SPRING SEMESTER FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE

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Chapter 5.1: Cell Cycle Notes

1. A cycle of growth, development, and division that most cells in an organism go through

2. The period during the cell cycle of a cell’s growth and development

3. Two identical chromosomes that make up a duplicated chromosome

4. A structure that holds sister chromatids together

5. A process during which the nucleus and its contents divide

6. A process during which the cytoplasm and its contents divide

7. The two new cells that result from mitosis and cytokinesis

Identify the phases of Mitosis for 7-10 (Word bank: Telophase, Metaphase, Prophase, and Anaphase)

8. _________________ 8b. _________________ 9. _________________ 10. _________________

11. List the 4 results of cell division:

12. A cell spends most of its life in interphase: TRUE OR FALSE

Chapter 5.2: Levels of Organization Notes

13. List the 5 levels of organization in order from smallest to largest.

14. All cells start out as ___________________ and become different types of cells through a process called

___________________________________.

Word Bank for #1-7:

Centromere

Interphase

Daughter Cells

Mitosis

Cell Cycle

Cytokinesis

Sister Chromatids

15. What is the difference between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell?

Chapter 6.1: Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis Notes

16. Cells that only have 1 chromosome from a pair or half the genetic material from the parent cell

17. A type of reproduction in which the genetic materials from two different cells combine, producing an offspring

18. The female sex cells which forms in an ovary

19. The male sex cell which forms in a testis

20. A process in which an egg cell and a sperm cell join together

21. The new cell that forms from fertilization

22. Cells that have pairs of chromosomes

23. Pairs of chromosomes that have genes for the same traits arranged in the same order

24. Cell division that creates sex cells

Short Answer

25. A. What is one benefit of sexual reproduction?

B. What is one disadvantage of sexual reproduction?

26. A. What is the difference between haploid and diploid cells?

B. What process forms diploid cells?

C. What process forms haploid cells?

Chapter 6.2: Asexual Reproduction and Asexual Reproduction Notes

Short Answer 27. A. What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?

B. What are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

Word Bank for #16-24:

Zygote

Fertilization

Diploid

Homologous Chromosomes

Sperm

Egg

Sexual Reproduction

Meiosis

Haploid

28. Reproduction in which 2 parents contribute genetic information to form a new unique individual

29. Reproduction in which 1 parent passes on its genetic information to form a new individual that is genetically identical to the parent

30. Type of asexual reproduction in which a new animal grows from a piece of its parent

31. Type of asexual reproduction in which a new organism grows on the body of the parent organism, and then falls off

32. Type of asexual reproduction in which a prokaryote divides to form a new organism

33. Human created process that creates an identical individual by using a cell or cluster of cells from the parent

34. Type of asexual reproduction in which a eukaryotic cell creates a new individual by going through mitosis

35. Type of asexual reproduction in which a new plant is grown from a piece of a parent plant

Chapter 10.1 Inheritance and Traits, Genetics Notes

36. The permanent change in the sequence of DNA in a gene

37. The genetic makeup of an organism

38. A characteristic inherited from parents, or a characteristic learned from or influenced by the environment

39. A segment of DNA that carries a code for a trait

40. The appearance of an organism resulting from the genotype

41. The passing one of traits from one generation to the next

42. For each genotype, indicate whether it is 43. For each of the genotypes, determine theheterozygous (HE) or homozygous (HO) phenotype

Aa____ ff____ Purple flowers are dominant to white flowers:BB____ Hh___ PP__________________Cc____ GG___ Pp__________________Dd____ Mm___ pp__________________

Word Bank for #28-35:

Asexual reproduction

Fission

Budding

Regeneration

Vegetative reproduction

Mitotic cell division

Cloning

Sexual reproduction

Word Bank for #36-41:

Trait

Inheritance

Gene

Genotype

Phenotype

Mutation

44. Set up the square for each of the crosses listed below. The trait being studied is round seeds (dominant) and wrinkled seeds (recessive)

Rr x rr What percentage of the offspring will be round?

Rr x Rr What percentage of the offspring will be round?

Chapter 10.2 Adaptations in Species, Adaptations Notes

45. Slight differences in inherited traits among individual members of a species

46. The process by which organisms with variations that help them survive in their environment live longer, compete better, and reproduce more than those that do not have the variation

47. An inherited trait that helps a species survive in its environment

48. A physical trait, such as color, shape, or internal structure, which increases survival

49. An adaptation that enables a species to blend in with its environment

50. An adaptation in which one species looks like another species

51. A biochemical change, such as hibernating, shedding, or spitting, which enables a species to increase survival or maintain homeostasis

52. A behavior or action, such as migration, hibernation, hunting at night, or playing dead, that increases survival

53. The selection and breeding of organisms with desired traits

Identify each type of adaptation described below as either a Structural, Behavioral, or Functional adaptation.

54. Robins migrating 59. Butterfly wings looking like a face

55. Venomous snakes 60. The lowering of a heart rate for hibernation

56. Wings on a bat 61. Bright colored flower petals

57. A beetle’s color 62. Thorns on plants

58. Wolves hunting in packs 63. Frogs having toxins in their skin

Word Bank for #45-53:

Structural Adaptations

Selective Breeding

Variations

Functional Adaptations

Adaptations

Behavioral Adaptations

Camouflage

Natural Selection

Mimicry

Chapter 7.1 Energy Processing in Plants, Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Notes

64. What is photosynthesis?

65. What part of the plant photosynthesizes? What type of cell? Which organelle?

66. What type of organisms use photosynthesis? Why?

67. What is cellular respiration and where does it take place?

68. What type of organisms use cellular respiration?

Chapter 7.2 Plant Responses, Plant Responses Notes

69. A plant’s response to the number of hours of darkness in its environment

70. Plant growth or bending towards or away from a stimulus

71. An change in an organism’s environment or an environmental factor that

may cause a response

72. A plant’s response to touch

73. A plant’s response to gravitational force

74. A plant’s response to light

75. Chemical messengers within a plant

76. A plant’s response to water

Short Answer

77. A plant bending or growing towards a stimulus is a (positive/negative) tropism.

78. A plant bending or growing away from a stimulus is a (positive/negative tropism.

79. What plant hormone is responsible for phototropism?

Word Bank for #68-75:

Stimulus

Tropism

Phototropism

Thigmotropism

Geotropism

Hydrotropism

Photoperiodism

Plant hormones

Chapter 7.3 Plant Reproduction, Plant Structure and Reproduction Notes

80. These structures form in the male reproductive part of a flower, and contain sperm cells used for reproduction

81. An immature diploid plant that forms from the zygote

82. This occurs when the life cycle of an organism alternates between diploid and haploid generations

83. The ovary and other parts of the flower eventually turn into this structure which holds and protects the seeds

84. The daughter cells produced from haploid structures

85. This structure contains a plant embryo which germinates and grows into a plant

86. Label the following diagrams with the correct plant parts.

87. What is the male part of the plant called?

88. What is the female part of the plant called?

89. List the adaptations plants have to attract pollinators.

90. List the adaptations plants have for seed dispersal.

91. List the ways in which seeds are dispersed.

Word Bank for #80-85:

Alteration of generations

Spore

Pollen grain

Embryo

Seed

Fruit

Chapter 8.1 Types of Behavior, Animal Behavior Notes

92. The way an organism reacts to other organisms or to its environment

93. A behavior that is inherited

94. Learning to respond to a stimulus in a certain way

95. A seasonal dormancy used by certain animals in order to survive harsh

conditions

96. An attachment an organism forms very shortly after birth

97. A seasonal movement of organisms

98. A complex pattern of innate behaviors

Label the following behaviors as learned or innate.

99. Hibernating 100. Spinning a web101. Reading102. Releasing pheromones 103. Goslings following their mother104. Building a nest105. Conditioning106. Using tools

Chapter 8.2 Interaction with Others, Animal Behavior Notes

107. A chemical produced by one animal that influences the behavior of another animal

108. The ability of certain things to give off light

109. A group of animals working and living together

110. An area set up by animals in which they feed, mate, and raise young

111. A forceful behavior used to control other animals

112. The act of giving power to a more dominant animal

113. The holding of power by an animal with a higher social status

114. Behaviors animals exhibit in order to attract or keep a mate

short answer115. List the 4 ways in which animals communicate with each other. Chapter 9.1: Nervous System, Nervous System Notes

WORD BANK FOR #92-98innate behavior

Behavior

Instinct

Migration

Imprinting

Hibernation

Conditioning

Word Bank for #107-115

Bioluminescence

Pheromone

Society

Dominance

Submission

Territory

Aggression

Courtship

Word Bank for #116-124:

Central Nervous System

Cerebellum

Neuron

116. The part of an organism that gathers, processes, and responds to information

117. The basic functioning unit of the nervous system; a nerve cell

118. The gap between two neurons

119. System made up of the brain and the spinal cord that receives, process, stores, and transfers information

120. The part of the brain that controls memory, language, and thought

121. The part of the brain that coordinates voluntary muscle movement and regulate balance and posture

122. The area of the brain that controls involuntary functions

123. A tube-like structure of neurons that sends signals to and from the brain

124. System made of sensory and motor neurons that transmit information between the central nervous system and the rest of the body

Word Bank for #116-124:

Central Nervous System

Cerebellum

Neuron