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Scientifc Community2.Scientists :240 / . . . . . . . . : 2.4 / : . : ) . . 241 . . . . . . . : ) . . : . . . :242 / . . . ! . . . ! . 243 . . . .]3[ 3.4 . . . . . .] 4 [ :244 / . . . . . . . .]5[ .]6[ .]7[ . . .]8[ . 245 . .]5 4 [ . . . 4.4 . . . . . :246 / .)1 ( 1370 . 4 . . .1 19701971197219731974197519761977197819791980198119821983198419851986198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120124000036000320002800024000200001600012000800040000247 . . . . . ]4[ . . . :248 / : ]4[ . : . . : . . . 249 . . . . . . ]9[ . . . . :250 / 5.4 . .]4[. . . . . . . . . . . 251 . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 . . :252 / . . . . . . . . 7.4 1360 . : ]4[ . 2( 253.) . 8.4 . . . . . . 9.4 . . :254 / . ! . .5 . . .]4[ .]4[ . . . . . . . 255 . . . . . . . . : .1 .2 .3. .4 4 2 1 . . . . :256 / . . . . . . . .6 . . . : . . .257 . . . . . . . . . . . . . :258 / . . .)5 1 ( . . . . : .7 . . . . 2 . 259 . ! - .]10[ ! ! . . . . : . .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6. .7 . . .11 :260 / . . .8 . 3 2 . . . . . . . . . 261 . : . . . . . . . . . . 1379 . ! . .9: :262 / .1. .2 . 1 1 . 2 2 . . . . . 2 . . . 263 . .10: ). ) ): - - -. . : . . . :264 / . .)2( .)3( . . . ) . : .1 265. . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . :266 / . : .2 6-1 14-6 / / / - 1300 -1357 /1357-1300 267 .11 . . 2 . . . . . . : .12 ) : . . . : . l :268 / . : . 3 6-1 14-6 / / / - 1300 -1357 /1357-1300 269 l l l l . . . . . l . . . . . :270 / ! . . . . 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: 103 1390 277 . . . . . . . . .2 . [ .]21 1-1 ]3[ . : 278 / ) ) ). ]4[ . )1 ( 5 . ]5[ ) ( 1380 . . . 1368 1379 .]6[ ) ( . 279 .]7[ - . ]8[ . .3 . 1368 . . .]3[ 1370 . 4 . 5 . ]6[ . , .:]6[ 46 ) .1 . .2 . 280 / . . .3 .4 . . .5 . . .6 . .7. . .8 .9. ) .1 . .2281. .3. .4 . .5 . .6 .. .7 .8. .9. .10. ) .1. - .2. 282 / .3. .4. . 65 .5 .6. 16 .7. . .8. .9 . - .10 . ... .11. ) .1 .2. .3283 . .4 . .5. .6 . ) .1. : .2 ). . ) .3. .4. .5 . 284 / .6. .7. 15 .8. .9. ) .1. .2. .3. .4 . . .5 . .6 . 285 .7 . .8. . .4 . 1 ! ! . . . . . entity . 1. bio-entity 286 / . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 . . . 1427 1393 .1. 1382 .2 1370.3. 4. Manual Frascati 2002, Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development, OECD. . .. .5 // -1516 1371/4/30 .6. .7.1382 1378 17 16 .8 . 10. Khosrokhavar, F.,.et.al., The Scientifc Community in Iran, preprint 2003 NRISP. Tehran, Iran .11 . .1 . . . . . 16 289 . . . . ! . ! . . . 200 290 / . 75 .. .2 . : . . . . . . . )1111/505 ( / . 291 . .]1[ . . )1698/1110(. . )1640/1050 ( . : . 292 / .]2[ )1142/538 ( . . . 23 1113 . 1121 / . . : . . . / . . . 293 . . . .]3[ / . ]4[ . . : ... . . 294 / . .3 - . - . ( . ) . : . . . .]4[ . : . .]6 5[ . . 295 . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 / . .]8 7[ . . . . . . . . . . 1 .1. Reductionism 297 . . . . . . . - - ! . .4 . 5 4 298 / ! . ]8 7[ . . . . ]8[ . . . : . . ]9[ 299 . . - . . . . . .. . . . 300 / . . . . . . . . : . 301 . . : ][ . . . . ]51[ . )1( . .5 .]5 2[ . 302 / 1.5 150 .14 . . . 1 . . . . 40 . . - !- 1. Scientifc Community303 1 . 600700800900100011001200130014001500160017001800190020000100200300400500600700800900100011001200130014001357304 / - . 30 . ! . . . . . ! ! . . . . 305 . 2.5 . . ! . ! : .6 . 306 / . . . . . . . ! 1.6 . . . . . . . 307 . . 2.6 . . . . 1383 . 400,000 50,000 . ! 3.6 . . 308 / . 14