understand what mutations are understand how they occur analyze the different types of mutations ...
DESCRIPTION
Central Dogma DNA is transcribed into RNA, RNA is translated into proteins 3 nitrogenous bases give us a codon One codon codes for a specific amino acid ie. AUG codes for “start” and Methionine Peptide bonds hold amino acids together Amino acids give us proteins! What we know so far!TRANSCRIPT
Mutations
Understand what mutations are Understand how they occur Analyze the different types of mutations Understand how mutations affect amino acid
sequences and proteins
Objective
Central Dogma DNA is transcribed into RNA, RNA is translated
into proteins 3 nitrogenous bases give us a codon One codon codes for a specific amino acid
ie. AUG codes for “start” and Methionine Peptide bonds hold amino acids together Amino acids give us proteins!
What we know so far!
If the DNA in the cells inside your entire body
were lined up end to end, they would stretch around the Earth and Jupiter 60 times in distance!
Many mechanisms were developed to protect DNA from change within the cell but mutations still happens
Any change in the DNA sequence is called a mutation!
What is a mutation?
Mutations can affect the reproductive cells of an
organism. Changes the sequence of the nucleotides within a
gene (sperm or egg cell) If this cell takes part in fertilization, the altered
gene becomes part of the genetic make-up. Can result in a new trait or a protein that doesn’t
work correctly. May (few times) have a positive effect
Mutation may make organism faster, stronger, and better to survive in environment.
Basis of evolutionary theory
Powerful radiation could cause DNA in a non-
reproductive cell to change. This mutation would not be passed on, but
could cause problems for the individual. Impaired function of the cell
ie. Stomach acid, skin cells When a cell divides, the mutation will carry on.
Mutations in Body Cells
Some mutations can affect the genes that
control cell division! Rapid division and growth (result) This mutation is known better as cancer.
(uncontrolled division of cells) ie. UV radiation in sunlight can change the
DNA in skin cells ; cells produce rapidly, causing skin cancer.
Cancer is a mutation!
Point Mutation
A change in a single base pair in DNA.
Types of Mutations
The first point mutation did not result in a change in the protein.The second point mutation caused a change in the protein. This was a stop codonThe third point mutation coded for a different protein as well.
THE DOG BIT THE CATTHE DOG BIT THE CAR..the meaning of the sentence changed due to that one change in a word…point mutations!
Frameshift Mutation
When a single base is added or deleted from DNA
Types of Mutations
THE DOG BIT THE CATTHE DOB ITT HEC AT
The G was deleted from the sentence resulting in a scrambled sentence; frameshift mutation.
THE DOG BIT THE CATTHE DOG BBI TTH ECA TThe B was added to the sentence resulting in a scrambled sentence; frameshift mutation.
Changes sequence
in nitrogenous bases
May cause change in amino acid
sequence
Different amino acids sequence may code for
different proteins that intended.
Function of cell may be altered
Phenotype (physical
appearance) of trait may be
altered.
Why mutations Matter!
Chemicals
Asbestos was used to insulate buildings Known to cause lung cancer an disease
UV Rays
Cause of Mutations
What is a mutation? What different types of mutations are there? Can you describe them? Why do mutations matter?
Knowledge Check