© t. m. whitmore today review mortality & fertility age structure

© T. M. Whitmore

Today

•Review mortality & fertility

•Age structure

© T. M. Whitmore

Questions?

Store display in Mexico City

Home Día de los Muertos display

Decorated graves in Guatemala

Día de los Muertos foods, market in Morelia, Mexico

Día de los Muertos displays for sale, Michoacan, Mexico

© T. M. Whitmore

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)•= Average total number of births to a

woman in her lifetime (superior to CBR)

•~ 2.1 => parents only replacing themselves (called “replacement level fertility”)need the extra 0.1 due to childhood

deaths•LA ranges from:

~ 4 (Honduras, Guatemala, Haiti, Bolivia)

~2 (Costa Rica, Cuba, Uruguay)

© T. M. Whitmore

Death related (mortality)•Life expectancy at birth (Eo)= Average

projected span of life at the date •LA Range:

> 75 ( Mexico, Costa Rica, Cuba, Chile)< 70 (Guatemala, Nicaragua, Haiti,

Bolivia)• Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

# deaths of infants (< 1yr)/1000 live births in a given yr

•Range: > 30 (Guatemala, Honduras, Haiti, Bolivia); < 10 (Cuba, Chile, Costa Rica)

© T. M. Whitmore

Population age structure–youth (< 15)

•World 29%Lesser developed World 32% - 35%More Developed World ~ 17%

•USA 20%

•Latin America 30%Central America with Mexico 34%Caribbean 29%South America 29%

•Latin American extremes

•Consequences

© T. M. Whitmore

Population age structure - aged (> 65)•World 7%

Lesser developed World 5%More developed 15%

•USA 12%

•Latin America 6%Central America with Mexico 5%Caribbean 8%South America 6%

•Latin American extremes

•Consequences

© T. M. Whitmore

Population age structures•Population pyramid

•Concept of dependency ratio(pop aged 0-15 + pop aged 65+) *100/ Pop age 15-65

•Developing world dependency ratio100*(32% + 5%)/63% = 59

•USA dependency ratio100*(20% +12%)/68% = 47

•Latin America dependency ratio100*(30% + 6%)/64% = 56

© T. M. Whitmore

Geographic distribution of population•High density zones

•Low density zonesSouth America’s “empty heart”Arid N Mexico (save border)Arid areas in S cone

•Key growth zonesMedium and larger cities (most all

population growth here)Rural – Rural migration more a

redistribution than real growth

© T. M. Whitmore

Urbanization •Proportion of a country’s population

living in citiesWorld = 47%USA = 79%LA = 76%!

•Extremes in LA

•Large city urbanization in LA (% in cities > 1 million)

© T. M. Whitmore

Urbanization II•Mega-cities

Emerging Megalopolis zonesCentral MexicoSouth Brazil triangle & Río de la Plata

•Concept of primacySingle city in a country that dominates

in pop, culture, economic development, etc.

Examples: Santo DomingoGuatemala CityMexico CityLima

© T. M. Whitmore

Concept of primacy•Single city in a country that

dominates in pop, culture, economic development, etc.Examples:

Santo DomingoGuatemala CityMexico CityLima

LA cities in World’s top 100(19 of the top 100)

© T. M. Whitmore

Roots of urban growth•Demographic

R—to—Urban migrationNatural increase within the city

•EconomicIndustrializationRural stagnation

•Organizations Banks and governments

© T. M. Whitmore

Benefits from urban growth•Efficient provision of social services•Cities are centers of information flow

and knowledge•Concentrated (and better educated?)

labor pool•Physical infrastructure often better •Cities concentrate “human capital”•Cities are a huge internal markets•Easier linkages between industries•Cities are often “better off”

© T. M. Whitmore

Problems with urban growth I•Housing

First destination of poor migrants is the inner city slums

Elite often still in posh neighborhoods in inner city

Often close juxtaposition of rich and poor

•Some planned attempts to deal with this

© T. M. Whitmore

Problems with urban growth II•Self-help (often squatter) housing

Many names: Favelas (Brazil), colonias proletarias, cuidades perdidas, etc.

2nd destination of R migrantSeen as places of permanence25-40% of total pop in some citiesInitially settlements lack infrastructureA main characteristic is improvement

•New trends

© T. M. Whitmore

Problems with urban growth III

•Subsidy and Sink effects

•Congestion

•Pollution

•Loss of urban open space

•Poor provision of basic services

•Export of problems

•Poverty generally

•Employment not always good

Mexico City country club

Mexican stock exchange

© T. M. Whitmore

Elite housing, Santo Domingo

Planned new housing area in Mexico City

Nezahualcoyotl:Planned housing area in Mexico City

Nezahualcoyotl - 3 millon people

Squatter housing in Mexico City

Mexico City inner city

300+ low income homes in Ixtapaluca, MexicoEntire complex has > 10,000!

Mexico City on a rare clear day

More typical Mexico City day

© T. M. Whitmore

The urban economy•Dual system

Formalcorporate, government, commerce, and major businesses

Minority of jobs?Informal

services, local assembly and repair shops, family-run micro-businesses; day labor, domestics, etc.

Majority of jobs?

Find the globalization! Tegucigalpa

Informal sector economy

Informal economy, tile making (for export to posh homes in USA), Saltillo

Informal sector, Mexico City dump scavengers

© t. m. whitmore today review mortality & fertility age structure

Documents

ntral america

mexico city home

pop age

lesser developed world

usa dependency ratio100

better cities

larger cities

costa rica