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** eeeeZZZZËËËËaaaagggg!!!!Abstract

The decade of 1990's was marked by a shift in the US policy on

the issue of Kashmir. According to US policy both Pakistan and India

should resolve their dispute over Kashmir through negotiations and

confidence building measures. To ensure human rights protection, it

cut off aid to India for human rights violations in Jammu Kashmir.

Similarly, it insisted Pakistan to stop supporting the militant groups

in Kashmir and even it was about to declare Pakistan as a terrorist

state on the issue. Pakistan was upset with the US policy, as the latter

pressurized the former for supporting the Kahsmiri liberation

movement. When the issue of Kashmir brought South Asia to the brink

of a nuclear confrontation (1990 and 1999), the US played the role of

crisis management cataylist between the two countries that resulted in

a peaceful withdrawal of troops, and restrained to play any role in the

resolution of the Kashmir problem. The question of plebiscite,

election, human rights violations in the Indian held Kashmir, the link

between the nuclear issue and Kashmir and the role of the US as a

mediator; are some of the issues that exposed the inconsistency of US

policy towards the issue of Kashmir in the 1990s. In this context, the

present research paper provides academic and impartial analysis of

US policy towards the issue of Kashmir during 1990s and its impact

on Pak-US relations as well.

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jZ!Y]1. Donald James Johnson, An Abstract of Military Aid as a Factor in

Indo-Pakistan Relations (New York: School of Education of New York

University, 1965), pp. 252, 431.

2. C.I.A., Directorate of Intelligence, India and Pakistan: Two Years after

Tashkent. Special Report, Weekly Review, Secret No. 1, SC No.

C@*gõzp¢ïEGL0*ÎyÔ†g~D�y7102Y _______________________________________ 64

00754/68A, 26 January 1968, Approved for Release No 2002), p. 7.

3. Parma Sinha Paliat, "The Kashmir Policy of the United States: A Study of

the Perception, Conflicts and Dilemmas," Strategic Analysis, Vol. xxv, no.

6 (New Delhi: September 2001), pp. 784-785.

4. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, The Myth of Independence (London: Oxford University

Press, 1969), p. 139.

5. Abdul Sattar, Pakistan Foreign Policy: A Concise History 1947-2005

(Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2007), pp. 225-226.

6. Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema, "Black laws for Kashmiris", The News, March 30,

2002.

7. "Oakley, Interview by Dr. Maleeha Lodi", The News, August 8, 1991.

8. Manoj Joshi, The Lost Rebellion: Kashmir in the Nineties (London:

Penguin Books, 1999), p. 315.

9. Dennis Kux, The United States and Pakistan 1947-2000: Disenchanted

Allies (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 304.

10. Rafique Akhtar, Pakistan Year Book 1990-91 (Karachi: East and West

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11. Farzana Shakoor, "Pakistan-India Relations", Pakistan Horizon Vol. 47, no.

3 (Karachi: July 1994), p. 49.

12. Devin T. Hagerty, "Kashmir and the Nuclear Question", in Charles H.

Kennedy and R. B. Rais, ed., Pakistan (Lahore: Vanguard Books Ptv (Ltd),

1995), p. 183.

13. Manoj Joshi, p. 319.

14. Ershad Mahmud, US Interest and Role in Kashmir Dispute 1947-2004

(Islamabad: The Institute of Policy Studies, 2004), p. 64.

15. Devin T. Hagerty, p. 183.

16. Manoj Joshi, p. 319.

17. Mushahid Hussain, "Kashmir Issue: The International Dimension," in Gul

Mohammad Wani, ed., Kashmir from Autonomy to Azadi (Srinagar: Valley

Book House, 1996), p. 239.

18. Dennis Kux, The United States and Pakistan 1947-2000, 340.

19. Parama Sinha Palit, p. 794.

20. Manoj Joshi, p. 315.

21. Mugsudul Hessian Nuri, Indo-US Relations: The Economic Dimension

(Islamabad: Institute of Regional Studies, Summer 1995), p. 4.

22. Shabana Fayez, "Kashmir Conflict: US Post-Cold War Perspective",

Pakistan Journal of American Studies Vol. 15, no. 1 and 2 (Islamabad:

Spring and Fall 1997), p. 73.

23. Ershad Mahmud, p. 57.

74 ________________________________________ XòZzgZ%O0*Œ0991YÅŠ;ð~

24. "Let Plebiscite be the Litmus Test", The Frontier Post, February 21, 1997.

25. Shaheen Sehbai, "US Owns Wisner's views on Kashmir," The Dawn,

August 6, 1996.

26. The Frontier Post, February 21, 1997.

27. Richard N. Hass, After Tests: US policy towards India and Pakistan

(Washington DC: Brooking Institute, September 1998), p. 17.

28. Parama Sinha Palit, p. 793.

29. Manoj Joshi, p. 340.

30. Dennis Kux, p. 349.

31. Parama Sinha Palit, p. 794.

32. Moonis Ahmed, "New US Policy for India and Pakistan," The News March

16, 1997.

33. The News, May 13, 1997.

34. Tanmay Kanjilal, "Improving Pakistan-India Relations: The US Role,"

Pakistan Horizon Vol. 50, no. 3 (Karachi: July 1997), p. 35

35. "Kashmir Group Study", [Online] available: http://www/kasmirgroup.org/

bottom.html, accessed 11-09-2015.

36. Shireen M. Mazari, The Kargil Conflict 1999 (Pakistan: The Institute of

Strategic Studies, September 2003), 32, p. 103.

37. Ershad Mahmud, p. 64.

38. Bruce Riedel, "American Diplomacy and the 1999 Kargil Summit at Blair

House", Policy Paper Series (Philadelphia: Center for the Advanced Study

of India, University of Pennsylvania, 2002), p. 13.

39. Arifa Noor, "Post-Cold War in South Asia", The News, September 10,

2000.

40. Shireen M. Mazari, p. 103.

41. Bruce Riedel, p. 16.

42. Iffat S. Malik, "Kashmir after Clinton", The News, March 29, 2000.

43. The Daily Dawn, April 4, 2000.

44. Ibid., July 30, 2001.

C@*gõzp¢ïEGL0*ÎyÔ†g~D�y7102Y _______________________________________ 84