- · pdf file12/11/2017 · 2.rjp: ‘rjp‛ vd;gj cld;flilvwk toffk. ,j...

XII- tuyhW

ghlk; -1

I.rpW Fwpg;G tiuf. (VNjDk; %d;W Fwpg;Gfs; ) (3- Marks )

1. Nuhfpy;yh Nghh;:

Nuhfpy;yh Nghh; -1774

Nuhfpy; fhz;bd; Ml;rpahsh; `gP];ufkj;fhd;

,g;Nghh; thud; N`];bq;]; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; eilngw;wJ.

,g;Nghhpy; Mq;fpNyah; ntw;wp ngw;wdh;.

2. gpl; ,e;jpar; rl;lk:;

gpl; ,e;jpar; rl;lk; -1784

,jid nfhz;L te;jth; ,isagpl;

,jd;gb fl;Lghl;L thhpak; epWtg;gl;lJ.

3. ,uz;lhk; Mq;fpNya ik#h; Nghh;:

,uz;lhk; Mq;fpNya ik#h; Nghh; (1780- 84)

,g;Nghh; Mq;fpNyaUf;Fk; i`jh; mypf;FkpilNa eilngw;wJ.

kq;f@h; cld;gbf;ifgb ,g;Nghh; KbTw;wJ.

II.FWfpa tpil jUf. (6 - Marks )

1. XOq;FKiw rl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa tpjpKiwfs; gw;wp tpthjpf;f

,af;Feh; FOtpYs;s cWg;gpdh;fspd; gjtpf;fhyk; ehd;F

Mz;Lfshf cah;j;jg;gl;lJ.

tq;fhs MSeh; , tpy;yak; Nfhl;ilapd; jiyik MSeh; vd;W

miof;fg;gLthh; .mtuJ gjtpf;fhyk; 5 Mz;Lfs;.

jiyik MSeUf;F cjtpahf 4 Ngh; nfhz;l MNyhridf; FO

Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ

jiyik MSeUf;F KbT nra;Ak; thf;Fhpik toq;fg;gl;lJ.

fy;fj;jhtpy; xU cr;rePjpkd;wk; epWtg;gl;lJ.

tzpff; FOtpd; gzpahsh;fs; ghpRg;nghUl;fs; ngWtjw;F

jiltpjpf;fg;gl;lJ.

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tphpthd tpilasp: (10 Marks )

1. thud; N`];bq;rpd; rPh;j;jpUj;jq;fis njhFj;J $Wf.

thud; N`];bq;]; tq;fhsj;jpy; Ml;rpg; nghWg;ig Vw;W gy;NtW

rPh;j;jpUj;jq;fis Nkw;nfhz;lhh;

,ul;ilahl;rpia xopj;jy; :

tq;fhsj;jpy; ,uhgh;l; fpidt; vw;gLj;jpa ,ul;ilahl;rpia thud;

N`];bq;]; xopj;jhh;.

tUtha; rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;:

fy;fj;jhtpy; xU tUtha; thhpak; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

thpt#y; nra;a xt;nthU khtl;lj;jpYk; Mq;fpNya fnyf;lh;fs;

epakpf;fg;gl;ldh;.

fUT+yk; %h;\pjhghj;jpypUe;j fy;fj;jhtpw;F khw;wg;gl;lJ.

ePjpj;Jiw rPh;j;jpUj;jq;fs;:

xt;nthU khtl;lj;jpYk; fnyf;lhpd; fPo; xU chpikapay; ePjp

kd;wKk; ,e;jpa ePjpgjpapd; fPo; xU Fw;wtpay; ePjp kd;wKk;

mikf;fg;gl;ld.

,uz;L Nky; KiaPl;L ePjp kd;wq;fs; fy;fj;jhtpy;

Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

tzpf tpjpKiwfs;:

j];jf;Ffs; vdg;gl;l ,ytr mDkjp rPl;Lfis thud;

N`];bq;]; xopj;jhh;.

,e;jpa kw;Wk; may;ehl;L nghUl;fs; midj;Jf;Fk; 2.5

tpOf;fhL vd xNu rPuhd Rq;fthp t#ypf;fg;gl;lJ.

gpw rPh;j;jpUj;jq;fs; :

xNu khjphpahd Kd; fl;lz mQ;ry; Kiw mwpKfk; .

fy;fj;jhtpy; xU tq;fp Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.



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ghlk; -2

3 khh;f; tpdh

1) =uq;fg;gl;bzk; cld;gbf;if.

jpg;G jdJ Ml;rpg; gFjpapy; ghjpia gphpl;b\hUf;F tpl;Lf;

nfhLj;jhh;.

Nghh; ,og;ghf jpg;G %d;W Nfhb &gha; nfhLg;gJ vd;Wk; mJtiu

jdJ ,U Gjy;th;fis Mq;fpNyahplk; tpl;Litg;gJ vd;Wk; xg;Gf;

nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

,U jug;gpdUk; Nfhh;f;ifjpfis tpLtpf;f xg;Gf; nfhz;ldh;.

2) fhud;thyp]; gpuGtpd; fhty;Jiw rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;.

ePjpj;Jiwia Nkk;gLj;j fhty;Jiw rPuikg;Gk; Njitahf ,Ue;jJ.

khtl;l ePjpgjpapd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; fhty;Jiw ,Ue;jJ.

Xt;nthU khtl;lKk; jhzh (fhty; rufk;) vd;W gphpf;fg;gl;lJ.

Xt;nthU jhzh gphpTk; jNuhfh vdg;gl;l ,e;jpa mjpfhhpapd;

fl;Lg;ghl;by; tplg;gl;ld.

6 khh;f;

1. %d;whk; ik#h; NghUf;fhd fhuzq;fis tpthjpf;f.

gy;NtW cs;ehl;L rPh;jpUj;jq;fis Nkw;nfhz;l jpg;G jdJ typikia

ngUf;fpdhh;.

,jdhy; gphpl;b\hUk; kuhl;baUk; ftiy nfhz;ldh;.

NkYk; gpuhd;R> JUf;fp Nghd;w ehLfSf;F J}Jth;fis mDg;gpa jpg;G

Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhf mth;fsJ cjtpia Nfhhpdhh;.

gphpl;b\hhpd; $l;lhspahd jpUthq;$h; murh; Nghd;wth;fsplkpUe;J

epyg;gFjpfis ifg;gw;wpa jpg;G jkJ murpd; gug;ig tphpTgLj;jpdhh;.

1789-y; jpg;GTf;F vjpuhf gphpl;b\hh; xU Kf;$l;bizit

Vw;gLj;jpdh;.

ghlk; - 3

3 khh;f;

1.Jizg;gilj;jpl;lj;jpd; Fiwfs;:

,e;jpa murh;fs; jq;fsJ gilfis fiyj;J tPuh;fistPl;Lf;F mDg;gpajhy;

ngUk; Fog;gk; Vw;gl;lJ.

Ntiyapoe;j tPuh;fs; nfhs;isapy; <Lgl;ldh;.

Jizg;gilj;jpl;lk; ehLfis ,izg;gjw;F mbNfhypaJ.



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2.grPd; cld;gbf;if.

grPd; cld;gbf;if “ 1802.

,J Mq;fpNyaUf;Fk; Ng\;th ,uz;lhk; ghuhTf;Fk; ,ilNa

ifnaOj;jhdJ.

,jd;gb Ng\;th kPz;Lk; kuhj;jpa jiyth; Mdhh;.

kuhj;jpah; ,jid ‘mbik rhrdk‛; vd th;zpj;jdh;.

6 khh;f;

1.Jizg;gilj;jpl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa $Wfis Fwpg;gpLf.

gphpl;b\hUld; Jizg;gil xg;ge;jk; nra;J nfhs;s tpUk;Gk; ,e;jpa murh;

jdJ Ml;rpg; gFjpapy; gphpl;b\; tilia itj;J guhkhpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

,g;gilf;F gphpl;b\; mjpfhhp jiyik tfpg;ghh;.

mj;jifa ,e;jpa muR ‘ghJfhf;fg;gl;l muR‛ vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.

gphpl;b\; muR ‘jiyik muR‛ vd;W miof;fg;gLk;.

may;ehl;L Mf;fpukpg;G kw;Wk; cs;ehl;L mikjp Mfpatw;iw ghJfhg;gJ

gphpl;b\hhpd; flikahFk;.

ghJfhf;fg;gl;l muR Mq;fpNyah; jtpu NtW INuhg;gpah; cld; cwTfisj;

Jz;bf;f Ntz;Lk;.

ghJfhf;fg;gl;l muR jdJ gilfis fiyf;f Ntz;Lk;.

xU gphpl;b\; J}JtiuAk; muritapy; itj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

ghlk; - 4

3 khh;f; tpdhf;fs;:

1.$h;f;fh Nghh;

$h;f;fh Nghh; (1814-16)

1768-y; Neghsk; xU typikkpf;f $h;f;fh ehlhf vOr;rp ngw;wJ.

gphpl;b\; gFjpapy; $h;f;fh;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l Mf;fpukpg;Gfs; NghUf;F ,l;Lr;

nrd;wd.

,Wjpapy; Neghs gilj;jsgjp mkh;rpq; jhgh ruzile;jhh;.

2. N`];bq;]; gpuGtpd; rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;:

nrd;id khfhzj;jpy; rh; jhk]; kd;Nwh mwpKfg;gLj;jpa uaj;Jthhp

Kiwia mth; mq;fPfhpj;jhh;.

ePjpj;Jiwapy; fhudthyp]; rl;lj;njhFg;G rPuikf;fg;gl;lJ.

,e;jpa Kd;rPg;Gfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mjpfhpj;jJ.

6 khh;f; tpdhf;fs;:

1.kuhl;ba $l;biztpd; tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fisf;Fwpg;gpLf.

jpwikahd jiyik ,y;iy.

gil typik ,y;iy

mth;fspilNa epytpa cl;G+ry;fs; kw;Wk; xw;Wikapd;ik.



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,e;jpahtpy; Ml;rp nra;j murh;fs;> ethg;Gld; el;G ,y;iy.

jhq;fs; ntd;w gFjpfspd; Mjuit ngw jtwpaJ.

gphpl;b\hhpd; murpay; kw;Wk; uh[je;jpuj;ij rhpahf kjpg;gpl jtwpaJ.

ghlk; -5

3 khh;f;

1.,uQ;rpj;rpq;.

gQ;rhg; murh;

,tUf;F kfhuh[h vd;w gl;lKz;L

ngz;bq;Fld; el;G nfhz;lhh;.

,tUtUf;FkpilNa rpe;Jejp glFNghf;Ftuj;J cld;gbf;if nra;J

nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

2.rjp:

‘rjp‛ vd;gJ cld;fl;ilVWk; tof;fk;.

,J tq;fhsj;jpy; gutyhf fhzg;gl;lJ.

,jid rl;lg;G+h;tkhf xopj;jth; tpy;ypak; ngz;bq;.

rjp xopg;Gr; rl;lk; - 1829.

3.nkf;fhNy gpuG:

jiyik MSeh; MNyhridf;FOtpd; Kjy; rl;l cWg;gpdh;.

tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; fy;tp tsh;r;rp Fwpj;J ghpe;Jiu nra;a nkf;fhNy

jiyikapy; xU FOit epakpj;jhh;.

,jd;gb Nkiy ehl;Lf; fy;tp ,e;jpahtpy; mwpKfk;.

NkYk; Mq;fpyk; Ml;rpnkhopahfTk; ,yf;fpa nkhopahfTk; mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.

6 khh;f;

1.1833-Mk; Mz;L gl;lar; rl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa gphpTfis tpthjpf;f:

Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa tzpff;FO ,e;jpahtpy; jdJ tzpfj;ij njhlu

mDkjpf;fg;gltpy;iy.

mJ gphpl;b\; murpd; Kftuhf kl;Lk; nray;gLk;

tpy;ypak; Nfhl;ilapd; jiyik MSeh; ,dpNky; ,e;jpahtpd; jiyik

MSeh; vd;W miof;fg;gLthh;.

jiyik MSeh; MNyhridf;FOtpy; rl;l cWg;gpdh; xUth; epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.

Kjy; rl;l cWg;gpdh; nkf;fhNy gpuG

nghJ Ml;rpg; gzpfs; ,e;jpakakhf;fg;gLtjw;F ,r;rl;lk; mbNfhypaJ.



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10 khh;f;

1.’tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; r%f rPh;jpUj;jq;fs; fhyj;ij njhlq;fp itj;jhh;‛

fUj;Jf;$Wf.

rjpKiw xopg;G:

rjp vd;gJ cld;fl;il VWk; tof;fk;. ,J tl ,e;jpahtpy; Fwpg;ghf

tq;fhsj;jpy; gutyhf fhzg;gl;lJ. ,jid rl;lg;G+h;tkhf xopj;jth; ngz;bq; gpuG.

rjp xopg;Gr; rl;lk;-1829.

jf;fh;fs; xopg;G:

jf;fh;fs; vd;Nghh; topg;gwp nfhs;isah;fs;. 1830-y; jf;fh;fSf;F vjpuhd

eltbf;ifia ngz;bq; njhlq;fpdhh;. fh;dy; rPypNkd; vd;gth; jf;fh;fis

jpwikahf xLf;fpdhh;.

ngz;rpRf; nfhiy:

uh[Gjdk;> gQ;rhg;> khstk; Nghd;w gFjfspy; ngz; Foe;ijfis nfhy;Yk;

tof;fk; fhzg;gl;lJ. ngz;bq; ngz;rpRf;nfhiyia jil nra;J> mjid

jz;lidf;Fhpa Fw;wkhf mwptpj;jhh;.

Mq;fpy fy;tpKiw:

,e;jpahtpy; fy;tp tsh;r;rp Fwpj;J ghpe;Jiu nra;a nkf;fhNy jiyikapy;

ngz;bq; xU FOit epakpj;jhh;. ,jd;gb Nkiy ehl;Lf; fy;tp ,e;jpahtpy;

mwpKfk;. NkYk; Mq;fpyk; ,e;jpahtpd; Ml;rp nkhopahfTk;> ,yf;fpa nkhopahfTk;

mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.

ghlk;-6

3 khh;f;

1.cl; mwpf;if:

cl;fy;tp mwpf;if 1854-y; ntspaplg;gl;lJ.

,J ,e;jpahtpd; mwpTg;gl;lak; vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ.

fy;tpj;Jiwfs; rPuikf;fg;gl;lJ.

nrd;id> gk;gha;> fy;fj;jh gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; 1857-y; epWtg;gl;ld.

2.,uz;lhk; gh;kpag;Nghh;

,uz;lhk; gh;kpag;Nghh; - 1852.

uq;$dpy; Vw;gl;l tpfg; G+ry;fNs gh;kpag; NghUf;F fhguzkhdJ.

Nghhpd; Mbtpy; ly;̀ Trp fPo;gh;khit ,izj;Jf; nfhz;lhh;.

3.ly;̀ Trpapd; mQ;ry;Jiw rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;.

jw;fhy mQ;ry; Jiwf;F mbj;jsk; mikj;jth; ly;`Trp gpuG.

1854-y; Gjpa mQ;ryf rl;lk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.

miuazh mQ;ry; ml;il kw;Wk; mQ;ry; jiyfSk;

mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.



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6 khh;f;

1.thhpR ,og;Gf; nfhs;fiapd; fUj;J kw;Wk; eilKiw gw;wp vOJf.

mikjp topapy; ehLfis ,izg;gjw;F thhpR ,og;Gf; nfhs;ifia

ly;̀ Trp gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhh;.

,e;J rl;lg;gb xUth; jdf;F Mz; thhpR ,y;iynadpy; xU Gjy;tiu

(kfid) jj;J vLf;fyhk;. jdJ nrhj;Jf;fis mtUf;F chpikahf;fyhk;.

Mdhy; gphpl;b\; murhy; ghJfhf;fg;gl;LtUk; muR jj;J vLf;f KbAkh vd;w

Nfs;tp vOe;jJ. nghJthf gphpl;b\; murpd; mDkjpNahL jhd; jj;J vLg;gJ

tof;fkhf ,Ue;jJ.

gphpl;b\; muR jj;J vLg;gjw;F mDkjp kWf;Fkhdhy; me;j muR Mq;fpNya

muRld; ,izj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLk;.

ly;;̀ Trpapd; ,f;nfhs;if thhpR ,og;G nfhs;if vd;W miof;fg;gfpwJ.

,f;nfhs;ifiag; gad;gLj;jp rjhuh>ehf;G+h;> [hd;rp> cja;G+h;> rk;gy;G+h;> gfj;

Mfpa ehLfs; ,izf;fg;gl;ld.

10 khh;f;.

1.ly;̀ Trp gpuGtpd; rPh;jpUj;jq;fis kjpg;gpLf.

uapy;ghij mwpKfk;: ,e;jpahtpy; uapy;ghijfs; mwpKfj;jhy;

nghUshjhuj;jpy; xU Gjpa rfhg;jNk Njhd;wpaJ. 1853-y; Kjy; uapy;ghij

gk;ghapypUe;J jhzh tiu njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.

je;jpKiw: je;jpapd; gad;ghl;bdhy; jfty; njhlh;gpy; ngUk;khw;wq;fs;

Vw;gl;ld. ehl;bd; Kf;fpa efukhd nrd;id> gk;gha;> fy;fj;jh Nghd;wit

je;jp %yk; ,izf;fg;gl;ld.

mQ;ry;Jiw: jw;fhy mQ;ry; Jiwf;F mbj;jsk; mikj;jth; ly;`Trp gpuG

Mthh;. 1854-y; Gjpa mQ;ryf rl;lk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. miuazh mQ;ry;

ml;il kw;Wk; mQ;ry; jiyfSk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

fy;tp: cl; fy;tp mwpf;if 1854-y; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. ,J ,e;jpahtpd;

mwpTg;gl;lak; vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ. fy;tpj;Jiwfs; rPuikf;fg;gl;ld.

nrd;id> gk;gha;> fy;fj;jh gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; epWtg;gl;ld.

nghJg;gzpj;Jiw: ly;̀ Trp jdpahf xU nghJg;gzpj;Jiwia

Vw;gLj;jpdhh;. fhy;tha;fs; ntl;Ltjw;Fk;> rhiyfs; mikg;gjw;Fk; $Ljy;

epjpia xJf;fpdhh;. gy ghyq;fs; fl;lg;gl;ld. ,e;jpahtpy; nghwpapay;

gzpj;Jiwf;F mbj;jsk; mikj;Jf; nfhLj;jth; ly;̀ Trp gpuG Mthh;.

ghlk; -7

3 khh;f;

1.kfy;thhp Kiw:

gQ;rhg;> kj;jpa khfhzq;fspy; kfy;thhp Kiw mwpKfk;.

kfy; muRf;F thp nrYj;Jk; nghWg;ig Nkw;nfhs;Sk;.

fpuhk epyq;fs; msf;fg;gl;ld;.



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2.,uaj;Jthhp Kiw:

nrd;id> gPfhh;> gk;gha; gFjpfspy; uaj;Jthhp Kiw mwpKfk;.

rh; jhk]; kd;Nwh nrd;id khfhzj;jpy; ,jid nfhz;L te;jhh;.

FbahdtNu epyj;jpd; chpikahsh;.

6 khh;f;

1.epiyahd epythpj;jpl;lj;jpd; rpwg;Gf; $Wfis Fwpg;gpLf.

tq;fhsj;jpd; [kPd;jhh;fs;> Kiwahf fpof;fpe;jpa tzpff; FOtpw;F thp

nrYj;Jk; fhyk; tiu epyj;jpd; cilikahsh;fshf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;ldh;.

tzpff; FOtpw;F [kP;d;jhh;fs; nrYj;j Ntz;ba thp epiyahf

eph;zapf;fg;gl;lJ.

tzpff;FO nkhj;j tUthapy; 89 rjtPjj;ij vLj;Jf; nfhz;L vQ;rpaij

[kPd;jhh;fSf;F tpl;Lf; nfhLj;jJ.

epyj;ij cOj Fbahdth;fs; Fj;jifjhuh;fshf fUjg;gl;ldh;.

,j;jpl;lj;jpd;gb Ml;rpj;Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw nghWg;GfspypUe;J [kPd;jhh;fs;

tpLtpf;fg;gl;ldh;.

ghlk; - 8

3 khh;f;

1.nkf;fhNyapd; Fwpg;G:

tpy;ypak; ngz;bq;> nkf;fhNy jiyikapy; xU fy;tpf;FOit epakpj;jhh;.

,jd;gb Nkiyehl;Lf;fy;tp ,e;jpahtpy; mwpKfk;.

NkYk; Mq;fpyk; Ml;rp nkhopahfTk; ,yf;fpa nkhopahfTk; mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.

2.ngz; rpRf;nfhiy:

19-k; E}w;whz;by; ,e;jpa rKjhaj;ij cYf;fpa gpur;rid.

uh[Gjdk;> gQ;rhg;> tlNkw;F khfhzq;fspy; fhzg;gl;lJ.

mgpdpia Cl;Ljy;> fOj;ij nehpj;jy;> fs;spg;ghiy Cl;Ljy; Nghd;wit

%yk; ngz; Foe;ijfis nfhd;wdh;.

,jid ngz;bq; jil nra;J> jz;lidf;Fhpa Fw;wkhf mwptpj;jhh;.

3.gh;jh Kiw:

gh;jh mzpAk; tof;fj;jpw;F vjpuhf Fuy;fs; vOe;jd.

Fbahdth;fsplk; ,e;j tof;fk; ,y;iy.

fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ,e;j tof;fk; kiwe;J NghdJ.

6 khh;f;

1.rhh;y]; cl; mwpf;if gw;wp Fwpg;G vOJf.

cl; fy;tp mwpf;if 1854-y; ntspaplg;gl;lJ.

,J ,e;jpahtpd; ‘mwpTg;gl;lak;‛ vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ.

fy;tpj;Jiwfs; rPuikf;fg;gl;ld.



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nrd;id> gk;gha;> fy;fj;jh gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; epWtg;gl;ld.

jdpahh; gq;fspg;G Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;lJ.

,e;jpa fy;tp Nkiyehl;L kakhf;fg;gl;lJ.

10 khh;f;

1.kfsph; tpLjiyf;fhf ,aw;wg;gl;l r%f rl;lq;fis njhFj;J vOJf.

rjp xopg;G: ‘rjp‛ vd;gJ cld;fl;il VWk; tof;fk;. ,jid rl;lG+h ;tkhf xopj;jth;

ngz;bq; gpuG. rjp xopg;Gr; rl;lk; - 1829.

ngz; rpRf;nfhiy: 19-Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,e;jpahit cYf;fpa gpur;rid.

uh[Gjdk;> gQ;rhg;> tlNkw;F khfhzq;fspy; fhzg;gl;lJ. mgpdpia Cl;Ljy;>

fOj;ij nehpj;jy;> fs;spg;ghiy Cl;Ljy; Nghd;wit %yk; ngz; Foe;ijfis

nfhd;wdh;. ,jid ngz;bq; jil nra;J> jz;lidf;Fhpa Fw;wkhf mwptpj;jhh;.

tpjitfs; kWkzk;: ,uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha;> tpj;jpahrhfh; Nghd;Nwhh; tpjit

kWkzj;ij Mjhpj;J gpur;rhuk; nra;jdh;. 1856-y; tpjit kWkzr; rl;lk;

,aw;wg;gl;lJ.

Foe;ij kzk;: Foe;ij kzk; vd;gJ ngz;fSf;F ,iof;fg;gl;l kw;nwhU mePjp.

P.M.kyghhp vd;gth; Foe;ij kzj;Jf;F vjpuhf Nghuhbdhh;. 1930 rhujh rl;lg;gb

jpUkz taJ 14 Mf cah;j;jg;gl;lJ.

gh;jhKiw: gh;jh mzpAk; tof;fj;jpw;F vjpuhf Fuy;fs; vOe;jd.

Fbahdth;fsplk; ,e;j tof;fk; ,y;iy. fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ,e;j tof;fk; kiwe;J

NghdJ.

ghlk; - 9

3 khh;f;

1.Gypj;Njth;

ney;fl;Lk; nrty; gFjpia Ml;rp nra;jth;.

Mq;fpNyaUf;F fg;gk; fl;l kWj;J Gul;rpapy; <Lgl;lhh;.

njd;dpe;jpahtpy; Rje;jpug; Nghiu Jtq;fpath; ,tNu.

2.ghisaf;fhuh; Kiw:

jkpo;ehl;by; tp[aefu Ml;rp tphpTgLj;jg;gl;l NghJ ghisaf;fhuh; Kiw

Njhd;wpaJ.

ghisak; vd;gJ xUrpy fpuhkq;fis cs;slf;fpa epyg;gFjp.

ghisaj;jpd; chpikahsh; ghisaf;fhuh;.

uhZt NritAk;> fg;gKk; ghisaf;fhuh; kd;dUf;F nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.

3.ghdh;Nkd;

ghdh;Nkd; vd;gth; Mq;fpNya gilj;jsgjp.

ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp gilnaLg;Gf;F jiyik Vw;whh;.

tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kDf;F J}f;F jz;lid tpjpj;jhh;.



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6 khh;f;

1.1801-Mk; Mz;L njd;dpe;jpa fyfj;ijg; gw;wp xU Fwpg;G tiuf.

1800 [_d; khjk; Nfhak;Gj;J}hpy; ntbj;j fyfk;> uhkehjGuk;> kJiu

gFjpfSf;Fk; gutpaJ. 1801 Nk khjj;jpy; tlf;F gFjpfspYk; fytuq;fs;

Njhd;wpd.

kUJ ghz;bad;> Nkyg;gd; MfpNahh; ,jw;F jiyik tfpj;jdh;.

fl;lnghk;kdpd; rNfhjuh; Cikj;Jiu Kf;fpa jiytuhf vOr;rp ngw;whh;.

1801-gpg;uthpapy; Cikj;JiuAk; mtUld; nrd;w 200 NgUk; ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp

Nfhl;ilia rhkh;j;jpakhf ifg;gw;wpdh;.

kJiu> uhkdhjGuj;ijr; Nrh;e;j 3000 Ngh; ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp gilfSld;

,ize;J nfhz;ldh;.

murhq;fj;jpd; cj;jutpd;Nghpy; Nfhl;il jiukl;lkhf;fg;gl;L> coT

nra;ag;gl;L kPz;Lk; FbGfhj tz;zk; cg;Gk;> Mkzf;F vz;nzAk;

J}tg;gl;lJ.

Mq;fpNyah; elj;jpa fhl;Lkpuhz;bj;jdkhd mopT Ntiyfshy; mg;gFjp

KOtJNk gLgaq;fukhf fhl;rpaspj;jJ.

ghlk;-10

3 khh;f;

1.rh; [hd; fpulhf;

NtY}h; Nfhl;ilapd; gilj;jsgjp rh; [hd; fpulhf; jiyg;ghifAld; $ba

Gjpa rPUilia mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;.

,e;j jiyg;ghif INuhg;gpa njhg;gpiag; NghyNt ,Ue;jJ.

fhjzpfis mzptJk;> rka rpd;dq;fis ,l;Lf; nfhs;tJk;

jilnra;ag;gl;ld.

2.fh;dy; [py;y];gp.

Nk[h; $l;]; uhzpg;Ngl;ilf;F tpiue;J nrd;whh;.

mq;fpUe;j uhZtj;jsgjp fh;dy; [py;y];gpaplk; NtY}h; Gul;rpiag; gw;wpj;

njhptpj;jhh;.

[py;y];gp uhZt gilAld; NtY}h; Nfhl;ilia mile;J> Gul;rpia

xLf;fpdhh;.

6 khh;f;

1.NtY}h; fyfj;jpd; Nghf;fpid tpthp.

1806 [_iy 10-k; ehs; Kjy; kw;Wk; 23-k; gilg;gphpit Nrh;e;j ,e;jpa

rpg;gha;fs; fyfj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;jdh;.

,f;fyfj;jpy; Kjy; gypahdth; fh;dy; ghd;Nfhh;l;.

fh;dy; kpNfu]; mzptFg;G ikjhdj;jpy; Rl;L tPo;j;jg;gl;lhh;.

mLj;J ,f;fyfj;jpy; nfhy;yg;gl;lth; Nk[h; Mk;];uhq;. Vwj;jho 12f;Fk;

Nkw;gl;l uhZt mjpfhhpfs; nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;.



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NtY}h; Nfhl;ilf;F ntspNa ,Ue;j Nk[h; $l;]; uhzpg;Ngl;ilf;F tpiue;J

nrd;whh;.

mq;fpUe;j uhZt jsgjp fh;dy; [y;y];gpaplk; NtY}h; Gul;rpiag; gw;wp

njhptpj;jhh;.

[py;y];gp uhZt gilAld; NtY}h; Nfhl;ilia mile;J> Gul;rpia

xLf;fpdhh;.

ghlk; - 11

3 khh;f;

1.nfhOg;G jltg;gl;l Jg;ghf;fp Njhl;lhf;fs;:

nfhOg;G jltg;gl;l Jg;ghf;fp Njhl;lhf;fs; 1857-Mk; Mz;L fyfj;Jf;F

cldbf;fhuzk;.

Gjpa vd;gPy;L Jg;ghf;fp-Njhl;lhf;fspy; nfhOg;G jltg;gl;bUe;jJ.

,jdhy; ,e;J kw;Wk; K];yPk; rpg;gha;fspd; rka czh;Tfs; ghjpf;fg;gl;ld.

2.ehdhrhfpg;:

,uz;lhk; gh[puhtpd; jj;Jg;Gjy;th; (kfd;)

fhd;G+hpy; eilngw;w fyfj;Jf;F jiyikNaw;whh;.

Mq;fpNyaiu tpul;b jd;id Ng\;ththf mwptpj;Jf; nfhz;lhh;.

ehdhrhfpg;Gf;F gf;fgykhf jhe;jpah Njhg;> mrpKy;yh ,Ue;jdh;.

3.uhzp yl;Rkpgha;:

[hd;rp ehl;ilr; Nrh;ejth;.

ly;̀ Trpapd; thhpR ,og;Gf; nfhs;ifahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;.

jhe;jpah Njhg;Gk; mtUld; Nrh;e;J nfhz;lhh;.

1858-y; Nghh;f;fyj;jpy; tPukuzkile;jhh;.

4.1857-Mk; Mz;L ngUq;fyfj;jpd; Njhy;tpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;:

Xl;Lnkhj;j ,e;jpahTk; gq;nfLf;ftpy;iy.

Mq;fpNyahpd; typik.

fpsh;r;rpahsh;fsplk; nghJj;jpl;lk; ,y;iy.

6 khh;f;

1.1857-Mk; Mz;L fyfj;jpd; tpisTfis Ma;f.

1857-fyfj;jpd; tpisTfs;:

,e;jpa Ml;rpapy; mbg;gil khw;wq;fs; nfhz;Ltug;gl;ld.

tzpff;FO Ml;rpKbTf;F te;jJ.

gphpl;b\hhpd; Neub Ml;rp eilKiwf;F te;jJ.

,e;jpa jiyik MSeh; itrpuha; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;.

fhdpq; gpuG ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; itrpuhahf nghWg;Ngw;whh;.



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Nguurpapd; mwpf;if ,e;jpa kf;fspd; ‚chpik rhrdk;‛ vd;W

miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

,e;jpa murh;fspd; chpikfs; kjpf;fg;gLk; vd;W cWjpaspf;fg;gl;lJ.

10 khh;f;

1.1857-Mk; Mz;L fyfj;Jf;fhd fhuza;fis Ma;f.

murpay; fhuzq;fs;: kf;fspd; kdf;Fiw gphpl;b\; muRf;F vjpuhd fyfq;fshf

ntbj;jd. thhpR ,og;Gf;nfhs;if ,e;jpa murh;fis Neubahf ghjpj;jJ.

nghUshjhu fhuzq;fs;: nry;tr; Ruz;ly;> njhopy; eypT> mjpf epythp

MfpaitNa nghJthf fhzg;gl;ld. ifj;njhopy; eyptile;jJ. iftpidQh;fs;

Ntiyapoe;jdh;. Mq;fpNya muR ,e;jpa nry;tj;ij Ruz;LtijNa Fwpf;Nfhshf

nfhz;L nray;gl;lJ.

r%ff; fhuzq;fs;: ,e;jpah;fis vg;NghJk; M;fpNyah; jho;thfNt elj;jpdh;.

,dhPjpahf ,e;jpah;fis ,opTgLj;jpdh;.

uhZtf; fhuzq;fs;: ,e;jpa rpg;gha;fSf;F Fiwe;j Cjpak;> gjtp cah;T ,y;yhik

Mfpatw;why; nghpJk; Vkhw;wk; mile;jdh;.

cldbf;fhuzk;: nfhOg;G jltg;gl;l Jg;ghf;fp Njhl;lhf;fs; 1857-Mk; Mz;L

fyfj;Jf;F cldbf;fhuzk;. Gjpa vd;gPy;L Jg;ghf;fp Njhl;lhf;fspy; nfhOg;G

jltg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,jdhy; ,e;J kw;Wk; K];yPk; rpg;gha;fspd; rka czh;Tfs;

ghjpf;fg;gl;ld. vdNt fyfj;jpy; <Lgl;ldh;.

ghlk;-12

3 khh;f;

1.ehl;Lnkhop nra;jpjhs; rl;lk;:

ehl;Lnkhop nra;jpjhs; rl;lk; ypl;ld; gpuG nfhz;L te;jhh; (1878).

Mq;fpNya muRf;F vjpuhf vJTk; ntspaplf;$lhJ.

,e;j rl;lk; ,e;jpa gj;jphpiffspd; Rje;jpuj;ij eRf;fpaJ.

2.`z;lh; FO:

Hpg;gd; `z;lh; FOit epakpj;jhh;(1882).

,f;FOtpd; jiyth; tpy;ypak; `z;lh;.

njhlf;f fy;tpia Nkk;gLj;j typAWj;jpaJ.

3.,y;gh;l; kNrhjh rh;r;ir:

,e;jpahtpy; ,UNtW rl;lj;ij ePf;f hpg;gd; Kaw;rp nra;jhh;.

INuhg;gpah; Fwpj;j tof;if INuhg;gpa ePjpgjp kl;LNk tprhhpf;f KbAk;.

xU INuhg;gpa Fw;wthspia ,e;jpa ePjpgjp tprhhpf;f KbahJ.

,e;j rl;l ghFghl;il Nghf;f ,y;gh;l; vd;gth; xU kNrhjhit nfhz;L

te;jhh;.



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6 khh;f;

1.cs;shl;rp mikg;Gfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; gw;wp tpthjpf;f:

murpay; gz;Gfspy; kpfTk; nrk;ikahd gz;G jy Ra Ml;rp vd;gJ hpg;gdpd;

ek;gpf;if.

vdNt cs;shl;rp mikg;Gfis Nghw;wp tsh;j;jhh;.

efu rigfspd; mjpfhuk; mjpfhpf;fg;gl;lJ.

mtw;wpd; jiyth;fs; mjpfhhpfs; my;yhjth;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

cs;shl;rp mikg;GfSf;F cWg;gpdh;fs; Njh;jy; %yk; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl

Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wpdhh;.

eph;thfk; kf;fSf;F neUf;fkhdjhf khw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;whh;.

jw;fhy cs;shl;rp mikg;GfSf;F mbj;jsk; mikj;jth; hpg;gd; gpuG.

10 khh;f;

1.hpg;gd; gpuGtpd; rPh;jpUj;jq;fis kjpg;gpLf:

ehl;Lnkhop nra;jpj;jhs; rl;lk; uj;J:

Hpg;gd; gpuG ehl;Lnkhop nra;jpj;jhs; rl;lj;ij uj;J nra;J ,e;jpa

kf;fspilNa ngUk; Gfo; ngw;whh;.

jy Ra Ml;rp:

murpay; gz;Gfspy; kpfTk; nrk;ikahd gz;G jy Ra Ml;rp vd;gJ hpg;gdpd;

ek;gpf;if MFk;. vdNt cs;shl;rp mikg;Gfis Nghw;wp tsh;j;jhh;.

fy;tp rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;:

1882-y; hpg;gd; `z;lh; fy;tpf;FOit epakpj;jhh;. ,f;FOtpd; jiyth;

tpy;ypak; `z;lh;. njhlf;f fy;tpia Nkk;gLj;j typAWj;jpaJ.

Kjy; njhopw;rhiy rl;lk; (1881):

7 taJf;F Fiwthd Foe;ijfis njhopw;rhiyf;F Ntiyf;F mDg;Gtij

,r;rl;lk; jil nra;jJ. Mgj;jhd ,ae;jpuq;fis Rw;wp Ntypaikf;f $wpaJ.

,y;gh;l; kNrhjh rh;r;ir:

,e;jpahtpy; ,UNtW rl;lj;ij ePf;f hpg;gd; Kaw;rp vLj;jhh;. xU INuhg;gpa

Fw;wthspia ,e;jpa ePjpgjp tprhhpf;f KbahJ. ,e;j ghFghl;il Nghf;f ,y;gh;l;

vd;gth; xU kNrhjhit nfhz;L te;jhh;. Mdhy; INuhg;gpah; ,k;kNrhjhit

vjph;j;jdh;.



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ghlk;-13

3 khh;f;

1.Mhpa rkh[k;

Mhpa rkh[k; 1875-y; gk;ghapy; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.

,jid njhlq;fpath; Rthkp jahde;j ru];tjp.

‘Ntjfhyj;jpw;F jpUk;Gq;fs;‛ vd;gJ mtuJ nfhs;if.

Rj;jp ,af;fj;ij njhlq;fpdhh;.

2.Rthkp tpNtfhde;jh;.

Rthkp tpNtfhde;jhpd; ,aw;ngah; eNue;jpuehj; jj;jh.

uhkfpU\;zhpd; rPlh;.

cyf rka khehl;by; fye;J nfhz;lhh;.

3.N[hjpuht; G+Ny:

kfhuh\;buj;jpy; jho;j;jg;gl;l FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jth;.

cah;[hjp Mjpf;fj;Jf;F vjpuhf Nghuhbdhh;.

rj;jpa Nrhjf; rkh[k; vd;w mikg;ig njhlq;fpdhh;.

4.=itFz;l Rthkpfs;:

fd;dpahFkhp khtl;lk;> rhkpj;Njhg;G vd;w Chpy; gpwe;jhh; (1809).

,tuJ ,aw;ngah; Kb#Lk; ngUkhs;.

jPz;lhikf;F vjpuhf Nghuhbdhh;.

,tuJ Nghjidfs; ‘ma;ah top’ vd ;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.

6 khh;f;:

1.,uhkypq;f mbfspd; nfhs;iffis tpthp:

19 Mk; E}w;whz;by; jkpo;ehl;by; tho;e;j rpwe;j rkaj;jiyth;.

,uhkypq;f mbfs; rpjk;guj;Jf;F mUfpy; cs;s kUJ}hpy; gpwe;jhh;.

Md;kPf tho;f;ifapy; Mo;e;j <LghL nfhz;bUe;jhh;.

11-tJ tajpNy nja;tPf Mw;wy; ntspg;gl;lJ.

1865-y; rkur Rj;j rd;khh;f;f rq;fj;ij tlY}hpy; epWtpdhh;.

jpU mUl;gh vd;w E}iy ,aw;wpdhh;.

kf;fsplk; md;igAk;> fUiziaAk; Nghjpj;jhh;.

flTis N[hjp tbtkhf topglyhk; vd;W $wpdhh;.

2.r%f ePjpf;fhf nghpahh; <.nt.uh.Mw;wpa gq;fpid kjpg;gpLf.

nghpahh; <.nt.uh.xU rpwe;j r%f rPh;jpUj;jthjp.

1921-y; fs;Sf;fil kwpay; Nguhl;lk; elj;jpdhh;.

Nfushtpy; itf;fk; mwg;Nghuhl;lj;ij Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.

Rakhpahij ,af;fj;ij njhlq;fpdhh;.

[hjpKiw> Foe;ij kzj;ij vjph;j;jhh;.



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Rakhpahij jpUkzq;fis elj;jp itj;jhh;.

FbauR> Gul;rp> tpLjiy Nghd;w VLfisj; njhlq;fpdhh;.

ngz;fs; khehl;by; nghpahh; gl;lk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.

I.eh.rig nghpahiu ‚njw;F Mrpahtpd; rhf;ub];‛ vd ghuhl;baJ.

ghlk; - 14

3 khh;f;

1.,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu];

,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; 1885-y; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.

,jid njhlq;fpath; A.O. P̀Ak;.

Kjy; $l;lk; gk;ghapy; eilngw;wJ.

Kjy; jiyth; W.C.ghdh;[p.

2.jhjhgha; nesNuh[p.

jhjhgha; nesNuh[p ,e;jpahtpd; KJngUk; kdpjh;.

,e;jpahtpw;fhd mjpfhug;G+h;tkw;w J}juhf ,q;fpyhe;jpy; fUjg;gl;lhh;.

gphpl;b\; ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; cWg;gpduhd Kjy; ,e;jpah;.

6 khh;f;

1.kpjthjpfspd; Nfhhpf;iffs; gw;wp xU Fwpg;G vOJf.

rl;lrigfis tphpthf;Fjy;> rPh;jpUj;Jjy;

eph;thfj;JiwapypUe;J ePjpj;Jiwia gphpj;jy;.

cs;shl;rp mikg;GfSf;F NkYk; mjpfhuk; toq;Fjy;

epythpia Fiwj;jy;

cg;G thp>rh;f;fiu thpia xopj;jy;

uhZt nryTfisf; Fiwj;jy;

Ngr;Rhpik> vOj;Jhpik kw;Wk; rq;fq;fs; mikf;Fk; chpik NfhUjy;

10 khh;f;

1.,e;jpahtpy; Njrpak; Njhd;Wtjw;fhd fhuzq;fis Ma;f.

murpay; xw;Wik:

,e;jpahtpd; gy;NtW gFjpfSk; murpay;mbg;gilapy; xNu Filapd; fPo;

(gphpl;b\; Ml;rp) nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. xNu khjphpahd rl;lKk; muRk;

mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

gj;jphpiffspd; gq;F:

,e;jpahtpy; ntspte;j Mq;fpyk; kw;Wk; ehl;Lnkhop gj;jphpiffs; Njrpa

rpe;jidia gug;gpd.



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r%f> rka rPh;jpUj;j ,af;fq;fs;:

gpuk;k rkh[k;> Mhpa rkh[k;> ,uhkfpU\;z ,af;fk; Nghd;w mikg;Gfs;

jha;ehl;bd; ngUikfis kf;fsplk; vLj;Jiuj;jd. ,tw;wpd; %yk; ehl;Lg;gw;W

tsh;e;jJ.

,dg;ghFghL:

,e;jpah;fis vg;NghJk; Mq;fpNyah; jho;thfNt elj;jpdh;. ,dhPjpahf

,e;jpah;fis ,opTgLj;jpdh;. 1857-Mk; Mz;L fyfk; gphpl;b\hUf;Fk;

,e;jpaUf;FkpilNa jPuhj ntWg;Gzh;it Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

,y;gh;l; kNrhjh rh;r;ir:

,e;jpahtpy; ,UNtW rl;lj;ij ePf;f hpg;gd; Kaw;rp vLj;jhh;. xU INuhg;gpa

Fw;wthspia ,e;jpa ePjpgjp tprhhpf;f KbahJ. ,e;j ghFghl;il Nghf;f ,y;gh;l;

vd;gth; xU kNrhjhit nfhz;L te;jhh;. Mdhy; INuhg;gpah; ,k;kNrhjhit

vjph;j;jdh;.

ghlk; - 15

3 khh;f;

1.tq;fg;gphptpid:

tq;fg;gphptpid -1905.

,jw;F fhuzkhdth; fh;rd; gpuG.

jPtputhjk; Njhd;Wtjw;F fhuzkhf mike;jJ.

2.#uj; gpsT:

#uj; gpsT “ 1907.

fUj;J Nkhjy;fshy; fhq;fpuR fl;rp ,uz;lhfg; gphpe;jJ.

jpyfh; jiyikapy; jPtputhjpfs; khehl;il tpl;L ntspNawpdh;.

3.K];yPk; yPf;:

K];yPk; yPf; fl;rp 1906-y; epWtg;gl;lJ.

ethg; rypKy;yh epWtpdhh;.

K];yPk;fspd; eyDf;fhf njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.

4.yf;Ndh xg;ge;jk;:

yf;Ndh xg;ge;jk; - 1916.

fhq;fpuRk; K];yPk; yPf;Fk; xd;W Nrh;e;J Nghuhbd.

,e;J - K];yPk; xw;Wikf;F rhjfkhf mike;jJ.

6 khh;f;

1.RNjrp ,af;fj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jf.

RNjrp ,af;fk; gy;NtW jpl;lq;fis nfhz;ljhFk;.

muRg;gzp> ePjpkd;wq;fs;> gs;spfs;> fy;Y}hpfs; Mfpatw;iw Gwf;fzpj;jy;.



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md;dpa nghUl;fis thq;f kWj;J RNjrp nghUl;fis thq;fp Mjhpj;jy;.

Njrpa gs;spfisAk;> fy;Y}hpfisAk; epWtp Njrpa fy;tpia tsh;j;jy;.

RNjrp ,af;fk; xU murpay; nghUshjhu ,af;fkhFk;.

RNjrp ,af;fk; khngUk; ntw;wp ngw;wJ.

tq;fhsj;jpy; ngUk; epyr;Rthd;jhh;fSk; ,jpy; gq;Nfw;wdh;.

ghlk;-16

3 khh;f;

1.fpyhgj; ,af;fk;:

Kjy; cyfg;Nghhpy; JUf;fp Njhy;tpAw;wJ.

nrtu]; cld; gbf;if K];yPk;fSf;F mtkhdkhf ,Ue;jJ.

,jdhy; K];yPk;fs; fpyhgj; ,af;fj;ij njhlq;fpdh;.

2.Rauh[;a fl;rp

1923-y; Rauh[;a fl;rp njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.

Nkhjpyhy; NeU C.R .jh]; MfpNahh; ,f;fl;rpia njhlq;fpdh;

rl;lkd;w Njh;jypy; ntw;wp ngw;wJ.

3.jz;bahj;jpiu

jz;bahj;jpiu -1930

fhe;jp njhlq;fpdhh;.

cg;Gr;rl;lq;fis kPwpdhh;.

4.,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtk;

,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtj;ij Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh]; njhlq;fpdhh;

nly;yp rhNyh n[a;`pe;j; vd;W Koq;fpdhh;.

,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtk; %d;W gphpTfis nfhz;lJ.

5.fhgpdl; JhJf;FO

fhgpdl; JhJf;FO 1946- y; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

,jd;gb %d;W gphpl;b\; mikr;rh;fs; ,e;jpahtpw;F te;jdh;

,f;FO ,e;jpahtpd; murpay; rpf;fYf;F xU jPh;it Kd;itj;jJ.

6.nksd;l;Ngl;ld;jpl;lk;

kpFe;j mjpfhuq;fSld; kTz;l;Ngl;ld; ,e;jpa itrpuhahf nghWg;Ngw;whh;

(1947 )

,e;jpa gphptpidf;fhd jdJ jpl;lj;ij mwptpj;jhh;.

,JNt kTz;l;Ngl;ld; jpl;lk; MFk;.



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6- khh;f;

1.[hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiy gw;wp Fwpg;G vOJf.

1919 Vg;uy; 13 Mk; ehs; [hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiy ele;jJ.

,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghhpy; Xh; Kf;fpa jpUg;G Kid MFk;.

nusyl; rj;jpahfpufj;Jf;F gQ;rhgpy; ngUj;j MjuT jpuz;lJ.

n[duy; lah; nghJf;$l;lq;fSf;F jil tpjpj;jhh;.

[hypad; thyhghf; G+q;fhtpy; xU nghJf;$l;lk; eilngw;wJ.

lah; $l;lj;jpd; kPJ Jg;ghf;fp #L elj;jpdhh;

gyh; nfhy;yg;gl;ldh; . ,J [hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiy vdg;gLk;.

2.Xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jf.

Fbahdth;fs; njhopyhsh;fs; khzth;fs; ngz;fs; vd midj;J

jug;gpdUk; gq;Nfw;wdh;.

KjyhtJ kf;fs; ,af;fk;

,e;jpahtpd; %iy KLf;nfy;yhk; Njrpak; gutpaJ.

fpyhgj; ,af;fk; ,jDld; xd;wpizf;fg;gl;lJ.

,e;J - K];yPk; xw;Wikapd; cr;rf;fl;lk;

,e;jpa kf;fs; vj;jifa jpahfj;jpw;Fk; jahuhf cs;sdh; vd;gij

vLj;Jf;fhl;baJ.

10 khh;f;

1.,e;jpa tpLjiy ,af;fj;jpy; kfhj;kh fhe;jpapd; gq;fpid kjpg;gpLf.

fhe;jpabfs; fhyk;:

,e;jpa Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; %d;whk; epiy (1917 - 47) fhe;jp fhyk; vd;W

miof;fg;gLfpwJ. kfhj;kh fhe;jp ,e;j fhyfl;lj;jpy; jd;dpfuw;w jiytuhf

tpsq;fpdhh;. mtuJ nfhs;if mfpk;ir kw;Wk; rj;jpahf;fpufk;. fhe;jp Njrpa

,af;fj;ij kf;fs; ,af;fkhf khw;wpdhh;.

nusyl; rl;lk; (1919) :

nusyl; rl;lg;gb re;Njfj;jpd;Nghpy; vtiuAk; ifJ nra;ayhk;. ,r;rl;lk;

fUg;Gr; rl;lk; vd;W fUjg;gl;lJ. ehL KOtJk; kwpay; Nghuhl;lq;fs; eilngw;wd.

fhe;jp ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhh;. gQ;rhgpy; [hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiy ele;jJ.

Xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; (1920-22):

1920-y; fhe;jp xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij njhlq;fpdhh;;. gl;lq;fisAk;

gjtpfisAk; Jwj;jy;> Njh;jy;fisg; Gwf;fzpj;jy;> nrshpnrsuh epfo;r;rpia

njhlh;e;J xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; epWj;jp itf;fg;gl;lJ. rKjhaj;jpd; midj;J

gphptpdUk; gq;Nfw;w KjyhtJ kf;fs;,af;fkhf jpfo;e;jJ.

rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk; (1930):

1930 khh;r; 12-y; fhe;jp Gfo;ngw;w jz;bahj;jpiuia njhlq;fpdhh;. cg;Gr;

rl;lq;fis kPwpajd; %yk; rl;l kWg;G ,af;fj;ij mth; Kiwg;gb njhlq;fp

itj;jhh;. muRf;F thp nrYj;j Ntz;lhk; vd;W fhe;jp kf;fis Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhh;.



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nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk; (1942):

gphpl;b\hiu ehl;il tpl;L tpul;l fhe;jp nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fj;ij

njhlq;fpdhh;. nra; my;yJ nrj;Jkb vd;w miw$tiy tpLj;jhh;. ,e;j

Nghuhl;lk; tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; cr;rfl;lkhFk;. ehl;bd; tpLjiyf;F ,l;Lf;

nrd;wJ.

fhe;jp gLnfhiy:

1947-y; ehL tpLjiy mile;jhYk; fhe;jp mjid nfhz;lhltpy;iy. 1948

[dthp 30-y; fhe;jp gLnfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhh;. ehl;;bw;fhf jd; ,d;Dapiu ePj;jhh;.

ghlk; - 17

3 khh;f;

1.Ntjhuz;ak; ahj;jpiu:

jkpo;ehl;by; cg;Gr; rj;jpahfpufj;ij Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nghWg;G ,uh[h[pf;F

toq;fg;gl;lJ.

Ntjhuz;ak; ahj;jpiuia njhlq;fpdhh;.

cg;Gr; rl;lq;fis kPwpajw;fhf ,uh[h[p ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhh;.

2.[p.Rg;ukzpa ma;ah;:

[p.Rg;ukzpa ma;ah; jdJ tpjit kfSf;F kWkzk; nra;J itj;jhh;.

KjyhtJ fhq;fpuR khehl;by; KjyhtJ jPh;khdj;ij nfhz;L te;jhh;.

jp ,e;J> RNjrkpj;jpud; Nghd;w ,jo;fis njhlq;fpdhh;.

3.Rg;ukzpa ghujp:

ghujp rpwe;j Kw;Nghf;Fthjp.

,e;jpah vd;w gj;jphpifapd; Mrphpah;.

RNjr fPjq;fis ,aw;wpdhh;.

6 khh;f;

1.Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; t.c.rp.apd; gq;fpidg; gw;wp tpthjpf;f.

t.c.rp.xU tof;FiuQuhf jdJ tho;f;ifia njhlq;fpdhh;.

Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; <Lgl;lhh;.

jpyfhpd; rPlh;.

1906-y; RNjrp fg;gy; fk;ngdpia njhlq;fpdhh;.

fg;gNyhl;ba jkpod; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;.

jpUney;Ntyp fyfj;ij elj;jpdhh;.

,tUf;F cWJizahf nray;gl;lth; Rg;gpukzpa rpth.

rpiwapy; nrf;fpOj;jhh;.

nrf;fpOj;j nrk;ky; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;lhh;.



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10 khh;f;

1.tpLjiy ,af;fj;jpy; jkpo;ehl;bd; gq;fpid Ma;f.

,e;jpa tpLjiy ,af;fj;jpy; jkpo;ehL Kf;fpa gq;fpid Mw;wpAs;sJ.

[p.Rg;gpukzpa ma;ah;: KjyhtJ fhq;fpuR khehl;bd; KjyhtJ jPh;khdj;ij

nfhz;L te;jhh;. jp ,e;J> RNjrkpj;jpud; Nghd;w ,jo;fis njhlq;fpdhh;.

t.c.rpjk;guk; gps;is: Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; <Lgl;lhh;. jpyfhpd; rPlh; 1906-y; RNjrp

fg;gy; fk;ngdpia njhlq;fpdhh;. fg;gNyhl;ba jkpod; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;.

Rg;gpukzpa ghujp: ghujp rpwe;j Kw;Nghf;Fthjp. ,e;jpah vd;w gj;jphpifapd;

Mrphpah;. RNjr fPjq;fs; vdg;gLk; Njrpa ghly;fis ,aw;wpdhh;.

uh[h[p: jkpo;ehl;by; cg;Grj;jpahfpufj;ij ,uh[h[p elj;jpdhh;. Ntjhuz;ak;

eilg;gazj;ij Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. cg;Gr; rl;lq;fis kPwpajw;fhf mth; ifJ

nra;ag;gl;lhh;.

<.nt.uh.nghpahh;: jkpo;ehl;by; xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij elj;jpa Kf;fpa

jiyth;fspy; xUth; nghpahh;. Nfushtpy; itf;fk; mwg;Nghuhl;lj;ijAk;

njhlq;fpdhh;. ,jdhy; itf;fk; tPuh; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;. tpLjiyg;Nghhpy;

,tuJ gq;F kfj;jhdJ.

fhkuh[h;: tpUJefhpy; gpwe;j fhkuh[h; kw;nwhU tpLjiyg;Nghuhl;l tPuh; Mthh;.

cg;Gr;rj;jpahfpufg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <Lgl;lhh;.

jpUg;G+h; Fkud;: tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Njrpa nfhbia Ve;jp kuzj;ij

jOtpdhh;. vdNt nfhbfhj;j Fkud; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;.

ghlk;-18

3 khh;f;

1.gpuhkzh; my;yhjhh; ,af;fk;:

r%fj;jpy; gpuhkzhpd; Mjpf;fk; NkNyhq;fp ,Ue;jJ.

muRg;gzpapYk;> fy;tp epWtdq;fspYk; mth;fs; mjpf mstpy; mq;fk;

tfpj;jdh;.

,jdhy; gpuhkzh; my;yhNjhh; ,af;fKk; ePjpf;fl;rpAk; Njhd;wpd.

2.,l xJf;fPl;L murhiz:

1921 kw;Wk; 1922-y; ,l xJf;fPl;L murhiz nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.

cs;shl;rp mikg;GfspYk;> fy;tp epWtdq;fspYk; gpuhkzh;

my;yhjth;fSf;F ,l xJf;fPl;Lf;F toptFj;jd.

6 khh;f;

1.ePjpf;fl;rpapd; fy;tp rPh;jpUj;jq;fis tpthp:

fl;lzkpy;yhj fl;lhaf; fy;tp nrd;idapy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

3000 kPdt rpWth;fSf;F ,ytr kPd; gpbg;G gapw;rp mspf;fg;gl;lJ.

nrd;id khefuhl;rp gs;spfspy; ,ytr kj;jpa czT mspf;fg;gl;lJ.



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Jtf;f fy;tpapd; juk; Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

ngz;fy;tp Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;lJ.

rpj;jh> MAh;Ntjh> Adhdp kUj;Jtf; fy;tpf;F Cf;fk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ.

10 khh;f;

1.ePjpf;fl;rpapd; rhjidfis Ma;f.

fl;lzkpy;yhj fl;lhaf; fy;tp nrd;idapy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

3000 kPdt rpWth;fSf;F ,ytr kPd; gpbg;G gapw;rp mspf;fg;gl;lJ.

nrd;id khefuhl;rp gs;spfspy; ,ytr kj;jpa czT mspf;fg;gl;lJ.

Jtf;f fy;tpapd ;juk; Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

ngz;fy;tp Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;lJ.

rpj;jh> MAh;Ntjh> Adhdp kUj;Jtf; fy;tpf;F Cf;fk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ.

gzpahsh; Njh;T Mizak; epWtg;gl;lJ.

ngz;fSf;F thf;Fhpik toq;fg;gl;lJ.

NjtjhrpKiw xopf;fg;gl;lJ.

Me;jpuh> mz;zhkiy gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; epWtg;gl;ld.

ePjpf;fl;rp nghUshjhu rPh;jpUj;jq;fs; mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ.

njhopw;rhiyfs; cjtpr;rl;lk; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.

ghlk;-19

3 khh;f;

1.Nguurpapd; mwpf;if:

,e;j mwpf;ifia fhdpq; gpuT myfhghj;jpy; mwptpj;jhh;.

,e;jpahtpy; tzpff;FO Ml;rp KbTf;F te;jJ.

Nguurpapd; mwpf;if ,e;jpa kf;fspd; chpik rhrdk; vdg;gl;lJ.

2.1892-Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa fTd;rpy;fs; rl;lk;:

,e;j rl;lk; fhq;fpuRf;F fpilj;j Kjy; ntw;wp.

kj;jpa rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia cah;j;jpaJ.

mYtyh; my;yhNjhhpd; tpfpjKk; mjpfhpf;fg;gl;lJ.

3.,uz;L mit rl;lkd;wk;:

1919-Mk; Mz;L rl;lg;gb kj;jpapy; ,uz;L mit nfhz;l rl;lkd;wk;

Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

khepyq;fsit vd;Wk; rl;lg;Nguit vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;lJ.

rl;lg;Nguitapy; nkhj;jk; 145 cWg;gpdh;fs; ,Ue;jdh;.

4.,ul;ilahl;rp:

1919-Mk; Mz;L rl;lg;gb khfhzq;fspy; ,ul;ilahl;rp nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.

mjpfhuq;fs; xJf;fg;gl;l Jiwfs; vdTk;

khw;wg;gl;l Jiwfs; vdTk; gphpf;fg;gl;ld.



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5.khfhz Rahl;rp:

1935-Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa muRr;rl;lk; khfhz Rahl;rpia mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ.

khfhz eph;thff; FOtpd; jiytuhf MSeh; ,Ug;ghh;.

mikr;ruit MNyhridapd;Nghpy; mth; eph;thfj;ij elj;Jthh;.

ghlk;-20

3 khh;f;

1.gRikg;Gul;rp:

1960-fspy; ,e;jpahtpy; czTg;gQ;rk; Njhd;wpaJ.

czT cw;gj;jpapy; jd;dpiwit mila gRikg;Gul;rp njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.

tPhpa tpj;Jf;fs;> urhad cuq;fs;> G+r;rpf; nfhy;yp kUe;Jfs;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

2.gQ;rrPyk;:

Mf;fpukpg;ig tpyf;Fjy;

rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; gu];gu cjtp

rkhjhd rftho;T

3.I.v];.Mh;.X.(,];Nuh):

,];Nuh vd;gJ tpz;ntsp Ma;T ikak;

tpz;ntsp Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gk; Nghd;wtw;iw epiwNtw;WfpwJ.

,jd; jiyikaplk; ngq;f@hpy; cs;sJ.

6 khh;f;

1.,e;jpa murpyaikg;gpd; rpwg;Gf; $Wfisg; gw;wp tpthjp.

,e;jpa murpyaikg;gpd; rpwg;Gf; $Wfs;:

taJte;Njhh; midtUf;Fk; thf;Fhpik

ghuhSkd;w kf;fshl;rp

mbg;gil chpikfs; kw;Wk; muRnewpKiwf;Nfhl;ghLfs;

[dhjpgjp ehl;bd; murpayikg;G jiyth;

kj;jpapy; xUKfj;jd;ik nfhz;l $l;lhl;rp.

,e;jpa ehlhSkd;wk; ,uz;L mitfisf; nfhz;lJ.

10 khh;f;

1.’[t`h;yhy; NeU etPd ,e;jpahtpd; rpw;gp‛ vdf; fUjg;gLfpwhh; - fUj;Jf;$Wf.

nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp:

ehL tpLjiy mile;j NghJ kf;fs; tWikapy; ,Ue;jdh;. NeU tFj;j

nfhs;iffs; [dehaf rkj;Jtk; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. tpiuthd njhopy;

tsh;r;rpf;Fk; Ntshz;ik tsh;r;rpf;Fk; Cf;Ftpj;jhh;.



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jpl;lf;FO:

,e;jpah jpl;lkpl;l nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpia mila 1950-y; jpl;lf;FO

mikf;fg;gl;lJ. NeUNt mjd; jiyth; Mdhh;. Ie;jhz;L jpl;lq;fis tFg;gNj

,jd; gzpahFk;.

fyg;G nghUshjhuk;:

xU ehl;by; jdpahh; JiwAk;> nghJj;JiwAk; ,ize;J nray;gLtJ fyg;G

nghUshjhuk; vdg;gLk;. fyg;G nghUshjhuNk ek; ehl;bd; tsh;r;rpf;F mbg;gil

vd;W NeU ek;gpdhh;.

mwptpay; njhopy; El;g tsh;r;rp:

,e;jpahtpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F mwptpay; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; Njitia

gpujkh; NeU ed;F czh;e;jpUe;jhh;;. Njrpa ,aw;gpay; Ma;Tf;$lk; epWtg;gl;lJ.

Kjy; ,e;jpa njhopy;El;g Ma;Tf;$lk; (IIT) Nfhuf;G+hpy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. mZrf;jp

Ma;T ikak; ghgh jiyikapy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

maYwTf; nfhs;if:

1947-f;F gpd; ,e;jpah Rje;jpukhd maYwTf; nfhs;ifiag; gpd;gw;wp

tUfpwJ. ,jid tbtikj;jth; NeU Mthh;. ehLfSf;fpilNaahd cwTfs;

Fwpj;J gQ;rrPyk; vd;w 5 nfhs;ifia ntspapl;lhh;. mzpruh ,af;fj;ijAk; mth;

njhlq;fpdhh;.

Nkw;$wpa fhuzq;fshy; [th;̀ h;yhy; NeU etPd ,e;jpahtpd; ‘rpw;gp‛ vdf;

fUjg;gLfpwhh;.



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