三國時代 The Three Kingdoms 220–280  Wei, Shu & Wu

Adventures, Misadventures, and Missed Adventures

Political and Cultural Legitimacy

Is cleverness alone enough to establish one’s kingdom?

Water can carry a boat; but it can also capsize a boat; 水亦载舟，水亦覆舟。(subjects vs. rulers)

In everybody’s heart, there is a moral scale.

The Yellow Turban Rebellion(184 -205)

Xing Tai (Ju Lu Commandery 郡 ), Hebei Province.

External Causes: famine, flood, locust, plague,

Internal Causes: tax; insensitivity to people’s pains; incompetence and impotence in the royal rule;

Zhang Jue 張角 , known as the “General of Heaven,” cured many by his magic, a combination of traditional Chinese medicines, sorcery;

He concluded that the period under the Yellow Emperor was most ideal.

The Jinghang Grand Canal京杭大运河

1,776 km (1,103 miles) 南粮北调 Dispatch food to the north

from the south Starting at Beijing, it passes

through Tianjin and the provinces of Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang to the city of Hangzhou (famous for the West Lake). The oldest parts of the canal date back to the 5th century BC, although the various sections were finally combined during the Sui Dynasty (581–618 AD).

Inside the House of HanThe Emperor Became a Puppet

12 Eunuchs controlled the court; The English word eunuch is from the Greek eune ("bed") and ekhein ("to keep"), effectively "bed keeper".

During King Ling’s rule (156-189), the 11th Emperor of the Easten Han dynasty (206 B.C.–220 A.D.)

Zhao Zhong, Zhang Rang, Xia Yun, Guo Sheng, Sun Zhang, Bi Lan, Li Song, Duan Gui, Gao Wang, Zhang Gong, Han Li and Song Dian.

The Trouble of Dong Zhuo董卓之乱

Following the death of Emperor Ling in 189, General-in-Chief He Jin 何进 (with Yuan Shao袁绍 ,?－ 202, behind the scene) asked Dong Zhuo 董卓 to lead his troops into Luoyang to help him in eliminating the eunuch faction.

Before Dong's arrival, He Jin was assassinated by the eunuchs and the capital fell into a state of turmoil. The eunuchs took Emperor Shao hostage and fled from Luoyang.

Dong Zhuo's army intercepted the eunuchs and brought the emperor back to the palace.

Dong Zhuo 董卓 (138 - 192) Dong Zhuo deposed

Emperor Shao, Liu Bian, who was then 15 years old.

Pressed by Dong Zhuo, the young emperor committed suicide.

He was on the throne for 5 months, during which period, it was his mother and uncle He Jin who ran the court.

Dong Zhuo (138-192) Dong rose to the position of

Knight General, Longxi, Gansu Province;

Ding Yuan 丁原 (? – 189) was a minor

warlord. In 189, both Ding Yuan and

Dong Zhuo were summoned into the capital Luoyang.

Recognizing Lü Bu’s 吕布 talent and power, Dong Zhuo bought him over by a rare steed: Red Hare 赤兔马 .

Lü Bu’s Role（ ?—198） City of Baotou

Inner Mongolia

His famous “Sky Piercer”

His famous steed “Red Hare”

He was for adoption: going through three adoptive “fathers”

Ding Yuan; Dong Zhuo and Wang Yun

Dong Zhuo vs. the Young Emperor

King Xian of Han Liu Che (181－ 234) was then only 9 years old.

Dong declared himself as Chancellor and chased Yuan Shao away.

Dong Zuo took any consorts and concubines he wanted.

The Campaign against Dong Zhuo (190)

Yuan Shao/Yuan Shu

Sun Jian/Sun Ce/Sun Quan

Cao CaoLiu Bei

Guan YuZhang Fei

Sun Jian (155-191) Descendant of Master Sun Wu

who wrote The Art of War, Sun was in charge of Changsha Prefecture in Hunan Province;

Sun Jian went as far as the capital;

But Dong Zhuo fled with the whole court and had Luoyang burned to ashes.

玉玺【 yùxǐ 】 imperial jade seal.

Sun Jian denounces Yuan Shu who detained his provisions…

Yuan Shu revealed that Sun Jian kept the seal;

His second son Sun Quan commented on the history of the imperial jade seal, concluding that it may not be a blessing to keep it;

On the way back to his hometown, Yuan Shao asked Liu Biao, (142-208 ) a general and prefectural governor of Jingzhou (Hubei province), to stage an ambush to reclaim the seal;

To retrieve his father’s body, Sun Quan negotiated with Liu Biao…

The Young DiplomatThe Three Kingdoms, a TV series

Liu Biao’s assistant suggested to have Sun Quan killed;

斩草除根 【 zhǎncǎochúgēn 】

cut the weeds and dig up the roots - destroy root and branch; stamp out the source of trouble.

Sun Quan replied, my elder brother has gone back to Changsha as the new leader;

When laughed at about his age, Little Sun Quan remarked, when the founding emperor was 9 years old, he shot a fierce tiger to death;

When Emperor Wu of Han was 9 years old, he was able to draw his bow to kill enemies;

Now I am 9 years old, useless as I am, all I can do is to plea for peace with you, Uncle Liu,

All I can do is to beg you to let me take my father home;

All I can do is to promise that I will never seek revenge;

Young Sun Quan

Priam, the king of Troy

In Homer’s Iliad, the old king of Troy Priam tearfully pleaded with Achilles to let him take his son Hector home…

Deeply moved, Achilles finally relents and returns Hector’s body to the Trojans.

Two Versions of the Three Kingdoms

Records of The Three Kingdoms 三国志

the official and authoritative historical text on the period of Three Kingdoms covering from 189 to 280, written by Chen Shou 陈寿（ 233—297）

in the 3rd century (Western Jin).

Romance of The Three Kingdoms 三国演义

Luo Guanzhong （ 1330—1400） Ming Dynasty Pioneered Chinese novel

writing organized by chapters章回小说

Roberts, Moss, tr. Three Kingdoms: A Historical Novel (1991) University of California Press

http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms

Pros and Cons on Cao Cao

In the history book, Chen Shou treated Cao Cao in a more positive light;

In the novel, Luo Guanzhong seems rather negative on Cao Cao, depicting him as a

奸雄【 jiānxióng 】 a person who achieves high position by unscrupulous scheming;

Cao Cao’s Abortive Assassination of Dong Zhuo借刀杀人【 jièdāoshārén 】 murder someone with a

borrowed knife - make use of another person to get rid of an adversary.

Cao Cao (155～ 220) He was a low ranking

military officer guarding the palace;

When Wang Yun 王允 celebrated his 60th birthday, Cao Cao, uninvited, knocked on the door…

Wang Yun 王允(137 – 192 )

Minister over the Masses (司徒 ) was one of the three most important official posts during the Han Dynasty, called the Three Excellencies.

Director of Imperial Secretariat ( 尚书令 )

The Three Excellencies Or the Three Lords was the collective name for the three

highest officials in ancient China. Starting in the Zhou Dynasty, the top three were: Grand

Secretary 太师 ; Grand Tutor 太傅 , and Grand Protector 太保 .

In the Western Han Dynasty, the three positions were: the Chancellor (丞相 ), the Imperial Secretary (御史大夫 ), and the Grand Commandant (太尉 ) in the Western Han Dynasty;

in the Eastern Han Dynasty the names of the Three Excellencies were changed to Grand Commandant (司馬 ), Minister over the Masses (司徒 ), and Minister of Works (司空 ).

Cao Cao wanted to borrow a knifeSeven-Star dagger 七星刀

At the party, after Cao Cao openly denounced Dong Zhuo; Wang Yun threw him out in public but called him back in secret

传家宝【 chuánjiābǎo 】 family heirloom Wang Yun has a legendary knife that could cut

through metal—seven-star dagger In the study/library, Cao Cao saw a shielded

dagger, but Wang Yun gave him another one; Cao Cao reported that for the past six months,

he won the trust from Dong Zhuo, but Dong has a inner shield on all night long.

The Mirror saved Dong Zhuo’s life

When Cao Cao went to Dong Zhuo’s residence, he saw Lǚ Bu;

Dong asked Lǚ Bu to pick a steed for Cao Cao;

When Cao Cao walked Dong Zhuo to his bed, he got a chance to stab Dong Zhuo;

But Dong Zhuo saw him holding a dagger in the mirror;

Cao immediately claimed that he meant to give this legendary dagger to Dong Zhuo;

Cao Cao Ran Away

After excusing himself, Cao Cao went out; Lǚ Bu just came back with a steed; Cao Cao tried his new horse, and ran out of

the city; When Dong Zhuo presented his new treasure

to Lǚ Bu, Lǚ mentioned that Wang Yun had such a dagger;

It suddenly dawned on Dong Zhuo that Cao Cao meant to kill him;

Cao Cao became famous Outraged, Dong Zhuo sent

5,000 soldiers to go after Cao Cao;

The reward was extremely high;

Cao Cao realized that it would not make any difference if he killed Dong Zhuo;

To fundamentally solve a problem, you should identify the root cause;

Moral guidance holds the key otherwise there will be another Dong Zhuo

Why did Cao Cao fail his assassination?

Why did he borrow a weapon from Wang Yun?

Cao Cao studied The Art of War very thoroughly;

He was the first one to do extensive annotations on the military treatise;

With his unlimited access to Dong Zhuo, Cao Cao could have Dong killed at any moment;

Caught and Released At County of Zhong Mou 中牟县, Cao Cao was caught;

But he talked himself out of the trouble;

The county magistrate Chen Gong 陈宫 escaped together with him, but his head was only worth fifty gold pieces;

Chen left Cao after the bloodshed,

Later Cao raised his own army;

Cao took Chen to Lǚ Boshe’s 吕伯奢 residence, his father’s old friend,

Chen later heard the sound of knife- sharpening, mistaking that for potential murders; as a matter of fact, the folks were preparing a dinner for the guests;

The two slaughtered the whole family;

On the way out, they ran into the old man who just returned with wine;

Cao Cao’s Two GiftsAt the First Meeting

A fake imperial edict that denounces Dong Zhuo;

When questioned on its authenticity, Cao Cao said, of course it is a fake document; but sometimes a fake document works better than a real one;

Of course a nine year old emperor can’t write something like that; but everything I wrote was just what the emperor wanted to say…

Another gift was a detailed map of the royal palace since Cao Cao knew the place as he knew his own palm;

However the coalition did not work out since most of the participants simply used the occasion to seek personal gains;

Lǚ Bu & Diao Chan 貂婵 When searching

Wang Yun’s residence for Cao Cao, Lǚ Bu met Diao Chan;

Diao Chan pointed at the legendary dagger, confirming this is the seven-star dagger;

Dong Zhuo Moved the Capital

Dong has the whole city of Luoyang burned down,

On the way to Chang’an长安 for “eternal peace”, the western capital, there was an ambush;

Lǚ Bu saved Diao Chan’s life (fictive detail in a new TV series),

When Wang Yun found out the romance, he got an idea;

Wang Yun finally persuaded Diao Chan, his adoptive daughter, to play a role that would sow a seed of discord between Dong Zhuo and Lǚ Bu…

Dong Zhuo Seized Diao Chan

Wang Yun invited Dong Zhuo to his residence, pretending to make peace with him;

As if accidentally, Diao Chan showed up; Dong Zhuo proposed to name Diao Chan as

the emperor’s Precious Lady or gui fei-- 贵妃【 guìfēi 】 highest-ranking imperial concubine; a title only next to the queen;

But the emperor was only 9 years old;

Dong Zhuo & Diao Chan

Dong Zhuo (played by Li Po) and Diao Chan (played by Chen Hong, film director Chen Kaige’s wife) as depicted in the TV series Romance of the Three Kingdoms

Diao Chan Played her Role Well

Dong Zhuo’s advisor suggested he should give Diao Chan back to Lǚ Bu, Dong agreed to that;

Diao Chan on the other hand pretended she would prefer to spend her life with Dong Zhuo;

When with Lǚ Bu, she said she loved Lǚ Bu;

Lǚ Bu was heartbroken

He was caught in a dilemma: Dong was his adoptive father;

Wang Yun, another father to Lǚ Bu (father-in-law figure), pointed out that Dong had violated everything under the heaven…

Two Imperial Edicts

Wang Yun announced that the emperor decided to yield his throne to Dong Zhuo;

Dong Zhuo was about to perform a grand sacrificial ceremony, the Feng Ceremony, to heaven;

All of a sudden, Wang Yun announced another imperial edict, denouncing Dong Zhuo for all his crimes;

Lǚ Bu pierced Dong Zhuo right through his heart;

Wang Yun’s Death Wang Yun became arrogant

after this victory; Wang Yun refused to

pardon the other three generals Li Jue, Guo Si and Fan Chou, who used to serve Dong Zhuo;

This turned out to be fatal mistake;

These three had no choice but to rebel;

They still boated about 100,000 troops;

Cao Cao “Kidnapped” the Emperor

While others were busy expanding their territories, Cao Cao got the emperor back and moved him to Xu Chang--许昌【 Xǔchāng 】 Place name - Area code: 0374, Postcode: 461000 ( 河南省 ).;

Cao Cao declared himself as chancellor, controlling the court;

He treated the young emperor nicely, with respect, but with strict surveillance (Panopticon, a prison designed by Jeremy Bentham in 1785) as if he put the emperor under house arrest;

Cao Cao’s treatment of the young emperor seemed opposite to what Dong Zhuo did, but both tried to control the young emperor.

The Panopticon The Panopticon is a type of

prison building designed by English philosopher and social theorist Jeremy Bentham in 1785. The concept of the design is to allow an observer to observe (-opticon) all (pan-) prisoners. Prisoners could not tell whether they are being watched or not, thereby conveying what one architect has called the "sentiment of an invisible omniscience."

Bentham himself described the Panopticon as "a new mode of obtaining power of mind over mind…

Powerless Emperor The only place the

emperor could relax a little was in his bathroom;

He arranged a secret meeting with Liu Bei, his uncle;

The meeting was held in his bathroom;

Liu Bei was searched when departing;

He wrote an edict in blood and hid it in a jade girdle;

His precious lady Dong Lin arranged a temple visit;

Her father Dong Cheng went with the emperor;

However, his servant Qin Qingtong who was punished by Dong Cheng for his love affair with his concubine, reported to Cao Cao;

Nevertheless, Cao Cao killed Dong Qingtong for his disloyalty to his master;

The Death of Lü BuThe Battle of Xia Pi (198)

The pattern in his behavior

He is always for adoption;

But If you team up with him, he will take over;

As a result, he got his old troops summoned;

At the White Gate Tower In 198, his city was surrounded by Cao Cao; His military advisor suggested he lead one army out and

camp outside the city in order to form a counter-siege on Cao cao; Lü Bu delay the move due to Diao Chan’s sickness;

It had been raining, and Cao Cao had the River Si diverted to have the city drowned—using water as soldiers;

Hou Cheng, Song Xian and Wei Xu rebelled; they had Chen Gong, the military advisor bound;

Realizing he was losing, Lü Bu asked his men to have him beheaded and surrender to Cao Cao; No body could stand this;

On February 7th, 198, Lü surrendered to Cao Cao; In the new TV series, Lü Bu was overpowered by his staff

during his sleep.

Liu Bei was nailed

Lü Bu offered to lead cavalry for Cao Cao; and Cao Cao leads infantry, thus Cao Cao could rule the whole country;

Cao Cao was quite intrigued by this proposal;

Liu Bei on the other hand commented on how Lü Bu served his two adoptive fathers: Lü Bu killed them both himself.

In the new TV series, ten thousand arrows pierced through his heart;

Cao Cao United the North The Battle of Guandu ( 官渡之戰今河南中牟東北 )

was a prelude to the Three Kingdoms period. It took place at the Yellow River in 200.

It was a crucial victory for the warlord Cao Cao (155-220) who defended his territories against his rival warlord Yuan Shao (154-202).

The battle was a turning point in the war between Cao Cao and Yuan Shao, and marked the beginning of Cao Cao's gradual reunification of northern China, which made the establishment of the Cao Wei state possible.

Yuan Shao vs. Yuan Shu Yuan Shao, after taking

over four provinces, aimed at snatching back the emperor; thus putting himself directly in conflict with Cao Cao;

Yuan Shao boasted about 700,000 soldiers;

The secret for his success: supplies for his army always remained strong.

Yuan Shu （ ?－ 199 ） got the

imperial jade seal and declared himself as emperor in 197;

So in history there were two emperors for a while; yet nobody would accept Yuan Shu’s claim anyway—what constitutes political and cultural legitimacy?

The raid on Wuchao 乌巢糧倉【 liángcāng 】 granary; barn

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lYO_0EFszI4

In the tenth month, Yuan Shao's general Chunyu Qiong 淳于瓊 returned with an army of 10,000 from Hebei

escorting large reserves of food supplies. Yuan Shao 袁紹 ordered Chunyu to escort the supplies

to Wuchao (烏巢 ; in modern Yanjin, Henan), a place 40 li (20 kilometers) away from Guandu near Gushi 固始 , and placed him in charge of guarding the supplies there.

Yuan Shao's advisor Ju Shou 沮授 argued that Wuchao, being their important supply depot, was too lightly guarded and insisted that Yuan Shao should send the general Jiang Qi (蔣奇 ) to Chunyu Qiong to prevent any potential raids. Yuan Shao, again, did not heed Ju Shou's advice.

Xu You’s RoleLet’s do a roleplay

Yuan Shao's advisor Xu You 許攸 , an old friend of Cao Cao, harbored a long-term dissatisfaction against Yuan Shao for not using his plans;

His wife was arrested for some kind of transgression,

At midnight, Xu You came to Cao Cao’s camp; Cao Cao met him barefooted;

Cao Cao led 5,000 cavalrymen to attack Wuchao by using Yuan Shao’s banners;

At the headquarter, Cao’s army prepared an ambush;

Upon Seeing the fire

Yuan Shao only sent a small number of soldiers to rescue Wuchao;

The main army attacked Cao’s headquarter;

But they were ambushed;

Cao Cao stormed Yuan Shao’s camp;

Within Yuan’s troops, once they learned what happened to their provisions and supplies, the army split and soldiers scattered;

As a result, Yuan Shao led about 800 men back to Hebei province;

How to Treat (Talented) PeopleIt is always a bird that chooses a roost/tree, not the other around

Yuan Shao was arrogant

It is the worthy bird that chooses a worthy tree (to perch on); how could a tree choose its birds?

Chapter 3 in Romance of the Three Kingdoms

Commentary of Zuo--on The Spring and Autumn Annals

Cao Cao treasured all talents;

It may not be a coincidence that Cao Cao got Xu You’s help;

To succeed, one needs three factors/conditions:

Timing (Heavenly) Geographical

advantages; Harmony among human

relationships;

The Battle of Guandu vs.

The battle at Red Cliff

The Battle of Guandu marked the most glorious moment for Cao Cao;

Defeating many by a few—golden rule in military affairs

The battle at Red Cliff turned out to be Cao Cao’s Waterloo

Does anyone knows when to stop?

How about timing? How about geographical

advantages? How about harmony

among human relationships?

Cao Cao’s Disadvantages To prevent his soldiers

from getting seasick, Cao Cao ordered to have his fleet bound together;

Huang Gai faked surrender to Cao Cao; but all his boats were loaded with fuel;

Zhou Yu, an expert on warfare on water finally used fire to wipe out Cao Cao’s fleet;

His troops got exhausted while his rivals are at rest—it is their hometown;

Northerners are not used to warfare on water;

Plage of Schistosoꞌmiasis 血吸虫病 caused by

blood flukes 血吸虫 ; Most important of all, the

local people don’t welcome Cao Cao

苦肉计【 kǔròujì 】 the ruse of inflicting an injury on oneself to win the

confidence of the enemy.

Zhou Yu, the commander-in-chief and Huang Gai pretended they disagreed over something; Zhou first ordered to have Huang Gai exucted;

This is all for show; Cai Mao/Zhang Yun

reported this to Cao Cao

When to Stop? "Crossing the Rubicon" is a

popular idiom meaning to pass a point of no return.

The river was considered to mark the boundary between the Roman province of Ci’salpine ‘Gaul to the north and Italy proper to the south; the law thus protected the republic from internal military threat.

It refers to Julius Caesar's 49 BC crossing of the river, which was considered an act of war.

The Battle of Red Cliff赤壁之戰

Cao Cao’s only setback was in December of 208, when his army was routed in the famous Battle of the Red Cliff

赤壁之战 (modern Jiayu, Hubei),

most dramatized in many art forms.

Romance of the Three Kingdoms

Some Idioms associated with Cao Cao

說曹操 ,曹操到【 shuōcáocāo,

cáocāodào 】Talk of the devil and he comes.

This refers to the speed Cao Cao’s troops;

兵贵神速【 bīngguìshénsù 】speed is precious in war.

望梅止渴 【 wàngméizhǐkě 】

quench one's thirst by thinking of plums - console oneself with false hopes; feed on fancies.

An artist impression of Zhuge Liang holding his

trademark feather fan. 空城計【 kōngchéngjì 】

empty-city/fort stratagem (bluffing the enemy by opening the gates of a weakly defended city); presenting a bold front to conceal a weak defense.

Sima Yi 司马懿 , a general from Wei, attacked Shu;

Zhuge Liang 诸葛亮 had no trooped stationed; he ordered to have all the gates wide open and he played a musical instrument on the city wall;

草船借箭 film: Red Cliff Straw Boats Borrowing Arrows

Zhou Yu 周瑜 challenged Zhuge Liang to have 100,000 made within ten days. Zhuge Liang successfully borrowed all the arrows from the enemy side on a foggy morning.

Roberts, Moss, tr. Three Kingdoms: A Historical Novel (1991) University of California Press

See the movie Red Cliff

In history, this story is about Sun Quan during the Battle of Ru Xu. In 213, Sun Quan tried to find out what’s going on within Cao Cao’s camp;

Cao’s soldiers shot many arrows;

Sun Quan’s boat tilted; He had his boat turned

around and let Cao’s soldiers shoot on the other side;

Liu Bei recruiting Zhuge Liang. Ming Dynasty painting

三顾茅庐 【 sāngùmáolú 】

make three calls at the thatched cottage - repeatedly request sb. to take up a responsible post.

Zhou Yu 周瑜 The Commander-in-

Chief at 34 Zhou Yu (175 - 210)

was a famous and one of the most capable military strategists for Sun Ce and his successor Sun Quan during the Three Kingdoms era;

Red Cliff Red Cliff is a Chinese epic

film based on the Battle of Red Cliffs (208-209 AD) and events during the end of the Han Dynasty and immediately prior to the period of the Three Kingdoms in ancient China. The film was directed by John Woo, and stars Tony Leung, Takeshi Kaneshiro, Zhang Fengyi, Chang Chen, Hu Jun, Lin Chi-ling and Zhao Wei.

Ubi suntRead Su Shi’s Poem

http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Ubi+sunt%0B

–noun a poetic motif emphasizing

the transitory nature of youth, life, and beauty, found esp. in medieval Latin poems.

Ubi sunt (literally "where are...") is a phrase taken from the Latin Ubi sunt qui ante nos fuerunt?, meaning "Where are those who were before us?" Ubi nunc...?, "where now?", is a common variant

Yuan Shao vs. Cao Caohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=rEXHJZZ4GVw&feature=related

Yuan Shao is very arrogant; Xu You’s betrayal holds

the key to his waterloo; But this is not coincidental; Note Cao Cao has never

declared himself as emperor even though he has been doing the job;

Perhaps the most ideal network of human relationships is best depicted in a well designed Chinese garden.

Cao Cao seems to have established a better network of human relationships;

Though Cao Cao was defeated by Wu and Chu, he managed to flee back to his hometown via the Huarong Trail 华容道 ;

“Releasing Cao Cao at Huarong Trail”

Chapter 50 of Romance of the Three Kingdoms’

Note it is Zhuge Liang who has arranged all this; Zhuge Liang believes that only Cao Cao could stabilize the north;

The Quatrain of Seven Stepsby Cao Zhi (192 – 232)

Shih-shuo Hsin-yu 世说新语 A NEW ACCOUNT OF

TALES OF THE WORLD

Second Edition By Liu I-ch'ing With commentary by Liu

Jun Translated with

introduction and notes By Richard B. Mather Page 134

"Boiled beans are taken to make a soup,

Strained lentils utilized for stock.

While stalks beneath the pot are blazing up,

The beans within the pot are shedding tears.

Originally from the same root grown,

For one to cook the other, why such haste?

A double-edged warning

Bean stalks vs. beans

Stalks as fuel to kill beans;

What will happen to the bean stalks at the end?

The Seven Step Poem七步诗

煮豆持作羹， 漉豉以为汁， 萁在釜下燃， 豆在釜中泣， 本是同根生， 相煎何太急．

Fratricide Fratricide (from the Latin

word frater, meaning: "brother" and cide meaning to kill) is the act of a person killing his or her brother. According to the Bible and the Qur'an, fratricide was the first type of murder committed in human history.

"Cain kills Abel", a fratricide illustrated by Gustave Doré (And Cain talked with Abel his brother; and it came to pass, when they were in the field, that Cain rose up against Abel his brother and slew him.