Name World History 10-Mr. Sherrin

Global Regents Study Packet*This packet was created by Ms. Minchillo. I made slight revisions

CRITICAL INFORMATION :

When is the NYS REGENTS EXAM? TUESDAY, June 5, 2018 8:00 AM

What you will NEED? Pens and pencils

Exam FORMAT: 50 multiple choice questions1 thematic essay1 document based essay with scaffolding questions

What will you need TO STUDY? You may choose to purchase the blue and red Baron’s Review booksYou may choose to use the outline below to assist in organizing yourself and creating a study guide.

There are two parts to the review process .

1. Multiple Choice review quizzes posted to G-classroom. On Schoolwires there are three multiple choice tests as well as googleforms to test your answers. The best way to study for this part of the test is to do the practice questions. I suggest that you do a few tests before the exam.

2. This review packet. This packet contains all possible content that can be used to answer possible essay questions.The content is organized by common themes the Regents has used in the past.This packet is meant to help you organize the content from the 10th grade curriculum for the essay portions of the exam. You DO NOT HAVE TO and SHOULD NOT attempt to MEMORIZE this content.It is a way for you to review content and see what you know and where you need to focus your studying for the exam.How you study is up to you. However, if you are able to identify and generally explain/describe what is listed below, you should be more than adequately prepared for the exam.

Remember: LABEL your OUTSIDE INFORMATION (OI)LABEL your DOCUMENT USE (doc #)Brief intro and conclusion.Provide facts and an explanation of the facts.Answer all parts of the task.

These are the themes:GEOGRAPHIC FEATURESTURNING POINTSGOLDEN AGESHUMAN RIGHTSIMPERIALISMNATIONALISMECONOMIC SYSTEMSTECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCEWAR AND PEACEENVIRONMENT AND ENERGYDETERMINATION OF POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

*Under each topic, you will find:1. list of critical terms to know2. broad questions to help synthesize your content3. Example of content that can support these questions4. Big ideas to incorporate into essays

THEME 1 GEOGRAPHIC FEATURES

What you should know:1. Explain how geographic features affect historical development of a nation or region, giving

historical examples in your answer.

RiversRivers provide fresh water for irrigation, act as trade routes & invasion routes, and provide fertile soil along their valleys.  Major river valleys such as the Nile, Tigris-Euphrates, Indus, and Yellow, all were home to early civilizations, and are STILL critical to commercial-level agricultural development, national infrastructure for the movement of peoples and commodities, and hydroelectric power. The key here is the introduction and development of key technological advances to harness/manipulate the potential of rivers. EX: Aswan Dam, 3 Gorges Dam, Turkey/Syria/Jordan/ daming Tigris Euphrates, Ganges River Valley and the green revolution.

MountainsMountains often act as barriers for civilizations.  This can have a positive effect in that it protects a culture from invasion.  They can also have a negative effect by preventing cultural diffusion. Post-industrial revolution, the development of technological advances to overcome these obstacles has mitigated mountains as barriers to the movement of people, commodities and ideas. EX: railroads, plains, wifi, telephone.

Oceans and SeasOceans and seas often act as barriers for civilizations and nations, but can also be a source of food and livelihood, as well as a means for trade and cultural exchange . The barrier effect has both positive and negative aspects, which are mitigated by technological developments. Since the Age of Exploration, European, Muslim and Chinese explorers used and further developed navigation and naval technology to take both exploit these advantages and overcome these obstacles.

Africa has a regular coastline.  A positive effect of this was that it was difficult to invade Africa by sea.  A negative effect was that Sub-Saharan Africa remained isolated from the rest of the world for many centuries. This changes during the 19th century with new technological developments and advances in medicine, which allow Europeans to penetrate the pallasades of the coast to enter, imperialize and exploit the interior and its people.

IslandsIslands often act as barriers to both invasion and cultural diffusion.  Japan has been able to stay free of foreign control though most of its history, but has also been isolated from the world for centuries at a time; this changes in the 19th century with the arrival of Commodore Perry and the great White American Fleet and the Meiji Restoration. Great Britain was able to stay free of Napoleonic invasion and German control during World War II because they are an island nation.

Rainforests

Rainforests often act as barriers, but can also be a resource center.  As a barrier, they prevent invasion and cultural diffusion.  An example would be the African or Amazon rainforests.  They can also be a source of raw materials. An example would be the Amazon Rainforests which provide hardwoods, medicines, and other raw materials, as well as are being converted to agricultural land for commercial use.

Deserts and arid landsDeserts often act as barriers.  An example would be the Sahara Desert that protected lower Africa from invasion for many centuries, and can prevented cultural diffusion. At the same time, deserts can be sources of natural resources. With the development of advanced technology, some of this land can now be converted into farmland or be exploited for its natural resources.

THEME 2 TURNING POINTS

-Enlightenment-Political Revolutions (19th Century)-Nationalism (19th and 20th Century)-Industrial Revolution-Agrarian Revolution-World War Two-Cold War-Terrorism

What you should know:1. Describe the causes and key events that led to turning points throughout history.2. Explain how these turning point changed the course of history in the short term and the long term.3. Identify the major revolutions in world history and the factors that led to them4. Identify and discuss the immediate and long terms effects of these revolutions

Enlightenment The Basics Thomas Hobbes: absolutism (man was basically greedy, selfish, and cruel); Leviathan; social contract theory; no right to revolutionJohn Locke: limited government (could be reasonable and moral); Two Treatises of Government; Natural Rights (Life, Liberty, and Property); right to revolutionVoltaire: freedom of speechBaron de Montesquieu: The Spirit of the Laws; separation of powers (Judicial, Legislative, and Executive branch); checks and balancesJean Jacques Rousseau: The Social Contract; General Will (majority rules)Rene Descartes: the laws of nature and man; reasonEnlightened Despots: Maria Teresa; Catherine the GreatBig ideas*changed the way people lived as political and social scholars began to question the workings of society and government, while rejecting traditional ideas*stimulated people's sense of individualism, and the basic belief in equal rights*led to the Glorious Revolution is Britain, the American Revolution, the French Revolution, and the Latin American Revolutions*a few monarchs retained absolute control of their countries while also enacting reform based on Enlightenment ideas

Political RevolutionsThe Basics American Revolution: The 13 British colonies; “no taxation without representation”; Declaration of Independence; US Constitution; US Bill of RightsFrench Revolution: political, social, and economic causes; absolute monarchy; 3 Estates; King Louis XVI; Estates General; National Assembly; limited monarchy; Constitution of 1791; representative assembly; Radicals; Maximillien Robespierre; Reign of Terror; The Directory; Moderates; Napoleon; coup d'etat; "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity"Latin American Revolutions: causes (Enlightenment ideas, the examples of the American and French

Revolutions, and the basic inequalities present in their societies) .Russian Revolution: causes (attempts to westernize and industrialize, maintain traditions, social structure); “autocracy, orthodoxy, and nationality); pogroms; Czar Nicholas II; World War I; March Revolution of 1917; Bolsheviks; Vladimir Lenin; Communists; Karl Marx; Union of Soviet Socialist RepublicsChinese Communist Revolution: Kuomintang; Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai Shek); Mao Zedong; the Long March; One-Party DictatorshipIranian Revolution: Muhammad Reza Pahlavi; shah; westernization and modernization; Islamic fundamentalists; Ayatollah KhomeiniBig ideas*democratic ideals spread across Europe*nationalist ideas were spread*growing middle class asserted their power, and would come to dominate politics throughout Europe as limitations were placed on existing monarchs, or they were ousted in favor of other forms of government*usually the result of poor or oppressive government, and many times end in a worse situation than before*may be the reaction to foreign oppressive imperialist policies.*political revolutions are major turning points in a country's history.

NationalismThe Basics Congress of ViennaMetternichItaly: Guiseppe Mazzini; Count Camillo Cavour; Guiseppe Garibaldi; Young Italy; Red ShirtsGermany: Prussia; Austria; the Zollverein; Otto von Bismarck; Blüt und Eisen (Blood and Iron); Danish War (1864); Austro-Prussian War (1866); Franco-Prussian War(1870); Kaiser Wilhelm I (William I)Japan: Meiji Restoration; Tokugawa Shogunate; Emperor Meiji; rapid modernization and industrialization; expansion Zionism: Palestine; anti-Semitism; Theodor Herzl; IsraelIndia: Indian National Congress; Muslim League; independence; Mohandas Gandhi; Pakistan; Bangladesh; Salt March; nonviolence; civil disobedienceAfrica: Pan AfricanismBalkans: Serbs, Greeks, Romanians, Bulgarians; Ottoman Empire; Pan Slavism; Yugoslavia; ethnic cleansingBig Ideas*develops among people who usually share a common language and history*can be an unifying force or a dividing force*can be manipulated through the use of propaganda and mass media to pursue a particular political agenda or ideology (democracy, fascism, Communism)

Industrial Revolution & Second Agrarian Revolution The Basics Enclosure MovementGreat Britainiron ore and coal

capital mass productionfactory system big businessshares and stockholdersprofits and losseslaissez-faire economicscapitalism: Adam Smith, Wealth of Nationsurbanizationworking conditionssocietal changescommunism: Karl Marx, The Communist Manifesto (1848); bourgeoisie; proletariatimperialismBig Ideas *a fundamental change in the way goods were produced, and altered the way people lived*economic effects were far and long reaching*Industrialization increased the need for raw materials and new markets, and thus encourage imperialism*socio-economic developments are both positive and negative, and are responded to and implemented in different ways in different countries*Agricultural innovations and technologies enabled people to alter their environment, allowing them to increase and support farming on a large scale.*Factors including new economic theories and practices, new sources of energy, and technological innovations influenced the development of new communication and transportation systems and new methods of production. These developments had numerous effects.*Shifts in population from rural to urban areas led to social changes in class structure, family structure, and the daily lives of people.*Social and political reform, as well as new ideologies, developed in response to industrial growth.

World War TwoThe Basics Fascism: nationalistic; imperialistic; Benito Mussolini; Adolf HitlerAxis PowersAlliesHiroshima and Nagasakisuperpowers: the Soviet Union and the United StatesBig Ideas*most destructive war in human history and became a turning point in history as is resulted in the division of the world into two competing political ideologies: democracy and Communism.*allies occupied and rebuilt Japan and Germany*former colonial possessions of European nations became sovereign nations, establishing their own governments.

Cold WarThe Basics

StalinKrushchevBrezhnevGorbachevarms race: brinkmanship; mutually assured destruction; deterrence; Truman Doctrine: Marshall Plan; Berlin Airliftbipolarization: NATO; Warsaw Pact; Third WorldBerlin Wall“Iron Curtain”Soviet Blocdomino theory: Korean War; Vietnam War (Viet Cong; Ho Chi Minh; escalation)Afghanistan WarCuban Revolution: Bay of Pigs; Cuban Missile Crisis; CastroGlasnostPerestroikaBig Ideas*Two conflicting economic systems, capitalism and communism, competed for influence and power after World War II. *the tensions between the US and the USSR were there result of many decades of distrust that finally came to a head after WWII when each country’s leaders independently came to the conclusion that Communism and capitalist democracies could not peacefully coexist.*Both the US and the USSR followed 6 major strategies to achieve military and political superiority over each other: foreign aid, espionage, multinational alliances, propaganda, brinkmanship, proxy wars*the superpowers supported and exacerbated the internal conflicts of Latin American and Middle Eastern countries that were economically poor and politically unstable, largely because of a long history of imperialism.

Post Cold War Hot SpotsThe Basics Middle East:  Tensions have continued to escalate in the Israeli – Palestinian struggleNorth Korea: economic hardships; is rumored to possess nuclear weapons; maintains its hope of uniting the two Koreas one day; poses a threat to the nations of the west who are allied with South Korea, namely, the United States.India & Pakistan: India and Pakistan continue to be hostile toward each other.  Issues range from religious differences, to the subject of Kashmir, a region divided between the two in 1949; nuclear weaponsChina: one party communist dictatorship; human rights issues; growing economically closer to West; TaiwanBig Ideas:*since 1945, nations have used collective security efforts to solve problems *personal security of the people of the world is tied to the security within and between nations.*weapons proliferation that began during WWI and exponentially expanded during WWII and the Cold War both create leverage and power for nations while exacerbating political tensions between nations and anxieties about global security.*Ethnic and religious conflicts often led to terrible violence and result in individuals and groups getting caught in the middle of conflicts, often suffering torture and massacres.

*Despite the best efforts of various human rights organizations, protecting human rights remains an uphill battle and serious violations of fundamental rights continue to occur around the world.

TerrorismThe Basics French Reign of TerrorSerbian Black Hand SocietyStorm Troopers and SS in Nazi GermanyPalestinian Liberation OrganizationIslamic FundamentalismIrish Republican ArmyNorthern IrelandMiddle EastAl QaedaISIS

Big Ideas *Terrorism threatens the safety of people all over the world.*People and nations must work together against the dangers posed by terrorism.*Historically, individuals, small groups, and governments have used terror tactics to try to achieve political or social goals, to bring down a government, eliminate opponents, or promote a cause, terrorism in the last 50 years has become increasingly destructive, high-profile, thru media coverage.THEME 3 GOLDEN AGES

-Enlightenment

What you should know for each:1. Describe the specific achievements of each culture identified.2. Explain how these achievements continue to influence the modern world

Scientific RevolutionThe Basics:Scientific MethodNicolaus CopernicusGalileoIsaac NewtonRene DescartesBig Ideas:*an offshoot of the Renaissance*same spirit of inquiry that fueled the Renaissance, led scientists to question traditional beliefs about the workings of the universe*focus on reason, logic, observation, and natural laws of nature will influence the development of the Enlightenment

EnlightenmentThe Basics:

Thomas HobbesJohn LockeVoltaireBaron de MontesquieuJean Jacques Rousseau.Big Ideas:*developed as an extension of the Scientific Revolution*attempted to explain the purpose of government and describe the best form of it *Enlightenment ideas helped to stimulate people's sense of individualism, and the basic belief in equal rights*Enlightenment ideas led to the Glorious Revolution is Britain, the American Revolution, the French Revolution, and the Latin American Revolutions*some of these revolutions resulted in government based upon Enlightenment ideasEnlightened Despots: Maria Teresa, Joseph II, Catherine the Great

THEME 4 HUMAN RIGHTS

What you should know:1. Define the term “human rights”2. Identify examples of human rights violations, when they occurred, where they occurred, who inflicted these violations, upon whom, and why.

Examples may include:untouchables in Indiaapartheid in South AfricaPeople in Syria (refugees)Women in AfghanistanPoor people in BrazilJews in Nazi GermanyMuslims in BosniaKurds in Iraq or TurkeyTibetans in ChinaCambodians under Khmer RougeEthnic cleansing in Rwanda and Darfur, Sudanhuman trafficking in India and the Philippines

The Basics:self-determinationethnic cleansingreligious persecutionThe Holocaustgenocidecrimes against humanitywar crimesmass rapeshuman rightsUnited NationsUniversal Declaration of Human RightsBig Ideas:*Extensive war crimes and crimes against humanity during WWII lead to nations recognizing the need to establish a universal list of rights of all humans that need to be protected at all times.*Since the Holocaust, efforts have been made to end human rights abuses around the world, but violations have not prevented or punished satisfactorily.

THEME 5 IMPERIALISM

What you should know:1. What are the causes of imperialism?2. Which countries imperialized, when and where?3. What were the short term and long term effects of imperialism?4. What was decolonization, and when, where, and why did it occur?

The Basics:white man’s burdeneconomic imperialism: (industrialization, competition, raw materials, markets, labor, naval bases, spheres of influence)extraterritoriality political imperialism: (protectorates, colonies)cultural imperialismreligious imperialism: (missionaries)nationalismBerlin ConferenceScramble for AfricaScramble for AsiaExamples may include:

England: India, Middle East, China, Caribbean, Africa (Nigeria, South Africa)France: Southeast Asia (Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos), Caribbean (Haiti), China, Africa (Morocco, Algeria)Germany: Africa, ChinaBelgium: The CongoThe Netherlands: Pacific Islands, AfricaJapan: Korea, ChinaUnited States: Pacific Islands (Hawaii, Philippines, Guam), Caribbean (Puerto Rico, Cuba), Latin America (Nicaragua, México)

Big Ideas:*During the 19th and early 20th centuries, Western powers divided Africa and colonized large areas of Asia.*At the Berlin Conference in 1884-1885, Europeans established rules for the division of Africa with little concern about how their actions would affect the African people.*Western imperialists were driven by the need for raw materials and new markets as the looked for colonies to acquire.*European industrialized states and Japan sought to play a dominant role in the world and to control natural resources for political, economic, and cultural reasons.*Those who faced being colonized engaged in varying forms of resistance and adaptation to colonial rule with varying degrees of success.*International conflicts developed as imperial powers competed for control. Claims over land often resulted in borders being shifted on political maps, often with little regard for traditional cultures and commerce (e.g., Berlin Conference).

THEME 6 NATIONALISM

What you should know:1. Identify nations or regions where nationalist movements took place.2. Identify the leaders of these movements and when they took place.3. Describe the historical background leading up to that nationalist movement. 4. Discuss the actions of these leaders and their movements, and what effect they had on the nation or region.

The Basics:unificationself-determinationdecolonizationExamples may include:

Simon BolivarJose de San MartinToussaint L’OuvertureFidel CastroCamilo CavourGiuseppe GaribaldiGiuseppe MazziniOtto von BismarckSun YixianJiang JieshiMao ZedongHo Chi MinhMohandas GandhiKwame NkrumahJomo KenyattaNelson MandelaKemal AtaturkGamal Abdel NasserTheodor HerzlDavid Ben-GurionAyatollah KhomeiniYasir Arafat

Big Ideas:*Inspired by Enlightenment ideas, the people of Latin America rebelled against European rule in the early 19th century.*Inspired by Enlightenment ideas, rebels in Europe respond to nationalistic calls for independence.*Challenges by nationalistic groups, especially in multi-cultural, multi-ethnic, and multi-religions empires, created unrest in Europe.*Strong leaders united Italian lands and German-speaking lands.*New nations appeared during the 1920s and 1930s in the former Ottoman Empire in Southwest Asia, and these nations adopted a variety of government styles, from republic to monarchy.*Nationalist movements in Southwest Asia, India, and China successfully challenged the British,

Ottoman, and Chinese Empires.*Cultural identity and nationalism inspired political movements that attempted to unify people into new nation-states and posed challenges to multinational states

THEME 7 TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE

What you should know:1. What are the scientific or technological advances that had a major impact on global history?2. What short term and long terms effects did these major advances have on society and the course

of history?

The Basics:agricultural advancements: modern irrigation systems, dams, green revolution, GMOssources of energy: coal, oil, steam, solar, wind, nuclearscience: microscopecommunication and information: telegraph, telephone, computer, Internet, drones, surveillance technology, radio, television, cinema, mobile phones, wifi, emailtransportation: ships, trains, plains, automobiles, paved roadsmilitary: machine guns, tanks, landmines, airplanes, barbed wire, poisonous gas, chemical and biological weapons, nuclear bomb, depleted uranium munitions, cyber warfare, internet

THEME 8 WAR AND PEACE

What you should know : 1. How have wars have played major roles affecting the economic, social, and political development of the global community?2. How can wars lead to technological development?3. How have wars been instigated by advancements in military technology?4. How have attempts at peace and diplomacy instigated future wars?5. How have human rights been violated during wartime, especially during the 20th and 21st centuries? The Basics:Napoleonic WarsSeven Years WarWWIWWIIKorean WarVietnam WarIraq War (1 & 2)Arab Israeli WarYom Kippur WarSeven Days WarBig Ideas:*Widespread social unrest troubled China and Russia during the late 1800s and early 1900s. eventually leading to revolutionary wars.

THEME 9 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND ENERGY

The Basics:desertificationdeforestationgreenhouse effectacid rainglobal warmingoil crisisgreen revolutionBig Ideas:*Advances in technology after WWII led to increased global interaction and improved quality of life.*Industrial revolution has resulted in major and continuing economic crises.*Every individual is affected by the environment.*Industrial revolution has resulted in major dependency on and consumption of fossil fuels.*Nations that are industrializing are experiencing the same environmental issues that now industrialized nations once did.

THEME 1 0 POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

What you should know:1. Define the term “industrialization”.2. Identify the nations where industrialization changed the lives of workers, the economy, and social structure3. Discuss how workers, reformers, the government, and intellectuals in each of these countries responded to the change.

The Basics:scarcityproductionlaw of supply and demandneed verses wanttraditional economymarket economyfree enterprisecapitalismcommand economycommunismsocialismmixed economy Big Ideas:*The economies of the world’s nations are so tightly linked that the actions of one affect others.*Every individual is affected by the global economy.*Often political and economic systems are paired together:

a. absolute monarchy and capitalismb. democracy and capitalismc. totalitarianism and communism