نقشئہ تخلیق. urdū (اُردُو)
TRANSCRIPT
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Intermediate Fossil
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Discourse of Earth Micrographia Quakes1668
Leonardo Da Vinci
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X
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Signature
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Mineralization
Cartilage
Carbonization
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Tethys Tectonic Plates Triassic Period Burgess Shale Chenjiang Green River Formation White River Echstatt Beds
Hajoula Fossil Beds
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Molecules
Carboniferous Period Travertine
Precambrian Period Hard Tissue
Remains Mammoth
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Eons Eras
Period
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Crust William Smith ) ( Jurassic Period
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i
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Eras
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Ice Age
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II
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, , , ,
IIa Intermediate Fossil
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IIc
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IIb Tuatara Lizard
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Fracture Lines
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1998 140 141 227 (
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Origin of Species
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Niles Eldridge
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A-H Brush, On the Origin of Feathers. JouRNAl of Evolutionary Biology,Vol. 9, 1996, p. 132----1
A.H Brush, On the Origin of Feathers, p. 131-----2Ibid.----3Ibid.----4
Plucking the Feathered Dinosaur, Science, Vol. 278, 14 November 1997,p. 1229-----5
Douglas Palmer, Learning to Fly )Review of the Origin of and Evolution of Birds by Alan Feduccia, Yale-----6 University Press, 1996(, New Scientist,
Vol. 153, March 1, 1997, p. 44 Norman Macbeth, Darwin Retried: An Appeal to Reason, Boston,
Gambit, 1971 p. 101-----7
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674Jeremy Rifkin, Entropy: A New World View, p. 55----5
For further info. see: Stephen C. Meyer, The Origin of Life and the Death of Materialism,-------6
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Mystery of LIfes Origin: Reassessing------7Current Theories, 4 Edition, Dallas, 1992, ,Chapter 9, p. 134
Ilya Prigogine, Isabelle Stengers, Order Out of Chaos, New York,Bantam Books, 1984 p. 175-----8
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48. L. D. Martin, J. D. Stewart, K. N. Whetstone, The Auk, Vol 98, 1980, p. 86.49. Ibid, p. 86; L. D. Martin, Origins of Higher Groups of Tetrapods, Ithaca, New York: Comstock Publising Association, 1991, pp. 485, 540.50. S. Tarsitano, M. K. Hecht, Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society, Vol 69, 1985, p. 178; A. D. Walker, Geological Magazine, Vol 177, 1980, p. 595.51. Pat Shipman, Birds do it... Did Dinosaurs?, New Scientist, February 1, 1997, p. 31.52. Old Bird, Discover, March 21, 1997.53. Ibid.54. Pat Shipman, Birds Do It... Did Dinosaurs?, p. 28.55. Robert L. Carroll, Patterns and Processes of Vertebrate Evolution, Cambridge University Press, 1997, pp. 280-81.56.. Jonathan Wells, Icons of Evolution, Regnery Publishing, 2000, p. 117.57. Pat Shipman, Birds Do It... Did Dinosaurs?, p. 28.58. Ibid.59. Roger Lewin, Bones of Mammals, Ancestors Fleshed Out, Science, vol 212, June 26, 1981, p. 1492.60. George Gaylord Simpson, Life Before Man, New York: Time-Life Books, 1972, p. 42.61. R. Eric Lombard, Review of Evolutionary Principles of the Mammalian Middle Ear, Gerald Fleischer, Evolution, Vol 33, December 1979, p. 1230.62. David R. Pilbeam, Rearranging Our Family Tree, Nature, June 1978, p. 40.63. Earnest A. Hooton, Up From The Ape, New York: McMillan, 1931, p. 332.64. Malcolm Muggeridge, The End of Christendom, Grand Rapids, Eerdmans, 1980, p. 59.65. Stephen Jay Gould, Smith Woodwards Folly, New Scientist, February 5, 1979, p. 44.66. Kenneth Oakley, William Le Gros Clark & J. S, Piltdown, Meydan Larousse, Vol 10, p. 133. 67. Stephen Jay Gould, Smith Woodwards Folly, New Scientist, April 5, 1979, p. 44.68. W. K. Gregory, Hesperopithecus Apparently Not An Ape Nor A Man, Science, Vol 66, December 1927, p. 579.69. Philips Verner Bradford, Harvey Blume, Ota Benga: The Pygmy in The Zoo, New York: Delta Books, 1992.70. David Pilbeam, Humans Lose an Early Ancestor, Science, April 1982, pp. 6-7.71. C. C. Swisher III, W. J. Rink, S. C. Antn, H. P. Schwarcz, G. H. Curtis, A. Suprijo, Widiasmoro, Latest Homo erectus of Java: Potential Contemporaneity with Homo sapiens in Southeast Asia, Science, Volume 274, Number 5294, Issue of 13 Dec 1996, pp. 1870-1874; also see, Jeffrey Kluger, Not So Extinct After All: The Primitive Homo Erectus May Have Survived Long Enough To Coexist With Modern Humans, Time, December 23, 1996.72. Solly Zuckerman, Beyond The Ivory Tower, New York: Toplinger Publications, 1970, pp. 75-94.73. Charles E. Oxnard, The Place of Australopithecines in Human Evolution: Grounds for Doubt, Nature, Vol 258, p. 389.74. Holly Smith, American Journal of Physical Antropology, Vol 94, 1994, pp. 307-325. 75. Fred Spoor, Bernard Wood, Frans Zonneveld, Implication of Early Hominid Labryntine Morphology for Evolution of Human Bipedal Locomotion, Nature, vol 369, June 23, 1994, pp. 645-648.76. Tim Bromage, New Scientist, vol 133, 1992, p. 38-41.77. J. E. Cronin, N. T. Boaz, C. B. Stringer, Y. Rak, Tempo and Mode in Hominid Evolution, Nature, Vol 292, 1981, pp. 113-122.78. C. L. Brace, H. Nelson, N. Korn, M. L. Brace, Atlas of Human Evolution, 2.b. New York: Rinehart and Wilson, 1979.79. Alan Walker, Scientific American, vol 239 )2(, 1978, p. 54.80. Bernard Wood, Mark Collard, The Human Genus, Science, vol 284, No 5411, 2 April 1999, pp. 65-71.81. Marvin Lubenow, Bones of Contention, Grand Rapids, Baker, 1992, p. 83.82. Boyce Rensberger, The Washington Post, November 19, 1984.83. Ibid.84. Richard Leakey, The Making of Mankind, London: Sphere Books, 1981, p. 116.85. Marvin Lubenow, Bones of Contention, Grand Rapids, Baker, 1992. p. 136.86. Pat Shipman, Doubting Dmanisi, American Scientist, November- December 2000, p. 491.87. Erik Trinkaus, Hard Times Among the Neanderthals, Natural History, vol 87, December 1978, p. 10; R. L. Holloway, The Neanderthal Brain: What Was Primitive, American Journal of Physical Anthropology Supplement, Vol 12, 1991, p. 94.88. Alan Walker, Science, vol 207, 1980, p. 1103.89. A. J. Kelso, Physical Antropology, 1st ed., New York: J. B. Lipincott Co., 1970, p. 221; M. D. Leakey, Olduvai Gorge, Vol 3, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971, p. 272.90. S. J. Gould, Natural History, Vol 85, 1976, p. 30.91. Time, November 1996.92. L. S. B. Leakey, The Origin of Homo Sapiens, ed. F. Borde, Paris: UNESCO, 1972, p. 25-29; L. S. B. Leakey, By the Evidence, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1974.93. Is This The Face of Our Past, Discover, December 1997, p. 97-100.94. A. J. Kelso, Physical Anthropology, 1.b., 1970, pp. 221; M. D. Leakey, Olduvai Gorge, Vol 3, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971, p. 272.95. Donald C. Johanson & M. A. Edey, Lucy: The Beginnings of Humankind, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1981, p. 250.96. Science News, Vol 115, 1979, pp. 196-197.97. Ian Anderson, New Scientist, Vol 98, 1983, p. 373.98. Russell H. Tuttle, Natural History, March 1990, pp. 61-64.
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153.Dr. Lee Spetner, Lee Spetner/Edward Max Dialogue: Continuing an exchange with Dr. Edward E. Max, 2001, http://www.trueorigin. org/spetner2.ap154. S. R. Scadding, Do Vestigial Organs Provide Evidence for Evolution?, Evolutionary Theory, Vol 5, May 1981, p. 173.155. The Merck Manual of Medical Information, Home edition, New Jersey: Merck & Co., Inc. The Merck Publishing Group, Rahway, 1997.156. H. Enoch, Creation and Evolution, New York: 1966, pp. 18