The

Romans

(753BC – 476AD)

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Who were the Romans?Look at the Artefact

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True or False Claudius invaded America

Claudius invaded Britain

Caligula wanted to make his horse consulCaligula wanted to make his sword consulCaesar died in 44BC

Caesar died in 1750

The Roman empire included China

The Roman empire included GreeceAlexander the Great was the first emperor of RomeAugustus was the first emperor of RomeThe Romans worshipped gods such as Venus, Jupiter and VictoryThe Romans worshipped gods such as Pluto, Moon and DefeatGladiators fought in the Circus MaximusGladiators fought in the ColosseumRomans spoke Latin

Romans spoke English

The Western Roman Empire lasted

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from 312AD to 1641The Western Roman Empire lasted from 753BC to 476The Romans were from Italy

The Romans were from France

In groups sort the statements into true and false and then put true or false next to the statements in your booklet

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Religion

At first, the Romans were ___________ this meant that they worshipped many gods and goddesses. There were lots of different gods and goddesses that were Roman or that were borrowed from other countries. The Romans borrowed gods because they thought that it would make them ____________ and they would have more gods looking after them. Each god looked after different people or things such as ___________, who was the god of the house.

The Romans _____________ their gods in temples. There would be a priest to look after the temple. At the temple, Romans might make offerings to gods such as money, food and other things so that the god would help them. Romans would also make sacrifices which involved killing an animal such as a ____________or a sheep. The gods would have the bones and the Romans would have the meat and eat it with the community. Sometimes the sacrifice was performed to the emperor so that the gods would look after him.

Sometimes the Roman people could become _________. Some of the emperors were made gods when they died. Some emperors were made gods even though people thought that they were a bad emperor, such as Commodus. Other emperors who were made into gods include Augustus, Claudius I, Trajan, Hadrian, Diocletian, _________________.

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Jupiter was the king of the Pagan gods; he had thunderbolts which he could throw from the sky. Juno was the wife of Jupiter. Mars was the god of war and was the strongest apart from Jupiter. Venus was the goddess of _________ and beauty. Minerva was the goddess of wisdom and learning. Neptune was the god of the sea and his symbol was a trident. Bacchus

was the god of wine and partying, he was one of the most popular gods in Rome. Mercury was the messenger of the gods.

The emperor Constantine was the first emperor to be Christian. He was the person who started to make ______________ the main religion in Rome. Even though he was a Christian he still respected other ________________ like Pagans and the Senate even made him into a Pagan god.

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Christianity stronger love religionsMaximian I gods worshipped bull

Pagans Vesta

Empire

The Romans came from____________, in Italy and were formed from small villages that came together. At first they only held Rome but they soon ____________and eventually controlled a huge empire from Spain to Persia. The Romans firstly took control of their neighbours including the Etruscans and Samnites. After securing Tarentum the Romans controlled all of______________.

The first major threat to Rome’s empire was Carthage. This was a rich city in North Africa who had a powerful army, which included ____________, and also had the famous general Hannibal. Rome defeated Carthage in 202B.C. in the Punic Wars and in 146 B.C. decided to attack Carthage and put salt into the fields so that nothing could grow there again.

Rome then expanded its empire East and took the Macedonian Empire which was once ruled by Alexander the Great. This empire included many Greek cities, which at one time were the most powerful cities in the world, such as _____________ and Sparta. The Romans then went further East

and eventually took control of cities such as Pergamum, Antioch, Jerusalem and Alexandria.

Rome’s next threat to its empire came from Parthia which then became Persia after the Persians invaded in 226AD. This was an empire from the modern country of Iran. They wanted a _______________ empire, like the Romans, and also thought that they deserved one as their ancestors had an empire that stretched into Greece. Rome was never able to ____

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Persia but the Emperor Trajan came close after he took one of the capitals, Ctesiphon, in 115AD.

Constantine moved the capital of the empire to Constantinople, modern Istanbul, and this eventually led to the empire being ____________ in two by the emperor Theodosius I. The Western Roman Empire, which included Rome, fell in _________ after it was _____________ by barbarian tribes. The Eastern Roman Empire, which included Constantinople, also known as the Byzantium Empire lasted until 1453AD.

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Italy attacked split Athensgrew Big Elephants Rome

476AD defeat

Emperors

The Emperor was the _______________ position in the Roman Empire. They had control over much of the empire and could do almost anything

they liked. In the 500 years of the Roman Empire there were over __________ emperors. The role of Emperor came from the position of Dictator during the Republic. A Dictator was one man who took power when there was a serious threat to Rome such as the invasion of Carthage. Julius Caesar was a ________________ towards the end of his career but the senate thought he had too much power and he was assassinated. Caesar was not an emperor.

Caesar’s adopted son, Augustus, became the first emperor, after his father’s death. He is considered as one of the emperors and future emperors were given the title Augustus. ___________ founded the Julio-Claudian dynasty which ruled Rome from Augustus in 27BC to Nero’s death in 68AD. In the __________ _______________ dynasty Claudius invaded Britain but there were also some bad emperors such as Caligula who killed his ____________ and wanted to make his horse consul and Nero who was an actor.

Other emperors who were important include Trajan, who was the first who was not _____________. He ruled from 98AD-117AD, he was Spanish and under his rule the empire was the biggest that it ever was. Commodus ruled from 177AD-192AD and was considered as a bad emperor. He fought as a gladiator in the Colosseum.

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Caracalla and Geta were brothers who were emperors together but Caracalla ordered that ___________ was killed. Elagabalus was only 15 when he became emperor. The last Western Roman emperor was Romulus Augustus who ruled from 475-476.

The emperor had a troop of special soldiers to protect him. They were called the Praetorian Guard. However, some of the bad emperors were so unpopular that their ______________________killed them. The emperor also owned a lot of land from the empire, the rest belonged to Rome. The Emperor owned Egypt, Britannia and Armenia among others.

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Italian mother best Praetorian GuardsDictator 140 Julian-Claudian Geta

highest Augustus

Army

The Roman army was the backbone of the Roman Empire and one of the most successful ____________ in world history. It was well-trained, well-equipped, and well-organized. In order to guard such a large empire, the army took advantage of well-built Roman roads to move about the empire _____________.

The soldiers in the Roman Legionary were all Roman citizens. They signed up to fight for _________ years. At the end of the 20 years they were generally awarded land and/or a large sum of money. This way the army was made up of trained and experienced soldiers. It also put land in the hands of loyal soldiers.

There were also non-_____________ soldiers called auxiliaries. They joined for 25 years and were awarded Roman citizenship at the end of the 25 years. Roman citizenship was a big deal and came with lots of privileges.

Roman army was provided with good armour and weapons. Roman soldiers had armour made of strips of strong iron. The iron made the armour _____________and the strips made it flexible. They also had iron helmets which protected their heads and neck, but still let them have good vision for______________. All of this iron armour was heavy, so they needed to be strong and in good shape. They also carried tall shields in some cases.

The Roman soldiers used a variety of weapons including a pugio (dagger), gladius (sword), hasta (spear), javelin, and bows and _________. The soldiers were trained to fight with their

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________________ and practiced on a regular basis. They would sometimes spar with each other using wooden swords. Usually, Romans liked to fight on foot. They used _____________ (soldiers riding horses) to chase a fleeing enemy. In a battle, the cavalry often lined up either side of the infantry (foot-soldiers).Artillery soldiers fired giant catapults, called onagers in machines that fired ____________ or balls of burning tar. The Romans used big wind-up crossbows, called ballistas.

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Arrows fighting citizen armiesrocks cavalry 20 quickly

strong weapons

The Romans first settled in Britain in 43AD after the invasion by Claudius, they left Britain in around 410AD. During this time they transformed Britain from Celtic tribes into people who lived in towns and cities. Today, even over 1600 years later we can still see some of the impact the Romans had on Britain. See if you can guess what the pictures are?

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The Romans spoke Latin, this language has influenced many other languages around the world including English. Try and work out the English word from the Latin word.

Aqua = _______________________Celeber = _______________________

Centum = _____________________Crimen = _______________________

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Fungus = ______________________Rudis = ________________________

Villa = ________________________Longa = ________________________

Multa = ______________________ Herba =________________________

Pirata = ______________________Schola = ________________________

Anima =______________________Tubus= _________________________

Pictura = ____________________ Flamma = _______________________

Audio = ______________________ Pauper = _______________________

Extension Quiz

1. Which country is Rome in?

2. Who was the first emperor?

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3. Can you name these buildings?

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4. Can you name 4 Pagan gods?

5. Which language did Romans speak?

6. Who was the emperor who invaded Britain?

7. Who was the first Christian emperor?

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Roman Towns

The Romans built the first __________ in Britain, Celts who lived in Britain before the Romans lived in small ____________. Some of these villages were big but

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they did not compare to Roman towns. The Romans built towns all over Britain as centres to help manage the people they had conquered. Within 17 years of the invasion, they had several major towns in place in Britain. Towns soon became important places for meetings and trade.

The Romans liked everything to be organised and orderly. Streets were laid out in _____________ lines, like the Roman roads were. In the middle of the town was a large square, called the forum. It was used as a market place and for meetings. It had shops and offices on three sides and government offices on the other side. The Roman towns were full of fine buildings and __________.

Many towns had running _________ and sewers. Aqueducts were bridges built so that water could be brought into the towns. Only the rich had water piped to their houses, everyone else had to get water from public fountains. The only toilets were public lavatories, which were built around the town and connected to underground ____________.

The three largest Roman towns in Britain were ___________, Colchester and St. Albans. Colchester was their main town, this was the capital of Britain during the Roman period but London was a town that was growing. The Romans called our ___________ different names to what we know

them as today. Every town with a name ending in 'chester' or '_________' or ' cester' was once a Roman town, here are some examples.

Verulamium (St Albans) Lindum (Lincoln) Eboracum (York)

Camulodunum (Colchester) Calleva (Silchester) Venta (Winchester)

Ratae (Leicester) Glevum (Gloucester)

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Today we can see the remains of Roman towns in ______________. In York we can see part of the Roman city walls. Which were probably created by the emperor Septimius Severus. There are also the remains of the Basilica under York Minster. As well as many other Roman sculptures.

Baths

The Romans built baths to ___________ themselves but that was not the only reason for these buildings. Roman baths were similar to a water park but also a place to exercise and to do business. Romans went there to relax, meet friends, exercise and do business not

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Towns caster London water

Temples Britain villages straightSewers towns

just to get clean. Roman people usually didn't have hot baths in their houses, because it was too difficult to heat up the ____________. And people who lived in cities had to live in small apartments and so they didn't have room for baths or any yard to exercise in. So instead they used to go to public baths.

When you went to the baths, you took off your outdoor clothes and warmed up with some exercises. Then you would go for a ___________ in the pool. You would then go into a series of heated rooms. You got hotter and hotter, to sweat out the __________. You would chat with friends while you sweated. Then you or a slave would scrape off the dirt, sweat and oil with a metal scraper called a strigil. Finally, a plunge into a cold pool. In all but the largest baths, there were separate hours for men and ___________. The women's time slot was shorter. But larger baths had different areas for men and women.

The Romans loved baths. At one time, there were as many as ________ public baths in ancient Rome. Some Roman hospitals even had their own bathhouses. A trip to the __________ was a very important part of ancient Roman life and Romans tried to visit the bath every day.

Baths had swimming pools fed by aqueducts, hot tubs, exercise equipment, gardens, libraries and theatres as well. They even had shops, selling all kinds of things. People sold hot fast food. Some of them had temples, like in the Baths of Caracalla. Romans had to pay a small fee to get in, but they sometimes also had free days.

Almost every town in the Roman Empire had at least one bath building, and many had more than one. ___________ camps had them, too. The biggest, fanciest baths were in the city of Rome.

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Baths can be found in ________ too, the best one in Britain is in the city of Bath. The Romans noticed that the natural hot spring there seemed to be good for their _____________ and this made them decide to build a spectacular bathing complex. Inside the baths there was a temple dedicated to the goddess Sulis Minerva

Amphitheatres

The amphitheatre was the centre of entertainment in Roman times. It was a place where Roman citizens went to watch fights between gladiators and wild animals, like ________or lions. The bloodier the battle, the more the crowd __________ it. The fighters were often slaves or criminals whose punishment was to risk death for the entertainment of the Romans.

Gladiators fought each other, usually in pairs. They also fought wild animals such

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Army 900 swim clean

Health water women bath

Dirt Britain

as lions or bears. Different types of gladiators used different___________. For example, a man with a sword and shield might fight a man with a three-pronged spear or trident, and a big net. The Romans would bring animals from around there empire which many people in Rome would have never seen, such as alligators and ostriches. They would treat these animals badly, if they were dangerous they would not feed them so the animals would be _________ when they faced the gladiators or if they were not dangerous they would hunt them in the amphitheatre. The Romans also believed that their gods like gladiator fights so holding them would please the gods. The fights were so popular that __________ were set up to train men to be gladiators.

The biggest Roman amphitheatre is the Colosseum in Rome which could hold around ________ people which is similar to a large football stadium such as Arsenal or Manchester City’s stadiums. Romans would have to pay to visit here unless an emperor or a rich Roman paid for the games. The_________ people sat nearer to the front. The Colosseum was also used for other events such as putting on plays and recreating battles from the past, there are stories of the Colosseum being flooded so that the Romans could recreate sea ____________.

The largest Roman amphitheatre discovered in __________ is in Chester, it dates from the 1st century AD (0-100AD) when a Roman fort was founded near to the location of the amphitheatre. It could have been used for military training and drills as

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the fort would have had many __________ in it. It is more likely that it was used like the Colosseum in Rome to have gladiator fights but it probably would have been used for wrestling, boxing and animal fighting as well. It was used for most of the period when Romans were in Britain but probably stopped being used in 350AD.

Hadrian’s Wall

After the Romans invaded _________, they had to defend it. They built roads first, this meant that soldiers could get around the country quickly and deal with threats. They also built three very large army forts, and lots of smaller camps, for soldiers to live in. At first these forts were built of ___________, later they were turned into stone so they would be stronger.

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Britain weapons hungry bears

Battles 50,000 schools soldiers

Enjoyed richer

Scotland was not part of the Roman Empire, but in A.D. 84, the Romans won a big battle against the Picts who were a tribe that lived in__________. In A.D. 122 the Emperor Hadrian ordered his soldiers to build a _______ of stone with deep ditches along the border at this point between Roman Britain and Scotland. The wall ran from Wallsend in the east to the coast of the Solway Firth, near the Lake District. You can still ________ along parts of Hadrian's Wall today. The western part was wooden at first. It was 117km long, 4.5m _______ and between 1.75 & 3m thick. It went both up over craggy mountains and down through flat valleys. It was designed to keep the Picts out of Britain. Hadrian's Wall was built by the legions. It was garrisoned by auxiliary units. The __________ lived in forts, mile castles and turrets built along the Wall. There were 16 forts along the Wall, and 5 supply forts just to the south. Each one could hold about 500 men. Every Roman mile (about 1.5km), there was a milecastle. These could house up to 64 soldiers, but usually had less. There were 2 turrets between each pair of milecastles. These were garrisoned by 4 soldiers. They were like 2-storeyed castle towers. Downstairs was for cooking and storage. Upstairs was for sleeping. The roof was the lookout station to see if there were any _________ coming to attack. Beacons could be lit to warn of attacks from the Picts. The signal could then be sent along the Wall from turret to turret. This would mean that news of an attack would spread quickly throughout the camp and the _______ could respond quickly.

In the AD 140s, the Emperor Antoninus Pius sent his ________ back into Scotland. They built a 2nd wooden wall with big earth banks between the River Clyde and Forth. It was called the Antonine Wall; but they only

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stayed 20 years because they did not have enough soldiers to protect it. Then Hadrian's Wall became the border between Scotland and England again.

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Tall armies wall Britain

Scotland soldiers enemies Romans

Walk wood

Glossary

Ancestors – People who are related to you from a long time ago.

Artefact – Something from the past made by a human that has survived until now.

Assassinated – the murder of an important person for political reasons.

Auxiliaries - Auxiliary military units attached to the legions. There were about 150,000 soldiers serving as auxiliaries. They were not Roman citizens, but were given citizenship when they retired.

Barbarian - A person who lived outside the Roman Empire, seen as having a violent nature. They were called barbarians because Greeks and Romans thought they’re languages sounded like sheep baaing.

Basilica –A large building where town business was carried out (like a modern Town Hall)

Byzantium empire – an empire that formed from the Eastern part of the Roman Empire and lasted until 1453

Carthage – an empire from North Africa which was one of Rome’s earliest enemies. The general Hannibal was from Carthage

Celtic -People who lived in Europe, including Britain, and who fought the Romans.

Circus Maximus – a Roman chariot racing stadium, was also used for games.

Citizens - Person with special rights such as the right to vote and own property in the Roman Empire. Only men could be full Roman citizens.

Colosseum – an amphitheatre that was used for gladiatorial fights and games.

Consul – one of the highest positions in Rome. There were two consuls every year. They had the power to make changes in Rome.

Dictator – one person who would take control of Rome during a time of serious threat.

Emperor – one person who is in charge of the empire. They may have got the position by being related to the last emperor, being voted or killing the last emperor.

Etruscans – People who lived in Italy who were one of the first places Rome invaded.

Forum - An open space in the middle of a town for markets and meeting people (like a market square). It was the centre of Roman town life.

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General -leader of an army, the soldier giving the orders to everyone else.

Gladiator - A person trained to fight other gladiators or animals in amphitheatres.

Legion - The main battle unit of the Roman army, its soldiers were called legionaries. There were between 4,000 and 6,000 legionaries in a legion.

Pagans – a religious group who worshipped more than one god. They performed sacrifices to their gods.

Persia – an Empire from modern day Iran, was an enemy of Rome after its empire came near the Persian empire.

Praetorian Guards - A permanent group of soldiers. Their purpose was to be the personal guard to the emperor. They were also the official army of Imperial Rome.

Republic - A country without a king, queen or emperor. The people who rule it are elected. France, Italy and Germany are countries today which are republics.

Sacrifice – performed by Pagans to their gods. They would give something to their gods such as an animal, money or other things.

Samnites - People who lived in Italy who were one of the first places Rome invaded.

Senate - The Roman government, made up of senators.

Senators - A person elected to the Roman Senate who helped run the government. Some countries today, like the U.S.A., have senators.

Strigil -A metal object used in Roman baths to scrape sweat, dirt and excess oil off.

Tarentum - People who lived in Italy who were one of the first places Rome invaded. They were one of the last places in Italy to fully give in to Roman rule

Temple – a building in which the Romans worshipped their gods. They would prayer and perform sacrifices here.

Title – a name that is given to someone to show how important they are. The Emperors of Rome were given the title of Augustus.

Tribe - A group of people who live in one part of a country and are ruled by a chief

Trident – a three-pronged spear which the god Neptune carried

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A U X I L I A R I E S R E Z X E D C V TJ A I S A I O R B V L O L F C R C I F RD U L G T C H S H G P S E N A T E R R IP F O T A R E N T U M M B R N T P C T DO A R T E F A C T Y I A E T C G R U G EL X P R E B H E U T K N R Y E B A S B NI B I E B A C S I F M H T U S N E M N TK A S S A S S I N A T E D I T H T A H YM R J E A F R P J C J A S O O Y O X C UK B N T E M P L E X U N T P R U R I O JI A B K H I A O N D Y N R M S J I M L MU R G S P T R I B E H I I J C M A U O KJ I T A L I R N M R N S G U V K N S S IN A F D A T Z T K E S O A N B I G V S ON N R R E L E E O S B A L H L L U C E LH R I O H E S R L Z G S M Y K O A X U LY E U M E L A A P A T I N N J P R B M ET P C I P E R S I A R N U E I R D N G GG U C G H L B C R W F A C D H T X J N IB T S A M I N F T R V Z I C G T E H L OV H A N R N E G S O A G T L F G S S O NF U C S E T S B C R S L L A I B N H Y PR B R I O G H I Y E D A E S K A W G J QE F I L I I Z A O P F D C K G M Q F Z SD C F I A N I O G M G T Q A U J A D A XC D I Z H T Y C G E N R P S H U Z S Q AX E C E T H D I I E H E T R U S C A N SS W E T Y R R N Z Q N D T I R K S E N CW R E P U B L I C X J E A N H I F R C OQ S S O D I T G H C K V R B Y Q P T H NA X A S U I O A D V L O D A H A Q I G SZ A W T C S W C E B M R E W L S E Y E UJ G L A D I A T O R N Z R E N Z P S S LI F D S A C V B K L D I C T A T O R R XB Y Z A N T I N E E M P I R E Y R E A Z

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