepw s]´-h-bm-Wv. ]g-¥-angv∏m´p-

I-fn¬ Dƒs∏-SmØ Nne-∏-Xn-Im-cw, aWn-ta-Isse

XpSßnb IrXn-Ifpw ]mNo-\-Im-e-sØ-°p-dn®v

]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p-≠v.

Cu ]m´p-I-fpsS ][m\]Xn-]m-Zy-hn-jbw F¥m-

sWt∂m?

]Ir-Xnbpw a\p-jy\pw a\p-jys‚ Pohn-Im-k-ºm-

Z-\-co-Xn-Ifpw Xs∂.

XnW-Iƒ

]g-¥-angv∏m´p-I-fn¬ ][m-\-ambpw ]cm-a¿in-°p∂

H∂mWv XnW-Iƒ. ]q°-fpsS t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏´

XnW-I-sf-∏‰n Xan-g-I-Øn\v s]mXpsh Nne- hn-h-

c-ßtf In´m-\p-≈p. ]mNo\Xan-g-IsØ P\-hm-

k-tbm-Ky-amb ]tZ-i-ßsf A©p XnW-I-fm-

bmWv AYhm `q`m-K-ß-fm-bmWv ]g-¥-angv∏m´p-I-

fn¬ k¶¬∏n-®n- p-≈Xv. ]c-kv]cw _‘-s∏´p InS-

°p-∂Xpw `qan-im-kvX-]-c-ambn hyXym-k-ß-fp-≈-

Xp-amb Cu XnW-Isf H∂p ]cn-N-b-s∏-Smw.

Hmtcm XnWbn-tebpw P\-hn-`m-K-߃ hn`-h-߃

tiJ-cn-°p-Itbm Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p-

Itbm sNbvXn-cp-∂p. Nne ]tZ-

i-ß-fn¬ Nne hn`-h-߃ Bh-

iy-Øn¬ IqSp-Xep≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

hkvXp-°ƒ°v ]™w t\cn´

ÿe-ßfpw D≠v. ]c-kv]-c-hn-\n-

a-b-Øn-eqsS Cu t]mcm-bva-Iƒ

Ah¿°v \nI-Øm-\m-bn. CXn-

\mbn Hmtcm Iq´cpw Ign-hn-

s\mØv Dev]m-Zn -∏n-°p-Itbm

tiJ-cn-°p-Itbm sNbvXp.

ITn -\ -amb th\¬°m-eØv

Ipdn©n, apss√ XnW-Iƒ°v cq]-

am‰w kw -hn-®mWv ]msse XnW-

bp-≠m-hp-∂-Xv. Dev]m-Z-\-Øn\v

A\p-Iq -e-a -√mØ ]me]-tZ-

isØ Bfp-Iƒ°v hn`-h-߃

a‰p≈h-cn¬\n∂v Int´-≠n-bn-cp-

∂p. Ih¿®-, ]nSn-®p-]-dn-°¬ F∂nh ]me-\n-

esØ \nXy-kw-`-h-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.

hn\n-abw XnW-I-fn¬

XnWbn¬ hn`-h-߃ Fß-s\-bmWv ssIam‰w

sNbvXn-cp-∂-sX∂v t\m°mw.

sImbvØp-I-gn-™m¬ If-ß-fn¬ s\√p-ti-J-cn-°p-

am-bn-cp-∂p. Ahn-tS°v ]mX-hp-ambn hcp-∂-h¿°v

Dg-h¿ s\√v sImSp-Øp. [mcmfw ao≥ h∂ptNcp-

tºmƒ ASp-tØ°v ]mX-hp-ambn hcp-∂-h¿°v ]c-

X-h¿ ao≥ hmcn-s°m-Sp-Øp. CXp-Iq-SmsX D∏p-Np-

a-∂p-sIm≠v Da-W-s∏-Æp-ßfpw ao≥Np-a-Sp-ambn ]c-

X-h-s∏-Æp-ßfpw sXm´-SpØ ]tZ-i-ß-fn-te°v

t]mbn hkvXp-°ƒ ssIam‰w sNbvXp. [m\yw,

XpWn, sImgp-, D∏v, s]m∂v F∂n-ßs\bp≈

ssIam-‰-h-kvXp-°-fpsS kqN\ Xan-g-IsØ Nne

Kplm-en-Jn-X-ß-fn-ep-≠v.

hn`-h-ßsfms°bpw Hcp tIµ-Øn¬ kam-l-cn®v

hnX-cWw sNøp∂ coXnbpw Ah¿°n-S-bn¬

\ne\n∂n-cp-∂p. CXn\p t\XrXzw \¬In-bn-cp-∂-

h¿ a‰p-≈-h-cpsS ta¬ A[n-Im-c-ap-≈-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p.

Ifß-fn¬ Iq´nb s\√pw a‰pw sIm≈-sN-bvXp-

sIm-≠p-h∂v aqth-¥-cpsS hmk-ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ Iq´n-

A[ymbw ˛ 7

75tIc-f-∏-ga

XnW `q`mKw \nhm-kn-Iƒ D]-Po-h-\-am¿Kw Bcm-[-\m-

aq¿Øn

Ipdn©n ]¿h-X-]-tZiw Im\-h¿, thS¿ h\-hn-`htiJ-cWw, tNtbm≥

\mbm´v

apss√ Ip∂v, ]p¬taSv CS-b¿, Bb¿ BSp-am-Sp-Isf amtbm≥

hf¿Ø¬

]msse aW¬ Ie¿∂ ad-h¿, I≈¿ ssItb‰w, sIm‰ssh

]mgv]-tZiw ]nSn-®p-]dn

acpXw hb¬ Dg-h¿, sXmgp-h¿ Irjn-∏Wn th¥≥

s\bvX¬ IS¬Øocw ]c-X-h¿, D∏-h¿ D∏p \n¿ΩmWw,

ao\h¿, he-b¿ ao≥]n-SpØw, IS-tem≥

apØp-hm-c¬

bn-Spw. Aßs\ A[o-\-s∏-Sp-Ønb [m\yhpw a‰p

hkvXp-°fpw th¥-∑m¿ Ah-c-h-cpsS Bin-

X¿°pw _‘p-°ƒ°pambn Xcw-t]mse hoXn-

°pw. CXmWv hn`-h-ß-fpsS hnX-c-W-co-Xn.

[mcmfw ]pdw]m´p-I-fn¬ Cßs\ hn`hw t\Sp∂

Imcyw kqNn-∏n-®p-Im-Wmw. XnW-I-fp-ambn _‘-

s∏´ Ht´sd ÿe-\m-a-߃ tIc-f-Øn¬ ]e-bn-

SØpw D≠v. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v ap√-t»-cn, ap√-∏≈n

XpS-ßnb t]cp-Iƒ apss√ \ne-hp-ambn _‘-

s∏´XmImw. AXp-t]mse acp-X-]-tZ-isØ Hm¿an-

∏n-°p-∂-h-bm-Wt√m acp-tXm-¶-c, acp-tXmfn XpS-

ßn-b-h. s\bvX¬ F∂ t]cn¬ tIcfØns‚

IS¬Xo-cØv FXtbm ]tZ-i-߃ D≠v.

Hcp-]-tZ-isØ P\-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ hnhn[ apJ-߃ Fßs\ ]c-kv]-cw _‘-s∏´p ]h¿Øn-

°p∂p F∂-Xn-\p≈ sXfn-hp-Iƒ \¬Ip-∂-Xm-Wt√m XnW-Iƒ. a\p-jy≥ Iq´mb PohnXw

apt∂m´p \bn-®-Xns‚ sXfn-hp-I-fmbn Chsb ]cn-K-Wn-°mtam? \nß-fpsS \nK-a\w XnW-I-

fnse Pohn-X-Øns‚ DZm-l-c-W-ß-tfmsS ka¿Yn-°p-I.

_‘-߃ hf-cp∂p

hn`-h-ß-fpsS Dev]m-Z-\-Øn¬ an®w D≠m-Ip-tºm-

gm-Wt√m hym]mckm[yX D≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. ]mtZ-

in-I-ambn ssIam-‰-°-®-hSw Ah¿°n-S-bn¬ D≠m-

bn-cp-∂p. AI-e-ß-fn-te°v I®-h-S-Øn-\mbn km[-

\-߃ sIm≠pt]mIp-∂Xpw ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p.

Im´p-ar-K-ß-sfbpw ]nSn-®p-]-dn-°m-scbpw FXn-cn-

Sp -∂-Xn\v h\m-¥-c-ß-fn -eqsS I®-h-S-Øn\p

t]mbhtcmsSm∏w bp≤-ho-c-∑m¿ AI-º-Sn- t]mbn.

G‰p-ap-´-en¬ sIm√-s∏-Sp∂ hoc-∑m-sc-°p-dn-®p≈

A]-Zm-\-߃ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb I√p-Iƒ AX-Xn-S-

ß-fn¬ ÿm]n-®n-cp-∂p.

hoc-°√v

hmWn-Py-w

tIc-f-Øn-te°v a‰n-S-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ I®-h-S-°m¿

h∂n-cpt∂m? FhnsS\ns∂-√m-ap-≈-h-cm-bn-cp∂p

76 kmaq-ly-imkvXw˛ I

¢mkv ˛ IX

Ah¿? Fs¥√mw hn`-h-ß-fmWv Ah¿ ChnsS

\n∂v sIm≠p-t]m-bn-cp-∂Xv?

]g-¥-an-gv∏m-´p-I-fn¬ CØcw hym]m-c-_-‘-ß-sf-

°p-dn®v kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. DØ-tc-¥y-bn¬\n∂v

hnhn-[-Xcw hkvXp-°ƒ tXSn I®-h-S-°m¿ tIc-

f-°-c-bn¬ FØnbncp-∂-Xmbn IuSn-eys‚ A¿Y-

im-kvX-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. KwKm-X-S-hm-kn-Iƒ

tIc-f-Øn¬\n∂v apØp-Iƒ sIm≠p-t]m-bn-cp-

∂sX. DØ-tc-¥y-bn¬ ]Nm-c-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂

Nm∏-Ip-Øp-\m-W-b-߃ (Punch marked coins) tIc-

f-Øn¬ ]e-bn-SØp\n∂pw In´n-bn-´p-≈Xv Cu

hym]mc_‘--Øns‚ sXfn-hm-Wv. \mW-b-ßfpw

Ncn-X-]-T-\-Øn-\p≈ D]m-[n-I-fn¬ H∂m-sW∂p

I≠-t√m.

Xan-g-I-Øp-\n∂pw tdmam \mW-b-߃ In´n-b ÿe-߃

tdmam \mW-b-߃

IS-en-\-°-scbp≈-h-cp-ambpw ]mNo-\-Im-eØv

hym]m-c-_‘w \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂p F∂v AI-\m-\q-

dn¬ kqN-\-bp-≠v˛]tXy-In®v tdma-°m-cp-am-bp≈

hym]m-c-sØ-∏‰n. bh-\¿ F∂-dn-b-s∏´ tdmam-

°m¿ kz¿W\mW-b-߃ \¬In tIc-f-Øn¬

\n∂v Ah¿t°sd CjvS-s∏´ Ipcp-ap-fIpw kpK-

‘-Zy-h-ßfpw h\-hn-`-h-ßfpw sIm≠p-t]mbn.

CXn-s\-°p-dn®v ]g-¥-angv∏m´p-I-fnepw hntZ-i-k-

©m-cn-I-fpsS Ipdn-∏p-I-fnepw ]cm-a¿i-ap-≠v. tIc-

f-Øn¬ ]e-bn-S-Øp-\n-∂p-ambn In´nb ]mNo\

tdmam\mW-b-߃ Cu hym]m-c-_-‘sØ°pdn-

®p≈ [mcW Dd-∏n-°p-∂p. ]Sn-™m-d≥\mSp-I-fp-

ambn ]n¬°m-eØv hmWn-Py-_‘w ÿm]n-°p-

∂-Xn¬ tIc-f-Øn\v t]m’m-l-\-am-bn-Øo¿∂Xv

tdmam-°m-cp-am-bp≈ hym]mckº¿°-am-Wv. Fß-

s\-bm-bn-cp∂p Cu hym]mcw \S-∂n-cp-∂Xv F∂v

t\m°mw.

Dev]-∂-߃ Xpd-ap-J-ß-fn¬ sIm≠p-t]mbn

ssIam‰w sNbvXn-cp-∂p. Cu ÿe-߃ ItaW

Itºm-f-ß-fmbn amdn. Ch Xpd-apJ\K-c-ß-fmbn

A[ymbw ˛ 7

77tIc-f-∏-ga

Adn-b-s∏´p. apkn-cnkv (apNn-cn AYhm sImSp-ß-

√q¿) Xn≠n-kv, s\¬°n≠ XpS-ßnb Xpd-apJ\K-

c-ß-sf-°p-dn®v πn\n F∂ tdma≥ Fgp-Øp-Im-cs‚

Ipdn-∏p-I-fnepw s]cn-πkv F∂ Ko°v IrXn-bnepw

tSmf-an-bpsS `qan-im-kvX-K-Ÿ-Ønepw ]g-¥-angv

]m´p-I-fnepw ]cm-a¿i-ß-fp-≠v.

temI-Ønse ][m\I®-h-S-tIµß-fp-ambn \nc-

¥ckº¿°w ]pe¿Ønb I®-h-S-°m¿ tIc-f-

]´Ww D¬J-\-\-Øns‚ ÿm\w ImWn-°p∂ q]Sw

Øns‚ Xpd-ap-J-ß-fn¬ hn`-h-߃°mbn h∂n-

cp∂p F∂p hy‡-am-Ip-∂p. sImSp-ß-√q-cn-\-Sp-

Øp≈ "]´Ww' D¬J-\\sØfn -hp -Iƒ

]mNo\ Xpd-ap-J-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ A`n-]m-b-

߃ icn-sh-°p∂p.

]´Ww D¬J-\\w

sImSp-ß-√q¿ ]tZ-isØ Ncn-X-ss]-XrIw

kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv s]cn-bm-dns‚ sXt°-

°-c-bn-ep≈ ] -WØv ]cy-th-j-Whpw D¬J-

\-\hpw \S-∂-Xv. tIc-f-Øns‚ a‰p ]tZ-i-

ßsf At]-£n®v kº-∂hpw k¶o¿W-hp-

amb Ncn-X-ap≈ Hcp ]tZ-i-amWv sImSp-ß-

√q¿. Dt±iw c≠m-bncw h¿j-߃°p apºv

ChnsS Pohn-®n-cp∂ \ΩpsS ]q¿hn-I-cpsS

Pohn-X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Ah-in-jvS-ß-fmWv

]´-WsØ ]pcm-hkvXp]m[m-\y-ap≈ Hcp

]tZ-i-am°n am‰n-bXv. tIc-f-Øns‚ Ccp-ºp-

bp-K-Im-e-sØbpw Ncn-Xm-cw-`-Im-e-sØbpw

Ipdn®v Adn-hp-Iƒ \¬Ip∂ sXfn-hp-Iƒ ] -

W-Øp-\n∂pw In´n-bn- p-≠v. Bbn-c-°-W-°n\p

h¿j-߃°p-apºv \nc-h[n hntZ-i-kw-kvIm-

c -ß-fp -ambn I®-h -S -_-‘-ß-fn -eqsS

kmwkvIm-cnIhn\n-abw \S-Øn-b-Xns‚ Cu

sXfn-hp-Iƒ \ap°v Gsd hne-s∏-´-h-bm-Wv.

sImSp-ß-√q-cns‚ AºXv Intem-ao-‰¿ Np‰-f-

hn¬ ]cy-th-j-W-߃ C\nbpw \S-t°-≠-

Xp-s≠-∂mWv ]pcmh-kvXp Kth-j-I¿ A`n-

]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

temIØns‚ hnhn[ mK-ß-fn¬\n∂p≈ hym]m-cn-I-fpsS hchv tIc-f-Ønse kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-

Øn¬ Fs¥-¶nepw Xc-Øn-ep≈ kzm[o\w sNep-Øn-bn-´p-t≠m? I®hS-°m¿ Itºmf\K-c-ß-

fn¬ ÿnc-Xm-a-k-°m-cm-hp-∂-Xn-eqsS `£Ww, hkvX-[m-cWw XpS-ßnb Fs¥√mw Imcy-ß-

fn¬ am‰w h∂n-cn°mw? N¿® sNøq.

A[n-Im-c-cq]߃

A[n-Imccq]-߃ ]Xy-£-am-bXv Fß-s\-sb∂p

t\m°mw. hn`-h-ß-fpsS taep≈ \nb-¥Ww

Xs∂-bmWv icn-bmb A[n-Imcw. IqSp-X¬ hn`hw

ssIh-i-s∏-Sp-Øn-bh¿- henb A[n-Imcw t\Sn.

Bƒ_-ehpw Bbp-[hpw CXn-\p-]tbm-Kn-®p. IpSpw-

_-am-bn-cp∂p A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ amX.

Ch "IpSn-Iƒ' F∂ t]cn-e-dn-b-s∏- p. Iptd IpSpw-

_-߃ tN¿∂m¬ Hcp "Ducv' Bbn. Ducns‚

Xe-∏Øv A[nImcw sNep-Øn-bn-cp-∂Xv "Du¿In-

gm≥' F∂ aq∏-\m-bn-cp-∂p. Iptd Ducp-Iƒ IqSn-

t®¿∂v "\mSp-Iƒ' cq]w sIm≠p. Hmtcm \mSpw

"thƒ' F∂-dn-b-s∏´ henb aq∏-∑m-cpsS Iogn-em-

78 kmaq-ly-imkvXw˛ I

¢mkv ˛ IX

bn-cp-∂p. thƒ ]e-hn-[-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. hen-

∏-Ønepw i‡n-bnepw ]m[m-\y-Ønepw Ah¿

hyXy-kvX-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-cpsS Iq -Øn¬ G‰hpw

i‡cpw ]am-Wn-am-cp-am-bn-cp∂p tNc-˛-tNm-g-˛-]m-

fiy-∑m¿. Ch¿ aqth-¥¿ F∂pw Adn-b-s∏-´p.

Cu apth-¥-∑m-cmWv tKmXh¿K-k-aq-l-Øn¬

\n∂v cmPm-[n -Im-c-Øn-te-°p≈ am‰-Ønse

BZysØ IÆn-Iƒ.

_m“-W¿

CXc]tZ-i-ß-fn¬\n∂v ChnsS FØn- A[n-hm-

k-tI-µ-߃ ÿm]n-®-h-cmWv _m“-W¿. ^e-

`q-bn-jvT-amb ÿe-ß-fn-em-bn-cp∂p _m“-W-Km-

a-߃ hf¿∂-Xv. A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°v Bi-b-]-c-amb

]n¥pW \¬Inbpw t£Xm-cm[\mkº-Zm-b-

Øn¬ IpØI t\Snbpw _m“-W¿ kaq-l-Øn¬

D∂-X-ÿm-\-ß-fn-se-Øn. Ah¿°v DS-a-ÿm-h-Im-

i-ap≈ hnkvXr-X-amb Irjn-`q-an-bn¬ tPmen-sN-

øm≥ apgp-h≥ kabIrjn-∏-Wn-°msc sh°p-Ibpw

_m“-W¿ `qhp-S-a-I-fmbn \ne-\n-¬°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp. ]g-¥-angv ]m´p-I-fn¬ ]cma¿in® kaqlw

ItaW C√m-Xm-hp-Ibpw _m“Wmi-b-߃°v

A\p-kr-X-amb ]pXnb kaqlw tIc-f-Øn¬ cq]-

s∏-Sp-I-bpw sNbvXp. NmXp¿h¿Wy-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-

X-amb PmXn-k-º-Zm-bw, `qhp-Sakº-Zm-bw,

_m“WtIµo-I-cWw F∂n-h-tN¿∂ Hcp

]pXnb Ahÿ kwPm-X-am-bn.

_u≤ssP-\-a-Xm-i-b-߃

AtimINI-h¿Øn-bpsS imk-\-ß-fn¬ tIc-f-

sØ-°p-dn®v ]cm-a¿i-ß-fp-≈-Xn-\m¬ A°m-e-Øp-

Xs∂ _u≤-ssP\ Bi-b-߃ ChnsS ]N-cn-

®n-cp-∂-Xmbn A\p-am-\n-°mw.

Im¿jn-I-hnZy Adn-bm-hp∂ ssP\-∑mcpw _u-≤-

∑mcpw Xß-fpsS Adnhv kaq-l-Øn¬ ]N-cn-∏n-®-

Xn-\m¬ Dev]m-Z-\-h¿[-\-hn\v AXv Gsd klm-

b-I-am-bn. Hcp Im¿jnIkaq-l-Øn¬ qan°v Gsd

]m[m -\yap -≠-t√m. `qan -bpsS DS -a -ÿX

B¿°mtWm Ah¿°m-bn-cp∂p kaq-l-Øn¬

Db¿∂ ÿm\w. _m“WKma-߃°p Np‰pw

hnim-e-amb Irjn-`qan t£X-ß-fp-tStXm _m“-

W-cp-tStXm Bbn. tZhkzw F∂-dn-b-s∏- t£X-

`qan-bpw _“kzw F∂-dn-b-s∏- _m“-W- qanbpw

ssIImcyw sNbvXn-cp-∂Xv _m“-W-cm-bn-cp-∂p.

km[m-c-W I¿j-I¿ A∂v Imcm-f¿ F∂m-W-dn-

b-s∏-´-Xv. Ch¿ _m“-W-cpsS Iogm-f-cmbn amdn.

Irjn-bnS-ß-fn¬ Xma-kn-® IpSpw-_-ß-fmWv "IpSn-

Iƒ'. Irjn-bn-S-ß-fn¬ Xma-kn-°m-\p≈ Cu Ah-

Im-isØ "IpSn-bm-bva' F∂v ]d-™p-h∂p. kz¥w

\ne-\n¬∏n\pw `qhp-S-abv-°p≈ tkh\w F∂

\ne-bnepw IpSn-Iƒ Irjn-ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ ]Wn-sb-

Sp-Øp. Hmtcm `qkz-Øn-t\mSpw tN¿∂v AXn¬

the-sN-øm-\p≈ ASn-bm-f-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

`qan-bpsS ta¬ Ch¿°v A-h-Im-i-ap≠m-bn-cp-∂n√.

`qan-bpsS ssIam‰w \S-Øp-tºmƒ B `qan-bn¬

A[zm-\n -®n -cp∂ ASn-bm-f -scbpw ssIam‰w

sNbvXpt]m-∂p.

Irjn-bpsS hnIm-kw, t£X-ß-fpsSbpw tZhm-e-

b-ß-fp-sSbpw \n¿Ωm-W-Øn-ep-≠mb hf¿®

F∂nh ssIsØm-gn¬ sNøp-∂hcpsS \ne sa®-

s∏-Sp-Øn. sF¶pSn°Ωm-f-cpsS hf¿® CXn¬

][m-\-am-Wv. hnK-l-߃, sImgp, Acn-hmƒ,

Ie∏, \mW-bw, Ac-I-√v, \pIw, sI´nSw XpS-

ßnbhbpsS \n¿Ωm-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´-h¿

sF¶pSn°Ωm-f-cm-bn-cp-∂p.

ac-∏-Wn-°m-c-\mb Bimcn (X®≥), Iev]-Wn-°m-

c-\mb I¬Ø-®≥, HmSp-cp-°nb aqim-cn, Ccp-

ºp-]-Wn-sNbvX sIm√≥, s]m∂p-cp-°p∂ X´m≥

F∂n-h¿ sF¶pSn°Ωm-f¿ F∂-dn-b-s∏-´p.

Irjnbpw ssIsØm-gn-ep-Ifpw ]c-kv]cw _‘-s∏- -h-bm-W-t√m. Im¿jn-tImev]-∂-ß-fpsS h¿[-

\-hn\v ssIsØm-gn-ep-I-fpsS hnImkw A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. Hcp Im¿jn-I-k-aqlw F∂ \ne-bn¬

tIc-f-Øn-ep-b¿∂p-h∂ sXmgn-e-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ kmaq-ly-hn-`-P-\-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

Fs¥m-s°-bmWv? N¿® sNøp-I.

A[ymbw ˛ 7

79tIc-f-∏-ga

s]cp-amƒhmgv®°mew

InkvXp-h¿jw HºXmw \q‰m-t≠msS s]cp-am-°-

∑m-cpsS `c-W-am-bn. A∂mWv tIcfw Hcp

]tXyIcmjvSobtaJ-e-bmbn amdp-∂-Xv. C∂sØ

sImSp-ß-√q-cn\-Sp-Øp≈ atlm-Z-b-]p-c-am-bn-cp∂p

CXns‚ Xe-ÿm-\w. cmjvSobm[n-Im-csØ \nb-

¥n®pw t£X-tI-µo-Ir-X-amb Kma-Po-hn-XsØ

Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-bpw _m“WP∑nXzw C°m-eØv

DZbw sIm≠p. InkvXp 9 12 \q‰m-≠p-hsc tIc-

f-Øn¬ A[n-Imci‡n-bmbn \ne-\n-∂Xv _m“-

W¿ ]n¥p-W® s]cp-am-°-∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p.

\mSp-Iƒ

tNc-am≥ s]cp-am-°-∑m-cpsS i‡n-tI-µ-߃ \mSp-

I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. \nc-h[n Kma-߃ IqSn-t®¿∂-Xm-

bn-cp∂p Hmtcm-\mSpw. ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn cWw \S-

Øn-bn-cp∂ IpSpw-_-Øn¬\n∂p≈ \mSp-hm-gn-I-fm-

bn-cp∂p ]te-SØpw \mSp-I-fpsS DS-a-Ifmbn-cp∂Xv.

Hmtcm-\m-Sp-hm-gnbpw kz¥-ambn ssk\ysØ \ne-

\n¿Øn-bn-cp-∂p. tIc-f-Øns‚ hSt° `mK-Øp

tImeØp\mSpw G‰hpw sXt°`mKØv thWmSpw

BWv A∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv.

Ch-bv°n-S-bn¬ Ipcp-ap-f-Ins‚ kar-≤n-bn¬ kº-

∂-amb \mSm-bn-cp∂p hb-\m-Sns‚ `mK-߃ IqSn-

t®¿∂ ]pd-In-gm-\m-Sv. hmWn-Py-tI-µ-amb ]¥-em-

bn\n Dƒs∏´ \mSns\ Ipd-º-\mSv F∂mWv ]d-

™n-cp-∂-Xv. Gd-\mSv, h≈p-h-\m-Sv, shsºmen \mSv

XpSßn a‰p Nne \mSp-Ifpw tNc-cm-Py-Øp-≠m-bn-

cp-∂p.

\mSp-hm-gn-Ifpw cmPmhpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w Fß-

s\-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p t\m°q.

Irjn-bn¬\n∂pw I®-h-S-Øn¬\n∂pw a‰pw \mSp-

hm-gn-Iƒ°v e`n-®n-cp∂ hcp-am-\-Øn¬ Hcp `mKw

\mSp-hm-gn-Iƒ cmPm-hn\p \¬In. BNm-c-Ønepw

]mc-º-cy-Ønepw A[n-jvTn-X-amb Hcp A[n-Im-c-

L-S-\-bmWv s]cp-amƒ `cWImeØv cmPmhpw

\mSp-hm-gnbpw XΩn¬ \ne-\n∂-Xv.

]pdw\mSp-I-fp-am-bp≈ hym]mcw s]cp-amƒ `c-W-

Im-eØv hfsc h¿[n-®p. kndn-b≥ InkvXym-\n-

Iƒ, PqX-∑m¿, Ad-_n-Iƒ, ssN\-°m¿ XpS-ßn-

b -h¿ C°m-eØv tIc-f -hp -ambn kPoh

hym]mc_‘w ]pe¿Øn.

hym]m-c-Øns‚ `mK-ambn ]pXnb Aßm-Sn-Ifpw

Itºm-f-ßfpw cq]-s∏- n-cp-∂p. hntZ-i-hym-]m-c-Øn-

\p≈ hkvXp-°ƒ Xpd-apJ\K-c-ß-fn¬ FØn-°p-

I-bmWv sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xv.

s]cp-amƒ°mesØ hntZ-i-hm-WnPyw

I®-h-Sm-h-iy-Øn\v tIc-f-Øn¬ FØn-t®¿∂-h-

cn¬ InkvXym-\n-I-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-cpsS

A\p-bm-bn-I-fmbn Nne \m´p-Imcpw tN¿∂p. Chn-

SpsØ ][m\hmWn-Py-hn-`m-K-ambn amdnb Ah¿

Chn-SpsØ ]c-º-cm-KXkmaq-ly-I-a-߃ AwKo-

I-cn®v Pohn-®p.

hym]m-cm-hiyØn\p Xs∂-bmWv PqX-∑mcpw

ChnsS FØn-b-Xv. aX-]o-U-\sØ XpS¿∂v kz¥w

\m´n¬\n∂v ChnsS IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿Øv Chn-SpsØ

kwkvIm-c-hp-ambn Cgp-In-t®¿∂v Ign™p t]m∂-

h-cmWv PqX-∑m¿. kaq-l-Ønse Db¿∂ hn`m-K-

߃°v \¬In-bn-cp∂ F√m-]-Z-hn-Ifpw Ch¿°v

ChnsS e`n-®n-cp-∂p.

sNt∏SpIƒ

kndn-b≥ InkvXy≥ t\Xmhpw Xcn-km-∏≈n

ÿm]-I-\p -amb am¿ k]o¿ Cutim-hn\v

sIm√sØ ]´-W-Ønse A[n-hmkIq´m-bva-bp-

sSbpw I®-h-S-Øn-s‚bpw Ahn-SpsØ IpSn-I-

fp-sSbpw \nb-¥Ww G¬∏n-®p-sIm-Sp-Ø-Xns‚

tcJ-bmWv Ncn-X-]-kn-≤-amb Xcn-km-∏≈n

]´bw.

PqX-h¿Ø-I-]-am-Wn-bmb tPmk v d∫m\v apbn-

cn-t°m´v Nne Ah-Im-i-ßfpw hn´p-sIm-Sp-ØXv

tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ tcJ-bmWv PqX-∏-´-bw.

ssIkvXh-PqXhn`m-K-ß-sf-t∏m-se-Øs∂ I®-h-

S-Øn-\mbn FØn-b-h-cmWv Ad-_n-Ifpw. bqtdm∏pw

tIc-f-hp-am-bp≈ hym]m-c-Øns‚ CS-Ø- p-Im-cmbn

Ch¿ ]h¿Øn-®p.

tIc-f-hp-ambn I®-h-S-_-‘-Øn-te¿s∏´ as‰mcp

Iq´-cmWv ssN\-°m¿.

Fs¥m-s°-bm-bn-cp∂p tI-c-f-Øn¬\n∂v I®-h-S-

°m¿ sIm≠p-t]m-b-sX-∂-dn-tbt≠? ][m-\-ambpw

Ipcp-ap-f-Ip-X-s∂. ]ns∂ Idp-h-∏-´, Gew, C©n,

80 kmaq-ly-imkvXw˛ I

¢mkv ˛ IX

Nµ-\w, ]´p-h-kvX-߃, apØv, B\-s°mºv XpS-

ßnb Ht´sd km[-\-߃.

Ifn-a¨]m-X-߃, No\-∏´v, ao≥he-Iƒ XpS-ßn-

bh ssN\-°m¿ ChnsS sIm≠ph∂v hn‰n-cp-∂p.

]e -\m-´p-Imcpw h∂v Pohn-°p-Ibpw AXp-hgn

hnhn[ kwkvIm-c -߃--tN¿∂v ]pXnb Hcp

kwkvImcw cq]-s∏-Sp-I-bpw sNbvXp. ssN\-°m-

scm-gnsI I®-h-S-Øn-s\-Ønb-h-¿ ChnsS ÿnc-

Xm-a-k-°m-cm-bn.

cmWv I®-h-S-kw-L߃. a[y-ImetIc-f-Ønse

]i-kvX-cmb I®-hSkwLßfmbn-cp∂p A©p-

h-Æw, aWn-Kmaw F∂n-h. kndn-b≥ InkvXym-\n-

I-fpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ I®-h-S-kw-L-am-bn-cp∂p

aWn - Km -aw. Ch¿ Z£n -tW--¥y -bn -seßpw

]h¿Øn-®p-t]m-∂p.

PqX-∑m-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ I®-h-S-kw-L-am-bn-

cp∂p A©p-h-Æw. tIc-f-Ønse ae-©-c-°p-Ifpw

kpK-‘-Zy-hy-ßfpw hntZ-i-ß-fn-te°v Ib‰n Ab-

®n-cp∂ Cu I®-h-S-kw-L-߃°v \m´n¬ knhn¬

`c-W-Øns‚ NpaX-ebpw e`n-®n-cp-∂p. tZim-¥-

c_‘-ß-fp≈ Cu kwL-ß-fpsS ]n¥pW `c-

Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ Gsd hne-a-Xn-®p. Chbv°p ]pdta

sXt° C¥y-bn-emsI ]Nm-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ \m\m-

tZ-in-Iƒ, hf-©n-b¿ apX-emb ]mtZ-inIkwL-

߃°pw Xt±-iobhmWn-Py-Øn¬ ][m\]¶p-

≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

Xcn-km-∏≈n sNt∏Sv

I®-h-S-kw-L-߃

B`y-¥-chpw hntZ-io-b-hp-amb I®-hSw \SØn

\m´n\v Hgn-®p-Iq-Sm-\m-hmØ LS-I-ambnamdn-b-h-

hn`-h-ß-fpsS ssIam-‰w amX-a√ I®-h-S-Øn-eqsS \S-°p∂Xv. hnhn[]tZ-i-ß-fnse P\-Po-hn-

X-Øns‚ X\n-a-Ifpw ssIam‰w sNø-s∏-Sp-∂p. sXfn-hp-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]cn-tim-[n-

°pI.

PmXn-L-S\ tIc-f-Øn¬

s]cp-amƒhmgvN-°m-e-tØm-sS-bmWv PmXn-Ifpw D]-

Pm-Xn-Ifpw cq]-s∏-´-sX∂p ImWmw. A[zm-\sØ

ASn-ÿm-\-am°n cq]w-sIm≠ sXmgn¬°q´m-bva-

Iƒ _m“WKma-ßsf Np‰n-∏-‰n-bmWv \ne-\n-

∂n-cp-∂-Xv. Hmtcm sXmgn-enepw sshZKv[yw t\Sn-

b-h¿ Ah-cpsS sXmgn-¬ ]c-º-cm-K-X-am-°n-am‰n.

CXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]pXnb PmXn-Iƒ

Db¿∂p-h∂p. Cu kº-Zmbw kaq-l-Øn¬

ta¬PmXn-sb∂pw IogvPmXn-sb-∂p-ap≈ th¿Xn-

cn-hp-≠m-°n. hnizm-k-ßfpw BNm-c-ßfpw \nb-a-

ßfpw hgn D]-cn-h¿Kw kaq-l-Øns‚ kºØpw

A[n-Im-chpw ssIb-S-°n.

\mSp-hmgn kzcq-]-߃

InkvXp 1124˛HmsS s]cp-amƒhmgvN Ah-km-\n®p.

s]cp-am-°∑mcpsS ImesØ "\m´p-S-b-h¿' Ah-c-

h-cp-sS \mSp-I-fn¬ `cWw ÿm]n-®p. F√m kzcq-

]-ßfpw Iq´p-Ip-Spw-_-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. IpSpw-_-Ønse

aqØ AwK-am-bn-cp∂p kzcq-]-Øns‚ `c-Wm-[n-

Imcn. s\Sn-bn-cn-∏v (tImgn-t°mSv), s]cp-º-S∏v

(sIm®n), tImew (Nnd -bv°¬), Xr∏m-∏qcv

(thWmSv) XpS -ßn -b-h-bm-bn -cp -∂p ][m-\-

kzcq]߃. AkwJyw sIm®p kzcq-]-߃

thsdbpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. \mSns‚ ]c-am-[n-Im-cn-

Iƒ kzcq-]-ß-fmbn amdn. kzcq-]-ß-fpsS A[n-

Imc]cn[n \mSv Bbn-cp-∂p. Hmtcm \m´nepw

At\Iw tZi-ßfpw Xd-Ifpw F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p

hyh-ÿ. tZi-Øn\v sX°≥ tIc-f-Øn¬ Ic

F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. tZiw tXmdpw tZi-hm-gnIfpw

D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. kzcq-]-߃°v ÿnc-ambn ssk\yw

D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. Bh-iy-ap-≈-t∏mƒ tZi-hm-gn-Iƒ

t]mcm-fn-Isf Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-°-Ww. AXm-bn-cp∂p

\S-∏v.

A[ymbw ˛ 7

81tIc-f-∏-ga

Ad-_n-Iƒ

BZy-ImeI®-hS_‘-ß-fn-eqsS Ad-_n-Ifpw

ssN\-°mcpw tIc-f-Øn¬ kp]-cn-Nn-X-cmbn-cp-∂-

t√m. ]¥≠mw \q‰m≠p apX¬ Ad-_n-I-fp-sSbpw

ssN\-°m-cpsSbpw kPo-h-km-∂n[yw ho≠pw

D≠m-bn. A°m-esØ ][m\ Xpd-ap-J-߃

GsXms°bmbn-cp-∂p-sht∂m?

Ggn-a-e, hf-]-´-Ww, ]¥-em-bn-\nsIm√w, Im∏mSv,

tImgn-t°m-Sv, Nmen-bw, sImSp-ß-√q¿, sIm®n,

sIm√w F∂nhbmbn-cp∂p Xpd-ap-J-߃. Ipcp-ap-

f-Iv, Idp-h-∏-´, Nµ-\w, C©n XpS-ßnb hn`-h-ß-

fm-bn-cp∂p ChnsS\n∂v hntZ-i-ß-fn-te°v sIm≠p-

t]m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.

Ad-_n-°-S-ense Zzo]-k-aq-l-amb e£-Zzo-]p-Iƒ°v

tIc-f-hm-Wn-Py-Øns‚ IY-bn¬ ][m-\-s∏´

]¶p≠v. sN¶-S¬ hn´v Ing-t°m´v t]mcp∂ I∏-

ep-Iƒ°v IpSn-sh≈w tiJ-cn-°m-\p≈ BZysØ

CS-Øm-h -f -am -bn -cp∂p Cu Zzo] -k-aq -lw.

ChnsS\n∂p In´nb tdma≥ \mW-b-߃ hmWn-

Py-irw-J-e-bn¬ Cu Zzo]-k-aq-l-Øn-\p≈ ]g°w

sXfn-bn-°p-∂p. a≤y-Im-eØv Ad-_n-I-fp-ambn

\S∂ hmWnPy_‘w e£-Zzo-]ns‚ kwkvIm-

csØ Imcy-ambn kzm[o-\n-®p. DØ-c-tI-c-f-Øns‚

Xoc-tZ-i-Øp-\n∂v IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿Ø-h-cmWv Ahn-

S-Øp-Im¿. Imcy-£-a-amb I∏-tem- -Øns‚ kmt¶-

XnIhnZy Ah¿ hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Øp. CXn\p

th≠n hm\-\n-co-£-Ww, tPmXn-»mkvXw F∂n-

h-bn¬ `mc-Xo-bhpw Atd-_n-b\pw Bb ]mc-º-

cy-߃ Ah¿ kzoI-cn-®p.

imkvXhpw kmln-Xyhpw

a[y-Im-e-L- -ß-fn¬ s]cp-amƒ c-W-Øn-\p-ti-jw

ChnsS hnImkw]m]n® c≠p hn⁄m\imJI-

fm-Wv tPymXn»m-kvXhpw sshZy-im-kvX-hpw. Ch-

bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Ht -sd -K-Ÿ-߃ A°m-eØv

cNn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. i‡-amb kwkvIr-X-]-`mhw

Ch-bn¬ ImWmw.

hmKv`-Sm-\-µs‚ AjvSmw-K-lr-Z-b-Øn\v tIc-f-

Øn¬ hfsc ]Nmcw kn≤n-®p. AjvS-ssh-Zy-∑m¿

F∂ t]cn-e-dn -b-s∏-´n -cp∂ sshZy-Ip-e-߃

Bbp¿th-ZNnIn-’m-co-Xn-bpsS ]Nm-c-Icpw kwc-

£-I-cp-am-bn. Ah-cp-sSbpw injy-∑m-cp-sSbpw ]c-

º-c-h-gn-bmWv tIc-f-Øn¬ Bbp¿thZw \ne-\n-

∂Xpw ]N-cn-®-Xpw. tIc-f-Ønse `nj-Kz-c-∑m-sc-

°p-dn®v bqtdm]y≥ k©m-cn-Ifmb am¿t°m-t∏m-

tfm, Km¿jym U Hm¿´ F∂n-h-cpsS Ipdn-∏p-I-

fn¬ kqN-\-I-fp-≠v.

hS-t»-cn- ]c-ta-iz-c≥, Ccn-ßm-e-°pS am[-h≥, XpS-

ßnb tPymXn -»mkvX]fin-X -∑m¿ Gsd

]ivkvX-cm-bn-cp-∂p.

P\-X-bpsS kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ `mK-am-bn-s°m-

≠mWv Hmtcm mjbpw hf¿∂ph∂-Xv. ae-bm-fhpw

CXn¬\n∂p n∂-a-√. ]mNo\Xan-g-I-Øns‚ mK-

am-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ BZy-Imeae-bm-f-Øn¬ Xan-

gns‚ cq]߃ ImWmw. _u≤ssP\aX-°m-cp-

sSbpw _m“Wkaq-l-Øn-s‚bpw km∂n[ywhgn

kwkvIr-X-`mj ChnsS ]N-cn-®p. kwkvIr-Xhpw

Xangpw Chn-SsØ P\-߃°v ]cn-Nn-X-am-bn. Ch

c≠n-s‚bpw kzm[o-\-Øn¬\n∂v ItaW hnSp-X¬

t\Sn-bn- mWv ae-bm-f`mj hf¿∂p-h-∂-Xv. kwkvIr-

Xhpw ae-bm-fhpw tN¿∂ aWn-]-hm-fØnemWv

BZyL- -Øn¬ kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.

cma-N-cn-Xw, cma-I-Y-∏m v F∂nh ]m´p-Ir-Xn-Iƒ°pw

DÆnb®n-N-cn-Xw, DÆn-®n-cp-tX-hn-N-cn-Xw, DÆn-bmSn

NcnXw XpS-ßn-b-h aWn-]-hm-f-Øn\pw ZrjvSm-¥-

ß-fm-Wv. sNdp-t»-cn-bpsS IrjvW-KmYbmWv

sXfnae-bm-f-Øn-ep≈ BZy-Ir-Xn. Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-

—\pw Ip©≥ \ºymcpw ae-bm-fsØ IqSp-X¬

t]mjn-∏n-®p.

_u≤-ssP-\-a-X-߃

tIc-f-Ønse tKmX-kw-kvIm-c-Øn¬ henb am‰-

ß-fp-≠m-°m≥ _p≤-aXkzm[o\w Imc-W-am-bn-

´p≠v. hnZym- ym-kw, mj, D’-h-߃, A£-c-ame,

sshZyw, tPymXnjw XpSßn Hs´-√m -hn⁄m\ta-

J-e-I-fnepw _p≤-aXw kzm[o\w sNep-Øn-bn-

´p≠v.

InkvXp 8- 9 \q‰m-≠p-ItfmsS-bm-hWw ssP\-aXw

ChnsS ]N-cn--®Xv. Im¿jnI hrØn-bnepw hym]m-

c-Ønepw G¿s∏-´n-cp-∂-h-cm-bn-cp∂p ssP\-aX

hnizm-kn-Iƒ. hb-\m-Sv, tImgn-t°m-Sv, ]me-°m-Sv,

82 kmaq-ly-imkvXw˛ I

¢mkv ˛ IX

Fd-Wm-Ipfw Pn√-I-fn¬ a[y-ImessP\-a-X-Øns‚

Ncn-Xm-h-in-jvS-߃ ImWmw. AXp-t]m-se-Øs∂

sX°v sN´n-Ip-f-ß-c, `c-Wn-°m-hv, amth-en-°-c,

Aº-e-∏p-g XpS-ßnb ÿe-ß-fn¬\n∂v _p≤-a-

Xm-h-in-jvS-߃ Is≠-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn.

F∂-XmWv i¶-c-Z¿i-\Øns‚ s]mcpƒ.

Z¿i-\-߃°v ]Nmcw In´m≥ _p≤-a-X-Øns‚

P\-Iob]Nm-c-W-coXn ioi¶-c≥ Ah-ew-_n-®p.

AXp-aqew Nne-c-t±-lsØ ]—∂_p≤≥ F∂p

hnfn-®p.

t£X-I-e-Iƒ

a[yImetIc-f-Ønse t£X-߃ kwKoXw,

\mSIw, \rØw apX-emb IeIƒ°v t]m’m-

l\w \¬In-. kwkvIrX\mS-I-߃ Ac-tß-dn-

bXv -IqØ-º-eØnemWv. t£X]cn-k-cØp amX-

am-bn-cp∂p IqØpw IqSn-bm-´hpw. t£X-I-e-I-

fmbnØs∂ Ah \ne-\n -∂p. Aº-e-Øn¬

IS°m≥ A\p-a-Xn-bn-√m-Ø-h¿°v Cu Ie-Iƒ

Bkz-Zn-°m≥ A-h-kcw In´n-bn-cp-∂n-√. amX-a√,

ITn-\-amb kwkvIrX]`m-h-ap≈ mj-bmWv Ch-

bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.

A\p-jvTm-\-I-e-Iƒ

t£X-I-eIfn¬\n∂v thdn´v Imhp-I-fnepw a‰v

Bcm-[-\m-ÿm-\-ß-fnepw Ac-tß-dn -bn-cp∂

A\pjvTm\-I-e-Iƒ ]eXpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. sXøw,

Xnd, sh≈m-´v, Dgn-®n¬ Ifw-]m-´v, k¿∏wXp≈¬

apX-em-bh DZm-l-c-Ww. t£X-I-e-Isf At]-

£n®v Ch IqSp-X¬ P\-Io-b-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p.

NmIym¿IqØv

_u≤ssP\aX-ß-fpsS Bcm-[\mkº-Zm-b-߃

Gsd P\-]n-b-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. CXv Ch-bpsS kzoIm-

cyX h¿≤n -∏n -°m -\n -S -bm -°n. tIc-f -Øn¬

Bbp¿thZw ]Ncn∏n-®Xv C°q-´-cm-sW∂v A`n-

]m-b-ap-≠v. Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ Cu aX-ß-fpsS Bcm-

[-\m-e-b-߃ _m“WtIµ-ß-fmbn amdp-I-bm-

Wp-≠m-b-Xv.

ioi-¶-c≥

InkvXp 8˛9 \q‰m-≠n-em-Wv ioi¶-c≥ Pohn-®n-cp-

∂-Xv. \ne-hn -en -cp∂ ]e BNm-c -ßsfbpw

FXn¿Øv kaq-l-Øn¬ Db¿∂ Nn¥ Ah-X-cn-

∏n-°m≥ At±lw bXv\n-®p. CXn\v At±lw

Bibn-®Xv thtZm]-\n-j-Øp-°-sf-bm-Wv. Ah-

bpsS B[n-ImcnIXzsØ Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-®v Xs‚

ImgvN-∏mSv At±lw Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p. D]-\n-jZvZ¿i-

\-ß-fpsS ASn-Ø-d-bn-emWv ioi-¶-c≥ Xs‚

AssZz-X-kn-≤m-¥w cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv.

Alw _“mkvan (Rm≥ _“-am-Wv)

XØz-akn (AXp \obmWv)

Aº-e-∏p-g Icp-am-Sn-°p- ≥

A[ymbw ˛ 7

83tIc-f-∏-ga

IqSn-bm´w

Chbv°p ]pdsa tIc-f-Øn-se-Ønb a‰p aX-hn-`m-

K-߃°pw Ah-cp-tS-Xmb A\p-jvTm-\-ßfpw Iem-

cq -]-ßfpw ]m´p-h-g-°-ßfpw \S-∏n -en -cp -∂p.

aplvbp±o≥ame XpSßn Ht´sd ame-∏m- p-Ifpw Ah-

tbm-Sp-tN¿∂ A\p-jvTm-\-ßfpw Ch-bn¬s∏Sp-∂p.

AXp-t]mse InkvXp-a-Xm-\p-bm-bn-Iƒ°pw Ahcp-

tS-Xmb am¿§w-I-fn, Nhn-´p-\m-SIw XpS-ßnb Iem-

cq-]-ßfpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

tIc-f-Ønse Ie-I-fnepw kmln-Xy-Ønepw hnhn-[-P-\-hn-`m-K-ß-fpsS Pohn-X-co-Xn, `£-W-co-Xn,

thj-hn-[m-\w, BNm-c-߃, Ic-hn-cp-Xp-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS kzm[o\w ]I-S-am-Wv. CXv \¬Ip∂

kqN-\-Iƒ F¥mWv? GsX√mw P\-hn- m-K-ß-fpsS kwkvIm-c-hp-ambn Ch _‘-s∏- n-cn-°p∂p?

t]m¿®pKokv B[n-]Xyw

Gjy-bn¬ bqtdm-]y≥ tImf\n hmgvN°v XpS-°-

an´ kw -h-sa∂ \ne-bv°mWv t]m¿®p-Kokv \mhn-

I\mb hmkvtIm-U-Km-abpsS hc-hns\ Ncn-X-

Øn¬ hnh-cn-°m-dp-≈-Xv.

A∂p-hsc (1498 F.Un) tIc-f-°-c-bn¬ Imep-Ip-

Øn-b-h-cmcpw \mSns‚ cmjvSo-bm-[n-Im-c-Øn¬

IÆp sh®n-cp-∂n-√. hntZ-in-I-fmb I®-h-S-°m¿

ISep IS∂ph∂v ]e \q‰m-≠p-I-tfmfw hym]m-c-

_‘w XpS-cp-I-bp-≠m-bn. C∂m-´p-Im-cp-ambn CS-

]-gIn Xt±ihmkn-I-fmbn amdn-b-h-cmWv Gsd-bpw.

kam-[m-\-]-c-hpw kulr-Z-]-c-hp-amb Hc-¥-co-£-

am-bn-cp∂p Fßpw \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂-Xv.

F∂m¬ t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS hc-thmsS F√mw

XInSw adn -™p. hmWn -Py -Øn¬ IpØI

X߃°m-hWw F∂v Ah¿ iTn-®p. \q‰m-≠p-

Ifmbn tIc-f-hp-ambn _‘w ]pe¿Ønt∏m∂ Ad-

_n-I-sfbpw ssN\-°m-scbpw B´n-tbm-Sn®pw Xt±-

i-hm-kn-Isf `b-s∏-Sp-Ønbpw \mSp-hm-gn-Isf

XΩn¬Ø√n®pw t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im¿ ChnsS Nph-

Sp-d-∏n-°m≥ ian-®p. ISepw Icbpw kwL¿j-`-cn-

X-ambn.

t]m¿®p-Kokvkm∂n[ywaqew Ah-cpsS hnizm-k-

ßfpw kmwkvIm-cnIkhn-ti-j-X-Ifpw ChnsS

]N-cn-®p-sh∂p ImWmw. ]g-b-Imew apX¬t°

I®-h-S-Øn-s\Øn \m´p-Im-cmbn amdnb kndn-

b≥InkvXym-\n-Isf ]tIm-]n-∏n-°p∂ \S-]-Sn-I-

fmWv t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im¿ ssIs°m-≠-Xv. ]tXy-

In®v aX-hn-izm-k-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬.

84 kmaq-ly-imkvXw˛ I

¢mkv ˛ IX

DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kq\-l-tZmkpw Iq\≥Ipcnip

kXyhpw

tIc-f-Ønse ssIkvXhk`sb tdman-t\mSv

hnt[-b-Xz-ap-≈-Xm°n am‰m≥ DZbw t]cq-cn¬

\S-Ønb ]ptcm-lnXktΩ-f-\-amWv "DZ-bw-t]-cq¿

kq\-l-tZmkv' F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

"kq\-l-tZmkv' Xocp-am-\-ß-fn¬ tIc-f-Ønse

kpdn-bm\n InkvXym-\n-Iƒ FXn¿∏p ]I-Sn-∏n®p.

Ah¿ a´m-t©-cn-bnse ]gb Ipcn-in\p ap≥]n¬

ktΩ-fn-®p. eØo≥ _nj-∏p-am-cpsS Xocp-am-\-

߃ AwKo-I-cn-°n-s√∂v ]Xn⁄ sNbvXp.

Gsd ]i-kvX-amb Iq\≥Ipcniv kXyw F∂-

dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv CXm-Wv.

Iip-h≠n, t]c, ]∏m-b, ]pI-bn-e, \ne-°-Se XpS-

ßnb Im¿jnIhn`-h-߃ t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS

hc-thmsS Ctßm-s´-ØnbXmWv. Iq´-Øn¬

"Nhn´p \mSIw' t]mep≈ Iem-cq-]-ßfpw ChnsS

]N-cn-®p. ]pXnb Irjn- co-Xn-Ifpw Ah¿ ChnsS

]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øn. t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im¿ \n¿Ωn®

ssIkvXhtZhm-e-b-߃, _w•mhpIƒ F∂nh

bqtdm-]y≥ hmkvXp-in-ev]-ssien ChnsS ]N-cn-

°m≥ CS-bm-°n. ae-bm-f-`m-j-bn-te°v t]m¿®p-

Kokp _‘w hgn Ht´sd ]Z-߃ h∂ptNcp-I-

bp-≠m-bn. tai, P\¬, hcm-¥, t]m¿´n-t°m,

takvXn-cn, teew, Nmhn, Ae-amc XpS-ßn-bh C°q-

´-Øn¬s∏-Spw.

U®p-Im¿

t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Imsc XpS¿∂v U®p-Im¿ tIc-f-

Øn¬ FØn. Gsd-°psd I®-hSw amXw e£yw

sh®mWv BZyw Ah¿ ChnsS Xßn-b-Xv. Xt±-

iob-cmb \mSp-hm-gn-I-fpsS t]mcn-\n-S-bn¬ U®p-

Im¿°v hfsc Ffp-∏-Øn¬ Xß-fpsS B[n-]Xyw

ÿm]n-°m-\mbn. ae-bm-f-°-c-bnse Huj[kky-

ß-sf-°p-dn®v hni-Z-amb ]T\w \SØn Xøm-dm-

°nb "tlm¿Øqkv ae-_m-dn-°qkv' F∂ H‰

KŸw sIm≠v U®p-Im¿ Ah-cpsS tIc-fob

km∂n-[yw Ahn-kva-c-Wo-b-am-°n.

tlm¿Øqkv ae-_m-dn-°-qkns‚ ]pdwN´

ae-_m-dnse ]qt¥m´w F∂¿∞w hcp∂

tlm¿Øqkv ae-_m-dn-°qkv BZy-ambn Xøm-

dm°nbXv em‰n≥ `mj-bn-

emWv. 1678 apX¬ 1703 hsc-

bp≈ Ime-Øn-\n-Sbn¬ 12

hmey-ß-fm-bmWv CXv ]pd-

Øn-d -ßn -b-Xv . ]pkvX-Iw

]kn-≤o-I-cn-®Xv BwÿUm-

an-emWv. sIm®n-bnse U®p-

K-h¿W-dm-bn-cp∂ sl≥SnIv

hm≥ doUns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p tIc-f-

Ønse Huj-[-k-ky-ß-sf-°p-dn -®p≈ Cu

_rl-ZvKŸw cNn-°-s∏-´-Xv. Bbp¿th-Z-Nn-In-

’m-cw-KØv ]i-kvX-\m-bn-cp∂ C´n ANyp-X≥,

Im¿a¬ ]ptcm-ln-X≥ tPm¨amXyqkv, cwK-`-´v,

hn\m-b-I- - v, A∏p- v F∂-nh-cpsS klm-b-tØm-

sS-bmWv tlm¿Øqkv ae-_m-dn-°qkv F∂

]pkvXIw hm≥ doUv Xbm-dm-°n-b-Xv. Fgp-∂q‰n

\m¬∏-Øn-c-≠ntesd kky-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈

hnh-c-W-߃ CXn-ep-≠v.

t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS hc-hn\p apºpw ]nºp-ap≈ tIc-f-Øns‚ hntZ-i-hm-WnPyØn¬ h∂

hyXym-k-sa¥v? N¿® sNøp-I.

sl≥SnIv hm≥ doUv

A[ymbw ˛ 7

85tIc-f-∏-ga

thWmSv

inYneoI-cWi‡n-Isf D∑q-e\w sNbvXpw U®p-

Imsc XS™pw tXm¬∏n®pw thWm-´n¬ am¿Øm-

fi-h¿Ω \ne-bp-d-∏n®p. thWm-Sns\ B[p-\n-I-

X-bn-te°v \bn® cmPm-sh∂pw `c-W\n]p-W-

s\∂pw t]sc-SpØ hy‡n-bm-bn-cp∂p At±lw.

cmPy-Øns‚ hnkvXrXn h¿≤n-∏n®pw cmPysØ

GIo-I-cn®pw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse cmPm-°-∑m-cn¬

sh®v G‰hpw Ign-hp‰ `c-Wm-[n-Imcn F∂ \ne-

bn-te°v At±lw Db¿∂p. `c-W-cwKw \ho-I-cn-

°m\pw ssk\ysØ ]cn-jv°-cn-°m\pw kzoI-cn®

\S-]-Sn-Iƒ Gsd ]iw-kn-°-s∏-´p. amXr-Im-]-c-

amb \m´p-cm-PyØns‚ Cu kmc-Yn-bmWv tIc-f-

Øn¬ GIo-IrX`c-W-Øn\v XpS-°-an-´-Xv. Ab¬

\mSp-Isf Iog-S°n thWm-Sns\ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-

sd∂ B[p-\n-I-cm-Py-am°n hnI-kn-∏n-®Xv am¿Øm-

fi-h¿Ω-bm-Wv.

sIm®n-bnse i‡≥X-ºp-cm≥

t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im-cp-ambn kulr-Z-Øn¬ \n∂p-sIm-

≠mWv sIm®n-cmPyw i‡-am-b-Xv. ]n¬°m-eØv

i‡≥ Xºp-cm≥ Chn-SsØ ]_-e-\mb cmPm-

hm-bn. amS-ºn-am-scbpw ]`p-°-∑m-scbpw ASn-®-

a¿Ønbpw _m“W]utcm-ln-XysØ \nb-

¥WØn-em-°nbpw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bpsS \b-Nm-

Xpcyw At±lw hy‡-am-°n. CXv sIm®nsb i‡-

am-°m-\p≈ BZysØ Im¬sh-∏m-bn -cp -∂p.

InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°v I®-h-S-Øn-\mbn kuIcyw

sNbvXp-sIm-SpØpw ]pXnb hym]m-c-tI-µ-߃

Bcw-`n®pw hmWn-Py-cwKw sa®-s∏-Sp -Øm≥

At±lw ian-®p. Im¿jn-tIm-ev]m-Z\w h¿≤n-∏n-

°m-\mbn AW-s°-´p-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-®Xv sIm®n-`-c-

W-Øns‚ ta∑-I-fn-sem-∂m-Wv.

hnL-Sn®p \n¬°p-Ibpw ]c-kv]cw t]mc-Sn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv \ΩpsS hn`-hhpw kºØpw

sIm≈-b-Sn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\v CS-bm-°nb NcnXw \mw ]cn-N-b-s∏- -t√m. am¿Øm-fi-h¿Ω-bpsSbpw

i‡≥X-ºp-cms‚bpw `cWw tIc-f-Øns‚ GIo-I-cWØn\p]tNm-Z-\-am-bn. Cu A`n-]m-b-

tØmSv \n߃ tbmPn-°p-∂pt≠m?

ssakq¿ BI-aWw

hmWn-Py-Øn¬ IpØItamln®v ]Sn-™m-d≥

cmPy-ß-fn¬\n∂v h∂-Xp-t]mse Chn-SpsØ hn`-

h߃ sImXn®v Ing-°≥ aebndßnbpw adp-\m-

´p-Im¿ Ctßm-s´-Øn. hb-\m-Sn-\-∏p-dØv ssakq¿

cmPy-Øp-\n-∂mWv ]S-tbm-´-ap-≠m-b-Xv. sslZ-cm-

en, aI-\mb Sn∏p F∂o c≠p-kp¬Øm-∑m-cpsS

ImeØv hSt° ae-_m-dns‚ Ht´sd ]tZ-i-߃

Ah¿°-[o-\-am-bn. ssakq¿ kp¬Øm-∑m-cpsS

A¥y-tØmsS ae-_m¿ Cw•ojv Iº-\n-bpsS

Iogn¬h∂p.

tIc-fobkaq-l-Øn¬ ssakq¿A[n-\n-thiw

Fs¥√mw -am-‰-ß-fm-Wp-≠m-°n-b-sX∂ At\z-j-

W-Øn-te°v \oßp-tºmƒ Is≠-Øp∂ Imcy-߃

Fs¥m-s°-sb∂p t\m°p.

Irjn-`qan Af∂p Xn´-s∏-Sp-Øn, \nIp-Xn- \n-

›-bn-®p.

hoXn-Iq-Snb ]oc-¶n-\n-c-Øp-Iƒ ]WnXp

\ncØp hgn ][m-\-ÿ-e-߃ XΩn¬

_‘-ap-≠m-°n. AXp-hgn hym]m-c-Øn\pw

KXm-K-X-Øn\pw kuIcyw h¿[n-∏n-®p.

]h¿Ø-\-߃]h¿Ø-\-߃]h¿Ø-\-߃]h¿Ø-\-߃]h¿Ø-\-߃

ae-_m-dns‚ kmaq-ly-hn-I-k-\-Øn\v Sn∏p-hns‚ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ FX-amXw klm-b-I-am-bn- p≠v?

]cn-tim-[n-°q.

alm-inemkwkvIm-c-L´w apX¬ B[p-\nItIcfw ]nd-°p-∂-Xp-h-sc-bp≈ ImesØ kmaq-ly-Po-

hn-XsØ°pd-n®v Adn-bm-\p≈ ia-am-Wt√m \mw \S-Øn-b-Xv. Cu iaw C\nbpw XpS-tc-≠-Xp-≠v.

86 kmaq-ly-imkvXw˛ I

¢mkv ˛ IX

\ΩpsS Pohn-X-]-cn-k-c-sØ-°p-dn®v IqSp-X-e-dn-bm-\p≈ ]mtZ-inINcn-Xm-t\z-j-W-Øn\v XpS°w

Ipdn-bv°mw.

kvIqƒ/hoSv ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ ]tZ-itam sXm´-SpØ ]tZ-itam CXn-\mbn Xnc-s™-Sp-°mw. Ncn-

X-kvam-c-I-߃, s]mXp-ÿm-]-\߃, ]gb Xd-hm-Sp-Iƒ, Bcm-[-\m-e-b-߃ F∂n-hsb tIµo-

I-cn-®p≈ At\z-j-W-am-hmw. imkvXo-b-amb At\z-j-W-Øn-eqsS Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw Bhn¿`m-h-

Øns‚ kml-N-cyw, Ime-∏-g-°w, AXn\v kaq-l-Øn¬ D≈ ÿm\w, F∂nh Xncn-®-dn-bmw.

tIc-f-Ønse inem-bp-K-Øn-sebpw teml-bp-K-Øn-sebpw a\p-jy-cpsS Pohn-Xm-h-ÿsb Xmc-

XaywsNbvXv \nK-a-\-߃ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øq.

Dev]m-Z-\-an-®hpw hmWn-Py-_-‘-ßfpw kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ Fs¥√mw ]Xn- -e-\-ßfm-Wp-≠m-

°p-∂Xv? a[y-Im-e-tI-c-f-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.

$

Iq´pIm-tcm-sSm-cp-an®v Ifn-I-fnepw a‰v hnt\m-Z-ß-

fnepw G¿s∏-Sm-Ø-h¿ \ap-°n-S-bn¬ hfsc Ipd-

hm-bn-cn-°pw. kvIqfnepw Ab¬]-°-Øp-ap≈

\ΩpsS Nßm-Xn-am-tcm-sSm∏w Fs¥√mw Ifn-I-fn-

emWv \mw G¿s∏-Sp-∂-Xv? Ifnbpw Imcyhpw CS-

I-e¿∂-Xm-Wt√m \ΩpsS Pohn-Xw.

\ΩpsS ssZ\w-Zn\Pohn-X-Øn¬ Bh-iy-ap≈

`£Ww, hkvXw, ]m¿∏nSw, ]pkvXIw apX-em-

bh e`n-°p-∂-Xn\v Bcp-sS-sb√mw klm-b-amWv

\ap°v e`n-®n-´p-≈-Xv? \mw Pohn-°p∂ temI-sØ-

°p-dn®pw AXns‚ C∂-se-I-sf-°p-dn-®p-ap≈

Adnhv \mw t\Sp-∂Xv FhnsS \n∂m-Wv? \ΩpsS

Np‰p-ap≈ Bfp-I-fp-ambn \nc-h[n kµ¿`-ß-fn¬

\mw _‘-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠-t√m.

Iq´mb Pohn-X-Øn-eqsS

cq]-s∏-Sp∂ kmaq-ly-_-‘-

ß-sf -°p -dn®pw AXv

\Ωn¬ sNep -Øp∂

kzm[o -\ -sØ-°p -dn®pw

\ap°v N¿® sNømw.

IpSpw-_mw-K-߃, kplr-

Øp-°ƒ, A[ym-]-I¿ apX-

emb ]e-cp-ambpw \ap°v

CS-]-g -tI≠nhcm-dp -≠v.

Cßs\ \mw t\cn´v CS-]-

g-Ip-∂-h¿ amX-amtWm

\ΩpsS Pohn -XsØ

kzm[o-\n -°p-∂-Xv? \mw

Ct∂mfw I≠n-´n -√mØ

]e-cp-sSbpw ]hrØn-Iƒ

\sΩ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂nt√?

NnXw (8.1)se PmenI

i≤n-°p-I. C∂sØ kaq-

l-Øn¬ Bfp-Iƒ Fßn-

s\-sb-√m-amWv ]c-kv]cw

_‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂Xv F∂mWv Cu PmenI kqNn-

∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

sXmgn¬hIp∏pa¥n

Ce-IvSo-jy≥

Npa-´p-sXm-gn-emfn t£a-\n[n t_m¿Unse

Poh-\-°m-c≥

Kƒ v cmPyØp\n∂pws]tSm-fnbw Ib‰p-aXn

sNøp∂ Bƒ

Hmbn¬ dnss -\dn DSa

Ab¬ kwÿm-\sØs\¬°r-jn-°m-c≥

Xø¬°m-c≥

]e-N-c°p IS-°m-c≥

[m\y-ß-fpsSsamØ-°-®-h-S-°m-c≥

s]tSmƒ _¶p-Sa

tI_nƒ Sn.hn. Hm∏-td-‰¿

tUmIvS¿

temdn ssUh¿

Cw•ojv acp-∂p-tjm∏v DSa

temdn DSa

sXm-gn-emfn

NnXw 8.1

kmaqlyPohnXw8

88 kmaq-ly-imkvXw˛ I

¢mkv ˛ IX

Pmen-I-bn¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ sXmgn-emfn Bsc-√m-am-bn _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p?

$ Abmƒ t\cn´v _‘-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Btcm-sS-√m-am-Wv?

$ Pmen-I-bn¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ hnhn[ hy‡n-Iƒ ]pe¿Øp∂ ]c-kv]c_‘-߃°v IqSp-

X¬ DZm-l-c-W-߃ Is≠-Øp-I.

$ CXp-t]mse \n߃°v _‘-ap≈ hy‡n-Isf Dƒs∏-SpØn Hcp PmenI Xøm-dm-°q.

$ F¥n-\mWv \n߃ Ch-tcmSv _‘w ]pe¿Øp-∂-Xv? \n߃ GsX√mw Imcy-߃°mWv

Chsc Bi-bn-°p-∂-Xv? Cu _‘-߃ C√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ Fs¥√mw ]bm-k-ß-fm-bn-cn°pw

\n߃ t\cn-tS≠n hcn-I? hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

Ccp- n¬\n∂v shfn-®-Øn-te°v

sImSnb Ip‰-hm-fn-Iƒ°v \¬Ip∂ Hcp in£m-hn-

[n-bmWv GIm-¥-Ø-S-hv. CXns\ `b-s∏-SmØ

Bfp-Iƒ Npcp-°-am-bn-cn-°pw. Hcp a\p-jy-°p- nsb

Hcp Ccp-´-d-bn¬ H‰°v AS-®n-SpI. \ap°v Btem-

Nn-°m≥ høm-ØX `oI-c-amb A\p-`-h-am-W-Xv.

F∂m¬ CXp t]mep≈ kw`-h-ßfpw \S-∂n-´p-

≠v. 1938 ¬ Ata-cn-°-bn-em-bn-cp∂p AXv \S-∂-Xv.

"A∂' F∂ s]¨Ip-´nsb Ahƒ P\n® \mƒ

apX¬ Ah-fpsS apØ-—≥ hoSns‚ X´n≥]pd-

Øp≈ Ccp-´p-ap-dn-bn¬ AS-®n-´p. Poh≥ \ne-

\n¿Øm≥ Bh-iy-amb £Ww amXta Ahƒ°v

\¬In-bn-cp -∂p-≈q. Hcp Ip™n-\m-h-iy-amb

kvt\l-]q¿W-amb ]cn-N-c-Wtam emf-\tbm

Ahƒ°v e`n-®n-cp-∂n-√. Ah-fpsS hkvX-ßfpw

InS-°bpw Agp°v \nd™v Po¿Wn® Ah-ÿ-bn-

ep-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.

GI-tZiw Bdv hb-kp-≈-t∏m-gmWv A∂ Cu

GIm¥ØS-hn¬\n∂p tamNn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

kwkm-cn-°m-t\m \S°mt\m Ign-bmØ Ah-ÿ-

bn-em-bn -cp∂p Ahƒ. kmam-\y-_p-≤n -bpsS

bmsXmcp e£-Whpw Ahƒ ]I-Sn-∏n-®n-cp-∂n-√.

Ah-fpsS icocw F√p-Iƒ ]pd-tØ-°p¥n hfsc

£oWn® \ne-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p. ]pdw-tem-IsØ H®-

I-tfmSpw ImgvN-I-tfmSpw ]Xn-I-cn-°m-Ø-Xn-\m¬

Ahƒ _[n-cbpw A‘-bp-am-sW∂ kwibw

t]mepw I≠p\n-∂-h-cn¬ D≠m-bn.

i≤m-]q¿h-amb ]cn-N-c-W-Øn-eqsS ItaW A∂-

bpsS kz`m-h-Øn¬ am‰-߃ I≠p-Xp-S-ßn. Ahƒ

a‰p-≈-h-cpsS \n¿tZ-i-߃ A\p-k-cn®v ]h¿Øn-

°m≥ XpS -ßn. apØp -IƒsIm≠p ame

tIm¿°m\pw \nd-߃ Xncn-®-dn-bm-\pap≈ Ignhv

t\Sn. ]mh-°p-´n-Isf kvt\ln-°m≥ XpS-ßn.

A]q¿W-amb hmIy-߃sIm≠v a‰p-≈-h-cp-ambn

Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S-Øm≥ ian-®p. ssIIƒ

hrØn-bm-°pI, ]√p-tX-bv°pI apX-emb ioe-

߃ Ah-fpsS Pohn-X-Øns‚ `mK-am-bn. \S-

°m\pw HmSm\pw XpS-ßn. a‰p Ip´n-I-fp-ambn CS-]-

g-Ip-Ibpw Ahsc klm-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

A∂-bpsS Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ Np‰p-]m-Sp-Iƒ Hcp hy‡n-bpsS hf¿®-bn¬

sNep-Øp∂ kzm[o-\-sØ-°p-dn®v \n߃°v F¥mWv a\- n-em-b-Xv?

a\p-jy-k-aq-lhpw P¥p-k-aq-lhpw

Iq´mb PohnXw \bn-°p∂ ]e P¥p-°-fp≠v. P∑-

hm-k-\bv°pw imco-cn-I-amb ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ°pw

A\p-k-cn®v Pohn-°p-∂-h-cmWv P¥p-°ƒ. tX\o-

®-I-sf-t∏m-se-bp≈ P¥p-°ƒ IqSv \n¿an-°p-∂-

Xns‚ ]tXy-I-X-I-sf-°p-dn®v \mw apsºm-cn-°¬

N¿® sNbvXp. CXp-t]mse Cc tXSp-∂-Xn\pw

NqSn¬\n∂pw XWp-∏n¬\n∂pw c£-t\-Sp-∂-Xn\pw

imco-cn-I-amb ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Xs∂-bmWv Ahsb

klm-bn-°p-∂-sX∂p \mw a\- n-em-°n.

Nne-bn\w P¥p-°ƒ°n-S-bn¬ sXmgn¬ hn`-P\w

\ne-\n¬°p -∂p. DZm -l-c -W-ambn tX\o -

®sbØs∂-sb-Sp°mw. dmWnbpw the-°mcpw

BWo-®-Ifpw AS-ßn-b-Xm-Wt√m Ah-bpsS

kaqlw. Hmtcm- hn`m-K-Øn\pw ]tXyIw tPmen-

bp--≠v. tX\o-®-Iƒ°n-S-bnse sXmgn¬hn`-P\w

A[ymbw ˛ 8

kmaqlyPohnXw 89

Ah-bpsS Poh-im-kvX-]-c-amb ]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv.

CXp-t]mse a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Ønepw kmaq-lyhpw

P¥p-im-kvX-]-c-hp-amb Imc-W-ß-fm¬ sXmgn-ep-

Iƒ hn -Pn-°-s∏- n-cp-∂p. P¥p-°ƒ°n-S-bnse Bi-

b-hn-\n-a-b-coXn i≤n-°mw.

]cn-Wm-a-Øn¬ a\p-jy-t\mSv G‰hpw kmay-ap≈

Nnºm≥kn, __q¨, luf¿ apX-emb hnhn[

Pohn-h¿K-ß-fn¬s]´ Bƒ°p-c-ßp-Iƒ Xs∂- DZm-

l-c-Ww. Ah Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S-Øp-∂Xv i_vZ-

ß-fn-eq-sSbpw AwK-N-e-\-ß-fn-eq-sS-bp-am-Wv.

Bƒ°p-c-ßp-Iƒ Ah-bpsS am\-kn-Im-hÿ ]I-

Sn-∏n-°p-∂Xv Ic-®n-en-eq-sSbpw a‰v imco-cnItNjvS-

amdp∂ kaqlw

`£y-ti-J-c-Whpw \mbm´pw Irjnbpw hyh-km-

bhpw tkh-\hpw hnhn[Ime-L-´-ß-fn¬ a\p-

jys‚ ][m-\-s∏´ sXmgn-ep-I-fm-bn-Øo¿∂p F∂v

\mw N¿® sNbvXn-´p-≠v. Cu hf¿®-tbm-sSm∏w

I-fn-eq-sS-bp-am-Wv. iXp-°-fpsS hchv I≠m¬

AXn-s\-°p-dn®v Xs‚ Iq´p-Im¿°v ap∂-dn-bn∏v

\¬Im\pw Ahbv°v Ign-bpw. ]s£ BcmWv

iXp-sht∂m AXv GXv kml-N-cy-ß-fn-emWv

]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂-sXt∂m D≈ Adnhv Xs‚ kl-

Po-hn-Iƒ°v a\-kn-em°ns°mSp-°m≥ Ah-bv°m-

hn -√. A\p-` -h -߃ a‰p≈h¿°v ]I¿∂v

\¬Im≥ arK -߃°v Ign -bn√ F∂mWv

CXn¬\n∂p a\- n-em-hp-∂-Xv.

a\p-jy-k-aqlw _p≤n D]-tbm-Kn®v `mjbpw

kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zybpw hnI-kn-∏n®v kaq-l-Øn\v

DXIp∂ kwkvImcw D≠m-°n-bn-´p-≠v.

sXmgn¬hn`-P\w, Bibhn\n-abw F∂n-h-bn¬ a\p-jy\pw arK-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-k-

sa¥v? N¿® sNøp-I.

A[n-Im-c-cq-]-߃, D]-I-c-W-߃, `mj apX-em-

b-h-bnepw am‰-߃ h∂n-´p-≠v. am‰w am\-h-k-aq-

l-Øns‚ kp]-[m-\-amb Hcp kz`m-h-am-Wv.

kmaqly_‘-ß-fpsS Pmen-I-bmWv kaqlw.

˛aIv sFh¿

hm¿Øm-hn-\n-a-b-cw-KØpw imkvX kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bnepw Fs¥√mw am‰-ß-fmWv C∂p-≠m-bn-

s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv? AXv \ΩpsS Pohn-XsØ _m[n-°p-∂-sX-ßs\-bm-Wv?

kwkvImcw

A\p-`-h-ßfpw Adn-hp-Ifpw Xs‚ kl-Po-h-I-fp-

ambn ]¶psh-bv°m\pw AXv hcpw -X-e-ap -d -

Iƒ°mbn ]I¿∂p \¬Im-\p-ap≈ Ignhv a\p-

jys‚ amXw ]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv. A\p-`-h-ßfpw

Adn-hp-Ifpw ]¶p-sh-°m\pw ssIam‰w sNøm\pw

a\p-jys\ klm-bn-°p-∂Xv `mj-bm-Wv. ]q¿hn-I-

∑m-cpsS A\p-`-h-ß-fn¬\n∂pw Adn-hn¬\n∂pw

]mT-߃ Dƒs°m-≠mWv a\p-jy-k-aqlw hf¿∂p-

sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Cßs\ Xe-ap-d-I-fn-eqsS

ssIam‰w sNø-s∏-Sp∂ Adn-hp-Ifpw A\p-`-h-

ßfpw \ΩpsS kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ `mK-am-Wv.

""kwkvImcw F∂Xv Ie, [m¿Ωn-I-t_m-[w,

BNm-c-߃, ]mc-ºcyw XpSßn kaq-l-Øn¬

\n∂v Hcp a\p-jy\v AXnse AwK-sa∂ \ne-

bn¬ kzmwio-I-cn-°p∂ khn-ti-j-X-bmWv''.

C._n. sSbve¿

as‰s¥-√m-amWv \ΩpsS kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ `mK-

am-bn- p-≈-Xv?

$ kmt¶-Xn-I-hnZy

$ `£-W-ioew

$ hkvX-[m-c-W-coXn

$ BNm-c-߃

90 kmaq-ly-imkvXw˛ I

¢mkv ˛ IX

$ BtLm-j-߃

$ Ie-Iƒ

$ kmlnXyw

$

$

kaq-l-Øn¬ Pohn-°p∂ Hmtcm hy‡n°pw

kwkvIm-c-ap≠v. Adn-hv, hnizmkw, Iem-]-c-amb

Ign-hv, \√Xpw NoØbpw Xncn-®-dn-bm-\p≈ Ignhv

apX-em-b-h.

"kwkvIm-c-an-√m-Ø-h≥' F∂v Hcmsf hnfn-°p-∂-

Xns‚ HuNnXyw FX-tØm-f-ap-≠v? kwkvImcw

am‰-an-√msX XpS-cp-∂-Xm-tWm?

`£-Ww, hkvX-[m-c-Ww, hnhm-lw, acWw F∂n-h-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´v \nß-fpsS ]tZ-iØv

Pohn-°p∂ hnhn[P\-hn-`m-K-߃°n-S-bnse coXn-Iƒ, BNm-c-߃ Ch Is≠Øn Xmc-Xayw

sNøp-I.

kmaq-ly-h¬°-cWw

kwkvImchpw AXn-\-\p-tbm-Py-amb s]cp-am‰coXn-

Iƒ, aqey-߃, at\m-`m-h-߃ apX-em-bhbpw

hy‡n Dƒs°m-≈p-∂Xv Xs‚ Np‰p-]m-Sp-ap-≈-h-

cp-ambn CS-]-g-Ip-∂-Xn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. Cu ]In-bsb

kmaq -ly -h¬°-cWw F∂v hnfn -°p -∂p.

kmaqlyh¬°-c-WsØ klm-bn-°p∂ \nc-h[n

LS-I-߃ D≠v. IpSpw-_hpw hnZym-`ymkÿm]-

\-ß-fp-amWv Ch-bn¬ ][m-\w.

IpSpw_w

]nd∂ \mƒ apX¬ \mw Bi-bn-°p-Ibpw CS-]-g-

Ip-Ibpw sNøp∂ ASn-ÿm-\-km-aq-ly-ÿm-]-\-

amWv IpSpw-_w. a\p-jys‚ kmaq-ly-_-‘-߃

Bcw-`n -°p -∂Xv IpSpw -_-Øn¬\n∂m-Wv .

]mNo\kaq-l-Øn¬ hwiw, tKmXw F∂o hnim-

e-amb Iq´m-bva-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-L-SIw IpSpw-

_-am-bn-cp-∂p.

kaq-l-Øn¬ Pohn-°m≥ klm-bn-°p∂ ]e

kz`mhßfpw IpSpw-_-Øn¬\n∂v Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p.

Hmtcm IpSpw-_-Øn\pw AXns‚ X\-Xmb ]mc-º-

cy-ß-fpw hnizm-k-ßfpw BNm-c-ßfpw D≠m-bn-

cn°pw. Ch CfwXe-ap -d -bn -te°v ]I¿∂p

\¬Im≥ apXn¿∂-h¿ i≤n-°p-∂p. Xs‚ IpSpw_w

]n≥Xp-S-cp∂ aX-hn-izm-kw, BNm-c-߃, `£-W-

ioew apX-em-bh hy‡n-Isf kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p.

CXp-Iq-SmsX \mw Pohn-°p∂ kaqlw ]n≥Xp-S-

cp∂ s]cp-am-‰-co-Xn-Ifpw acym-Z-Ifpw A\p-k-cn®v

Pohn-°m-\p≈ ]cn-io-e-\hpw IpSpw-_-Øn¬\n∂v

aq®n-tem´v `K-hXn sXøw

A[ymbw ˛ 8

kmaqlyPohnXw 91

e`n-°p-∂p. kaqlw AwKo-I-cn-°p∂ kz`m-h-k-hn-

ti-j-X-Iƒ ]n≥Xp-S-cm≥ IpSpw_w Ip´nsb

t]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂p. Ip´n-Iƒ in£n-°-s∏-Sp∂

kµ¿`-ßfpw D≠m-Im-dp-≠-t√m. F¥n\pth-≠n-

bmWv apXn¿∂-h¿ Ip´n-Isf in£n-°p-∂-Xv?

apXn¿∂-h¿ sNøp∂ ]hrØn A\p-I-cn-°m-\p≈

]h-WX inip-k-l-P-am-Wv. hnhn[ kµ¿ -ß-fn¬

apXn¿∂-h¿ s]cp-am-dp-∂-sX-ßn-s\-sb∂v Ip´n-Iƒ

\nco-£n-°p-∂p. Ip´n-I-fpsS hf¿®-bn¬ A\p-I-c-

Whpw Ifn-Ifpw hln-°p∂ ]¶v ][m-\-am-Wv.

kmaq-ly-h¬°-cWØn\-∏pdw IpSpw_w a‰v ]e

[¿Ω-ßfpw \n¿h-ln-°p-∂p-≠v. a\p-jys‚ ]mY-

anImh-iy-ß-fmb `£-Ww, hkvXw, ]m¿∏nSw

F∂nh ]Zm\w sNøp-∂Xv IpSpw-_-am-Wv. AwK-

ß-fpsS kpc£ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂Xpw IpSpw-_-

Øns‚ Npa-X-e-bm-Wv.

]≠v sXmgn¬]cn-io-e\w IpSpw-_-Øn¬\n∂v e`n-

®n-cp-∂p. C∂v IpSpw-_-Øn¬\n∂v ]cn-io-e\w e`n-

°p∂ sXmgn-ep-Iƒ GsX--√m-am-Wv?

Dev]m-Z-\-bq-Wn-‰p-I-fmbn ]h¿Øn-®n-cp∂ IpSpw-

_-߃ D]-t`mKbqWn-‰p-I-fmbn amdn. IpSpw-_mw-

K-ß-fpsS klm-b-tØmsS \S-Øp∂ Dev]m-

Z\]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ ]k‡nbpw Ipd-™p.

F¶nepw D]-t`m-‡mhv F∂ \ne-bn-ep≈ IpSpw-

_-Øns‚ ]m[m\yw H´pw Ipd-bp-∂n-√. IpSpw-_-

Øn-\m-h-iy-amb km[\kma-Kn-Iƒ hmßp-hm≥

th≠n-bmWv Hmtcm hy‡nbpw sXmgn-en¬ G¿s∏-

Sp-∂-Xv. IpSpw-_mw-K-߃ Ah-cpsS hcp-am-\-Øns‚

Gdnb ]¶pw sNe-h-gn-°p-∂Xv C°m-cy-Øn-\m-Wv.

Aß-s\ sXmgn¬ sNøp-∂-Xn-\p≈ t]c-I-i-‡n-

bmbpw km[-\-km-a-Kn-I-fpsS D]-t`m-‡m-hmbpw

IpSpw_w \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p.

hnhn-[-Xcw IpSpw-_-߃

AWp-Ip-Spw-_-ß-fmWv C∂v km[m-c-W-bmbn

ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. CXn¬ AΩbpw A—\pw Ah-

cpsS Ahn-hm-ln-X-cmb a°fpw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. ]e

IpSpw-_-߃ H∂n®p Hcp IpSpw-_-ambn Xma-kn-

°p-tºmƒ AXns\ "hnkvXrXIpSpw_w' (ExtendedFamily) F∂v hnfn-°p-∂p.

AWp-Ip-Spw-_-߃ hym]-I-am-Ip-∂-Xn\v apºv Iq´p-

Ip-Spw-_-hy-hÿ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. Hcp ]c-º-cm-

KXIq´p-Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬ aqt∂m AXn-e-[n-Itam Xe-

ap-d-bn¬s∏´ Bfp-Iƒ AwK-ß-fm-bn-cn-°pw. kzØv

`mKw sh°msX Iq´mbn ssIhiw sh°p-∂Xpw

A\p-`-hn-°p-∂Xpw CØcw Iq´p-Ip-Spw-_-Øns‚

kz`m-h-am-Wv. IpSpw-_mw-K-߃ F√mw Hcp IpSpw-

_-\m-Ys‚ B⁄-Iƒ°v Iogvs∏-´p-sIm-≠mWv

Pohn-°p-∂-Xv. IpSpw-_-kz-Øns‚ \nb-¥-Whpw

AXv ssIImcyw sNøm-\p≈ Ah-Im-ihpw IpSpw-

_-\m-Y-\m-bn-cn-°pw.

Iq´p-Ip-Spw_w

Htc ta¬°q-cbv°p Xmsg hkn-°p-I-bpw Htc

ASp-°-f-bn¬ Blmcw ]mNIw sNbvXp-`-£n-

°p-I-bpw kzØv s]mXp-hmbn ssIhiw h®v

A\p- -hn-°p-Ibpw s]mXp-hmb Bcm-[\mIa-ß-

fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-I-bpw sNøp-∂p. GsX-¶nepw Xc-

Øn-ep≈ _‘p-°-fm-bn-cn-°p∂ Hcp Iq´w

hy‡n-Iƒ hkn-°p∂ IpSpw-_-amWv Iq´pIpSpw-_w.

˛sF.-Im¿th

AWp-Ip-Spw-_-ß-fpsS h¿≤\hpw hr≤-k-Z-\-ß-fp-sSbpw inip-]-cn-]m-e\tIµ-ß-fp-sSbpw s]cp-

∏hpw XΩn-¬ _‘-apt≠m? N¿® sNøp-I.

a°-Øm-bhpw acp-a-°-Øm-bhpw

IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fpsS ]n≥Xp-S¿®m-h-Imiw \n›-bn-°p∂ coXn-bmWv Zmb-I-aw.

CXns\ ]nXr-Zm-b-I-a-sa∂pw amXr-Zm-b-Ia-sa∂pw c≠mbn Xcw-Xn-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

]nXr-Zm-b-I-a-Øn¬ ]n≥Xp-S¿®m-h-Imiw ssIam‰w sNø-s∏-Sp-∂Xv A—-\n¬\n∂v

a°-fn-te-°mWv. amXrZmb-I-a-Øn¬ AΩ-bn¬\n∂v a°-fn-te-°mWv ]n≥Xp-

S¿®m-h-Imiw ssIam‰w sNø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

92 kmaq-ly-imkvXw˛ I

¢mkv ˛ IX

IpSpw-_-Ønse AwK-߃°v Ah-cp-tS-Xmb Ah-

Im-i-ßfpw Npa-X-e-Ifpw D≠v. Ip´n-Iƒ F∂ \ne-

bn¬ \n߃ c£n-Xm-°-fpsS kvt\lhpw kwc-

£-Whpw A¿ln-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv. IpSpw-_-kz-Øn¬

hy‡n-Iƒ°p≈ ]n≥Xp-S¿®m-h-Imiw \nbaw

aqew kwc-£n-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. IpSpw-_mw-K-߃°v

Ah-Im-i-߃ amX-a√ Npa-X-e-Ifpw D≠v.

IpSpw-_-Ønse AwKw F∂ \nebv°v \n߃ \n¿h-ln-t°≠ Npa-X-e-Iƒ Fs¥-√m-am-Wv?

AXv \n߃ \nd-th-‰p-∂pt-≠m? ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.

kmaq-ly-ÿm-]-\-߃

a\p-jy-hw-i-Øns‚ \ne-\n¬]v, Ia-k-am-[m-\-]m-

e\w XpS-ßnb Bh-iy-߃ \nd-th-‰p-∂-Xp-ambn

_‘-s∏´ hnizm-k-߃, s]cp-am‰coXn-Iƒ

F∂n-h-bpsS kwL-SnXcq-]-amWv kmaq-ly-ÿm-

]-\-߃. IpSpw_w, hnZym-`ymkw apX-em-bh

kmaqlyÿm]-\-ßfpsS DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.

hnZym-ebw

kvIqfp-Iƒ kmaq-ly-h¬°-cW]In-bsb klm-

bn-°p-∂sX-ßn-s\-bm-Wv?

$ hnhn[ hn`m-K-ß-fn¬\n∂p hcp-∂-h-cp-ambn CS-

]-g-Im≥ Ah-k-cw \¬Ip-∂p.

$ \nb-a-߃ A\p-k-cn-°m≥ ]Tn-°p-∂p.

$ kwL-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂p.

$ A®-S-°w, ka-b-\njvT apX-em-bh hf-cp-∂p.

$

Xm≥ Pohn-°p∂ kaq-l-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI

ss]XrIw kw_-‘n® [mc-W-Iƒ hnZym-e-b-

Øn¬\n∂pw Ip´n t\Sp-∂p-≠v. Xs‚ cmPy-Øns‚

`c-W-co-Xn, ]ucs‚ Ah-Im-i-߃, Npa-X-e-Iƒ

F∂nh a\- n-em-°pIhgn P\m-[n-]-Xy-t_m-[-ap≈

]uc-\mbn amdm≥ hnZym-ebw Ip´n-Isf ]m]vX-

cm-°p-∂p. ]co-£W\nco-£-W-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-

∂-Xn\pw imkvXobmh-t_m[w hf¿Øp-∂-Xn-\p-

ap≈ Ah-k-c-ßfpw hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ D≠v.

hy‡n-bn¬ A¥¿eo-\-amb Ign-hp-Isf Is≠-

Øm\pw Ahsb hf¿Øn-s°m-≠p-h-cm-\p-ap≈

]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ \S-°p-∂p-≠v.

]c-kv]ckl-I-c-Whpw Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb a’-c-

ßfpw t]m’m-ln-∏n-°p∂ Xc-Øn-emWv hnZym-

e-b-Ønse hnhn[]h¿Ø-\-߃ Bkq-XWw

sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

hnZym-e-b-Øn¬ \nß-fpsS Iq´p-Im-cp-ambn kl-I-cn-°m\pw ]c-kv]cw a’-c-Øn¬ G¿s∏-Sm\pw

e`n-°p∂ kµ¿`-߃ GsX-√m-am-Wv?

Kpcp-Ipekº-Zmbw

]≠p-Im-eØv C¥y-bn¬ Kpcp-Ipekº-Zmbw \ne-

\n-∂n-cp-∂p. injy-∑m¿ Kpcp-hns‚ ho´n¬ Xma-kn®v

]Tn-°p∂ kº-Zm-b-am-bn-cp∂p CXv. Kpcp-hn¬\n∂v

e`n-°p∂ Adnhv lrZn-ÿ-am-°p∂ coXn-bmWv

A∂v \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. I¿°-i-amb in£m-

co-Xnbpw A®-S-°-hp-am-bn-cp∂p A∂v \ne-\n-∂n-

cp-∂-Xv.

B[p-\nIhnZym-`ymkw

C∂v `mj, Ie, am\-hnIhnj-b-߃, imkvX

hnj-b-߃ XpS-ßn-bh \ΩpsS hnZym-e-b-ß-fnepw

Iem-e-b-ß-fnepw ]T-\-hn-j-b-ß-fm-Wv. F©n-\o-

b-dnw-Kv, amt\-Pvsa‚ v, sshZy-imkvXw apX-emb

taJ-e-I-fn¬ D∂XhnZym-`ymkw t\Sp-∂-Xn-\p≈

kuI-cy-ßfpw \ne-hn-ep-≠v. cmjvS-Øns‚ kmº-

ØnI]ptcm-K-Xn°pw am\-h-tijnhnI-k-\-Øn\pw

Du∂¬ \¬Ip-∂-XmWv C∂sØ hnZym-`ym-kw.

C¥y-bn¬ C∂v \ne-\n¬°p∂ hnZym- ymkw F√m

hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏´ Bfp-Iƒ°pw ]Tn-°m≥ Ah-

kcw \¬Ip-∂-Xm-Wv. kmaq-ly-ambn ]n∂m°w

\n¬°p∂ hn`m-K-ß-fpsS hnZym- ym-k-]-c-amb D∂-

a-\-Øn\v ]tXyIw ]cn-K-W\ \¬Ip-∂p-≠v.

Ct∏mƒ hnZym-`ymkw ]ucs‚ auenImh-Im-i-

ambn AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠-t√m.

A[ymbw ˛ 8

kmaqlyPohnXw 93

kmaq -ly -h¬°-cWw Pohn -X -Øn -ep -S -\ofw

XpS¿∂psIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ Hcp ]In-b-bm-Wv. IpSpw-

_-Øntem hnZym-`ymkÿm]-\-ß-fntem amX-

ambn AXv HXpßn \n¬°p∂n√. Iq´p-Im¿,

hm¿Øm-am-[y-a-߃, sXmgn¬ÿesØ A\p- -h-

߃ apX-emb ]eXpw kmaq-ly-h¬°-cW]In-

bsb kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p.

kmaq-ly-h-¬°-c-W-Øns\ kzm[o-\n-°p∂ LS-I-ßsf Bkv]-Z-am°n Hcp Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°pI.

hyXn-bm-\hpw kmaq-ly-\n-b-¥-Whpw

an°-hmdpw Bfp-Iƒ kaqlw AwKo-I-cn-®n-´p≈

BNm-c-ßfpw acym-Z-Ifpw hnizm-k-ß-fp-sa√mw

A\p-k-cn-®m-bn-cn°pw s]cp-am-dpI. F∂m¬ BNm-

c-a-cym-Z-I-sfbpw hnizm-kßsfbpw [n°-cn-®p-

sIm≠v s]cp-am-dp∂ Bfp-I-fp-ap-≠v. CØcw s]cp-

am-‰-ßsf "hyXn-bm\w'(Deviance)F∂v hnfn-°p-∂p.

hyXn-bm-\sØ \nb-¥n-°p-∂-Xn\v kaqlw hnhn[

am¿K-߃ Ah-ew-_n-®p-t]m-cp-∂p.

Ia߃ (Norms)

kaqlw AwKo-I-cn-®n-´p≈ s]cp-am‰coXn-I-fmWv

Ia-߃. `£Ww Ign-°p-∂-Xn\v apºv ssI

hrØn-bm-°pI, apXn¿∂-hsc _lp-am-\n-°p-I, a‰p-

≈-hsc D]-Z-hn-°m-Xn-cn-°pI apX-em-bh Ia-

߃°v DZm-l-c-W-ßfm-Wv. Ia-߃ ]men-®p-sIm-

≠p≈ s]cp-am‰w t]m¬km-ln-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw

a‰p-≈h \ncp¬km-l-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

kaq-l-Øn¬ kmaqly\nb-¥Ww \ne-\n¿Øm≥

]e am¿§-ß-fp-ap-≠v. \m´p-\-S-∏p-Iƒ, [m¿an-IX,

]c-º-cm-KX\nb-a-߃, \nb-a-߃ F∂nßs\

Ahsb th¿Xn-cn-°mw.

\m´p-\-S-∏p-Iƒ

t]cpt]mseØs∂ ssZ\w-Zn\Pohn-X-Øn¬

s]mXpsh ]n≥Xp-S-cp∂ Nne s]cp-am‰amXr-I-I-

fmWv Ch. CØcw s]cp-am‰amXr-I-Iƒ ewLn-

°-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ AXn\v ]tXyIw in£m-hn-[n-Iƒ

H∂pwXs∂-bn√. ImWp-∂-h¿°v \ockw tXm∂n-

tb-°mw. CØcw [mcmfw \m´p-\-S-∏p-Iƒ \ΩpsS

kaq-l-Øn-ep-≠v. DZm-l-c-W-߃ Is≠-Ømtam?

[m¿an-IX

kaq-l-Øns‚ t£aw, \ne-\n¬∏v F∂n-h°v A\n-

hm-cy-amWv [m¿an-I-X. [m¿an-I-X-bpsS ewL\w

kaqlw ho£n-°p-∂Xv Bi-¶-tbm-sS-bmWv. CXv

ewLn-®m-ep-≠m-hp∂ A\¥c^ew \m´p-\-S-∏p-Iƒ

ewLn-°p-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ ITn-\-am-bn-cn-°pw. icn-

sbbpw sX‰n-s\bpw Ipdn-®p≈ I¿°-i-amb ImgvN-

∏mSpI-fmWv Ch.

]c-º-cm-KX\nb-a-߃

B^n-°-bnse slm´≥sSm (Hottentots) h¿K-

Øn¬s]´ Bfp-Iƒ Ip‰-hm-fn-Isf ssIImcyw

sNøp∂ coXn i≤n-°q.

sIme-]m-X-Iw, tamj-Ww, Akm≥am¿KnI

]h¿Ø-\-߃ F∂nh sNbvXn-´p-≈-h-cmbn

Btcm-]n-°-s∏-Sp∂ Ip‰-hm-fnsb ]nSn-Iq-Sm≥

tKmX-Ønse GsXm-cw-K-Øn\pw Ah-Im-i-ap-≠v.

Ip‰-hm-fnsb tKmXk` apºmsI lmPcm°pIbpw

hnNm-cW \SØpIbpw sNøp-∂p. Ip‰w sXfn-

™m¬ Xe-h≥ Bbp[wsIm≠v ]l-cn®v

Abmsf \ne-Øn-Sp-Ibpw F√m-hcpw tN¿∂v

Abmsf sIm√p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

slm´≥sSm h¿K-°m¿°v Fgp-X-s∏´ in£m-\n-b-

a-߃ C√m-bn-cp -∂p. \nb-a-]m-e-\-Øn-\mbn

]tXyItk\tbm \oXn-\ymbkwhn-[m-\tam C√.

Xe-ap-d-I-fn-eqsS ]cº-cm-K-X-ambn- ssIam‰w sNø-

s∏´ \nb-a-hy-h-ÿ-bm-bn-cp∂p Ah-cp-tS-Xv.

B[p-\nI\nb-a-߃

\ΩpsS cmPysØ \nb-a-\n¿ΩmW]In-b-sb-°p-

dn®v \mw a\- n-em-°n-bn-´p-≠v. \nb-a-߃ \S-∏n-

em-°m≥ kpkw-L-Sn-X-amb Hcp c-W-kw-hn-[m\w

\ap -°p -≠-t√m. \nb-a -]m -e -\ -Øn -\mbn

]tXyIkwhn-[m-\hpw \nb-a-ew-L\w \S-Øp-∂-

hsc in£n-°m≥ \oXn-\ymb kwhn-[m-\hpw \ap-

°p-s≠∂v cmjvS-X-¥-im-kvX-Øn¬ \mw a\- n-

em-°n-bn-´p-≠v. B[p-\nI\nb-a-ßfpw ]c-º-cm-

KX\nb-a-ßfpwXΩn¬ Fs¥√mw hyXym-k-ß-

fmWv \n߃°v Is≠-Øm≥ km[n-°p-∂-Xv?

94 kmaq-ly-imkvXw˛ I

¢mkv ˛ IX

s]mXp-P-\m-`n-]mbw

Xm≥ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ Iq´m-bva-bnse AwK-ß-fpsS A`n-

]m-b-߃°pw kΩ¿±-߃°pw hg-ßn-s°m≠v

kzbw \nb-¥n-°m≥ hy‡n-Iƒ Xøm-dm-hm-dp-≠v.

Xs‚ Np‰p-]m-Sn-ep-ap≈ Bfp-I-fpsS A`n-]m-b-߃

A\p-k-cn-®n-s√-¶n¬ D≠m-hp∂ `hn-jy-Øp-Isf

`b-∂mWv Cßs\ s]cp-am-dm≥ Abmƒ \n¿_-

‘n-X-\m-hp-∂-Xv. \m´p-\-S-∏p-Ifpw [m¿an-I-aq-ey-

ßfpw ]n≥Xp-S-cm≥ Hcmsf t]cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬

s]mXp-P-\m-`n-]mbw ][m\]¶v hln-°p-∂p.

kmaq-ly-\n-b-¥-W-Øns‚ GP≥kn-Iƒ

hy‡n-bpsS s]cp-am-‰sØ \nb-¥n-°p-∂-Xn¬

][m\]¶v hln-°p∂ GP≥kn-I-fmWv IpSpw-_w,

hnZym-e-bw, cmjvSw XpS-ßn-bh. cmjvS-Øn\v

amXta _e-]-tbm-K-Øn-eqsS hy‡nsb \nb-¥n-

°m-\p≈ Ah-Im-i-ap-≈q. Ch IqSmsX aXhpw

i‡-amb Hcp kmaq-ly-\n-b-¥W GP≥kn-bmWv.

]h¿Ø-\-߃

hy‡n-bpsS kz`m-hcq]o-I-c-W-Øn¬ IpSpw-_w, hnZym-e-bw apX-em-bh hln-°p∂ ]¶n-

s\-°p-dn®v Hcp Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.

hy‡nsb kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ `mK-am°n am‰p-∂-Xn¬ Np‰p-]m-Sp-IfpsS kzm[o-\sØ Ipdn®v Hcp

skan-\m¿ kw-L-Sn-∏n-°p-I.

kmaq-ly-ÿm-]-\-߃ Fß-s\-bmWv kmaq-ly-h¬°-c-W-]-Inb km[yam°p-∂-Xv? DZm-l-c-W-

߃klnXw hy‡-am-°p-I.

"kwkvImcw' Hcm-fpsS Pohn-X-Øn¬ X\nsb cq]-s∏-Sp-∂-X-√. kaqlw Abm-fn¬ hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-

°p-∂-Xm-Wv. CXn-t\mSv \n߃ tbmPn-°p-∂pt≠m? F¥p-sIm≠v?

kaqlw Hcp a\p-jys\ AXns‚ \nb-a-߃°-\p-kr-X-ambn cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ ]In-b-bpsS Hcp

hnhcWw Xøm-dm-°p-I.

$

P\-ßfpw c-W-L-S-\bpw

""C¥ysb F√mhn[ ASn-a-Ø-Øn¬\n∂pw

ta¬t°m-bva-bn¬\n∂pw tamNn-∏n-°p∂ Hcp `c-

W-L-S-\-bv°pth≠n Rm≥ InW™p ]cn-i-an-

°pw. G‰hpw ]mh-s∏´ C¥ym-°m-c-\p-t]mepw

CXv Xs‚ \mSm-sW∂pw AXns‚ \n¿Ωn-Xn-bn¬

X\n°pw Imcy-amb ]¶p-s≠∂pw tXm∂-Ww.

AØ-c-sam-cn¥y°p th≠nbmWv Rm≥ bXv\n-

°p-∂-Xv, Rm≥ hn`m-h\w sNøp∂ C¥y-bn-¬

hen-b-h-s\∂pw sNdn-b-h-s\∂pw P\-ß-ƒ°n-S-

bn¬ h¿Khy-Xymkw D≠m-bn-cn-°n-√. F√m kaq-

l-ßfpw h¿K-ßfpw ]cn-]q¿W-amb kulm¿Z-

Øn¬ h¿Øn-°p-s∂m-cn¥y. AØc-sam-cn-¥y-

bn¬ Akv]r-iy-X-bpsS im]tam el-cn-]-Zm¿∞-

ß-fp-sSbpw ab-°p-a-cp-∂p-I-fp-sSbpw im]tam A\p-

`-h-s∏-Sp-I-bn-√. ]pcp-j-∑m¿°p≈ AtX Ah-Im-

i-߃ kvXoIƒ°pw D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. NqjI-cm-

hp-Itbm Nqjn-X-cm-hp-Itbm sNømsX temIsØ

CX-c- m-K-ß-fn-ep≈ F√m-h-tcmSpw \mw kam-[m\

\bw ]pe¿Øpw. CXmWv Fs‚ kz]v\-Ønse

C¥y.''

Km‘nPn c≠mw h´-taiktΩf\-Øn-\mbn e≠-

\n-tebv°p t]mIp-tºmƒ, Cu ZuXyw hnP-bn-°p-

I-bm-sW-¶n¬ GXp-X-c-Øn-ep≈ `c-W-L-S-\-bm-

bn-cn°pw C¥ybv°v ip]m¿i sNøpI F∂v Hcp

]X]Xn-\n-[n tNmZn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. AXn\p

\¬Inb adp-]-Sn-bmWv apI-fn¬ sImSp-Ø-Xv.

\q‰m-≠p-Iƒ \ne-\n∂ tImf\nhmgvN-bn¬\n∂m-

Wt√m \ΩpsS cmPyw kzmX-¥yw -t\Sn-bXv.

_n´s‚ tImf\n `cWw C¥-y-bnse P\-ß-fpsS

ASn-ÿm-\m-h-i-y-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°p-hm-t\m t£aw

Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xnt\m th≠n-bp-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂n√. AXn-

\m¬ cmjvSw ]cn-l-cn-t°≠ \nc-h[n k¶o¿W-

amb ]iv\-ß-ƒ kz-X-¥C¥y°v ssIImcyw

sNøm\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. PmXn-hy-h-ÿ-kr-jvSn® D®-

\o-N-Xz-߃ ]cn-l-cn-t°-≠Xpw hnhn[aXhn`m-

K-ßsf Hcpan∏n®v sFI-y-tØmsS \bn-t°-≠Xpw

`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS Npa-X-e-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]hn-iy-

I-fm-bpw \m´pcmP-y-ß-fmbpw \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂

C¥y≥ ]tZ-i-ßsf GIo-I-cn®v H‰ cmjvSam°n

Hcp s]mXp-`-cWhy-h-ÿ cq]s∏Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠m-

bn-cp-∂p. C¥ym hn`-P\w krjvSn® ]em-b-\hpw

A`-bm¿∞n]hm-lhpw cmPyw t\cn´ sh√p-hn-fn-

bmbncp∂p. CØcw ]iv\-߃ ]cn-l-cn°pIbpw

F√m P\-ß-sf-bpw- H∂n∏n®v kmaq-l-yhpw cmjvSo-

b-hp-amb cwK-ß-fn¬ F√m-h¿°pw Xpe-yX e`y-

am-t°-≠Xpw Hcp ASn-b-¥c Npa-X-e-bmbn h∂p.

Cu AXn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb Hcp `c-W-L-S\

\n¿Ωn-t°-≠Xv Fßns\ F∂-Xm-bn -cp∂p

ASpØ Nn¥.

9

kzm-X-¥-ym-\-¥-c- m-cXw c-W-L-S\m\n¿Ωm-W-Øn¬ Gs‰-Spt°≠n h∂ ][m\IS-a-Iƒ Fs¥m-

s°-bm-bn-cp-∂p. N¿® sNøq.

$ ]uc-Xzw $ Ah-k-c-Xp-e-yX $

96 kmaq-ly-imkvXw I

¢mkv ˛ IX

F¥mWv Hcp cmP-y-Øns‚ c-W-L-S\? Fß-s\-

bmWv \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S\ cq]-s∏-´Xv?

Hcp cmjvSØns‚ cmjvSo-bhpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb

khn-ti-j-X-IfpsSbpw AXns‚ `c-WsØ

kw_‘n°p∂ ASn-ÿm\\nb-a-ß-fpsSbpw

kwln-X-bmWv c-W-L-S-\. AXn¬ cmjvS-Øns‚

LS-\, ]h¿Ø\coXn, Chsb \nb-¥n-°p∂

auenI\nb-a-߃, `c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ A[n-Im-c-

߃, ]uc-∑m-cpsS Ah-Im-i-߃, IS-a-Iƒ

F∂nh ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p. \nb-a-\n¿ΩmWhn`m-Kw,

`c-W-\n¿h-lWhn`mKw, \oXn-\ymbhn`mKw F∂n-

h-bpsS-sb√mw ]h¿Ø\w, cq]hXvI-c-Ww, A[n-

Im-c-]-cn[n F∂o Imcy-ßfpw hni-Z-am-bn- CXn¬

]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p. GsXmcp cmjvS-Øn-sebpw

]ucmh-enbpsS Ah-Im-i-ßfpw Npa-X-e-Ifpw hy-

‡-am-°n-s°m≠v B cmjvS-Øns‚ cmjvSo-bm-

[n-Imc LS\ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ tcJ-bmWv `c-W-

L-S\. B[p\nI cmjvS-߃s°√mw X\-Xmb

`c-W-L-S-\-I-fp-≠v. hni-Z-amb N¿®-Iƒ°p-tijw

FgpXn Xøm-dm-°nb _rl-Ømb `c-W-L-S-\-

bmWv \Ωp-tSXv.

$ t\∏m-fn¬ P\m[n-]-X-y-Øn\pw `c-W-L-S\m

\n¿ΩmWk`mcq]o-I-c-W-Øn\pw th≠n \S-

Ønb ]t£m-`-ß-fpsS NnXw I≠--t√m. Hcp

cmP-ysØ `c-W-L-S\bpw AXns‚ \n¿Ωm-

Whpw FX-amXw ]m[m-\yw A¿ln-°p-∂-Xm-

sW∂v Cu NnXw hy-‡-am-°p-∂p-≠-t√m.

C¥y≥ c-W-L-S-\-bpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ \ap-

°nXv hni-Ie\w sNømw.

t\∏m-fnse c-W-L-S\m cq]-h¬°-c-W-Øn-\p-th≠n \S∂ Hcp kacw

C¥-y-bpsS `c-W-L-S\

C¥-y-bn¬ kzm-X-¥yka-c-Øns‚ `mK-ambn

Db¿∂p h∂ cmjvSk¶-ev]-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Bi-

b--ß-fpsS ]Xn-^-e-\-amWv \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S-\.

`c-W-L-S\m\n¿ΩmWk`-bmWv (Constituent As-

sembly) C¥-y≥ c-W-L-S-\bv°v cq]w \-¬In-bXv.

kzm -X-¥-y -Øn\p apºv \ap -°p-th≠ ASn -

ÿm\\nb-a-߃ \n¿Ωn-®Xv _n´o-jp-Im-cm-bn-cp-

∂p. `c-W-L-S\m\n¿ΩmWk`-sb∂ C¥-y-bpsS

Bh-iyw Zo¿L-Im-e-w _n´≥ ]cn-K-Wn-®-tX-bn√.

F∂m¬ \nc-¥-c-amb kΩ¿±-ß-fpsS ^e-ambn

A[ymbw ˛ 9

97P\-ßfpw c-W-L-S-\bpw

_n´ojv ][m\a¥n-bm-bn-cp∂ ¢a‚ v B‰ven

C¥-ybpsS kzbw`c-W-hp-ambn _‘s∏´ ]iv\-

߃ N¿®-sN-øm≥ Iym_n-\‰v anjs\ C¥-y-bn-

te-°-b-®p.

`c-W-L-S\m\n¿ΩmWk` (Constituent As-sembly of India)

Iym -_n -\‰p anj\pw C¥-y -bnse ][m\

cmjvSob]m¿´n-Ifpw XΩn¬ \S-Ønb N¿®-bpsS

ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv `cWLS\m\n¿ΩmWk`

cq]hXvI-cn-°m≥ Xocp-am-\-am-b-Xv. \m´p-cm-P-y-ß-

fn¬ \n∂pw _n-´ojv C¥ym ]hn-i-y-I-fn¬\n∂p-

C¥y≥ c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp H∏p-h-bv°p∂ptUm.cm-tP-µ-]-kmZv

`c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ H∏p-h-bv°p∂p

ap≈ ]Xn -\n -[n -I -sf -bmWv `c -W-LS\m -

\n¿ΩmWk -bn-te°vv Xnc-s™-Sp-Ø-Xv. BsI 385

AwK-ß-fmWv k`-bn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. _n´ojv

C¥-y≥ ]-hn-i-y-I-fn¬\n∂p 292 t]cpw \m´p-

cm-P-y-ß-fn¬ \n∂p 93 t]cpw. Ch-cn¬ Ph-l¿em¬

s\lv-dp, k¿Zm¿ h√-`m-bv]-t´¬, tUm. cmtPµ-

]-kmZv XpS-ßnb tZiob t\Xm-°fpw Dƒs∏-´n-

cp-∂p. tUm. cmtP-µ-]-km-Zns\bmWv k`m-≤-y-£-

-\mbn Xnc-s™-Sp-ØXv. kz-X-¥C¥-ybv-°mbn

`c-W-L-S\ \n¿Ωn-°p-I, Xm¬°m-en-I-ambn C¥y-

bpsS \nba\n¿Ωm-W-k-`-bmbn ]h¿Øn-°pI

F∂o Npa-X-e-I-fmWv Cu k`-°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.

GIo-IrXcmjvS-Øn-\mbp≈ `c-W-L-S\mcq]hXvI-c-W-Øn\v Xnc-s™-Sp-°s∏´ k` C¥y-

bpsS sshhn-[-y-߃ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂Xn\v ]cym-]vX-am-bn-cp-t∂m?

$ hy-X-ykvXhn`m-K-ßsf Dƒs°m-≈p∂ cmjvS-Øns‚ `c-W-L-S\m\n¿ΩmWk` F∂ coXn-

bn¬ CXns‚ LS\ ^e-]-Z-am-bn-cpt∂m? N¿® sNøq.

Um^v‰nMv IΩn‰n

\nc-h[nsshhn-[-y -ß-fp≈ Hcp hnim-e-amb

cmPyØns‚ `c-W-L-S\ Xøm-dm-°pI F∂Xv

AX Ffp-∏-ambn-cp-∂n√. `c-W-L-S-\m-\n¿Ωm-W-

k` `c -W-L-S -\ -bpsS IcSv Xøm-dm -°m≥

Um^v‰nMv IΩ-n‰n°v cq]w \evIn. tUm. _n.-B¿.

Awt_-Zv°-dm-bn-cp∂p CXns‚ A≤-y-£≥. At±-

lsØ°qSmsX IΩ-n‰n-bn¬ F≥. tKm]mekzman

Aø-¶m¿, A√mSn IrjvW-k-zman Aø¿, sI.-Fw.

ap≥jn, F≥. am[-h-dm-hp, apl-ΩZv kmZp≈, Sn.-Sn.-

Ir-jvW-am-Nmcn XpS-ßn-b-h¿ AwK-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.

CXn\v ]pdsa _n.-F¬. anØ¿, Un.-]n. tJ-Øm≥

F∂n-hcpw Npcp-ßn-b-Imew

CXn-ew-K-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. \nb-a-

⁄-\mb _n.-F≥. dmhp Cu

IΩ-n‰n-bpsS D]-tZ-jvSm-hmbpw

]h¿Øn®p.

F√m-h¿°pw Ah-kcXpe-yX

Dd-∏m-°p-∂ Hcp `c-W-L-S\

\n¿Ωn-°pI ia-I-c-ambncp-∂p.

CtXs‰-SpØ Um^v‰nMvv IΩn‰n Xøm-dm-°nb `c-

W-L-S\mIc-Sp-tcJ `c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW-k-

tUm. Awt_-ZvI¿

98 kmaq-ly-imkvXw I

¢mkv ˛ IX

`bv°v apºmsI ka¿∏n-®p. P\-ß-fpsS Adn-hn-

te°pw A`n-]m-b-߃ tcJ-s∏-Sp -Øp-∂-Xn-

tebv°p-ambn CXv ]X-ß-fn¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-

Ibpw AXn-\mbn ka-b-a-\p-h-Zn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

hni-Z-amb N¿®-Iƒ°v tijw `c-W-L-S-\m-

\n¿ΩmWk` C¥-y-bpsS c-W-L-S-\°v 1949 \hw-

_¿ 26 \v AwKo-Imcw \evIn. 395 hIp-∏p-Ifpw

(Articiles) 8 ]´nI-Ifpw (Schedules) Dƒs∏-´-

Xmbncp∂p CXv. ]n∂oSv `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ hcp-

Ønb hnhn[t`Z-K-Xn-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬

\mev ]´n-I-Iƒ IqSn Iq´n-t®¿Øv Ct∏mƒ

]¥≠v ]´n-I-Iƒ D≠v. 1950 P\p-hcn 26 \mWv

\ΩpsS `c-W-L-S\ Hu]-Nm-cn-I-ambn \ne-hn¬

h∂-Xv. `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ \n¿t±-in-®-Xp-t]mse

CXn-\p-tijw C¥y Hcp ]cm-am-[n -Imcdn∏-

ªn°mbn Adn-b-s∏-Sm\pw XpS-ßn.

]e hntZi cmP-y-ß-fp-sSbpw `c-W-L-S-\-bnse

khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw A\p-`-h-ßfpw \ΩpsS `c-W-

L-S\m\n¿Ωm-WsØ kzm-[o-\n-®n-´p-≠v.

\nc-h[n sshhn-[-y -ßfpw khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw

Dƒs°m-≈p∂ ]tZ-i-amWv C¥y. Cu ]tZ-

isØ P\-ß-fpsS `mj, BNmccoXn, PohnX

kml-N-cy߃ F∂n-hsb Dƒs°m-≈p-∂Xpw

Ch¿s°√mwXs∂ Ah-k-c-Xp-e-yX \¬Ip-∂-Xp-

amb Hcp `c-W-L-S-\-bmWv \Ωp-tSXv.

`c-W-L-S-\-bpsS BapJw (Preamble)\ΩpsS `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS Bap-J-amWv Xmsg

\¬In-bn-´p-≈-Xv. CXn¬ ]cm-a¿in-®n-cn-°p∂

aqey߃ `c-W-L-S\ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-sX-ß-s\-

sb∂v ]cn-tim-[n°mw.

F¥p-sIm-≠mWv 1950 P\p-hcn 26 `c-W-L-S-\-

bpsS D¬Lm-S\Zn\-ambn sXc™Sp-ØXv?

kzm-X-¥-y-k-a-c-Im-e-Øv, 1929 se emtlm¿

tIm¨Kkv Xocp-am\w A\p-k-cn®v 1930 P\p-

hcn 26 BZykzmX-¥y-Zn-\-ambn BN-cn-°p-I-

bp-≠m-bn. AXns‚ Ccp-]Xmw hm¿jnI Zn\-

ambn-cp∂p 1950 P\p-hcn 26.

A[ymbw ˛ 9

99P\-ßfpw c-W-L-S-\bpw

]c-am-[n-Imcw (Sovereignty)

Zo¿L-Im-e-ambn sshtZ-in-Im-[n-]-Xy-Øn≥Io-gn-em-

bn-cp∂p C¥y-bnse _lp-`q-cn]£w ]tZ-i-

ßfpw. tijn°p∂hbm-Is´ \m´p cmP-y-ßfpw.

Cu c≠p `c-W-I-a-ßfnepw C¥y≥ P\XbpsS

Ah-Im-i-ßfpw Bh-iy-ßfpw ]cn-K-Wn-®ncp∂n√.

AXn-\m¬ _n´ojv B[n-]-Xy-Øn-s\-Xnsc tZio-

b-]-ÿm\w Db¿Ønb apZm-hmIywXs∂ "]q¿W-

kz-cm-Pm-'bn-cp-∂p. CXns‚ ]mh¿ØnIcq]-amWv

`c-W-L-S\ apt∂m- p-h-bv°p∂ ]c-am-[n-Imcw F∂

Bi-bw. \ΩpsS cmPysØ `cWkwhn-[m-\-

Øns‚ ]q¿W-amb \nb-¥Ww P\-ß-sf-Ø-s∂-

bmWv G¬∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. P\-߃°p-th≠n

sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´ P\-]-Xn-\n[nk`-I-sfbmWv

cmjvS-Øns‚ ]c-am-[n-Imcw hn\n-tbm-Kn-°m≥ Npa-

X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv.

\ΩpsS `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ ]c-am-[n-Imcw

Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xn-eqsS cmPy-Øns‚ A[n-

Imc hn\n-tbm-K-Øn¬ F√m-h¿°pw Xpey-

]¶v F∂ k¶¬]w \n¿h-ln-°p-hm-\mIp-

∂pt≠m?

P\m-[n-]-Xyw (Democracy)

`cWLS\ Dd-∏p-X-cp∂ ]c-am-[n-Imcw \S-∏nem-

°m≥ P\m-[n-]-Xy`c-W-I-a-Øn-eqtS amXta

km[yam-Iq. CXn\v hnhn[Xe-Øn-ep≈ P\-]-

Xn-\n[n k`-Iƒ°v `c-W-L-S\ cq]w \¬In-bn-cn-

°p-∂p. temIk`, \nba-k`, XnXe]©m-bØv

kan-Xn-Iƒ F∂nh CXn\v DZm-l-c-W-amWv.

\n›nX CS-th-f-I-fn¬ \S-°p∂ sXc-s™-Sp-∏n-

eqsS P\-߃°v Cu k`-I-fn-te°v Xß-fpsS -

]-Xn-\n-[nIsf sXc-s™-Sp-°m-\m-hpw. Cu P\-

]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Kh¨sa‚pIfmWv

cmPy-Øns‚ `c-W-Øn\v t\XrXzw hln-°p-∂-Xv.

P\m-[n-]-Xy-sa∂ Bibw A¿∞-]q¿W-

am-°p-∂-Xn¬ P\-]-Xn-\n[n k`-Iƒ FX-

amXw klm-b-I-c-amWv?

$ P\-Iob]iv\-ß-fpsS N¿®m-thZn

$ `c-W-\n¿h-l-W-Øn¬ ]¶m-fnØw

$

$

tkmj-y-enkw (Socialism)

cmP-yØv F√m ]uc≥am¿°pw Xpe-yX Dd-∏p-h-cp-

Øp∂ kmaq-ly-hy-hÿbmWv tkmj-y-enkw.

CXn-\mbn ]e-h-Ip-∏p-Ifpw `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬

Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. kº∂-cpw Zcn-Z-cpw XΩn-

ep≈ A¥cw Ipd-bv°p-I, kz-Øn\v ]cn[n

G¿s∏-Sp -Øp-I, kºØv GXm\pw t]cpsS

ssIbn¬ tIµo-I-cn-°p-∂Xv XSbp-I, Zcn-Z-cpsS

PohnX\ne-hmcw Db¿ØpI XpS-ßnb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ

CXns‚ `mK-am-Wv.

kzm-X-¥-y-w In´n Bdp ]Xn-‰m-≠p-Iƒ Ign-

™n´pw tkmj-y-enkw F∂ Bibw FX-

amXw ]mh¿Øn-I-am-°m≥ \ap°v Ign-

™n- p-≠v?

atXX-c-Xzw (Secularism)

aX-\n-c-t]-£-Xsb t]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-XmWv

C¥-y-bpsS c-W-L-S-\. hyXy-kvX-a-X-hn- m-K-߃

kulrZ-tØmsS h¿Øn-®p-h-cp∂ cmPy-amWv

C¥y. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S\m

inev]n-Iƒ C¥y-bpsS atX-Xckz`m-hsØ `c--W-

L-S-\-bn-eqsS Db¿Øn-°m- m\mWv ian-®n- p-≈Xv.

cmjvS-Øn\v HutZym-KnIaX-an-√. F√m aX-

߃°pw Xpey]Z-hn-bmWv `c-W-L-S\ \¬Ip-

∂Xv. CjvS-ap≈ aXw kzo-I-cn-°m\pw ]N-cn-∏n-

°m\pw As√-¶n¬ Hcp-a-X-Ønepw hniz-kn-°m-Xn-

cn-°p-hm\pw ]uc¿°v Ah-Im-i-ap-≠v.

Ah-\-hs‚ hni-zm-k-߃°-\p-k-cn®v

Pohn-°p-hm≥ atX-X-c-Xzw hy-‡n-Isf

FX-amXw klm-bn-°p∂p≠v?

dn∏-ªnIv (Republic)

`c-W-L-S-\-bpsS Bap-J-Øn¬ C¥y Hcp dn∏-ªnIv

BsW∂v ]J-ym-]n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. P\-߃°v ]c-

am-[n-Im-c-ap-≈Xpw sXc-s™-Sp-∏n-eqsS amXw

cmjvS-Ø-e-hs\ Is≠-ØpIbpw sNøp∂ cmjvS-

amWv dn∏-ªn-Iv. C¥-y-bpsS Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´

cmjvSØ-e-h-\mWv cmjvS-]Xn.

P\m-[n-]-Xykwhn-[m-\-Øn¬ Xnc-s™-Sp-∏n-

eqsSb√msX cmjvS-Ø-e-hs\ \n›-bn-

°p∂ cmPy-ß-fpt≠m? At\-z-jn-°q.

100 kmaq-ly-imkvXw I

¢mkv ˛ IX

]uc-Xzw (Citizenship)

hy‡n°v cmPyw \¬Ip∂ khn-tij AwKo-Im-

c-amWv ]uc-Xzw. kz¥w Ah-Im-i-ß-sfbpw IS-a-

I-sfbpw Ipdn®v t_m[-hm-\m-bn-cn°pw ]uc≥.

]ucXzw F∂XneqsS cmPy-Øn-\p-≈n¬ F√m-

h¿°pw ka-Xzhpw Xpey Ah-Im-i-ßfpw Dd-∏m-

°p-∂p. Hcmƒ°v P\\w, hwi-]m-c-º-cyw, cPn-

kvtS-j≥, ]uc-X-z-Zm\w F∂n-h-bn-eq-sSbpw GsX-

¶nepw `q]-tZiw C¥y-bpsS `mK-ambnØocp-∂-

Xn-eq-sSbpw C¥-y-bn¬ ]uc-Xzw t\Sm≥ Ignbpw.

`c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ 5 apX¬ 11 hsc hIp-∏p-Iƒ

auen-Im-h-Im-i-߃ (Fundamental Rights)

Bap-J-Øn¬ ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ Bi-b-ß-fmb

\oXn, kzmX-¥yw, kaXzw, kmtlm-Zcyw F∂n-

h-bn-eqsS C¥y≥ dn∏-ªn-°ns‚ e£y-\n¿h-N-\-

amWv `c-W-L-S\ \S-Øp-∂-Xv. Ch-sb√mw

]ucs‚ auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fmbn `c-W-LS\ Dd-

∏p-h-cp-Ønbn-´p≠v. Cßs\ C¥-y≥ `c-W-L-S\

C¥y-bnse ]uc-∑m¿°v Dd -∏p -\¬Ip∂

auenImh-Im-i-ßsf°pdn®v \ap°v hni-Z-ambn

]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

`c-W-L-S\ ]uc-∑m¿°v ]Zm\w sNøp∂

]tXyIkwc-£-W-amWv auen-Im-h-Im-iw. P\m-

[n-]Xy`c-W-I-a-Øn¬ ]uc-∑m¿°v Nne Ah-Im-

i-߃ Dd-∏p-h-cp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. Cß-s\-bp≈ Ah-

Im-i-߃ `qcn-]-£-Øn-s‚tbm \yq\-]-£-Øn-

s‚tbm A`n-em-j-߃°v hnt[-b-am-Im≥ ]mSn√.

auen-Im-h-Im-i-߃ ]uc-∑m¿°v \ntj-[n-°m-Xn-

cn-°m≥ Kh¨sa‚p-Iƒ _m[y-ÿ-cm-Wv. \ΩpsS

auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fmbn `c-W-L-S\ \n¿t±-in-®n-

´p-≈Xv Xmsg∏d-bp-∂-h-bmWv.

ka-Xz-Øn-\p≈ Ah-Imiw (Right to Equality)

\nb-a-Øns‚ aq∂n¬ cmPysØ ]ucsc√mw Xpey-

cm-Wv. ]Z-hn-tbm hnZym-`ym-k-tam kmº-Øn-I-ti-

jntbm ]cn-K-Wn®v \nb-a-Øn\v ap∂n¬ B¿°pw

]ucXz-sØ°pdn®v ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p. C¥y kzX-

¥-am-bt∏mƒ \ΩpsS cmPysØ P\-߃°p

e`n® Hcp ]Z-hn-bmWv ]uc-Xzw. _n´ojv C¥-y-

bnse ]uc≥am¿°p-≠m-bn -cp∂ ]Z-hn -b√

kzX¥ C¥-y-bnse ]uc≥am¿°p-≈Xv. P\m[n-

]-Xykwhn-[m-\-Øn-ep≈ Hcp c-W-Iaw kz-X-¥

C¥y kzo-I-cn-®-XmWv CXn-\n-S-bm-°n-bXv.

Hmtcm cmPy-Øn\pw ]uc-XzsØ kw_-‘n®v

hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb \nbaß-fmWv \ne-hn-ep-≈-Xv.

AXXv cmPy-Øns‚ `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ CXn-\m-h-

iy-amb hIp-∏p-Iƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.

`c-W-L-S\ \ne-hn¬h∂-tXmsS kz-X-¥ C¥-y-bnse ]uc≥am¿°v _n´ojv C¥-y-bnse ]uc≥am-

cn¬\n∂pw hy-X-y-kvX-ambn Fs¥√mw A[n-Im-c-ß-fmWv ]pXp-Xmbn e`-y-am-b-Xv. N¿® sNøp.

$ Ata-cn-°≥ sFIy-\m-Sp-I-fnse ]uc-Xz-\n-b-ahpw \ΩpsS ]uc-Xz-\n-b-ahpw Hcp-t]mse-bmtWm?

N¿® sNøq.

]tXyI]cn-K-W-\-Iƒ \¬In-√. PmXn, aXw,

enwKw, P\\ÿew Chsb ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n Hcp-

X-c-Øn-ep-ap≈ hnth-N-\hpw ]mSn-s√∂v `c-W-

L-S\ hne-°p-∂p.

s]mXp-h-gn-I-fn-eqsS k©-cn-°m-\pw s]mXp-ÿ-e-

ß-fn¬ ]th-in-°m\pw s]mXpIpf-ßfpw InW-

dp-Ifpw D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\p-ap≈ Ah-Imiw cmPyØv

F√m-h¿°pw XpeyamWv.

AbnØw t]mep≈ BNm-c-߃ C¥y-bn¬ `c-

W-L-S-\m-]-Imcw \nb-a-hn-cp-≤-am-Wv. k¿°m¿

ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ \nb-a\w e`n-°p-∂-Xn\pw ]uc-

∑m¿°n-S-bn¬ bmsXmcp hnth-N-\hpw ]mSn-

s√∂pw `c-W-L-S -\-bn¬ ]d-bp -∂p. AXp-

t]mseØs∂ ]tXyI PmXn-bntem aX-Øntem

s]Sp∂p F∂-Xn-\m¬ hnZym-`ymkw \ntj-[n-°p-

∂Xpw `c-W-L-S\ FXn¿°p-∂p.

F∂m¬ Ip´n-Iƒ°pw kvXoIƒ°pw kmaq-ly--

ambpw hnZym- ym-k-]-c-ambpw ]nt∂m°w \n¬°p∂

hn`m-K-߃°pw Nne ]tXyI]cn-K-W-\-Iƒ `c-

W-L-S\ \¬Ip-∂p-≠v.

]nt∂m-°-hn-`m-K-Øn¬s]´-h¿°v Kh¨sa‚ v

k¿∆o-kn¬ aXn-bmb ]mXn-\n-[yw e`n-°mØ

]£w AØ-c-°m¿°v ]tX-yI]cn-K-W\ \¬Ip-

∂Xv CXp-]-Im-c-amWv.

A[ymbw ˛ 9

101P\-ßfpw c-W-L-S-\bpw

apI-fn¬ \¬Inb ]n.Fkv.knbpsS eLphn⁄m-]\w i≤n-°q. Nne XkvXn-I-Iƒ°v ]tX-yI hn`m-

K-Øn¬\n∂p-amXw At]£ £Wn®p-sIm-≠p≈XmWn-Xv. F¥p-sIm-≠mWv CØ-c-Øn¬ hn⁄m-

]\w ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-t°≠n hcp-∂-Xv? \nK-a-\-߃ Iqdnbv-°p-I.

kzmX-¥y-Øn-\p≈ Ah-Imiw (Right to Freedom)

_n´o-jp-Im-cn¬\n∂v C¥y kz-X-¥-bm-b-Xn-eqsS

]uc≥am¿°v ssIh∂ P\m-[n-]Xy Ah-Im-i-ß-

fmWv Xmsg ]d-bp -∂h. C¥-y -bnse F√m

]uc¿°pw `c-W-L-S\ CXv Dd∏p \¬Ip-∂p.

1. kwkm-c-Øn\pw Bib]I-S-\-Øn-\p-ap≈ kzm-

X-¥-yw.

2. kam-[m-\-]-c-ambpw B-bp-[-߃ IqSm-sXbpw

ktΩ-fn-°p-hm-\p≈ kzmX¥yw.

3. kwL-S -\ -Iƒ cq]o -I -cn -°p -∂-Xn -\p≈

kzmX¥yw.

4. C¥y-bnse-hn-sSbpw kzX-¥-ambn k©-cn-°p-

hm-\p≈ kzmX-¥yw.

5. `mc-X-Øns‚ `q]-tZ-iØv GXv `mKØpw -Xm-

a-kn°p-hm\pw ÿnc-hm-k-am-°p-hm-\p-ap≈

kzmX-¥yw.

6. GsX-¶nepw ]hrØn-bn¬ G¿s∏-Sm\pw, GsX-

¶nepw sXmgntem hym-]m-ctam _nkn-\t m

\S-Øm-\pap≈ kzm-X¥yw.

C¥y≥ kzm-X-¥yka-c-Ønse \nc-h[n kµ¿`-ß-fn¬ Hsc-Æ-amWv Xmsg sImSp-Øn´p-≈Xv.

kz-X¥ C¥-y-bn¬ CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ ]t£m-`-߃ Ct∏mgpw \S-°p-∂pt≠m? Kh¨sa‚pIƒ

GXp coXn-bn-emWv AXv ssIIm-cyw sNøp-∂Xv? N¿® sNøq.

A©n¬ IqSp-Xemfp-Iƒ Hcp ÿeØv Iq´w IqSp-∂Xv \ntcm-[n-®p-sIm≠v BbnsS G¿s∏-Sp-Ønb Hcp

\ntcm-[\®´w A\p-k-cn®v ]ncn-™p-t]m-Im≥ t]meokv DtZ-ym-K-ÿ≥am¿ P\-°q-´-tØmSv Bh-i-y-s∏´p. sXc-

s™-Sp-°-s∏´ Hcp kwLw Bfp-Iƒ Cu Xm°oXv \n»-_vZw Ah-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v apt∂m´v \S∂p. t]meo-

kp-Im-cpsS Hcp henb kwLw \S-∂-Sp-°p-∂ k∂≤-`-S≥amcpsS t\¿°v ]m™-Sp-Øp. Dcp-°p-sI-´nb emØn-

sIm≠p Ah-cpsS Xe X√n-Ø-I¿Øp. Hscm-‰-°p-™p-t]mepw Isø-SpØv ASn-hn-e-°n-bn√. Xe-tbm-´n-bn¬

emØn B™p-]-Xn-°p-∂-Xns‚ Akp-J-I-c-amb i_vZw tI´p. Hmtcm ASn-ho-W-t∏mgpw AXv I≠p-\n∂

P\-°q´w Gß-temsS, thZ-\-tbmsS \ne-hn-fn-®pt]mbn. c≠p aq∂p \nan-j-߃°Iw ASn-tb-‰p-ho-W-h-sc-

s°m≠p B ÿew \nd-™p. Ah-cpsS Xqsh≈ hkvX-ß-fn¬ NpSp-c‡w hoWp]S¿∂p..... ...... Ah¿

c≠m-asØ kwL-sØbpw ASn-®p-hogvØn. Htc ka-bØv ]Xn-s\-´p-t]sc a©-ß-fn¬ FSpØpsIm≠p

t]mIp-∂-Xp- I≠p. 42 t]¿ tNmc-bn¬ IpXn¿∂v At∏mgpw \ne-Øv a©¬ hml-I-scbpw ImØv InS-°p-∂p-

≠m-bn-cp-∂p!

(kz-X-¥ykacw, _n]n≥ Nµ, \mj-W¬ _p°v SÃv t]Pv 186)

102 kmaq-ly-imkvXw I

¢mkv ˛ IX

Nqj-W-Øn-s\-Xn-cm-bp≈ Ah-Imiw

(Right against Exploitation)

kaq-l-Ønse Zp¿_-esc ]_-e-cpsS `oj-Wn-I-

fn¬\n∂p c£n-°m\pw Ak-a-Xz-an-√m-Xm-°m-\p-

ap≈ Ah-Im-i-am-Wn-Xv. DZm-l-c-W-ambn Hcmsf

\n¿_-‘n®v tPmen sNøn-°p-∂-Xpw 14 hb- n\v

Xmsg ]mb-ap≈ Ip´n-I-sf GsX-¶nepw hyh-km-

b-im-e-bntem J\n-I-fn-tem tPmensNøm-t\¿s∏-

Sp-Øp-∂Xpw A]m-b-km-[y-X-bp≈ at‰-sX-¶nepw

Poh-\-Øn\v G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xpw hoSp-I-fnepw

tlm´-ep-I-fnepw tPmen°psh°p-∂Xpw hne-°n-

bn-cn-°p-∂p.

_me-\oXn\nbaw 2000

(Juvenile Justice Act)]tXy-I-X-Iƒ

$ \nb-a-ß-fp-ambn Ie-ln-°p∂ Ip´n-Iƒ°v icn-

bmb i≤bpw kwc-£-Whpw Dd-∏m-°p-∂p.

$ Ch¿°v tImSXn \S-]SnIa-ß-fnepw in£-bnepw

Cf-hp-\¬Ip-∂p.

$ Ip´n-I-tfmSv IqcX Im´p-∂-Xn\v in£ \¬Ip-∂p.

$ `n£m-S\w t]mse-bp≈ Imcy-ß-fn-eqsS Ip´n-Isf

NqjWw sNøp-∂-Xn\v in£ \¬Im\p≈ hyh-

ÿ.

$ \ncm-ew-_-cmb Ip´n-Iƒ°v ]p\-c-[n-hm-khpw

kwc-£-Whpw ]cn-c-£bpw Dd∏v \¬Ip-∂p.

NnX-Øn¬ CjvSnI°f-Øn¬ tPmen sNøp∂ Ip´n-Isf t\m°p. CØcw kµ¿`-߃

\n߃°pw ]cn-Nn-X-amImw. Nqj-W-Øn¬\n∂p≈ kwc-£Ww c-W-L-S\ Dd-∏p-\¬Ip-Ibpw

CXn-\mbn \nb-a-߃ \n¿Ωn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-tºmgpw F¥p-sIm-≠m-bn-cn°mw Cu Ahÿ

XpS-cp-∂Xv? N¿® sNøp.

aX-kzm-X-¥y-Øn-\p≈ Ah-Imiw (Right to Freedomof Religion)

aX\nc-t]-£X \ne-\n¿Øp-∂Xn\p]-cym-]vX-amb

Ah-Im-i-am-Wn-Xv. C¥y-bn¬ GsXm-cmƒ°pw X\n-

°n-jvS-s∏´ aXw kzoI-cn-°p-hm-\p≈ Ah-Im-i-

ap≠v. GsX-¶nepw aX-hn-`m-K-Øn\v cmjvSw

]tXyI]cn-K-W\ \¬Ip∂n√. Hmtcm aX-

°m¿°pw Ah-c-h-cpsS Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ß-fn¬

]m¿Y\ \S-Øm-\p≈ Ah-Im-i-ap-≠v. GsX-

¶nepw aX-Øn¬ \n¿_-‘n®v Bsf tN¿°p-∂Xpw

Kh¨sa‚ v klm-b-Øm¬ ]h¿Øn-°p∂ hnZym-

e-b-ß-fn-eqsS aX-]-c-amb hnZym-`ymkw \¬Ip-

∂Xpw \nb-a-]-c-ambn XS-b-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.

A[ymbw ˛ 9

103P\-ßfpw c-W-L-S-\bpw

hy-X-ykvX aXhni-zmkw ]pe¿Øp∂ P\-߃ Hcp-an®phkn-°p∂ CS-amWv C¥y. C¥ymhn`-

P-\sØ XpS¿∂p-≠mb el-f-I-fpsS NcnXw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS aX-kzm-

X-¥y-Øn-\p≈ Ah-Imiw kw_-‘n® \ne-]mSv FX-amXw ]m[m-\-y-ap-≈-XmWv. N¿® sNøp.

kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw hnZym-`ym-k-]-c-hp-amb Ah-Imiw

(Cultural and Educational Rights)

C¥-y-bn¬ GsX-¶nepw mKØp Xma-kn-®p-h-cp∂

]uc≥am¿°v `n∂-amb Hcp `mjtbm en]ntbm

kwkvIm-ctam kz-¥-am-bp-s≠-¶n¬ AXv kwc-£n-

°p-∂-Xn\v `c-W-L-S\ Ah-Imiw \¬Ip-∂p.

AsXm-sSm-∏w-Xs∂ cmjvSw kwc-£n-°p-∂tXm

cmjvS-Øns‚ \n[n-bn¬\n∂v klmbw kzo-I-cn-

°p-∂tXm Bb GsX-¶nepw hnZ-ym-`-ymkÿm]-

\-Øn¬ aXw, h¿§w, PmXn, `mj F∂nhtbm

Ahbn¬ GsX¶nepw H∂n-t\tbm amXw ASn-

ÿm-\-am°n Hcp ]uc\pw ]th-i\w \ntj-[n-

°m≥ ]mSp-≈-X-√. CXn-eqsS sshhn-[-y-am¿∂

kmwkvIm-cnIØ\n-a-I-sf \ne-\n¿Øm\pw `c-W-

L-S\ kwc-£Ww \¬Ip-∂p.

tIc-f-Øn¬ CSp-°n, ]me-°m-Sv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw

F∂o Pn√-I-fn¬ Xangv amXr-`m-j-bm-bp≈

hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°p-th≠n Xangv am[y-a-Øn-ep≈

hnZym-e-b-߃ ]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xpw Imk¿tImSv

Pn√-bn¬ I∂U am[yaam-bp≈ hnZymeb-߃

]h¿Øn-°p∂Xpw Cu Ah-Imiw Dd∏p \¬Ip-

∂-Xns‚ `mK-am-bmWv.

104 kmaq-ly-imkvXw I

¢mkv ˛ IX

hnZ-y -m`-ymk Ah-Im-i-\nb-a-Øns‚ BapJ

t]PmWv NnX-Øn¬ sImSp-Øn-´p-≈-Xv. `c-W-L-

S\m]-c-ambn ]uc≥am-cpsS hnZ-ym- -ymk Ah-Imiw

Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ \nba\n¿Ωm-W-amWnXv.

\ΩpsS c-W-L-S\ \¬Ip∂ Bi-b-]-N-c-W-Øn-

\p≈ Ah-Im-iw, ka-Xz-Øn-\p≈ Ah-Im-iw,

kwL-Sn -°m -\p≈ Ah-Imiw XpS -ßn -bh

Xncn-®-dn™v ]h¿Øn-°m≥ Ip´n°v aXn-bmb

hnZym-`ymkw e`n-°-Ww. Cu \nbaw AXns\

klm-bn-°p∂ H∂mWv.

$ 6 \pw 14 \pw CS-bn¬ ]mb-ap≈ Ip´n-Iƒ°v

\n¿_-‘n-Xhpw kuP-\y-hp-amb hnZym-`ymkw

Dd∏v \¬Ip-∂p.

$ ]mb-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v ¢mkn¬ tNcm≥ Ah-k-cw.

$ Ip´n Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂ kabw Ah-\n-jvS-ap-

≈hnZym-e-b-Ønte°v hnSp-X¬ k¿´n-^n-°‰v

e`n-°m-\-h-k-cw.

`mc-X-Øns‚ `c-W-L-S\ \ne-hn¬ h∂v Bdv ]Xn-‰m-≠p-Iƒ Ign™n´pw hnZym-`ymkØn\p≈

Ah-Imiw ]q¿Æ-ambpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ C\nbpw \ap°p Ign-™n-´n-√. Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬

CØcw \nb-a-ß-fpsS ]m[m-\yw F¥m-Wv? N¿® sNbvXv Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°q.

`c-W-L-S-\m-kw_-‘-amb ]cn-lmc am¿K-߃°p≈

Ah-Imiw (Right to Constitutional Remedies)

]uc\v Xs‚ GsX-¶nepw auenImh-Imiw \ntj-

[n-°-s∏-´m¬ B Ah-Imiw ÿm]n®p In´p-∂-Xn-

\p≈ Ah-Im-i-am-WnXv. auen-Im-h-Im-i-߃ kwc-

£n®p In´p-∂-Xn\v tImS-Xn-bpsS klmbw tXSm-

hp-∂-Xm-Wv. CØcw l¿Pn-I-fn¬ CS-s]-Sm\pw

Xo¿∏m-°m\pw kp]ow-tIm-S-Xn°pw sslt°m-S-

Xn°pw A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.

auen-Im-h-Im-i-ßfpw `c--W-L-S\ A\p-im-kn-

°p∂ a‰v Ah-Im-i-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw

F¥m-sW∂v t\m°mw. auen-Im-h-Im-i-߃

ewLn-°-s∏- m¬ ]cn-lmcw e`n-°p-∂-Xn\p th≠n

]uc¿°v sslt°m-S-Xn-bntem kp]ow-tIm-S-Xn-

bntem t\cn´v ]cmXn t_m[n-∏n-°p-hm≥ Ah-Im-

i-ap-≠v. kzØ-h-Imiw XpS-ßnb a‰-h-Im-i-߃

ewLn-°-s∏-´m¬ _‘-s∏´ \nbaw A\p-im-kn-

°p∂ ]Imcw ap≥kn-^v tImS-Xn-bntem aPn-

kvtS‰v tImS-Xn-bntem ]cmXn ka¿∏n®v ]cn-

lmcw tXSmw.

auenIIS-a-Iƒ (Fundamental Duties)

Ah-Im-i-ß-sf√mw Dd-∏p-X-cp∂ `c-W-L-S\

]uccn¬ Fs¥-¶nepw Xc-Øn-ep≈ Npa-X-e-Iƒ

A¿∏n-°p-∂pt≠m?

\nß-fpsS ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-fpsS ]pdw-N-´-bpsS

Dƒ`m-KØv Ipsd Npa-X-e-Iƒ tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂Xv

i≤n-®n-´pt≠m? F¥p-sIm-≠mWv Ah CX

]m[m-\y-tØmsS F√m ]pkvX-I-ß-fnepw \¬In-

bn-cn-°p-∂Xv?

cmPysØ ]uc¿ F∂ \ne-bn¬ Hmtcm

hy‡nbpw cmjvStØm-Smbn sNtø≠ IS-a-I-fm-

Wn-h. Xß-fpsS ]hrØn-bnepw s]cp-am-‰-Ønepw

]uc-¿ ]n¥p-S-c-W-sa∂v ]Xo-£n-°p∂ s]cp-am‰

kwln-X-bm-W-Xv. cmjvS-]p-tcm-K-Xn-°mbn ]uc¿

sNtø-≠p∂ I¿Ø-h-y-ß-fm-Wnh. 1976 se `c-W-

L-S\m t`Z-K-Xn-bn-eq-sS-bmWv (42˛mw t`Z-K-Xn)

auenIIS-a-Iƒ `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ Iq´n-t®¿ØXv.

`c-W-LS-\-bn¬ hcp-Ønb 86˛mw t`Z-K-Xn-bn-eq-

sS-bmWv ]Xn-s\m-∂m-asØ I¿Øhyw Iq´n-

t®¿Ø-Xv. CXv 6 \pw 14 \pw CS-bn¬ ]mb-ap≈

Ip´n-Iƒ°v hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-\p≈ Ah-k-c-sam-cp-

°m≥ c£n-Xm-°sf Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. apºv

N¿® sNbvX hnZym-`ymk Ah-Im-i-\n-baw

CXns‚ `mK-ambn ImWmw.

]uc-cpsS Ah-Imiw kwc-£n-°¬ cmjvS-Øns‚

IS-a-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm-≠mWv Ah-Im-i-߃ ewLn-

°-s∏- m¬ Ah ]cn-l-cn®v \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v tImSXn

Kh¨sa‚n\v \n¿t±iw \¬Ip-∂-Xv. ]uc¿°v

Ah-Im-i-߃ D≈tXmsSm∏w cmPy-Øn-t\mSv

]men-t°≠ Nne IS-a-I-fp-ap-≠v. AXp-sIm-≠mWv

`c-W-L-S\ A\p-k-cn-°p-Ibpw tZiobKm\-

sØbpw tZiob]Xm-I-tbbpw BZ-cn-°p-Ibpw

sNøpI XpS-ßnb IS-a-Iƒ \n¿∆-ln-°m-Ø-Xn\v

tImSXn ]ucsc in£n-°p-∂-Xv.

A[ymbw ˛ 9

105P\-ßfpw c-W-L-S-\bpw

\nß-fpsS ]pkvX-I-Ønse auenI IS-a-Iƒ hmbn-°q. CXn¬ Adnt™m Adn-bm-sXtbm GsX-

¶nepw IS-a-Iƒ \n߃ ewLn°m-dpt≠m? DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzt_m[-ap≈ ]uc≥am-cpsS kaq-l-

Øn¬ IS-a-Iƒ ewLn-°p-∂Xv A\p-h-Zn-°mtam? ]ucs‚ IS-a-Iƒ ewLn-°p-∂-Xns‚ DZm-l-c-

W-߃ Is≠Øn ¢m n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®v N¿® sNøq.

\n¿tZ-i-IXØz-߃ (Directive Principlesof State Policy)C¥y-bpsS c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ Nne \n¿tZ-i-I-X-Øz-

߃ Dƒs°m-≈n -®n -c n -°p -∂p. cmPysØ

hnhn[Kh¨sa‚p-Iƒ°pw Kh¨sa‚ v GP≥kn-

Iƒ°pw `c-W-Øn¬ ASn-ÿm-\-am-bn-cn-t°≠

]am-W-am-Wn-Xv. Ah-bn¬ ][m-\-s∏-´h NphsS

sImSp-°p-∂p.

$ kmº-Øn-I-km-aq-ln-I-cm-jvSob \oXn-bn¬

A[n-jvTn-X-amb Hcp hyh-ÿnXn sI´n-∏-Sp-Øp-

sIm≠v P\-ß-fpsS t£aw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-I.

$ sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v IqSp-X¬ \oXn-bp‡hpw a\p-

jy-Xz -]-c -hp -amb sXmgn¬ hyh-ÿ-I-fpw

kvXoIƒ°v ]khkwc-£-Whpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-

Øp-I.

$ kvXo-]p-cpjt`Z-at\y F√m ]uc-∑m¿°pw

Pohn-°m≥ aXn-bmb D]m-[n-Iƒ Dd-∏p-h-cp-

ØpI.

$ kaq-l-Øns‚ `uXn-I-k-ºØv s]mXp\∑°v

DX-Ipw-hn[w icn-bmbn hnX-cWw sNøp-I.

$ cmjvS-Ønse kºØv GXm\pw t]cpsS

ssII-fn¬ tIµo-I-cn-°p-∂Xv XS-bp-I.

$ kvXo]p-cpjt`Z-at\y F√m-h¿°pw Xpey

tPmen°v Xpey-th-X\w A\p-h-Zn-°p-I.

$ Kma-∏©m-b-Øp-Iƒ kwL-Sn-∏n®v P\-ßsf

Kma-`-c-W-Øn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-°p-I.

$ kaq-l-Ønse Zp¿_ehn`m-K-ß-fpsS ]tXy-

In®v, ]´n-I-Pm-Xn, ]´n-I-h¿K-°m-cpsS kmº-

ØnIhpw hnZym-`ym-k-]-c-hp-amb D∂-Xn-°p-

th≠n ]h¿Øn-°p-I.

$ cmPysØ h\-ßfpw h\y-Po-hn-I-sfbpw ]cn-c-

£n-®p-sIm≠v ]cn-ÿn-Xn-kw-c-£n-°p-I.

$ tZiob]m[m-\yhpw Ncn-X-]-c-amb aqey-hp-ap≈

F√m kvamc-I-ßfpw kwc£n°pI.

$ temIkam-[m-\hpw cmjvSobkpc-£n-X-Xzhpw

Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ ian-°p-I, cmjvS-߃ XΩn-

ep≈ _‘w \oXn-bp-‡hpw am\y-hp-amb coXn-

bn¬ ]pe¿ØpI, A¥m-cmjvSX¿°-߃ cay-

ambn ]cn-l-cn-°p-I.

$ t]mjImlm-ce`yX Dd-∏m-°m\pw PohnX\ne-

hm-chpw PohnX-tØmXpw Db¿Øm-\pw s]mXp-

P-\m-tcm-Kyw sa®-s∏Sp-Øp-hm\pw cmjvS-Øn-

\p≈ I¿Øhyw.

CXp-t]mse ]k-‡-amb \n¿tZ-i-߃ `c-W-L-

S -\ -bn¬ C\nbpw ]Xn -]m -Zn -®n´p≠v. Ah

Is≠Øn N¿® sNøq.

auen-Im-h-Im-i-߃°v D≈-Xpt]mse \nb-a-kw-

c-£Ww \n¿tZ-i-I-X-Xz-߃°n-√. \n¿tZ-i-I-X-

Øz-߃°\p-kr-X-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ `c-Wm-[n-Im-

cn-Iƒ ssIs°m-≠n-s√-¶n¬ tImS-Xn-bn¬ ]cm-

Xn-s∏-Sm-\m-In-√. F∂m¬ Ch \S-∏m-°m≥ c-Wm-

[n-Im-cn-Iƒ ]c-am-h[n ian-°m-dp-≠v.

FXbpw thKw \S-∏n-em-°-W-sa∂v \n߃ BK-

ln-°p-∂ c≠v \n¿t±-iIXØ-z-߃ Fgp-Xmtam?

F¥p-sIm-≠mWv CXv \S-∏m-°-W-sa∂v \n߃

A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

\n¿tZ-iIXØz-߃ \S-∏m-°p-∂-Xn¬ \ΩpsS Kh¨sa‚p-Iƒ FX-amXw apt∂m-´p-t]m-bn-

´p≠v? Ah \S-∏m-°m≥ Fs¥√mw \S-]-Sn-I-fmWv ssIsIm-≠n-´p-≈Xv? hne-bn-cp-Øq.

106 kmaq-ly-imkvXw I

¢mkv ˛ IX

kwbp-‡-hy-hÿ (Federal System)

\ΩpsS `c-W-L-S\ cmPy-Øn\v Hcp kwbp‡

hyh-ÿ-bm-Wv hn`m-h\w sNøp-∂-Xv. F¥n-\mWv

\mw kwbp‡ hyhÿ kzoI-cn-®Xv. hnkvXr-

Xnbpw sshhn-[y-ßfpw ]mtZ-inI]tXyI-X-Ifpw

\nd™ cmPyØv Cu sshhn-[y-ßsf-sb√mw

Dƒs°m-≈m\pw H∂n®p \n¿Øm\pw s^U-d¬

`cWkwhn-[m\w klm-bn-°p-∂p.

Fs¥ms° ]tXy-I-X-I-fmWv kwbp‡kwhn-[m-

\-Øn-\p-≈Xv?

$ enJnX`c-W-L-S\

$ tIµ-Øn\pw kwÿm-\-߃°pw ]tXyI

`cWkwhn-[m-\hpw A[n-Imchn`-P-\-hpw.

$ kzX-¥hpw \njv]-£-hp-amb \oXn-\ymb hyh-

ÿ.

C¥y-bpsS c-W-L-S\ Cu khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ FX-

amXw Dƒs°m-≠n-´p≠v? N¿® sNøq.

`c-W-L-S\ t`Z-KXn sNøm-\p≈ A[n-Imcw

F¥p-sIm-≠mWv c-W-L-S\mt`Z-K-Xn-°p≈ A[n-

Imcw ]m¿e-sa‚n\v \¬In-bncn°p-∂Xv? `c-W-

L-S-\- C°mcyw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. mc-X-Ønse

P\-ßfm¬ kzbw kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw \S-∏m-°p-

Ibpw sNbvX `c-W-L-S\ t`Z-KXn sNøp-hm≥

]m¿e-sa‚ns\ A[n-Im-c-s∏-Sp-ØpIhgn P\-

߃°v `c-W-L-S-\bv°vtaep≈ Ah-Im-isØ

AwKo-I-cn-°p-IbmWv sNøp-∂-Xv.

A[ymbw ˛ 9

107P\-ßfpw c-W-L-S-\bpw

`c-W-L-S\mt`Z-KXn kw_-‘n® hyhÿ i≤n-

®-t√m. Xmsg-bmbn A°-an´v Nne hkvXp-X-Iƒ

tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂Xv i≤n-°q. cWLS-\-bn¬ Cu

coXn-bn¬ t`Z-K-Xn-Iƒ hcp-Øp-hm-\p≈ A[n-

Imcw Fhn-sS-bmWv \n£n-]vX-am-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv?

`c-W-L-S\: a‰pZm-l-c-W-߃

kpZo¿L-amb Imew h¿W-hn-th-N-\-Øn\pw tImf-

\n-hm-gvN°psa-Xn-sc ]t£m-`-߃ \S-Øn-bmWv

Z£n-Wm-^n° kzmX¥yw t\Sn -b-Xv. Cu

kmaqlycmjvSob]›m-Øew Z£n-Wm-^n-°-

bpsS `c-W-L-S-\sb kzm[o-\n-®-Xmbn ImWmw.

F√m a\p-jy-cp-sSbpw A¥- ns\ AwKo-I-cn-°p-

Ibpw Db¿Øn∏nSn-°p-I-bpw cmPyØv F√m-Øcw

hnth-N-\-ß-sfbpw C√m-Xm-°pIbpw Z£n-Wm-^n-

°≥ `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS ][m\e£y-am-Wv. AXp-

t]mse P\-ß-fpsS kzIm-cyX \ne-\n¿Øp-I

F∂ Ah-Im-ihpw Kh¨sa‚ns‚ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-

sf-°p-dn®v ]uc\v Adn-bp-hm-\p≈ Ah-Im-ihpw

P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ D∂Xkhn-ti-jX F∂

\ne°v Z£n -Wm - ^n -°-bpsS `c -W-L-S\

cmPysØ ]uc-∑m¿°v Dd-∏p-\¬Ip-∂p.

Z£n-Wm-^n-°-bpsS c-W-L-S-\-bnse Nne khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ hmbn-®-t√m. \ΩpsS c-W-L-S\m

aqey-ß-fp-ambn Chsb Xmc-Xayw sNømtam? N¿® sNbvXv Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°q.

]h¿Ø-\-߃

kzmX-¥y-k-a-c-Im-eØv P\-ß-ƒ Db¿Ønb Bh-iy-߃ cWLS\ \S-∏n-em-°n-b-tXmsS

FX-amXw ]mh¿Øn-I-am-bn. c-W-L-S\ ]uc-∑m¿°p\¬Ip∂ Ah-Im-i-߃ ap≥\n¿Øn

Hcp skan-\m¿ ]_‘w Xbm-dm-°p-I.

hnt\m-Z-bm-X-bv°p-t]mb \nß-fpƒs∏´ Hcp kwLw Ip´n-Iƒ a\p-jy-hm-k-an-√mØ Hcp Zzo]n¬

H‰-s∏-´p-sh∂p Icp-Xp-I. `£-Ww, IpSn-sh≈w Ch Ipd-®p-amXw _m°n-bp≈ Ah-ÿ-bn¬

Fs¥√mw \nb-a-߃ kzbw \S-∏n-em°mw? Fß-s\-bmWv AXv ]tbm-K-Øn¬ hcp-ØpI? `c-

W-L-S-\-bpsS auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fn¬ ]d-bp∂ ka-Xz-Øn-\p≈ Ah-Imiw, kzmX-¥y-Øn-\p≈

Ah-Imiw Ch Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn°mw \n߃ Dd-∏m-°pI? kwL-ß-fmbn Xncn™v ]h¿Ø-\-]-

cn-]mSn Xbm-dm-°p-I. N¿® sNøp-I.

\n¿tZ-i-I-X-Øz-ß-fn¬ C\nbpw ]e-Im-cy-ßfpw \ap°v \S-∏m-°m-\m-bn- n-√. \n¿tZ-i-I-X-Øz-߃

\S∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Hcp ap≥K-W-\m-]-´nI Xøm-dm-°p-I. ap≥K-W\ \¬In-b-Xns‚ \ymbo-I-cWw

\¬Ip-Ibpw thWw.

$

¢mkv ˛ IX

108 kmaq-ly-imkvXw I

C¥y-bn¬ P\m-[n-]Xy`c-W-I-a-am-Wt√m D≈-Xv.

cmPysØ P\-ß-fpsS \m\m-Xcw Bh-iy-ß-

sfbpw A`n-em-j-ß-sfbpw Xr]vXn-s∏-SpØn

amXta \oXn-]q¿h-I-amb Hcp `cWw ]Zm\w

sNøm≥ Ignbq. AXn-\mbn cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb `c-

W-L-S\ \mw ]cn-N-b-s∏-´p-I-gn-™p. `c-W-L-S-\-

bmWv `c-W-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS cq]hXvI-c-W-Øn\pw

AXns‚ ]h¿Ø-\-߃°pw th≠ am¿K\n¿tZ-

i-߃ \¬Ip-∂-Xv. \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S-\ Fß-

s\-bmWv P\m-[n-]Xy`c-W-hy-hÿbv°v cq]w

\¬In-bn-´p-≈-Xv? GsX√mw ÿm]-

\-߃ AXn¬ Dƒs∏-´n-cn-°p∂p?

AXns‚ hnhn-[-ß-fmb ]h¿Ø-\-

߃ Fs¥-√m-amWv? AXp-hgn

cmPysØ P\-ß-fpsS Bh-iy-߃

km[q-I-cn-°m\pw Ah-Im-i-߃

kwc-£n-°phm\pw Ignbp-∂pt≠m?

Hcp P\m-[n-]Xyhyh-ÿ-bnse ]uc-

∑m-sc∂ \nebv°v \mw CsX√mw

Adn-™n-cn-t°-≠-XmWv.

NnXw (10.1) i≤n°q. C¥y-bnse

apgp -h≥ KmaoWP\-Xbv°pw

sXmgn¬ \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v e£y-an-´p-

sIm≠v cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb \nb-a-Øns‚

hnh-c-ß-fmWv NnX-Øn-ep-≈Xv. Cu

\nbaw Kma-]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Ahn-

ZKv[ sXmgn¬ sNøm≥ Xøm-dp≈

Hmtcm IpSpw-_-Øn\pw kwÿm\

k¿°m¿ \qdn¬ Ipd-bmØ sXmgn¬

Zn\-߃ \¬IWw F∂-\p-im-kn-

°p-∂p. \ΩpsS cmPysØ kmaq-

lnI]iv\-ß-fn-sem-∂mb KmaoW

taJ-e-bnse sXmgn-en-√m-bva°v ]cn-

lmcw ImWp-∂-Xn-\p≈ ia-amWv

Cu \nbaw. sXmgn-en-√mbva t]mse

NnXw ˛ 10.1

tIµ- -cWw10

tIµ- -cWw 109

A[ymbw ˛ 10

cmPysØ BI-am\w _m[n-°p∂ \nc-h[n hnj-

b-ß-fp-≠v. ZmcnZy\n¿Ωm¿÷\w, kmaq-lnI\oXn

Dd-∏m-°¬, cmPy-Øns‚ B`y-¥ckpc-£n-X-Xzw,

AXn¿Øn kwc-£-Ww, XpS-ßn-bh C°q-´-

Øn¬s∏-Sp-∂p. C¥y°v s]mXp-hmbn hcp∂

CØcw hnjbßfn¬ \nb-a߃ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-

Xn\pw Ah \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn\pw cmPy-Øm-sI-

bp≈ \oXn -\ymb]cn -]m -e -\ -Øn -\p -amWv

tIµ`cWkwhn-[m-\-߃ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≈Xv.

kwÿm-\-X-e-Øn¬ C°m-cy-߃ \n¿∆-ln-°p-∂-

Xn-\mWv kwÿm\`cW-hy-hÿ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-

cn-°p-∂Xv. kwÿm\`c-W-hy-h-ÿ-sb-°p-dn®v \mw

ap≥¢m- n¬ ]cn-N-b-s∏-´n-´p-≠v.

A[n-Imchn`-P\w

\ap°v tIµ-K-h¨sa‚pw kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚p-

Ifpw D≠-t√m. Cu cWcoXn cq]-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂Xv

\ΩpsS c-W-L-S-\m-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ A\p-k-cn-®m-Wv.

`c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-ambn cmPy-Øns‚ ]c-am-[n-Im-

csØ tIµ-`-c-W-Iq-S-Øn\pw kwkvYm\-`-c-W-Iq-

S-߃°p-ambn hn`-Pn-®n-cn-°p∂ coXn-sb-bmWv

kwbp‡hyhÿ (Federal System) F∂p-]-d-bp-∂-

Xv. AXv ]Im-c-amWv cmPysØ tIµKh¨sa‚n-

s‚bpw kwÿm\Kh¨sa‚p-I-fp-sSbpw A[n-Im-

c-߃ hn`-Pn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS 7˛mw

]´nI]Im-c-amWv Cu hn`-P-\w \S-Øn-bn-cn-°p-

∂-Xv. A[n-Imchnj-b-ßsf bqWn-b≥ enÃv, tÉv

enÃv, I¨I-d‚ v enÃv F∂n-ßs\ th¿Xn-

cn°p∂p. bqWn-b≥ enÃn¬ 97 hnj-b-ßfpw tÉv

enÃn¬ 66 hnj-b-ßfpw I¨I-d‚ v enÃn¬ 47

hnj-b-ßfpw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn´p-≠v. tZio-b-]m-[m-

\y-ap≈ hnj-b-ß-fmWv bqWn-b≥ enÃn-ep-≈-Xv.

Cu hnj-b-ß-fn¬ \nb-a-\n¿ΩmWw \S-Øp-hm-

\p≈ A[n-Imcw tIµKh¨sa‚n-\mWv \¬In-

bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ]mtZ-in-I-]m[m-\y-ap≈ hnj-b-

ßfmWv kwÿm\enÃn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-

∂-Xv. Cu hnj-b-ß-fn¬ kwÿm-\-\n-b-a-k-`-

Iƒ°v \nb-a-\n¿ΩmWw \S-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

F∂m¬ Htc-k-abw tIµ-K-h¨sa‚pw kwÿm\

Kh¨sa‚p-Ifpw ssIImcyw sNtø-≠n-h-cp∂

hnj-b-ß-fmWv I¨I-d‚ v enÃn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-

bn-´p-≈-Xv (DZm-l-cWw hnZym-`ym-kw).- AXn-\m¬

Cu enÃn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂ hnj-b-ß-fn¬

\nb-a-\n¿ΩmWw \S-Øm≥ tIµ Kh¨sa‚n\pw

kwÿm\Kh¨sa‚pIƒ°pw A[n-Imcw \¬In-

bn-cn-°p-∂p.

Xmsg tN¿Øn-cn-°p∂ ]´n-I-bn¬ aq∂v enÃp-I-fn-ep-ap≈ Nne hnj-b-ß-fmWv \¬In-bn-cn-°p-

∂-Xv. Hmtcm∂pw AXXv enÃn¬ tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xns‚ bp‡n ]cn-tim-[n-°q. \nß-fpsS Is≠-

Ø-ep-Iƒ ¢m n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I. Cu hn`-P-\-Øn¬ Fs¥-¶nepw am‰-߃ \n¿t±-in-°p-hm-

\pt≠m?

bqWn-b≥ enÃv tÉv enÃv I¨I-d‚ v enÃv

cmPy-c£ Ia-k-am-[m\w hnZym-`ymkw

hntZ-i-Imcyw Xt±ikzbw-`-cWÿm]-\-߃ hnhm-lhpw hnhm-l-tam-N-\hpw

]ucXzw Irjn hnZyp—‡n

Id≥kn Pe-tk-N\w P\-kw-Jym-\n-b-¥Ww

hm¿Øm-hn-\n-abw s]mXp-P-\m-tcmKyw tSUv bqWn-b≥

tIµ`c-W-kw-hn-[m\w

tIµ-`-cWkwhn-[m-\-Øn¬ \nb-a-\n¿ΩmW

hn`mKw (Legislature), c-W-\n¿h-lWhn`mKw (Ex-ecutive), \oXn-\ymbhn`mKw (Judiciary) F∂o

hn`mK-߃ Dƒs∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. Xmsg tN¿Øn-cn-

°p∂ ]´nIbn¬ \ΩpsS tIµ`cWkwhn-[m-\-

Ønse Hmtcm hn`m-Khpw GsX√mw ÿm]-\-߃

tN¿∂-Xm-sW∂v \¬In-bn-´p-≠v.

¢mkv ˛ IX

110 kmaq-ly-imkvXw I

tIµ cW Hmtcm-∂nepw Dƒs∏- n--

kwhn-[m-\-߃ cn°p∂ ÿm]-\-߃

\nb-a-\n¿ΩmW cmjvS-]Xn

hn`mKw temI-k`

cmPy-k`

`c-W-\n¿h-lW cmjvS-]Xn

hn`mKw D]-cm-jvS-]Xn

a¥n-k`

\oXn-\ymb kp]ow-tIm-SXn

hn`mKw

\nb-a-\n¿ΩmWhn`mKw

Cu A[ym-b-Øns‚ Bcw-`-Øn¬ tN¿Øn-cn-

°p∂ "tZiob KmaoW sXmgn-ep-d∏v \nb-aw˛2005'

]cn-N-b-s∏-´-t√m. KmaoWP\-hn-`m-K-߃°v

sXmgn¬ Dd-∏m-°p∂-Xn\v \nbaw \n¿Ωn-®-Xp-

t]mse ]uc-∑m-cpsS hnhn-[-ß-fmb Ah-Im-i-

߃ kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn\pw cmPy-Øns‚bpw

s]mXp-kaq-l-Øn-s‚bpw ]ptcm-K-Xn°pwth≠n

[mcmfw \nb-a-߃ Bh-iy-am-Wv. AØcw \nb-

a-߃ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bmWv \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-W-hn-`m-

K-Øns‚ ][m-\-Np-a-Xe. tIµ-\n-b-a-\n¿Ωm-W-

hn- m-K-Øn\v c≠v afi-e-ß-fp-≠v temIk- -bpw

cmPy-k-`-bpw. \ΩpsS tIµ\nba\n¿ΩmWk`

]m¿e-sa‚ v F∂m-W-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. cmjvS-]-Xnbpw

(President of India) temIk- bpw (House of the Peo-ple) cmPy-k-`bpw (Council of States) tN¿∂Xm-Wv

C¥y-bpsS ]m¿e-sa‚ v. kwÿm\Kh¨sa‚p-I-

fpsS ]mXn-\n-[y-Øn-s‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈

cmPy-k-`bpw P\-߃ t\cn´p Xnc-s™-Sp-°p∂

temIk-`bpw. F¥p-sIm-≠mWv cmjvS-]Xn

]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ `mK-am-Ip-∂-sX∂p Nn¥n-®n-

´pt≠m? _n´ojv amXr-I-bn-ep≈ ]m¿e-sa‚dn

P\m-[n-]Xykº-Zmbw kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-

emWv cmjvS-]Xn ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ `mK-am-bn-cn-°p-

∂-Xv. _n´-Wn¬ ]m¿e-sa‚ v F∂Xv cm⁄n-bpw

P\-k-`bpw (House of Commons) ]`p-k-`bpw

(House of Lords) Dƒs°m-≈p -∂-Xm -Wv .

kwbp‡`c-W-hy-hÿ (Federal System) kzoI-cn-

®n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-emWv ]m¿e-sa‚ns\ Zzna-fi-e-

k-`-bmbn cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. temIk`

Iogvk- bpw (Lower House) cmPy-k` D]-cn-k- bpw

(Upper House) BWv.

]m¿e-sa‚ v cq]hXvI-cWw

Fß-s\-bmWv ]m¿e-sa‚ v cq]-s∏-Sp-∂-sX∂v

t\m°mw. P\-߃ t\cn-´mWv temI-k-`-bn-te-

°p≈ Xß-fpsS ]Xn-\n-[n-Isf Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-

∂-Xv. CXn-\mbn cmPy-sØ-bmsI \nc-h[n \ntbm-

P-I-a-fi-e-ß-fmbn hn`-Pn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. P\-kw-Jy-

bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv Cu hn`-P-\w. Fß-

s\-bmWv `c-W-L-S\bn¬ temIk-`bpsS cq]o-

I-cWw hyhÿ sNøp-∂-sX∂v t\m°mw. `q]-

tZ-im-Sn-ÿm-\-Ønepw P\-kw-Jym-Sn-ÿm-\-Ønepw

cq]o-I-cn-®n-´p≈ \ntbm-PIafi-e-ß-fn¬ \n∂v

t\cn-´v sXc-s™-SpØphcp∂ 530 ¬ Ihn-bm-sX-

bp≈ AwK-ßfpw bqWn-b≥ ]tZ-i-ßsf ]Xn-

\n-[m\w sNøp-∂-Xn\v ]m¿e-sa‚ v \nbaw hgn

hyhÿ sNøp∂ coXn-bn¬ Xnc-s™-Sp-°p∂ 20

¬ Ihn-bmsXbp≈ AwK-ßfpw AS-ßn-b-XmWv.

(`mc-X-Øns‚ c-W-L-S\ \nb-a-a-¥m-ebw Xøm-

dm-°n-bXv ˛ t]Pv 34) Hmtcm \ntbm-P-I-a-fi-e-

Øn¬\n∂pw Hmtcm ]Xn-\n-[nsb hoXw Xnc-

s™-Sp-°p-∂p. Ct∏mƒ 543 \ntbm-P-I-a-fi-e-

ßfmWv D≈Xv. CXn¬ 79 FÆw ]´n-I-Pm-Xn°pw

41 FÆw ]´n-I-h¿K-hn`m-K-߃°p-ambn kwh-

cWw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. Bwt•m C¥y≥ kap-Zm-

b-Øn\v temIvk- -bn¬ th≠X ]mXn-\n[yw e`n-

®n- n-s√∂v cmjvS-]-Xn°v A`n-]m-b-ap-s≠-¶n¬ B

kap-Zm-b-Ønse c≠n¬ Ihn-bm-sX-bp≈ AwK-

ßsf temIk`-bn-te°v \ma-\n¿t±iw sNøm-hp-

∂-Xm-Wv. temI-k- -bpsS Imem-h[n 5 h¿j-amWv.

Imem-h[n ]q¿Øn-bm-hp-∂-Xn\p apºv temIk`

]cn-®p-hn-Sm≥ cmjvS-]-Xn°v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.

`c-W-L-S\ cmPy-k-`sb Fß-s\-bmWv \n¿h-Nn-

®n -´p -≈Xv F∂v t\m°mw. "cmjvS -]Xn

\ma\n¿t±iw sNøp∂ 12 AwK-ßfpw; kwÿm-

\-ß-fp-sSbpw bqWn-b≥ ]tZ-i-ß-fp-sSbpw 238

¬ Ihn-bmØ ]Xn-\n-[n-Ifpw AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂-

XmWv cmPy-k- ' (`mc-X-Øns‚ c-W-L-S\ \nb-

a-a-¥m-ebw Xøm-dm-°n-bXv ˛ t]Pv 34). cmPy-k-

`mw-K-ßsf Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂Xv kwÿm\\nb-a-

k- -bnse Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´ AwK-ß-fm-Wv. cmPy-

k-`mw-K-ß-fpsS Imem-h[n 6 h¿j-am-Wv. Imem-

h[n Xocp-tºmƒ temIk-`-t]mse apgp-h≥ AwK-

ßfpw ]ncn-™p-t]mIp∂ coXn-b√ cmPy-k-

`bv°p≈Xv. c≠p h¿j-Øn-sem-cn-°¬ Imem-h[n

tIµ- -cWw 111

A[ymbw ˛ 10

P\-]-Xn-\n[n BIp-hm≥

hnZym-`ymk tbmKyX apJy-ambn

]cn-K-Wn-°m-ØXv F¥p-sIm-

≠mWv

P\-ß-fpsS

Xmev]-cy-ßfpwBh-iy-ßfpw

a\- n-em-°p-hm\pwcmPy-Øns‚ s]mXp-Xm-ev]cyw

Xncn-®-dn-bp-hm\pw ]mtbm-KnI ]cn-⁄m-\-Øn-eqsS Ign-

bm-dp-≠v. Aß-s\-bp-≈-h¿°v hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ Ipd-

hns\ Gsd-°psd ]cn-l-cn-°m-\m-hpw.

]q¿Øn-bm°nb aq∂n-sem-cp-`mKw AwK-߃

]ncn™p t]mhp-Ibpw AXbpw ]pXnb AwK-

߃ Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Aßs\

cmPy-k` Hcp ÿncw k`-bmbn \ne-\n¬°p-∂p.

kmln-Xyw, imkvXw, IeIƒ, kmaq-ln-I-]-

h¿Ø\w XpS-ßn-b-ta-J-e-Ifn¬ ]mhoWyw t\Sn-

b-h-sc-bmWv cmjvS-]Xn t\cn´v \ma-\n¿tZiw

sNøp-∂-Xv.

cmPy -k-` -bn -te°v cmjvS -]Xn \ma

\n¿t±iw sNbvX hy‡n-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈

hm¿Ø hmbn-°p. \ΩpsS \nb-a-\n¿ΩmW

k`-bn¬ Cu ]Xn-`-Isf Dƒs∏-Sp-∂Xv

F¥n-\mhmw? \nß-fpsS Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ

N¿® sNøq.

\ΩpsS cmPyØv FX hb v ]q¿Øo-I-cn-®-

h¿°mWv thm´-h-Imiw \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-sX∂v

\n߃-°-dn-bmw. F∂m¬ FX hbkv ]q¿Øo-

I-cn-®-h¿°mWv ]m¿e-sa‚n-te°v a’-cn-°m-\m-

Ip-∂-sX∂v t\m°mw. temI-k-`-bn-te°v a’-cn-

°p-hm≥ 25 hb pw cmPy-k-`-bn-te°v a’cn°p-

hm≥ 30 hb pw ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°-W-sa∂v c-W-L-

S\ \njvI¿jn-°p-∂p. hfsc Kpcp-X-c-amb Inan-

\¬ Ip‰-߃°v in£n-°-s∏-´-hsc a’-cn-°p-∂-

Xn¬\n∂v \nbaw apJm -¥cw hne-°p -∂p.

h¿j-Øn¬ c≠v ]mh-iy-sa-¶nepw ]m¿e-sa‚ v

k-tΩ-f\w \S-∂n-cn-°-Ww. Hcp ktΩ-f\w Ign™v

6 amkw XnI-bp-∂-Xn-\p-apºv Xs∂ cmjvS-]Xn

ASpØ ktΩ-f\w hnfn-®p-tN¿Øn-cn-°-Ww.

¢mkv ˛ IX

112 kmaq-ly-imkvXw I

Xmsg tN¿Øn-cn-°p∂ ]´nI i≤n-°q. ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ Ccp-k- -bnepw Hmtcm kwÿ-m\-sØbpw

\ne-hn-ep≈ ]m[n-\n-[y-amWv ]´nI hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xv. temIk-`-bp-sSbpw cmPy-k-`-bp-sSbpw

LS-\bpw ]Xn-\n-[n-I-fpsS FÆhpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-k-߃ Fs¥-√m-am-Wv.

$ tIc-f-Øn-sebpw U¬ln-bn-sebpw temIk-`, cmPy-k` F∂n-h-bnse ]Xn-\n-[n-I-fpsS FÆw

Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ hy‡-am-Ip∂ [mc-W-Iƒ Fs¥-√mw?

Hmtcm kwÿm-\-Øp-\n∂pw ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ Ccp-k-`-I-fn-te-°p-ap≈ AwK-߃

kwÿm-\ cmPy-k` temIk`

Øns‚ t]cv AwKß-ƒ AwK-߃

1. B‘m-]-tZiv 18 42

2. Acp-Wm-N¬

]-tZiv 1 2

3. B mw 7 14

4. _olm¿ 16 40

5. OØo-kvKUv 5 11

6. tKmh 1 2

7. KpP-dmØv 11 26

8. lcn-bm\ 5 10

9. lnam-N¬]-tZiv 3 4

10.PΩp&Imivao¿ 4 6

11.Qm¿Jfiv 6 14

12.I¿Wm-SI 12 28

13.tIcfw 9 20

14.a[y-]-tZiv 11 29

15.alm-cmjvS 19 48

16.aWn-∏q¿ 1 2

17.taLm-eb 1 2

18.antkmdmw 1 1

19.\mKm-em‚ v 1 1

20.Hdo 10 21

kwÿm-\ cmPy-k` temIk`

Øns‚ t]cv AwKß-ƒ AwK-߃

21.]©m_v 7 13

22.cmP-ÿm≥ 10 25

23.kn°nw 1 1

24.Xan-gv\mSv 18 39

25.Xn]pc 1 2

26.DØ-cm-©¬ 3 5

27.DØ¿]-tZiv 31 80

28.]›n-a-_w-Kmƒ 16 42

tIµ- -c-W-]-tZ-i-߃

1. U¬ln 3 7

2. t]m≠n-t®cn 1 1

3. B¥am≥

\nt°m-_m¿

Zzo]pIƒ 1

4. Nfin-KVv 1

5. ZmZ¿ &

\mK¿ lthen 1

6. e£-Zzo]v 1

7. Uma≥ & Uyp 1

8. \ma-\n¿tZiw

sNbvXXv 12

BsI 245 545

tIµ- -cWw 113

A[ymbw ˛ 10

k`mw-K-߃ tbmKw tN¿∂v \nb-a-\n¿ΩmWw \S-

ØpI F∂-XmWv temI-k-`-bp-sSbpw cmPy-k-`-

bp-sSbpw apJy-I¿Ø-hyw. BcpsS A[y-£-X-bn-

emWv Cu k`-Iƒ tbmKw tNcp -∂sX∂p

t\m°mw. temI-k-` -bpsS A[y -£\mWv

kv]o°¿. k`mw-K-߃ Ah-cn¬ \n∂v Hcw-KsØ

kv]o°-dmbn Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂p. cmPy-k-`-bpsS

A[y-£≥ D]-cm-jvS-]-Xn-bm-Wv. At±lw cmPy-

k- -bn¬ AwK-a√. Ccp-k- Ifpw AXm-Xns‚ D]m-

[y-£-∑m-sc k`mw-K-ß-fn¬\n∂v Xnc-s™-Sp-°m-

dp-≠v. cmPy-k- -bp-sSbpw temI-k- -bp-sSbpw Ct∏m-

gsØ A[y-£-∑m¿ Bsc-√m-am-Wv? Ccp-k-`-I-fp-

sSbpw D]m-[y-£-∑m¿ Bsc-√mw?

A[n-Im-c-ßfpw Npa-X-e-Ifpw

]m¿e-sa‚dn P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amb

Hcp c-W-Iaw \ne-\n¬°p∂ cmPy-sa∂ \ne°v

]m¿e-sa‚n\v \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-W-tØm-sSm∏w a‰p-Nne

A[n-Im-c-ßfpw Npa-X-e-I-fp-ap-≠v.

\nb-a-\n¿am-W-]-camb A[n-Im-c-߃

cmPy-Øn-\p-th≠n \nb-a-\n¿ΩmWw \S-Øp-hm-

\p≈ A[n-Imcw c-W-L-S\ ]m¿e-sa‚n\p \¬Ip-

∂p. \nb-a -߃ _n√p -I-fm -bn -´mWv \nb-a -

\n¿ΩmWk`-I-fn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-sX∂v \mw

a\- n-em-°n-bn-´p-≠v. Aß-s\-bp≈ _n√p-Iƒ

]mY-an-Im-h-X-c-W-Øn-\mbn cmPy-k-`-bntem

temI-k-`-bntem bp‡w-t]mse sIm≠p-h-cmw.

hnhn-[-L-´-ß-fnembn hni-Z-amb N¿®-Ifpw ]cn-

tim-[-\-Ifpw \S-Øn-bmWv Hcp _n√v \nb-a-am-Ip-

∂-Xv. _n√v \nb-a-am-Ip-hm≥ Ccp-k-`-I-fp-sSbpw

AwKo-Imcw e`n-°-Ww.

[\-]-c-amb A[n-Im-c-߃

[\-Imcy_n√p-Iƒ temI-k- -bn-emWv BZyw Ah-

X-cn-∏n-t°-≠-sX∂v c-W-L-S\ \njvI¿jn-°p-∂p.

temI-k` ]m m-°n-b-tijw [\-Imcy_n√p-Iƒ

cmPy-k- -bpsS ]cn-K-W-\°v Ab-°mw. _n√n-t∑¬

cmPy-k` 14 Znh-k-Øn-\p-≈n¬ \S-]Sn ]q¿Øn-

bm-°-Ww. Aßs\ sNøp-∂n-s√-¶nepw ]kvXpX

_n√v ]m¿e-sa‚ v ]mkm-°n-b-Xmbn ]cn-K-Wn®v

cmjvS-]-Xn-bpsS A\p-a-Xn°b-°mw.

]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ A\p-hm-Z-tØmSpIqSn amXta

Kh¨sa‚ v s]mXp-]Ww Nne-hm-°m\pw [\-ti-

J-cWw \S-Øm\pw ]mSp≈q. c-W-\-S-]-SnIƒ°m-

bp≈ [\-k-am-l-c-WØn\pw AXv sNe-hm-°p-

∂-Xn\pw ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ AwKo-Imcw Bh-iy-amWv.

CsX√mw _UvP-‰n-eq-sSbpw hm¿jnI [\-Imcy

]kvXm-h-\-bn-eq-sSbpw (Annual Financial State-ment) ]m¿esa‚ v \n¿h-ln-°p-∂p.

`cW\n¿h-lWhn`m-K-Øn-\p-ta-ep≈

\nb-¥Ww

]m¿e-sa‚ v cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ \nb-a-߃ \S-∏n-em-

°p-∂Xv `c-W-\n¿∆-lWhn`m-K-am-Wv. Cu hn`m-

K-Øn-\p-ta¬ ]m¿e-sa‚n\v [mcmfw \nb-¥-Wm-

[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. `c-W-\n¿∆-l-W-Øns‚ ][m\Npa-

Xe a¥n-k-`-bv°m-Wv. temI-k-`-bn¬ `qcn-]£

AwK-ß-fpsS ]n¥p-W-bp-s≠-¶n¬ amXta a¥n-

]m¿e-sa‚ v ktΩ-f-\-Øns‚ hm¿Ø -i-≤n-

®t√m? \nb-a-\n¿ΩmWØn\p Xs∂-bmtWm

]m¿e-sa‚ v ktΩ-f\w AXns‚ kabw hn\n-

tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv? ktΩ-f-\-Øns‚ ]X-hm¿Ø-

Iƒ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv \nß-fpsS \nK-a\w

¢m n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p N¿® sNøpI.

¢mkv ˛ IX

114 kmaq-ly-imkvXw I

k- °v XpS-cm-\m-hq. temI-k` a¥n-k- -bn¬ Ahn-

izmkw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm¬ a¥n-k-`°v A[n-Im-

c-Øn¬\n∂v ]pdØv t]mtI≠n hcpw. ]m¿e-

sa‚n¬ c-W-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ kw_-‘n® tNmZy-߃

tNmZn®pw ]ta-b-ßfpw _n√p-Ifpw Ah-X-cn-∏n®v

N¿® sNbvXpw \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-W-hn-`mKw `c-W-

\n¿∆-lWhn`m-KsØ \nb-¥n-°p-∂p.

]m¿e-sa‚n-\p≈ a‰v A[n-Im-c-߃

$ `c-W-L-S\ t`Z-K-Xn-sN-øp-∂-Xn\v ]m¿e-sa‚n\v

A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.

$ cmjvS-]-Xn-sbbpw D]-cm-jvS-]-Xn-sbbpw

Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\pw ]m¿e-sa‚n\v A[n-Im-

c-ap≠v.

$ Ip‰-hn-Nm-c-W-bn-eqsS (Impeachment) cmjvS-]-

Xn, kp]ow-tIm-S-Xn-bn-tebpw sslt°m-S-Xn-bn-

tebpw PUvPn-am¿ F∂n-hsc X¬ÿm-\-ß-

fn¬\n∂p \o°w sNøm\pw ]m¿e-sa‚n\v A[n-

Im-c-ap-≠v.

`c-W-\n¿h-lWhn`mKw

]m¿e-sa‚ v AwKo-I-cn-°p∂ \nb-a-߃ Fß-s\-

bmWv cmPyØv \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-sX∂v Btem-Nn-

®n -´pt≠m? \nb-a-߃ \S-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn

\ΩpsS `c-W-L-S\ kpk-÷-amb Hcp `c-W-hy-

hÿ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. AXv `c-W-\n¿h-

lWhn`mKw F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. cmjvS-]-Xn-bpw

D]-cm-jvS-]-Xnbpw a¥n-k-`bpw tIµ skI-t´-

dnb‰pw tN¿∂-XmWv \ΩpsS tIµ Kh¨sa‚ns‚

`c-W-\n¿h-l-W-hn-`m-Kw. P\-߃ Xnc-s™Sp-

°p∂ ]m¿e-sa‚n-t\m-Sv DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ap≈ LS-

I-amWv a¥n-k-`. AXn-\m¬ a¥n-k-`-bn-emWv

bYm¿Y A[n-Im-c-߃ \n£n-]vX-am-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv.

`c-W-\n¿h-lWhn`m-K-Øn\v c≠v `mK-ß-fp-≠v.

BZy-tØXv Hcp \n›nXIme-b-f-hn-te°v Xnc-

s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp∂ P\-]-Xn-\n-[n-I-f-S-ßp∂ hn`m-

K-am-Wv. AXv cmjvSob `c-W-\n¿h-lWhn`mKw

F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂p (Political Executive). cmjvS-]-Xnbpw

D]-cm-jvS-]-Xnbpw a¥n-k- bpw Dƒs∏- -XmWv Cu

hn`m-Kw. Ch-cmWv cmPy-Øn-\p-th≠ `c-W-\-b-

ßfpw ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv.

c≠m-asØ hn`mKw ssZ\w-Zn\ `c-W-Øn¬

cmjvSo-b-Imcy\n¿h-lWhn`m-KsØ klm-bn-

°p∂- DtZym-K-ÿ-c-S-ßp-∂-XmWv. CXv ÿncw c-

W-\n¿h-l-Whn`mK-sat∂m (Permanent Executive)knhn¬ k¿hokv Ft∂m Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

cmjvS-]Xn

\ΩpsS `c-W-L-S\ Hcp dn∏-ªn-°≥ `c-W-co-Xn-

bmWv hn`m-h\w sNøp-∂-sX∂p \mw a\- n-em-

°n-bn-´p-≠v. cmjvS-]-Xn-bmWv \ΩpsS cmjvS-Ø-

e-h≥. ]m¿e-sa‚ ns‚ Ccp -k-` -I-fn -tebpw

kwÿm\\nb-a-\n¿ΩmWk`-I-fn-tebpw Xnc-

s™-Sp-°-s∏´ AwK-߃ tN¿∂mWv cmjvS-]-

Xnsb Xncs-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. A©ph¿j-amWv

cmjvS-]-Xn-bpsS HutZym-KnIImem-h-[n. temI-k-

`-bn¬ AwK-am-Ip-hm-\p≈ tbmKy-Xbpw ap∏-Øn-

b-©p-h-b p ]q¿Øo-I-cn -°p-Ibpw sNbvX

GsXmcp C¥y≥ ]uc\pw Cu ÿm\-tØ°p

a’-cn -°mw. F∂m¬ tIµ˛kwÿm\

Kh¨sa‚pIfp-sStbm Xt±ikzbw-`-cWÿm]-

\-ß-fp-sStbm iºfw ]‰p∂ DtZymKw hln-°p∂

Hcp hy‡n°v Cu ÿm\-tØ°p a’-cn-°p-hm≥

A¿l-X-bn-√.

cmjvS-]Xn GsX-¶nepw kµ¿`-Øn¬ `c-W-L-

S\ ewLn®p F∂v ]m¿e-sa‚n\p t_m[y-s∏-- m¬

Ip‰-hn-Nm-c-W-bn-eqsS ]m¿e-sa‚n\v cmjvS-]-Xnsb

X¬ÿm-\Øp\n∂p \o°w sNømw. AXp-kw-_-

‘n® ]tabw AwKo-I-cn-°p-hm≥ ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚

aq∂n¬ c≠p ( )23 AwK-ß-fpsS `qcn-]£w Bh-

iy-am-Wv.

cmPy-k-`bpw temI-k-`bpw XΩn¬ Xmc-Xayw sNbvXm¬ Nne kam\-X-Ifpw hyXykvXX-Ifpw

ImWm≥ Ign-bpw. Ch ]cn-tim-[n-°q-I. ¢m n-semcp N¿®-bm-bmtem?

kqN-I-߃

$ Xnc-s™-Sp∏v $ a’-cn-°p-∂-h-cpsS ]mbw $ A[y-£-∑m¿ $ A[n-Im-c-߃

tIµ- -cWw 115

A[ymbw ˛ 10

A[n-Im-c-ßfpw Npa-X-e-Ifpw

`c-W-L-S\ cmjvS-]-Xn°p hn]p-e-amb A[n-Im-c-

߃ \¬Ip-∂p. `c-W-\n¿h-lW-]-c-amb A[n-

Im-c-߃, \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-W-]-c-amb A[n-Im-c-߃,

\oXn-\ym-b-]-c-amb A[n-Im-c-߃, ASn-b-¥-cm-

hÿ ]Jym-]n-°p-hm-\p≈ A[n-Im-c-߃ F∂n-

h-bmW-h. F∂m¬ Cu A[n-Im-c-߃ a¥n-k`

\¬Ip∂ D]-tZ-i-ß-f-\p-k-cn®p amXta \n¿h-ln-

°p-hm-\m-Iq.

`c-W-\n¿h-l-W-]-c-amb A[n-Im-c-߃

cmjvS-]-Xn-bpsS t]cn-emWv Kh¨sa‚ns‚ F√m

]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xv. \nb-a-ßfpw

\b-]-c-amb Xocp-am-\-ßfpw ]pd-Øn-d-°p-∂Xp

cmjvS-]-Xn-bm-Wv. At±-l-amWv cmPysØ ][m-

\-s∏´ \nb-a-\-ß-sf√mw Kh¨sa‚n-\p-th≠n \S-

Øp-∂-Xv. kp]ow-tIm-S-Xn-bnse apJy-PUvPn (ChiefJustice), a‰v PUvPn-am¿, sslt°m-SXn PUvPn-am¿,

Kh¿W¿am¿, Xnc-s™-Sp∏p IΩo-j≥ AwK-߃,

\b-X-¥-]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-hsc \nb-an-°p-

∂Xv cmjvS-]-Xn-bmWv. \ΩpsS cmPy-c-£m-tk-

\IfpsS k¿∆ssk\ym-[n-]\pw cmjvS-]-Xn-bm-Wv.

\nb-a-\n¿Ωm-W-]-c-amb A[n-Im-c-߃

cmjvS-]-Xn-bpsS AwKo-Imcw e`n-®-Xn-\p-tijw

amXta ]m¿e-sa‚ v ]mkm-°nb _n√p-Iƒ \nb-a-

am-Ip-I-bp-≈q. Bb-Xn-\m¬ cmjvS-]Xn \nb-a-

\n¿ΩmW]In-b-bpsS Ahn-`m-Py-L-S-I-am-Wv.

cmjvS-]-Xn-bpsS AwKo-Im-c-Øn-\mbn ka¿∏n-°-

s∏-Sp∂ _n√p-Iƒ At±-l-Øn\v h®p-Xm-a-kn-∏n-

°p-Itbm ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[-\-bv°mbn Xncn-®-b-°p-

Itbm sNømw. F∂m¬ Xncn-®-bbv-°p∂ _n√v

]m¿e-sa‚ v Hcn-°¬ IqSn AwKo-I-cn-°p-I-bm-sW-

¶n¬ cmjvS-]Xn AXn\v AwKo-Imcw \¬In-bn-

cn-°-Ww. ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ Ccp-k- -I-fp-sSbpw ktΩ-

f-\-߃ hnfn-®p-tN¿°p-∂Xpw \n¿Øn-h-°p-∂Xpw

cmjvS-]-Xn-bm-Wv. temI-k` ]ncn-®p-hn-Sp-∂-Xn\pw

At±-l-Øn\v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.

cmjvS-]-Xn-bmbn ioaXn ]Xn- m-]- o¬ kXy]Xn⁄ sNøp∂p

Kh¿W¿

kwÿm\`c-W-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS Xe-h-\mWv

Kh¿W¿. cmjvS-]-Xn-bmWv Kh¿Wsd \nb-an-

°p-∂-Xv. A©p-h¿j-amWv At±-l-Øns‚

HutZym-KnIImem-h-[n. tIµ-Øn¬ cmjvS-]-Xn-

°p-≈-Xp-t]mse kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ Kh¿W¿°v

Imcy-\n¿h-l-W-]-chpw \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-W-]-c-hp-

amb A[n-Im-c-ß-fp-≠v. kwÿm\ a¥n-k-`-

bpsS D]-tZ-i-a-\p-k-cnt® Kh¿W¿°v Xs‚

A[n-Im-c-߃ hn\n-tbm-Kn-°m-\m-Iq.

¢mkv ˛ IX

116 kmaq-ly-imkvXw I

\oXn-\ym-b-]-c-amb A[n-Im-c-߃

GsX-¶nepw tIkn\p in£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-bmƒ°v

Abmƒ°p \¬I-s∏´ in£ Hgn-hm°n am∏p

sImSp-°mt\m in£ \n¿Øn hbv°mt\m d±m-

°mt\m D≈ A[n-Imcw \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S\

cmjvS-]-Xn°p \¬Ip-∂p.

ASn-b-¥-cm-hÿ ]Jym-]n-°p-hm-\p≈

A[n-Imcw (Emergency Powers)

C¥y-bnse kwbp‡`c-W-hy-h-ÿ- ]Imcw `c-

WLS\ tIµ-K-h¨sa‚n\pw kwÿm-\-K-

h¨sa‚p-Iƒ°pw A[n-Im-c-߃ hn -Pn®p \¬In-

bn-´p-≠v. F∂m¬ B`y-¥-ctam _mlytam Bb

]Xn-k-‘n-Iƒ cmPyw t\cn-Sp∂ L´-Øn¬

AXns\ ^e-]-Z-ambn ssIImcyw sNøp-∂-Xn\v

cmPyØv ASn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ-]-Jym-]n-°m≥ cmjvS-

]-Xn°v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. ASn-b-¥-cm-hÿ \ne-hn¬

h∂m¬ kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS ta¬ IqSp-X¬ \nb-

¥-Wm-[n-Imcw tIµ-K-h¨sa‚n\v h∂p-tN-cpw.

cmjvS-]-Xn°v aq∂v hyXy-kvX-Xc-Øn-¬ ASn-b-

¥-cm-hÿ ]Jym-]n-°p-hm-\p≈ A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.

1. bp≤-hn-]tØm hntZ-im-I-a-Wtam B`y-¥c

kmbp[Iem-]tam Ds≠∂p t_m[y-s∏-´m¬

C¥y-bn¬ GsX-¶n-ep-samcp `mKtØm cmPy-

sØm-´m-sItbm ASn-b-¥-cm-hÿ ]Jym-]n-

°mw. CXmWv tZiob ASn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ.

2. C¥y-bnse GsX-¶nepw kwÿm-\Øv `c-W-

L-S\ hyhÿ sNøp∂ `c-W-Iaw XI-cp-I-

bm-sW∂p t_m[y-s∏-´m¬ B kwÿm-\-

Øn¬ cmjvS-]-Xn-`-cWta¿s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xns\

kwÿm-\-A-Sn-b-¥-cm-hÿ F∂p]d-bp-∂p.

3. cmPyw Hcp kmº-ØnI]Xn-k‘n t\cn-Sp-I-

bm-sW-¶n¬ kmº-ØnI ASn-b-¥-cm-hÿ

]Jym-]n-°mw.

D]-cm-jvS-]Xn

]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ Ccp-k-`-I-fn-sebpw AwK-߃

tN¿∂m-Wv D]-cm-jvS-]-Xnsb Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂Xv.

D]-cm-jvS-]-Xn-bmWv cmPy-k-`-bpsS A≤y-£≥.

`c-W-L-S\ A\p-k-cn®v cmjvS-]Xn acn-°p-I-tbm,

cmPn -h -°p -I -tbm \o°w sNø-s∏-Sp -Itbm

sNbvXmtem Akp-Jtam at‰-sX-¶nepw Imc-W-

ß-fmtem cmjvS-]-Xn°v Xs‚ HutZym-KnIIrXyw

\n¿h-ln-°m≥ Ign-bmsX hcn-I-bm-sW-¶ntem D]-

\ΩpsS cmPyØv CXn¬ GsX√mw Xc-Øn-ep≈ ASn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ-Iƒ ]Jym-]n-®n-´ps≠∂v

Is≠-Øq.

cm-jvS-]-Xn°v cmjvS-]-Xn-bpsS Npa-X-e-Iƒ \n¿h-

ln-°mw.

][m-\-a-¥nbpw a¥n-k-`bpw

][m-\-a-¥n-bpsS A[n-Im-c-ßfpw Npa-X-e-

Ifpambn _‘-s∏´ Nne hm¿Ø-Ifpw ][m-\-

a¥n kXy-]-Xn⁄ sNøp∂ NnX-hp-amWv

tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. CXn¬ \n∂pw \ΩpsS `c-W-

hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ ][m-\-a-¥n-bv°p≈ ÿm\w hy‡-

amIp∂p≠v. temI-k-`-bn¬ `qcn-]£w AwK-ß-

fpsS ]n≥Xp-W-bp≈ ]m¿´n-bp-sStbm ap∂-Wn-bp-

sStbm t\Xm-hns\ ][m-\-a-¥n-bmbn \nb-an-°p-

∂-Xv cmjvS-]-Xn-bm-Wv. ][m-\-a-¥n-bpsS D]-tZ-

][m-\-a-¥n-bmbn io. a≥tam-l≥knMvkXy-]-Xn⁄ sNøp∂p

Ahn-izm-k-]-tab N¿®-bn¬ ]Xn-]£w

a¥n-k-`-s°-Xnsc D∂-bn® hna¿i-\-߃°v][m-\-a¥n adp-]Sn ]d-™p.

Ct¥m-˛-A-ta-cn-°≥ BW-h-I-cm-dn¬][m-\-a¥n H∏p-h-®p.Ct¥m- -bq-tdm-]y≥ D®-tIm-Sn-bn¬

][m-\-a¥n kw_-‘n-®p.

tIµ- -cWw 117

A[ymbw ˛ 10

i-a-\p-k-cn-®mWv cmjvS-]Xn a‰v a¥n-amsc \nb-

an-°p-∂-Xv.

a¥n-k-`-bn¬ Hmtcm a¥n-bps-Sbpw ]Zhnbpw

(Rank) Hmtcm a¥n°pw Npa-X-e-bp≈ hIp-∏p-Ifpw

\n›-bn-®p-\¬Ip-∂Xv ][m-\-a-¥n-bm-Wv. a¥n-k-

`mw-K-ß-fpsS FÆw temI-k-`mw-K-ß-fpsS 15 iX-

am-\-Øn¬ IqSp-X-em-Im≥ ]mSn-√. a¥n-k-`-bn¬

e`n-°p∂ ÿm\-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ a¥n-

k- mw-K-ßsf aq∂p hn`m-K-ß-fmbn Xcw-Xn-cn-°mw.

Xmsg X∂n-cn-°p∂ ]´nIbn¬\n∂v GsX-√m-

amWv Cu aq∂p-hn- m-K-sa∂pw Hmtcm hn`m-K-Øn\pw

Fs¥√mw Npa-X-e-I-fpw A[n-Im-c-ßfpamWp≈-

sX∂pw Is≠-Ømw.

Iym_n-\‰v kl-a-¥n-am¿ D]-a-¥n-am¿

a¥n-am¿

a¥-k-`-bn¬ ][m-\-hIp Iym_n-\-‰n¬ AwK-ßf√. hIp-∏p-I-fpsS `cW

∏pIƒ ssIImcyw sNøp ]tXyIw £Wn-®m¬ Øn¬ Iym_n-\‰v

a¥n-amcS-ßp∂ Hcp Iym_n-\‰v ao‰nßn¬ a¥n-amsc klm-bn-°p∂p.

sNdnb kan-Xn-bmWv - ]s¶-Sp-°mw.

Iym_n-\-‰v. Nne kl-a-¥n-am¿°v

hIp∏pIfpsS kzX¥

Npa-Xe \¬Im-dp-≠v.

hnthN\m-[n-Imcw (Discretionary Powers)

temI-k- -bn¬ qcn-]£ AwK-ß-fpsS ]n≥Xp-W-

bp≈ ap∂-Wn-bp-tStbm ]m¿´n-bp-sStbm t\Xm-hn-

s\-bmWv km[m-cW kµ¿`-ß-fn¬ cmjvS-]Xn

][m-\-a-¥n-bmbn \nb-an-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ Nne

kµ¿`-ß-fn¬ GsX-¶nepw ]m¿´nt°m ap∂-

Wnt°m qcn-]£w e`n-°msX hcm-dp-≠v. AØcw

kµ¿ -ß-fn¬ cmjvS-]Xn Xs‚ hnth-N-\m-[n-Imcw

D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. AXm-bXv temI-k-`-bn¬ `qcn-

]£w sXfn-bn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-sa∂v At±-l-Øn\v

t_m[y-ap≈ ]m¿´n-bpsS t\Xm-hns\ ][m-\-a-¥n-

bmbn \nb-an-°p-Ibpw \n›nX ka-b-Øn-\p-≈n¬

`qcn-]£w sXfn-bn-°-W-sa-∂m-h-iy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw

sNøp-∂p.

tIµ a¥n-k-`-bn¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ AwK-߃ Bsc√mw? Iym_n-\‰v a¥n-amcpw kl-

a-¥n-amcpw Bsc√mw? Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw Npa-X-e-bp≈ hIp-∏p-Iƒ GsX√mw?

a¥n-k-`-bpsS Iq´p-Ø-c-hm-ZnXzw

][m-\-a-¥n-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ a¥n-k-`mw-

K-߃s°√mw c-W-Øn¬ Iq´p-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-am-Wp-

≈-Xv. Iym_n-\‰v a¥n-am¿ ktΩ-fn-®mWv `c-W-]-

c-amb F√m Xocp-am-\-ßfpw ssIs°m-≈p-∂-Xv.

Cu Xocp-am-\sØ F√m a¥n-amcpw AwKo-I-cn-

°p-∂p. \b-]-c-amb Imcy-ß-fn¬ Ah¿°v A`n-

]mb sFIyw D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. a¥n-k-`-bpsS

]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ AXv H∂msI ]m¿e-sa‚n-t\mSv

DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.

][m-\-a-¥n-bpsS A[n-Im-c-ßfpw Npa-X-e-Ifpw

][m-\-a-¥n-bmWv a¥n-k-`m-k-tΩ-f-\-ß-fn¬

A[y-£X hln-°p-∂-Xv. a¥n-k`m Xocp-am-\-ß-

fn¬ ][m-\-a-¥n-bpsS \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ \n¿Wm-b-

I-am-Wv. a¥n-k-`tbbpw cmjvS-]-Xn-tbbpw

XΩnepw a¥n-k-`-tbbpw ]m¿e-sa‚n-t\bpw

XΩnepw _‘n-∏n-°p∂ IÆn-bmbn ][m-\-a¥n

]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. ][m-\-a¥n hnhn[a¥m-e-b-ß-

fpsS ]h¿Ø-\-ßsf GtIm-]n-∏n-°p-Ibpw

cmPyØns‚ s]mXp-`-c-W-Øn\v ta¬t\m´w hln-

°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. At±lw cmPn ka¿∏n-®m¬

AXv a¥n-k-`-bpsSXs∂ cmPn-bmbn IW-°m-

°pw.

tIµ skIt-´-dnb‰v

cmPysØ hnhn[a¥m-e-b-߃ tN¿∂-XmWv

tIµ skI-t´-dnb-‰v. Hcp cmPy-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-

\-hn-`-h-߃ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn cmPy-Øns‚

]ptcm-K-Xn-°m-h-iy-amb \b-߃ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-

Ibpw ]h¿Ø\]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Bhn-jv°-cn-°p-

¢mkv ˛ IX

118 kmaq-ly-imkvXw I

Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv skI-t´-dnb‰v BWv. tIµ-sk-

It-´-dnb-‰nse hnhn[ a¥m-e-b-߃ Xøm-dm-

°p∂ \b-ßfpw I¿Ω]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw ]m¿e-

sa‚ns‚ AwKo-Im-c-tØmsS \S-∏m-°p-Ibpw sNøp-

∂p.

Iym_n-\‰v skI-´dn

tIµ-sk-I-t´-dn-b‰nse G‰hpw Db¿∂ DtZym-K-

ÿ-\mWv Iym_n-s\‰v skI- -dn. G‰hpw IqSp-X¬

k¿ho-kp≈ sF.F.-Fkv DtZym-K-ÿ-s\-bmWv

Iym_ns-\‰v skI-´-dn-bmbn \nb-an-°p-∂-Xv. a¥n-

k-`m-k-tΩ-f-\-ß-fn¬ Xocp-am-\-am-tI≠ hnj-b-

߃ Hmtcm a¥n-k`mktΩ-f-\-Ønepw Ah-X-

cn-∏n-°p-∂Xv Iym_n-s\‰v skI-´-dn-bm-Wv.

\oXn-\ymbhn`mKw

Xmsg tN¿Øncn-°p∂ hm¿Ø-Iƒ i≤n-°p-I.

tImS-Xn-Iƒ Fs¥√mw Imcy-ß-fn-emWv CS-s]-

´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv F∂v t\m°q. ]ucmh-Im-i-߃

kwc-£n -°p -I, kwÿm-\ -ßfpw tIµ-

Kh¨sa‚pw XΩnepw kwÿm-\-߃ XΩn-ep-

ap≈ X¿°-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°p-I, \nb-a-hmgvN ]cn-

c-£n-°pI, kaq-l-Øn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ hnhn-[-ß-fmb

X¿°-߃°v ]cn-lmcw \n¿tZ-in-°p-I XpS-ßnb

I¿Ø-hy-߃ \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bmWv cmPyØv

kzX-¥-amb Hcp \oXn-\ymbhn`mKw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-

bn-´p-≈-Xv. AXv \nb-a-\n¿amWhn`m-K-Øn-s‚bpw

`cW\n¿h-lWhn`m-K-Øn-s‚bpw kzm[o-\-ß-

fn¬\n∂pw cmjvSob]m¿´n-I-fpsS CS-s]-S-ep-I-

fn¬\n∂pw kzX-¥-ambn ]h¿Øn-°p-hm≥ Ign-

bp-∂-Xm-Wv. AJn-te-¥ym-X-e-Øn¬ hnhn[ Xe-

ß-fn-ep≈ Hcp GIo-IrXkwhn-[m-\-am-Wv \ΩpsS

\oXn-\ymbhn`mKw. kp]ow-tIm-S-Xn-bmWv G‰hpw

apI-fn¬. AXn\p Xmsg-bmbn sslt°m-S-Xn-Ifpw

G‰hpw Xmsg IogvtIm-S-Xn-Ifpw.

kp]ow-tIm-SXn (Supreme Court)

cmPysØ \oXn-\ymb\n¿h-l-W-Øn-\p≈ G‰hpw

Db¿∂ kwhn-[m-\-amWv kp]ow-tIm-SXn. CsXmcp

kzX¥kwhn-[m-\-ambn \ne-\n-ev°p-∂p. Hcp apJy

PUvPnbpw (Chief Justice) 25 PUvPn-amcpw D≠v

Chsc \nb-an-°p-∂Xv cmjvS-]-Xn-bm-Wv. apJy-

PUvPn Hgn-sI-bp-≈-h-cpsS \nb-a\-Øn¬ cmjvS-

]Xn apJy-P-UvPn-tbmSmWv A`n-]mbw tXtS-≠Xv.

PUvPn-amsc \nb-an-°p-tºmƒ cmjvS-]Xn kwÿm-

\-ß-fnse sslt°m-SXn PUvPn-am-tcmSpw A`n-

]mbw tXSm-dp-≠v. kp]ow-tIm-SXn PUvPn-am-cpsS

HutZym-KnIImem-h[n 65 hb- p-h-sc-bm-Wv. kz`m-

h-Zq-jy-tam Ign-hp-tItSm Nq≠n-°m´n ]m¿e-

sa‚ n\v PUvPn -amsc X¬ÿm-\Øp\n∂v

tIµ- -cWw 119

A[ymbw ˛ 10

\o°wsNømw. AXn-\mbn ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ Ccp-k-

`bpw aq∂n¬ c≠v `qcn-]-£-Øns‚ ]n¥p-W-

tbmsS hnNm-cW ]tabw (Impeachment Resolution)AwKo-I-cn-°-Ww.

kp]ow-tIm-S-Xn-bpsS A[n-Im-c-߃

kp]ow-tIm-S-Xn-bpsS A[n-Im-c-ßsf ][m-\-ambn

aq∂mbn Xn-cn-°mw.

D¤hm[n-Im-c-߃ (Original Jurisdiction)

Nne Imcy-ß-fn¬ kp]ow-tIm-S-Xn°v D¤-hm-[n-

Im-c-ß-fp-≠v. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v tIµ Kh¨sa‚pw

kwÿm-\-K-h¨sa‚pw XΩnepw kwÿm\

Kh¨sa‚p-Iƒ XΩn-ep-ap-≠m-Ip∂ X¿°-߃,

auen-Im-h-Imiw kw_-‘n® tIkp-Iƒ F∂nh

tIƒ°p-hm-\p≈ A[n-Imcw kp]owtImS-Xn-

°p≠v.

A∏o¬ kw_-‘n® A[n-Im-c-߃

(Appelate Jurisdiction)

kp]ow tImS-Xn-bmWv cmPysØ G‰hpw Db¿∂

A∏o¬t°m-S-Xn. sslt°m-S-Xn-Iƒ knhnepw

Inan-\epw `c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-hp-amb tIkp-I-fn¬

FSp-°p∂ A¥naXocp-am\ß-fpsS ASnÿm-\-

Øn¬ kp]ow tImS-Xn°v A∏o-ep-Iƒ kzoI-

cn°mw.

D]-tZ-i-߃ \¬Im-\p≈ A[n-Im-c-߃

(Advisory Jurisdiction)

Nne ][m\kµ¿`-ß-fn¬ cmjvS-]Xn Bh-iy-

s∏-´m¬ kp]ow-tIm-S-Xn°v GsX-¶nepw \nba

]iv\-Øn¬ D]-tZiw \¬Ip-hm≥ A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.

sslt°m-SXn (High Court)

\oXn-\ymbhn`m-K-Øns‚ kwÿm-\-ß-fnse

G‰hpw Db¿∂ LSIw sslt°m-S-Xn-I-fm-Wv.

cmjvS-]-Xn-bmWv sslt°m-SXn PUvPn-amsc \nb-

an-°p-∂-Xv. Hmtcm sslt°m-S-Xn-bn-tebpw PUvPn-

am-cpsS FÆw AXXp ka-bØv cmjvS-]-Xn°p

\n›-bn-°mw. sslt°m-SXn PUvPn-am-cpsS Imem-

h[n 62 hb v ]q¿Øn-bm-Ip-∂-Xp-h-sc-bm-Wv.

Iogvt°m-S-Xn-Iƒ knhn¬, Inan-\¬ tIkp-I-fn¬

]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p∂ DØ-c-hp-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´v

sslt°m-S-Xn-Iƒ°v A∏o-ep-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°mw.

AXp-Iq-SmsX `c-W-L-S\ sslt°m-S-Xn°v \mev

A[n-Im-c-߃ IqSn \¬Ip-∂p. (1) auen-Im-h-Im-

i-ß-sftbm AXp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hnj-b-ß-

sftbm kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn DØ-c-hp-Iƒ

\¬Ip-I, (2) kwÿm-\-Øn-\p-≈n¬ ]h¿Øn-

°p∂ F√m tImS-Xn-Iƒ°pw apI-fn¬ ta¬t\m-´-

Øn-\p≈ D∂-Xm-[n-Im-cw. (3) c-W-L-S\ hymJym-

\n-°p∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ tIkp-Iƒ Iogvt°m-S-Xn-I-

fn¬\n∂p sslt°m-S-Xn-bn-te°p am‰m-\p≈ A[n-

Imcw. (4) sslt°m-S-Xn-bnse DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m-

scbpw tPmen-°m-scbpw \nb-an-°m-\p≈ A[n-

Imcw.

UnkvSnIvSv B‚ v skj≥kv tImSXn

(knhn¬˛In-an-\¬ A[n-Im-c-߃)

knhn¬ tImS-Xn-Iƒ Inan-\¬ tImS-Xn-Iƒ

k_vPUvPv

tImSXn

No v PpUo-jy¬

aPn-kvtS‰v tImSXn

ap≥kn v

tImSXn

^Ãv ¢mkv

aPn-kvtS‰v tImSXn

Iogvt°m-S-Xn-Iƒ (Subordinate Courts)

Hmtcm kwÿm-\Øpw hyXykvXamb coXn-bn-

emWv Iogvt°m-S-Xn-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv.

tIc-f-Øn¬ Pn√m-X-e-Ønse G‰hpw Db¿∂

tImSXn UnkvSnIv‰v B‚ v skj≥kv tImS-Xn-

bm-Wv. Cu tImS-Xn°v knhnepw Inan-\-ep-amb

A[n-Im-c-ß-fp-≠v. UnkvSnIv‰v B‚ v skj≥kv

tImS-Xn°v Xmsg knhn¬ X¿°-ßfpw Inan-\¬

Ip‰-ßfpw hnNm-cW sNøm≥ ]tXyIw tImS-Xn-

I-fp-≠v. knhn¬ tIkp-Iƒ°v UnkvSnIv‰v B‚ v

skj≥kv tImS-Xn°p Xmsg k_v PUvPv tImS-

Xnbpw AXn\p Xmsg-bmbn ap≥kn^v tImS-Xnbpw

]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. Inan-\¬ tIkp-Iƒ°m-Is´

No v PpUo-jy¬ aPn-kvtS‰v tImS-Xnbpw AXn\p

Xmsg-bmbn ^Ãv ¢mkv aPn-kvtS‰v tImS-Xnbpw

]h¿Øn-°p-∂p.

¢mkv ˛ IX

120 kmaq-ly-imkvXw I

s]mXp-Xm¬∏cyl¿Pn-Iƒ (Public Inter-est Litigation)\mw ]e-t∏mgpw am[y-a-ß-fn¬ s]mXp-Xm¬]cy

l¿Pn-I-sf-°p-dn®v hmbn-°m-dn-t√. AØ-c-Øn-ep≈

Hcp hm¿Ø-bpsS Npcp°w i≤n-°q. s]cn-bm¿

kwc-£-W-k-anXn A\nb¥nX-amb aW¬ J\-

\-Øn¬\n∂p \Znsb kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn

sslt°m-S-Xnsb kao-]n-®p. ]cmXn ]cn-K-Wn®

tImSXn, \Znsb kwc -£n -°p -∂-Xn -\mbn

Kh¨sa‚n\v \n¿tZ-i-߃ \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Cßs\ kaq-lsØ s]mXp-hmbn _m[n-°p∂

hnj-b-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´v tImS-Xn-I-fn¬

\¬Ip∂ ]cm-Xn-I-fmWv s]mXp-Xm¬∏cy l¿Pn-

Iƒ. ]cm-Xn-°m-kv]-Z-amb hnj-b-߃ ]cm-Xn-°m-

cs\ t\cn´p _m[n-°-W-sa-∂n-√. GsXmcp

hy‡n°pw CØcw s]mXp-]-iv\-߃ tImS-

Xnsb t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Ømw. Nne kµ¿`-ß-fn¬

s]mXp-Xm¬∏-cy-߃ kwc-£n-°m≥ tImSXn

t\cn´pXs∂ tIsk-Sp-°m-dp-≠v. \nß-fpsS ]tZ-

iØpw CØcw ]iv\-߃ ImWp-a-s√m. ta¬

hnh-cn® coXn-bn¬ CS-s]-Sm-\m-In-t√?

\ΩpsS cmPysØ P\-ß-fpsS Ah-Imiw kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv \oXn-\ymbhyh-ÿsb

kzX¥LS-I-am°n `c-W-L-S\ hn`m-h\w sNøp-∂-Xv. Cu [¿Ωw \n¿∆-ln-°p-∂-Xn\v tImS-Xn-

Iƒ°v FX-amXw Ign-bp-∂p? GsX-¶nepw Hcp DZm-l-cWw Is≠Øn \nß-fpsS \nK-a-\-߃

km[q-I-cn-°p-I.

]h¿Ø-\-߃

C¥y-bpsS sFIyhpw AJ-fi-Xbpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw cmPysØ ]uc≥am¿°v kmaq-

ly-\o-Xn-bn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amb ]ucm-h-Imiw Dd∏p \evIp-∂-Xn-\pamWv `c-W-L-S\ `c-W-

kw-hn-[m-\-߃ cq]s∏SpØn-bn- p-≈-Xv. \nb-a-\n¿ΩmWk`, c-W-\n¿∆-lWhn`mKw, \oXn-

\ymbhn`mKw F∂n-hbv°v \¬In-bn-´p≈ A[n-Im-c-ßfpw Ah-bpsS ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw

Cu e£yw t\Sm≥ FXamXw ]cym-]vX-am-Wv. Hmtcm hn`m-K-Øn-s‚bpw Npa-X-e-Iƒ IS-

a-Iƒ ]h¿Ø\w F∂nh ap≥\n¿Øn ]_‘w Xøm-dm°n ¢m n¬ Hcp skan-\m¿ \S-

Øp-I.

`c-W-L-S-\-b-\p-k-cn®v C¥y-bpsS c-W-Ø-e-h≥ cmjvS-]-Xn-bm-Wv. CXv \n¿∆-ln-°p-∂-Xn\v cmjvS-

]-Xn°v c-W-L-S\ \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ A[n-Im-c-߃ FX-amXw ]cym-]vX-am-Wv. \nß-fpsS Is≠-

Ø-ep-Iƒ ¢m n¬ N¿®sNbvXv s]mXpA`n-]mbw tImUo-I-cn-°p-I.

hnZym-`ymkw I¨I-d‚ v enÃn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bXv F¥p-sIm-≠mhmw? \nß-fpsS \ymbo-I-cWw

s]mXp-hmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n®v N¿® sNøq.

\oXn-\ym-b-kw-hn-[m-\sØ kzX-¥-ambn \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xns‚ bp‡n F¥mWv? ka¿∞n-°p-I.

\nb-a-k-`m-\-S-]-Sn-I-sf-∏‰n 8˛mw ¢mknepw Cu A[ym-b-Øn¬ temI-k-`bpsS A[n-Im-c-ß-sf-∏-

‰nbpw \n߃ ]Tn-®p. \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-W-Øn-s‚bpw A[n-Im-c-\n¿h-l-W-Øn-s‚bpw hni-Zmw-i-߃

a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v Hcp "tam°v ]m¿e-sa‚ v' \S-Øp-I. \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S-\, P\-]-Xn-\n-[n-I-fp-am-

bp≈ A\p-`-hw, C‚¿s\‰v Ch-bpsS klmbw tXSmw.

$

`mc-X-Øns‚ `c-W-L-S\`mKw IV I

auenI I¿Ø-hy-߃

51 I. auenI I¿Ø-hy-߃ ˛ Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂h `mc-X-Ønse Hmtcm

]uc-s‚bpw I¿Øhyw Bbn-cn-°p-∂-XmWv ˛

(I) `c-W-L-S-\sb A\p-k-cn-°p-Ibpw AXns‚ BZ¿i-ß-sfbpw ÿm]-\-ß-sfbpw

tZiob]Xm-I-sbbpw tZiobKm\-sØbpw BZ-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI;

(J) kzmX-¥y-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ \ΩpsS tZiobka-c-Øn\v ]tNm-Z\w \¬Inb

al-\o-bm-Z¿i-ßsf ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-Ibpw ]n≥Xp-S-cp-Ibpw sNøpI;

(K) `mc-X-Øns‚ ]c-am-[n-Im-chpw sFIyhpw AJ-fi-Xbpw \ne-\n¿Øp-Ibpw kwc-

£n-°p-Ibpw sNøpI;

(L) cmPysØ ImØp-kq-£n-°p-Ibpw tZiob tkh\w A\p-jvTn-°p-hm≥ Bhiy-

s∏-Sp-tºmƒ A\p-jvTn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI;

(M) aX-]-chpw `mjm-]-chpw ]mtZ-in-Ihpw hn`m-Ko-b-hp-amb sshhn-[y-߃°Xo-

X-ambn `mc-X-Ønse F√m P\-߃°p-an-S-bn¬, kulm¿Zhpw s]mXp-hmb

kmtlm-Z-cy-a-t\m-`m-hhpw ]pe¿Øp-I. kvXoI-fpsS A¥- n\v Ipdhp hcp-

Øp∂ BNm-c-߃ ]cn-Xy-Pn-°pI;

(N) \ΩpsS kΩnikwkvIm-c-Øns‚ kº-∂-amb ]mc-º-cysØ hne-a-Xn-°p-Ibpw

\ne-\n-dp-Øp-Ibpw sNøpI;

(O) h\-ßfpw XSm-I-ßfpw \Zn-Ifpw h\yPo-hn-Ifpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ ]IrXym D≈

]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw A`n-hr-≤n-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw Pohn-I-tfmSv ImcpWyw

ImWn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI;

(P) imkvXo -b -amb Img vN -∏mSpw am\-hn -I -Xbpw, At\z -j-W-Øn\pw

]cnjvIcWØn\pw D≈ at\m-`m-hhpw hnI-kn-∏n-°pI;

(Q) s]mXp-kzØv ]cn-c-£n-°p-Ibpw i]Yw sNbvXv AIaw Dt]-£n-°p-Ibpw

sNøpI;

(R) cmjvSw bXv\-Øn-s‚bpw e£y-]m-]vXn-bp-sSbpw D∂-X-X-e-ß-fn-te°v \nc¥cw

Db-c-Ø-°-hÆw hy‡n-]-chpw Iq´m-b-Xp-amb ]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ F√m afi-

e-ß-fnepw D¬Ir-jvS-X-bv°p-th≠n A[zm-\n-°p-I.

(S) Bdn\pw ]Xn-\m-en\pw CSbv°v ]mb-ap≈ Xs‚ Ip´nt°m c£y-_m-e-I-t\m,

AXXp kwKXn t]mse, amXm-]n-Xm-°tfm c£-I¿Ømthm hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-

\p≈ Ah-k-c-߃ G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

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