nesstar.ined.frnesstar.ined.fr/other_docs/ie0216a_codebook.pdftable of contents overview

Senegal, France, Italy, Spain

BEAUCHEMIN Cris, INED

Migrations between Africa and Europe - MAFE Senegal (2008)

Study Documentation

April 18, 2014

Metadata ProductionMetadata Producer(s) MORISSET Amandine , Service des enquêtes et des sondages, INED

Version Version 1.0

Identification IE0216A

Table of ContentsOverview............................................................................................................................................................. 4Scope & Coverage.............................................................................................................................................. 4Producers & Sponsors.........................................................................................................................................5Sampling..............................................................................................................................................................6Data Collection....................................................................................................................................................9Data Processing & Appraisal............................................................................................................................12Accessibility...................................................................................................................................................... 12Files Description............................................................................................................................................... 13

sn_qm_household..........................................................................................................................13sn_qm_indiv.................................................................................................................................. 13sn_qb_general................................................................................................................................14sn_qb_union.................................................................................................................................. 15sn_qb_children.............................................................................................................................. 16sn_qb_house.................................................................................................................................. 17sn_qb_activity............................................................................................................................... 18sn_qb_assets.................................................................................................................................. 19sn_qb_mig_attempts......................................................................................................................20sn_qb_migration............................................................................................................................21sn_qb_return..................................................................................................................................22sn_qb_network.............................................................................................................................. 23sn_qb_short_return........................................................................................................................23sn_qb_short_stay........................................................................................................................... 24sn_qb_citizenship.......................................................................................................................... 25sn_qb_asylum................................................................................................................................26sn_qb_residence_permit................................................................................................................27sn_qb_work_permit.......................................................................................................................28sn_qb_transfer............................................................................................................................... 29sn_qb_association..........................................................................................................................30

Variables List.................................................................................................................................................... 32sn_qm_household..........................................................................................................................32sn_qm_indiv.................................................................................................................................. 41sn_qb_general................................................................................................................................47sn_qb_union.................................................................................................................................. 55sn_qb_children.............................................................................................................................. 57sn_qb_house.................................................................................................................................. 58sn_qb_activity............................................................................................................................... 60sn_qb_assets.................................................................................................................................. 63sn_qb_mig_attempts......................................................................................................................66sn_qb_migration............................................................................................................................69sn_qb_return..................................................................................................................................77sn_qb_network.............................................................................................................................. 80sn_qb_short_return........................................................................................................................81sn_qb_short_stay........................................................................................................................... 82sn_qb_citizenship.......................................................................................................................... 83sn_qb_asylum................................................................................................................................84sn_qb_residence_permit................................................................................................................85sn_qb_work_permit.......................................................................................................................86sn_qb_transfer............................................................................................................................... 88sn_qb_association..........................................................................................................................89

Variables Description........................................................................................................................................90sn_qm_household..........................................................................................................................91sn_qm_indiv................................................................................................................................ 234sn_qb_general..............................................................................................................................324sn_qb_union................................................................................................................................ 553

sn_qb_children............................................................................................................................ 571sn_qb_house................................................................................................................................ 585sn_qb_activity............................................................................................................................. 675sn_qb_assets................................................................................................................................ 706sn_qb_mig_attempts....................................................................................................................757sn_qb_migration..........................................................................................................................834sn_qb_return................................................................................................................................978sn_qb_network.......................................................................................................................... 1026sn_qb_short_return....................................................................................................................1082sn_qb_short_stay....................................................................................................................... 1093sn_qb_citizenship...................................................................................................................... 1107sn_qb_asylum............................................................................................................................1119sn_qb_residence_permit............................................................................................................1129sn_qb_work_permit...................................................................................................................1142sn_qb_transfer........................................................................................................................... 1154sn_qb_association......................................................................................................................1166

Migrations between Africa and Europe - MAFE Senegal (2008) - Overview

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Migrations between Africa and Europe - MAFE Senegal (2008) (MAFE Senegal)Migrations entre l'Afrique et l'Europe - MAFE Sénégal

Overview

Identification IE0216A

AbstractThe MAFE project is a major research initiative focused on migration between Sub-Saharan Africa and Europe. It bringstogether ten European and African research centres working on international migration.

In the early XXIth Century, international migration from Sub-Saharan Africa to Europe has generated increasing publicand policy attention. The flotilla of boats bringing would-be migrants to the Canary Islands, and attempts to reach Spanishterritory in Ceuta and Mellila have drawn a rapid response from Europe in the form of new policy measures. Yet the scope,nature and likely development of Sub-Saharan African migration to Europe remained poorly understood, and, as a result,European polices may be ineffective. A major cause of this lack of understanding was the absence of comprehensive data onthe causes of migration and circulation between Africa and Europe.

The MAFE project aimed at overcoming this lack of understanding by collecting unique data on the characteristics andbehavior of migrants from Sub-Saharan countries to Europe. The key notion underpinning the project was that migrationmust not only be seen as a one-way flow from Africa to Europe. The argument was that return migration, circulation andtransnational practices are significant and must be understood in order to design better migration policy.

The MAFE project focused on migration flows between Europe (Belgium, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain and theUK) and Senegal, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Ghana, which together accounted for over a quarter of all Africanmigration to the EU at the time of the survey. In each of these "migration systems", the survey was designed to documentfour key areas:- Patterns of migration :*the socio-demographic characteristics of migrants,*the routes of migration from Africa to Europe, and*the patterns of return migration and circulation.- Determinants of migration: looking at departure, but also return and circulation and taking into account the whole set ofpossible destinations.- Migration and Development: MAFE documents some of the socio-economic changes driven by international migration,looking as often as possible at both ends of the Afro-European migration system, at the individual level.- Migrations and Families: the data collected by the MAFE project can be used to study all sorts of interactions betweenfamily formation and international migration. Although the survey was primarily designed to study international migration,it can also be used to study other phenomena, especially in Africa: domestic mobility, labor market participation, familyformation, etc.Comparable data was collected in both 3 sending and 6 destination countries, i.e. in sub-Saharan Africa and in Europe. Thedata are longitudinal - including retrospective migration, education, work and family histories for individuals - and multi-level - (with data collected at the individual and household levels, in addition of macro-contextual data).

Please consult the official MAFE website for further details : http://www.mafeproject.com/

Unit of Analysis HouseholdIndividual

Scope & Coverage

Keywords International migration (Migration internationale), Africa (Afrique), Europe (Europe), Geographicalmobility (Mobilité géographique), France (France), Spain (Espagne), Italy (Italie), Senegal(Senegal)

Time Period(s) 2007-2008


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Countries Senegal, France, Italy, Spain

Geographic CoverageSix European countries and three African countries participated in the MAFE surveys. Data collection was carried out in bothsending countries in Africa and destination countries in Europe, in order to constitute transnational samples.For MAFE Senegal, data was collected in Senegal (African part) and France, Italy and Spain (European part).

UniverseSENEGALHousehold: Households selected randomly from the updated list of households in the selected primary sampling units. Twostrata were distinguished: the households with migrants and those without migrants.Individual: People aged 25-75 at the time of the survey, born in Senegal and who have/had Senegalese citizenship. This lowerage limit was set in order to obtain informative life histories. By not including respondents younger than 25, the resourceswere used more effectively. The place of birth criterion was used to exclude people who were born out of their country oforigin in order to exclude second generation migrants in Europe and to increase the homogeneity of sample.Up to two return migrants and partners of migrants, and one randomly selected other eligible person. Return migrants wereeligible if their first departure was above at 18 or over.

EUROPEIn all the European countries, the surveys were conducted among males and females who were aged 25 and over at the timeof the surveys, and who were 18 or over when they had left Africa for the first time for at least one year. For MAFE Senegal,only migrants from Senegal were interviewed. This was a way to reinforce the homogeneity of the sample by excludingpeople of the 1.5 generation who are often "passive" migrants.

In theory, surveyed individuals must be representative of the whole population with these characteristics in the departureregion and in the destination countries. The sample is composed of males and females. In Europe, in spite of a genderdemographic disequilibrium, the objective was to include 50% of males and 50% of females in order to allow genderanalyses.

Producers & Sponsors

PrimaryInvestigator(s)

BEAUCHEMIN Cris, INED

Other Producer(s) Institut National d'Etudes Démographiques (INED) , FranceUniversité Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD) , SenegalForum Internazionale ed Europeo di Ricerche sull'immigrazione (FIERI) , ItalyUniversity Pompeu Fabra (UPF) , SpainConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) , Spain

Funding Agency/ies European Community's Seventh Framework ProgrammeInstitut National d'Etudes Démographiques (INED)Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)Région Ile de France (IDF)FSP programme "International Migrations, territorial reorganizations and development of thecountries of the South"

OtherAcknowledgment(s)

AMETEPE Fofo , INEDBAIZAN Pau , Project coordinator / Trainer (Spain questionnaire) , UPFBRINGE Arnaud , INEDCASTAGNONE Eleonora , Project coordinator / Trainer (Italy questionnaire) , FIERIDAURELE Catherine , Coordination assistant , INEDDIAGNE Alioune , Trainer (Senegal household and biographic questionnaire) , IPDSRFLAHAUX Marie-Laurence , INEDGASPARETTI Fedora , Trainer (Italy questionnaire) , FIERIGONZALEZ-FERRER Amparo , Project coordinator / Trainer (Spain questionnaire) , UPF / CSICKABBANJI Lama , INED


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KRAUS Elisabeth , CSICLAURENT Raphaël , INEDLEJBOWICZ Tania , INEDLESSAULT David , Trainer (Senegal biographic questionnaire) , INEDLIU Mao-Mei , Trainer (Spain questionnaire) , UPFMEZGER Cora , INEDMORO Anastasia , Trainer (Italy questionnaire) , DOXANAPPA Jocelyn , INEDNAZIO Tiziana , FIERIOBUCINA Ognjen , UPFPASTORE Ferrucio , FIERIQUAGLIA Martine , Trainer (Senegal household questionnaire) , INEDRAZAFINDRATSIMA Nicolas , INEDREDA V. , Trainer (Italy questionnaire) , DOXAROUGIER Frédérique , Trainer (France questionnaire) , CSASAKHO Papa , Project coordinator , IPDSRTHEVENIN Marc , INEDTOMA Sorana , INEDVICKSTROM Erik , INEDVIVIER Géraldine , Trainer (Senegal biographic questionnaire / France questionnaire / Spainquestionnaire) , INED

Sampling

Sampling ProcedureSENEGAL

A three-stage stratified random sample was used. At the first stage, primary sampling units (census district) were selectedrandomly with varying probabilities. At the second stage, households were selected randomly in each of the selected primarysampling units (PSUs). At the third stage, individuals were selected within the households.

a) Selection of primary sampling units (first stage)In the Senegal survey, the sample was designed to be probabilistic and representative of the Dakar region, and at the sametime to maximize the chance of reaching households 'affected' by international migration (rare population). The samplingframe used to select the primary sampling units was the 2002 Population Census. The census districts (CD) -which areusually used as the primary sampling units in surveys in Senegal - have an average size of 100 households in urban areas. 60primary sampling units were randomly selected at the first stage. This number of primary sampling units allows reaching abalance between a large dispersion of households (which decreases sampling errors) and a more concentrated sample (whichreduces costs).The region of Dakar was divided into 10 strata of equal size, according to the % of migrant households within each of them(in average, 11.6% of the households were 'migrants'). 6 CD's per stratum were drawn, with a probability proportional to thenumber of households within each CD. In other words, census districts with a large number of migrants were more likelyto be selected than those with low numbers of migrants. This approach increases the number of migrants interviewed in theindividual survey, while still having a probabilistic sample representative of the target area.The listing of the households in the 60 selected primary sampling units was updated in order to select the sample ofhouseholds. This stage was essential because a lot of changing occurred in some large neighbourhoods of Dakar since theprevious census (2002), especially in suburban areas. This counting also allowed distinguishing between households with andwithout migrants.

b) Selection of households (second stage)The following approach was used in MAFE-Senegal:- Households were selected randomly (using systematic random sampling) from the updated list of households in the selectedPSUs. Two strata were distinguished: the households with migrants and those without migrants. A maximum of 50% ofhouseholds with migrants were drawn in each district. Selected households that could not be reached (absence, refusals,…)were not replaced during the fieldwork. Replacement would distort the computation of sampling weights, and could also lead


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to bias the sample. To take account of refusals and absences of households, 22 households were selected to reach an effectivesample size of 20 households per CD on average (a total of 1 200 households in Dakar region was to be reached).

c) Selection of individuals (third stage)Next, individuals were selected within households for the life history survey. In each household, individuals were classifiedinto 3 strata (which do not overlap):- Return migrants, who were aged 18 or over at their (first) departure (or whose age at departure is unknown) ;- Spouses/partners of migrants (if the spouse/partner is not a return migrant himself/herself) ;- Other people.Then, a simple random sample was done in each household to select:- Up to 2 return migrants (random selection if more than two in the households, all the return migrants were selected if notmore than two in the household)- Up to 2 Spouses/partners of migrants (random selection if more than two in the household)- Another individual.In Senegal, an additional condition was that people had the Senegalese citizenship at birth. This condition was dropped in theGhana and DR Congo surveys.

Two types of questionnaires were used in the departure countries: the household questionnaire and the individual life historyquestionnaire.- The first questionnaire was used among a representative sample of households in the target region.- The second questionnaire was used among a sample of individuals in the selected households, targeting both returnmigrants and non-migrants. The household questionnaire was thus used as the sampling frame for the selection of individualrespondents.

EUROPE

The objective of the survey was to obtain a sample 'as representative as possible' of the African populations (Congolese,Ghanaian, Senegalese) in the destination countries (150 individuals per origin and destination country). The way the samplewas constituted may vary across countries, but some common principles were respected:- The composition of the sample should be as close as possible to the population of (Congolese, Ghanaian, Senegalese)migrants in the country in terms of gender, geographic distribution, age, socio-economic category or occupation.- One exception: the sample should be gender balanced. Males and females should be equally represented in order to allowgender analyses.- Samples in origin and destination may be linked, but migrants with weak or no relationships at origin should not beexcluded from the sample.- Both documented and undocumented migrants should be represented in the sample.

For MAFE Senegal, 200 Senegalese were to be sampled in each country (France, Spain and Italy).The quota method was preferred in France and Italy to collect information on Senegalese migrants. In Spain, a sample ofSenegalese migrants was drawn in the Padron. This source appears as a unique sampling opportunity in Europe since it isannually updated and includes all migrants, even the undocumented ones.

The Senegalese sample in Europe was made up from two types of samples:- a linked sample of respondents, whose contacts were obtained in Senegal through the household survey. The module Dof the HH questionnaire was designed to help the collection of contacts. It had to be entered and transmitted securely to thedestination countries before data collection started in Europe. The contacts validity was checked before the fieldwork began.For Senegalese in France, 156 contacts were collected but only 54% of them were actually usable (correct contacts but a largeamount were not interviewed). In Italy, almost no contact could be used. The efficiency of this method varies a lot accordingto the context ;- an additional sample made up in each country to reach the expected sample size. The size of the additional sample isunknown until the contacts in the origin country have been obtained. The method of selection of this sample varied acrosscountries (selection in a municipal register, through migrant associations, street recruitment, by snowballing methods…).

Regions were selected to cover the largest possible population of Senegalese in the country.


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* France *- Target areas: 3 regions comprising 64% of Senegalese people in France (Ile de France, Rhône-Alpes and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur)- Sample size: 201- Quotas: By age, gender and socioeconomic status- Recruitment methods: Selection from contacts obtained in Senegal, public spaces, migrant associations, snowballing,interviewers' contacts

* Italy *- Target areas: Lombardia, Emilia Romagna, Toscana, Campania- Sample size: 205- Quotas: By age and gender- Recruitment methods: Selection from contacts obtained in Senegal, public spaces, migrant associations, snowballing,interviewers' contacts

* Spain *- Target areas: 12 provinces: Almería (Andalucía), Alicante & Valencia (Comunidad Valenciana), Barcelona, Lérida,Tarragona & Gerona (Cataluña), Madrid (Comunidad de Madrid), Zaragoza (Aragón), Las Palmas (Islas Canarias), Murcia(Comunidad Autónoma de Murcia), Baleares (Islas Baleares)- Sample size: 200 (+ an additional sample of 400 people expected in 2010)- Quotas: Random sample from Padron- Recruitment methods: Population register (Padron), contacts obtained in Senegal, interviewers' contacts- Note: a quota was imposed and respected: the proportion of interviewed migrants living in areas with a large concentrationof Senegalese residents had to be equivalent to the real proportion of Senegalese migrants living in those areas in the selectedregions

Response RateSENEGAL

In the MAFE Senegal survey, the quantitative objectives were not completely fulfilled:- The selected number of households was 1320 in Senegal, but only 1141 were successfully interviewed, including:- Non-migrant household : 458- Household with at least 1 returnee: 205- Household with at least 1 current migrant: 617- Household with returnee(s) and current migrant(s): 139This represents a response rate of 86.4% (90% was expected).

For the biographic questionnaire, 1 387 individuals were selected, only 1 062 were interviewed, including:- Returnees: 193- Partners left behind: 101- Other non-migrants: 768At the end, the drop was of 23.6%, while a drop of 10% was expected.

The overall response rate in Senegal is 66.1%.

EUROPE600 Senegalese migrants were successfully interviewed: 200 in France, 198 in Spain, and 202 in Italy.

WeightingSENEGALThe computation of sampling weights relies on computing sampling probabilities at each stage. The product of samplingprobabilities at each stage gives the overall sampling probability. Taking the inverse of the sampling probability gives theinflation factor. These factors are adjusted (taking into account non-response and by trimming the weights). They are thennormalized, so that the sum of weights is equal to the sample size.


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The initial "household weighting" takes into account the sampling probability of the DR and then the households. It wascorrected by the non-response by multiplying it by the opposite of the rate of answer, estimated by strata of the DR and strataof the household (only available variables for the answering and non-answering households).The initial "individual weighting" is equal to the product of the rectified household weight and of the opposite of thesampling probability in the household. It also has corrected by the non-response by multiplying it by the opposite of the ratesof answer of the individuals, calculated by homogeneous groups obtained by logistic regression. The explanatory variableskept for this regression were the strata of the individual, sex, age, the size of the household, and the rank of contact.

EUROPEIn the European countries, similar sample sizes were selected for males and females, resulting in an overrepresentationor underrepresentation in the MAFE samples. Similarly, older people were usually oversampled. For these reasons, post-stratification weights are computed to give each observation its proper weight and to match the samples as closely as possibleto selected population characteristics.Senegalese migrants in France and Italy were selected using quota sampling with quotas set by age groups and sex,while the sample in Spain was a probabilistic sample from the population register, augmented by Senegalese respondentsidentified through contacts in the household survey in Senegal. Given this mix, weights for Spain were also computed bypoststratification and not by computing sampling probabilities.The procedure for constructing post-stratification weights in the case of MAFE-Senegal consisted of the following steps:- Computation of target population estimates- Computation of initial inflation weights- Computation of poststratification weight

In the MAFE data, all survey weights have been rescaled (normalized) so that the sum of weights corresponds to the samplesizes of households and individuals respectively while the mean of the weight variables equals one.For further details about weights, please read the MAFE methodological note 6 entitled "Sampling and Computation Weightsin the MAFE Surveys" (see related materials).

Data Collection

Data Collection Dates Senegal pilot survey: start 2007-07Senegal pilot survey: end 2007-08Senegal (Dakar) survey: start 2008-01Senegal (Dakar) survey: end 2008-06Italy survey: start 2008-03Italy survey: end 2008-06France survey: start 2008-03France survey: end 2008-07Spain survey: start 2008-05Spain survey: end 2008-06

Data Collection Mode The general strategy was the following one:1. A household survey was conducted among a sample of households in the capital cities in Africa(household questionnaire in origin countries);2. A life history survey among a sample of individual respondents was conducted in the departurecountries (non migrants, return migrants and spouses of migrants). The individual respondents wereselected from the households in the origin countries (individual questionnaire in origin countries);3. A life history survey was carried out among migrants in destination countries (individualquestionnaire in destination countries).All the surveys were done using paper questionnaires through face-to-face interviews.

SENEGALIn Senegal, the survey was organized in two stages. The first stage consisted in collecting householddata. At the end of that stage, selected data of the household questionnaire were entered in orderto constitute the sampling frames for individual surveys in Africa and in Europe. The householdsurvey thus precedes the collection of life histories both in Africa and Europe.


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NB: In Senegal, the interviewers who did the work in a household did also the work for theindividuals of this precise household. It was a way to create a confidence relationship.The average duration of interviews for the household questionnaire was about 45 minutes-1 hour inSenegal. The average duration of the biographic questionnaire was also around 45 minutes, but itvaried greatly depending on the age and migration status of the respondents.

EUROPEIn Europe, the moment for data collection depended on the selection method. In MAFE-Senegal,the fieldwork could start only after completion of the household survey. As a consequence, thefieldwork for the biographic questionnaires was done almost at the same time in all countries.The work of the interviewers included three stages:o The interviewers first had to set up an appointment with respondents by using the phone contactsor another source of recruitment (except in cases persons were directly available). Interviewersneeded to confirm the appointment. The choice of the place and time of the interview were left tothe respondents.o The interview was then done. The average duration of the interviews was approximately 1h45in France. In most cases, interviews were carried out at the house of the respondents, but it alsotook places in various places (pubs, street, office…). The interviews were done during weekdays orweek-ends, at various times.o Finally interviewers were asked to read quickly the completed questionnaire as soon as possibleafter the interview, in order to detect any missing parts or inconsistencies, and correct them on thespot. Approximately one additional hour was necessary for this.In all the countries, the respondents were offered a small gift at the end of the interview. In mostcountries, this was a calling card. The value of the gift varied between 5 € (Italy) and £15 (UK).In all the countries, the gift was very much appreciated. Although the gift was offered after theinterview, some participants knew in advance they would receive it.Recruitment by snowballing also meant that respondents were sometimes aware they would receivea gift. Although this may have facilitated the recruitments of some persons, it may have affectednegatively the composition of the sample.

Data Collection NotesThe MAFE surveys collect information on potentially vulnerable populations (undocumented migrants) and on sensitivesubjects (remittances, legal status…). In order to facilitate the fieldwork and increase the quality of the data, it was importantto carefully inform the people who were to be interviewed.

The legal pre-requisites changed according to the country. In France (only), a legal authorization had to be obtained beforestarting the fieldwork. The CNIL (Commission nationale informatique et libertés) was concerned by the way the contactswere going to be obtained in Senegal and, most of all, by the sensitivity of certain variables contained in the questionnaires(ethnic group, religion). We obtained the authorization to ask these questions, but in order to keep them in our files, we had toask to the interviewees to sign a written informed consent.According to legal prescriptions, in all European countries, a letter was designed to explain their rights to the interviewees. InSenegal, no specific document was designed.

In most countries, a leaflet was designed and used to sensitize respondents and authorities about the MAFE project.

In advance of the survey, several communication actions have been undertaken:- In Africa, inform neighbourhood heads / municipalities of survey by an official letter or by a visit- Use local radio / migrants radio and chat show to present the survey- Inform an organisation of migrants who can support the survey- Visit the key places of the community (churches…)

Because of the complexity of the questionnaires, only interviewers with a good experience in complex surveys wererecruited.In African countries, it was highly recommended to hire the same interviewers to conduct both household surveys andindividual surveys. This approach proved to be very efficient in all the surveys.


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In Europe, interviewers had to be able both to recruit the migrants and to fill correctly the questionnaire. As a general rule, itwas preferable to have a relatively small number of well-trained interviewers than a large number of interviewers.Overall, around 20 to 25 interviewers and supervisors were involved in data collection in each country.

The number of the interviewers per survey varied between 8 (survey among Ghanaians in the UK) and 17 (Netherlands). Inall the countries, both male and females interviewers were hired; most of them had higher education and some experiencewith data collection. In some countries (e.g. France), some of them were professional interviewers. The selected interviewerswere not necessarily from the same country as the respondents, but most of them also had foreign origins.For instance, 7 of the 12 interviewers in Belgium were of foreign origin, 5 of them from DR Congo. In the Netherlands, mostinterviewers were from Ghanaian origin. The fact that many of the interviewers were themselves of foreign origin seemed tohave positively influenced the willingness of interviewees to participate in the survey.

Directly after being filled, questionnaires were checked by the interviewers and supervisors. They were then sent to a smallteam of editors for an in-depth reading. The editors consisted of 9 people in Senegal, 6 in Ghana and 5 in DR Congo. Theteam had followed the same training as the interviewers, and also received a specific training for editing the questionnaires.Data entry was performed using MS Access programs prepared by INED.

QuestionnairesThe MAFE surveys rely on two different questionnaires: household and biographic. The questionnaires are almost entirelyidentical from one country to another. The few differences consist in:- Cultural variables (religion, ethnic groups, matrimonial status etc.)- New questions introduced on fostered children in the MAFE Congo and MAFE Ghana biographic questionnaires (Moduleon Children)- The order of the questions relating to migration in the household questionnaire (Module A)

The Household Questionnaire:- Used only in African countries- Answered by a unique respondent who is usually the household head- Contains information on the members of the household (age, sex, education...) and also on people who live outside thehousehold and who are related to it (head's children, partners living abroad, other relatives of the head or his/her spouse wholive abroad and with whom the household has been in touch within the last 12 months). The questionnaire includes a specificmodule aimed at obtaining contact information for each of the declared migrants. In addition, it contains specific modules onshort migration histories, on relationships between each migrant and the household, and on housing conditions and ownedassets.- Topics: socio-demographic variables of each individual, short migration histories, remittances, household assets, housinghistory- Available in French (MAFE-Senegal, MAFE-Congo) and English (MAFE-Ghana)

The Biographic Questionnaire:- Used in all African and European countries- Answered by the migrant him/herself- Contains life histories of all the surveyed individuals, whatever their migratory status at the time of the survey (non-migrant, return migrant, current migrant). The questionnaire contains retrospective information on the following topics:dwelling, family, work, international migration of the interviewee (including attempts to migrate, return trips to Senegal,transit migration and legal status in foreign countries), migration history of the migrant's relatives (list of their stays abroad,including dates and country names), goods and assets, and remittances and contributions to associations in the country oforigin.- A grid was used, jointly to the questionnaire, to help the interviewee to recall important dates of his/her history- Topics: family formation, education and employment, housing, migration, investments (housing, business, communityamenities or infrastructure)...- Available in French (MAFE-Senegal, MAFE-Congo), English (MAFE-Ghana), Italian and Spanish (MAFE-Senegal)

Data Collector(s) Institut National d'Etudes Démographiques (INED) , FranceInstitut de Population Développement et Santé de la Reproduction (IPDSR) , SenegalCSA , FranceIstituto per le Ricerche Statistiche e l'Analisi dell'Opinione Pubblica (DOXA) , ItalyMetroscopia , Spain


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Data Processing & Appraisal

Other Forms of Data AppraisalA methodological note entitled "Sampling international migrants with origin-based snowballing method: New evidenceon biases and limitations", written by Cris Beauchemin and Amparo González-Ferrer, can be found in the study's relatedmaterials, as well as another methodological note in french "Biais de non-réponse dans l'enquête Migrations entre l'Afrique etl'Europe (MAFE-Sénégal)" written by Nicolas Razafindratsima, Stéphane Legleye and Cris Beauchemin.

Accessibility

Distributor(s) Institut National d'Etudes Démographiques

Citation RequirementsEvery user of the MAFE data must cite this paragraph in its publications:English version : "The MAFE project is coordinated by INED (C. Beauchemin) and is formed, additionally by the Universitécatholique de Louvain (B. Schoumaker), Maastricht University (V. Mazzucato), the Université Cheikh Anta Diop (P. Sakho),the Université de Kinshasa (J. Mangalu), the University of Ghana (P. Quartey), the Universitat Pompeu Fabra (P. Baizan),the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (A. González-Ferrer), the Forum Internazionale ed Europeo di Ricerchesull'Immigrazione (E. Castagnone), and the University of Sussex (R. Black). The MAFE project received funding from theEuropean Community's Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement 217206. The MAFE-Senegal survey wasconducted with the financial support of INED, the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), the Région Ile de France andthe FSP programme 'International Migrations, territorial reorganizations and development of the countries of the South'. Formore details, see: http://www.mafeproject.com/"French version : "Le projet MAFE est coordonné par l'INED (C. Beauchemin), en partenariat avec l'Université catholique deLouvain (B. Schoumaker), la Maastricht University (V. Mazzucato), l'Université Cheikh Anta Diop (P. Sakho), l'Universitéde Kinshasa (J. Mangalu), l'University of Ghana (P. Quartey), l'Universitat Pompeu Fabra (P. Baizan), le Consejo Superiorde Investigaciones Científicas (A. González -Ferrer), le Forum Internazionale ed Europeo di Ricerche sull'Immigrazione(E. Castagnone), et l'University of Sussex (R. Black). Le projet MAFE a reçu un financement du Septième Programme-Cadre de la Communauté européenne (subvention 217206). L'enquête MAFE-Sénégal a été réalisée grâce au soutienfinancier de l'INED, de l'Agence Nationale de la Recherche, de la région Ile de France, et du programme FSP 'Migrationsinternationales, recompositions territoriales et développement dans les pays du Sud'. Pour plus d'information, voir : http://www.mafeproject.com/"

In addition, to refer to the survey design, the following documents can also be refered to:Beauchemin, C. (2012). Migrations between Africa and Europe: Rationale for a Survey Design. MAFE Methodological Note5. Paris, Ined: 45.Schoumaker, B., C. Mezger, N. Razafindratsima and A. Bringé (2013). Sampling and Computation Weights in the MAFESurveys. MAFE Methodological Note 6: 73.

These MAFE methodological notes are available at: http://mafeproject.site.ined.fr/en/methodo/methodological_notes/

Migrations between Africa and Europe - MAFE Senegal (2008) - Files Description

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Files DescriptionDataset contains 20 file(s)

sn_qm_household

# Cases 1141

# Variable(s) 197

File Structure Type: relationalKey(s): n_menage (Household number) , n_indiv (Individual number in the HH (HH head))

File ContentOne line per HH, i.e. a total of 1141 HH in SenegalThe dataset contains information on:- HH characteristics (computed variables from modules A & B);- HH head characteristics (all variables from module A, including the computed variables created for the dataset "qm_indiv").Variables names: hh_a1 to hh_a21;- Housing and assets of the HH head (module E);- Information on the conduct of the interview (module O).

Missing DataDue to the files conversion, all "Refuse to answer", "No answer" and "Don't know" values appear here in missing frequencies.

NotesAll "Yes" / "No" answers have been recoded, in order to facilitate analyses. In the questionnaire code, "No" was 2. It is now 0in the dataset code. In both cases "Yes" is 1.The multiple answers variables are those where respondents could give more than one answer. To have a better view ofthese answers and to make the analysis easier, these variables are dichotomised in the datasets: for each possible modality adichotomous variable was created (0 = No ; 1 = Yes).

The variable weight_hdd represents normalized weights to be used in the analyses related to the household data, whatever thefile used.

sn_qm_indiv

# Cases 12350

# Variable(s) 136

File Structure Type: relationalKey(s): n_menage (Household number) , n_indiv (Individual number in the HH)

File ContentOne line per declared individual in the HH questionnaire, i.e. a total of 12350 individuals in Senegal (including individualsliving abroad, i.e. a total of 1203 migrants in Senegal)

Observations in this data file correspond to:- Individuals living in the household at the time of the survey (A4=1)- Individuals living outside the household (A4=2) included in the roster if they enter into one of the following categories:*/ children of the HH head who no longer live with her/him, whatever her/his place of residence;*/ partners of household members who live outside Senegal;*/ parents of household members who live outside Senegal;*/ other people living outside Senegal and who had regular contact with the household during the 12 months before thesurvey.


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WARNING! Don't forget that only part of the people listed in the household questionnaires, i.e. in "qm_indiv" are actualmembers of the households.Furthermore, keep in mind that some individuals, in this dataset, never lived in Congo, Ghana or Senegal. For example:- Descendants of migrants, born in the destination country of their parents. Ex: the HH head is a grandfather whose son hasimmigrated to France, where he had children. These children can be mentioned by the grandfather in the third category "otherpersons living outside Senegal but who have kept regular contact with the HH during the 12 months before the survey", evenif they have never lived in Senegal.- Relatives of immigrants in Congo, Ghana or Senegal. Ex: the HH head is an immigrant woman from Angola. She has leftbehind (in her home country) her husband and children. Even if they have never lived in Congo, she mentioned them in theHH questionnaire because they are in the third category.

The dataset contains all variables of the questionnaire and some additional computed variables.



The variable weight_hdd represents normalized weights to be used in the analyses related to the household data, whatever thefile used.

sn_qb_general

# Cases 1668

# Variable(s) 153

File Content!! One line per interviewee !!This dataset contains variables that do not very over time, i.e. answers to the introductory module of the questionnaire and tovariables from the inter-modules of the questionnaire, plus some computed variables.

As for variables statu_mig, migr_cur, migr_ret, migr_cjt and migr_no: a same individual can be coded 1 in several of themigratory status variables; e.g. a same individual can be both returnee and a partner of a migrant at the time of the survey.NB: these variables may show results different from the stratification variable (strata_ind), which content was determined byanswers given by proxy respondents in the household surveys. These variables (migr_*, presented in this table) are computedusing the information obtained in the biographic surveys.

All MAFE's biographic files include the same 18 variables listed below:- ident- id_country- n_menage- n_indiv- num_dr- strata_area- strata_hh- strata_ind- q1- q1a- age_survey- q18- flag_age


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- flag_arrival- flag_visitor (exception: only available for MAFE Senegal)- weight_eur- weight_all- weight_ctry



There are three different weight variables in the data files of the MAFE individual surveys. They were computed at threedifferent levels:- weight_ctry is the variable to use when working on a single country (for example, the Senegalese population sampled onlyin Senegal, or in any single European country).- weight_eur is the variable to use when working on the European countries pooled together (for example, the Senegalesepopulation sampled in France, Italy and Spain). It shoud not be used if the analyses include individuals surveyed in Africa.- weight_all is the variable to use when working on all countries of the MAFE survey (for example, Senegalese populationfrom Senegalese, French, Italian and Spanish samples).For details on weight computation, see Schoumaker et al. (2013), a document that also provides information on when andhow to use weights with the MAFE data (Methodological note 6 - see related materials).

sn_qb_union

# Cases 2347

# Variable(s) 37

File Content!! One line per union for the interviewees which declared at least one union, in addition of one line per individual who had nopartnership !!This dataset contains all the answers to the module Union.

All MAFE's biographic files include the same 18 variables listed below:- ident- id_country- n_menage- n_indiv- num_dr- strata_area- strata_hh- strata_ind- q1- q1a- age_survey- q18- flag_age- flag_arrival- flag_visitor (exception: only available for MAFE Senegal)- weight_eur- weight_all- weight_ctry


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sn_qb_children

# Cases 5295

# Variable(s) 28

File Content!! One line per child for the interviewees who declared at least one child, in addition of one line per individual who had nochild !!This dataset contains all the answers to the module Children.



Notes


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All "Yes" / "No" answers have been recoded, in order to facilitate analyses. In the questionnaire code, "No" was 2. It is now 0in the dataset code. In both cases "Yes" is 1.The multiple answers variables are those where respondents could give more than one answer. To have a better view ofthese answers and to make the analysis easier, these variables are dichotomised in the datasets: for each possible modality adichotomous variable was created (0 = No ; 1 = Yes).


sn_qb_house

# Cases 7124

# Variable(s) 49

File Content!! One line per house for all the interviewees (everybody had to declare at least one house) !!This dataset contains:- all the answers to the module Housing.- a series of dichotomous variables created from the question q307.



NotesAll "Yes" / "No" answers have been recoded, in order to facilitate analyses. In the questionnaire code, "No" was 2. It is now 0in the dataset code. In both cases "Yes" is 1.


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The multiple answers variables are those where respondents could give more than one answer. To have a better view ofthese answers and to make the analysis easier, these variables are dichotomised in the datasets: for each possible modality adichotomous variable was created (0 = No ; 1 = Yes).


sn_qb_activity

# Cases 7293

# Variable(s) 46

File Content!! One line per activity for all the interviewees (everybody declares at least one activity) !!This dataset contains:- all the answers to the module Activity.- a series of dichotomous variables created from the question q407.





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sn_qb_assets

# Cases 2097

# Variable(s) 78

File Content!! One line per property for each person who declares at least one property and one line per individual with no asset !!This dataset contains:- all the answers to the module Assets & Business.- a series of dichotomous variables created from the questions q509, q514 and q515.




There are three different weight variables in the data files of the MAFE individual surveys. They were computed at threedifferent levels:- weight_ctry is the variable to use when working on a single country (for example, the Senegalese population sampled onlyin Senegal, or in any single European country).


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- weight_eur is the variable to use when working on the European countries pooled together (for example, the Senegalesepopulation sampled in France, Italy and Spain). It shoud not be used if the analyses include individuals surveyed in Africa.- weight_all is the variable to use when working on all countries of the MAFE survey (for example, Senegalese populationfrom Senegalese, French, Italian and Spanish samples).For details on weight computation, see Schoumaker et al. (2013), a document that also provides information on when andhow to use weights with the MAFE data (Methodological note 6 - see related materials).

sn_qb_mig_attempts

# Cases 1729

# Variable(s) 50

File Content!! One line per attempt for each person who declared at least one attempt and one line for the other interviewees !!This dataset contains:- all the answers to the module Migration Attempts.- a series of dichotomous variables created from the question q805.




There are three different weight variables in the data files of the MAFE individual surveys. They were computed at threedifferent levels:- weight_ctry is the variable to use when working on a single country (for example, the Senegalese population sampled onlyin Senegal, or in any single European country).- weight_eur is the variable to use when working on the European countries pooled together (for example, the Senegalesepopulation sampled in France, Italy and Spain). It shoud not be used if the analyses include individuals surveyed in Africa.- weight_all is the variable to use when working on all countries of the MAFE survey (for example, Senegalese populationfrom Senegalese, French, Italian and Spanish samples).


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For details on weight computation, see Schoumaker et al. (2013), a document that also provides information on when andhow to use weights with the MAFE data (Methodological note 6 - see related materials).

sn_qb_migration

# Cases 2064

# Variable(s) 159

File Content!! One line per long & short stay outside Senegal for each person who declares at least one stay and one line per individualwho did no stay abroad !!This dataset contains:- all the answers to the module Long & Short stay outside Senegal.- a series of dichotomous variables created from the questions q610, q614, q615, q616, q617, q619.






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sn_qb_return

# Cases 1729

# Variable(s) 70

File Content!! One line per return to Senegal for each person who declared at least one return and one line for the other interviewees !!Note: returns listed in this module are returns that lasted at least 1 year and shorter returns but with the intention of settling.Other returns (less than a year without intention to resettle) are listed in the qb_short_return datafiles.This dataset contains:- all the answers to the module Return to Senegal.- a series of dichotomous variables created from the questions q707 and q708.






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sn_qb_network

# Cases 6690

# Variable(s) 35

File Content!! One line per migration (for stays of at least one year) for each person in the network of the interviewee, and one line foreach interviewee who has nobody abroad !!This dataset contains:- all the answers to the module Migrations of Family Members and Personal Network.- computed variables: id_enf, id_uni, id_net and id_netmig.





sn_qb_short_return

# Cases 2570


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# Variable(s) 21

File Content!! One line per return to Senegal of less than a year for each person who declared at least one short return (without aresettlement intention) or one line for a multiple return, and one line for all other individuals !!This dataset contains all the answers to the module Return to Senegal of Less than a Year.





sn_qb_short_stay

# Cases 2642

# Variable(s) 23

File Content!! One line per stay of less than a year outside Senegal for each person who declared at least one stay !!This dataset contains all the answers to the module Stays of Less than a Year outside Senegal.


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sn_qb_citizenship

# Cases 1775

# Variable(s) 23

File Content!! One line per citizenship for each person (everybody should have at least one citizenship) !!This dataset contains all the answers to the module Citizenship.

All MAFE's biographic files include the same 18 variables listed below:- ident- id_country- n_menage- n_indiv


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- num_dr- strata_area- strata_hh- strata_ind- q1- q1a- age_survey- q18- flag_age- flag_arrival- flag_visitor (exception: only available for MAFE Senegal)- weight_eur- weight_all- weight_ctry




sn_qb_asylum

# Cases 1671

# Variable(s) 24

File Content!! One line per asylum application for each person who has made at least one application, and one line for the otherindividuals !!This dataset contains all the answers to the module Asylum.

All MAFE's biographic files include the same 18 variables listed below:- ident- id_country- n_menage- n_indiv- num_dr- strata_area- strata_hh- strata_ind- q1


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- q1a- age_survey- q18- flag_age- flag_arrival- flag_visitor (exception: only available for MAFE Senegal)- weight_eur- weight_all- weight_ctry




sn_qb_residence_permit

# Cases 2447

# Variable(s) 26

File Content!! One line per residence permit for each person who has had at least one permit, and one line for the other persons !!This dataset contains all the answers to the module Residence Permits.

All MAFE's biographic files include the same 18 variables listed below:- ident- id_country- n_menage- n_indiv- num_dr- strata_area- strata_hh- strata_ind- q1- q1a- age_survey- q18- flag_age- flag_arrival- flag_visitor (exception: only available for MAFE Senegal)


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- weight_eur- weight_all- weight_ctry




sn_qb_work_permit

# Cases 2221

# Variable(s) 25

File Content!! One line per work permit for each person who has had at least one permit, and one line for the others !!This dataset contains all the answers to the module Work Permits.




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sn_qb_transfer

# Cases 1735

# Variable(s) 24

File Content!! One line per transfer for each person who has sent remittances at least once, and one line for the other persons !!This dataset contains:- all the answers to the module Transfers.- the created variable nom_transr which gives the total number of transfers made by Ego.



NotesAll "Yes" / "No" answers have been recoded, in order to facilitate analyses. In the questionnaire code, "No" was 2. It is now 0in the dataset code. In both cases "Yes" is 1.


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The multiple answers variables are those where respondents could give more than one answer. To have a better view ofthese answers and to make the analysis easier, these variables are dichotomised in the datasets: for each possible modality adichotomous variable was created (0 = No ; 1 = Yes).


sn_qb_association

# Cases 1680

# Variable(s) 21

File Content!! One line per period during which each person has joined a migrant association, and one line for the other persons !!This dataset contains all the answers to the module Associations.




There are three different weight variables in the data files of the MAFE individual surveys. They were computed at threedifferent level

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