Read page 169

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wjfrexe61XI

1763 - Britain was deeply in debt (to owe money) after the Seven Years’ War and wanted to save $$

(remember, Seven Years War ended with the treaty of Paris- ◦France kept Guadeloupe, a small base in N

America for cod, kept Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, can’t retaliate against French, Catholic can practice)

Wanted to keep troops stationed in 13 Colonies so decided to make 13 Colonies pay for troops

To do this, Britain raised taxes in the colonies to make them pay for troops.

13 Colonies refused to pay

13 Colonies said Britain didn’t have a right to and had NO authority to tax them because Britain didn’t allow colonist to elect representatives to the British parliament

Slogan arose (protest): “No taxation without representation”

In 1775 – protest turned into rebellion

George Washington took command of an army in the 13 Colonies to fight the British rule

The American war of independence or the American Revolution began!- 1775 – 1783

Quebec and Nova Scotia didn’t join war, but was affected by it

In 1776, thirteen colonies decided to break away from Britain and become Independent Country: United States.

The war lasted until 1783 when Great Britain finally recognized the United States as its own independent country.

George Washington became the first president of the U.S. in 1789

“ Loyalists, with their brats and wives, Should flee to save their wretched lives.”

“A Loyalist is someone whose head is in England

Whose body is in AmericaAnd whose neck should be stretched.”

The American war of independence forced people of Thirteen Colonies to choose sides: break away from British rule or remain under British rule?

During and after the war, many people who supported British rule left the thirteen colonies for the British colonies of Quebec and Nova Scotia

They were refugees, escaping to territories that remained under British rule in North America

Most of these people called themselves British descendant Loyalists

This wave included 3,000 black loyalists, it also included 2,000 Haudenosaunee people, (become allies of Britain during the war) and 3,000 German Mennonites (remained neutral)

Tarring and feathering (see article on page 173) was used as a punishment to those who were viewed as siding with the British, by supporters of thirteen colonies (America)

Left all their possessions behind: had to start over

Faced exposure and starvation in some cases

Black Loyalists faced discrimination

Others who were part of the migration (Haudenosaunee and Mennonites – who were not called Loyalists because they had different motivations) also faced discrimination.

The Haudenosaunee had to demand land.

The Mennonites had to pay fines to the British government to exempt them from military service.

Go to student handout- Meet the Loyalists

Read profiles on pages 175-178

Complete the handout

The arrival of the Loyalists changed the makeup of Quebec - Quebec became more English.

The arrival of the Loyalists greatly increased the number of British people in Quebec. Before the arrival of the Loyalists, Quebec had very few British settlers. By 1790, however, British people made up about ten percent of Quebec’s population.

The Loyalists were not content to live a French way of life in their new homeland

The loyalists began to ask Britain for British laws and customs in Quebec, because “they were British born subjects and have always lived under the government and laws of England.”

What about their rights under the Quebec Act of 1774- rights that protected French laws and customs? Would the arrival of the Loyalists endanger these rights?

This concerned many Canadiens as they were afraid of losing their French language and Catholic religion

The Loyalists were mostly farmers, they wanted land.

First Nations however, also needed that land, and had rights to it, as recognized by the Royal Proclamation of 1763.

Loyalists arrival shifted the reason Britain negotiated treaties or agreements with First Nations

This brought about a significant shift in British and First Nations’ relations British now tried to negotiate the land away from First Nations’ control.

Before the Loyalists, Britain negotiated treaties of “peace and friendship.”

After the Loyalists arrived, Britain negotiated treaties to take over land for settlement

The Royal Proclamation of 1763- declared “Indian Territory,”

the proclamation recognized First Nations right to land.

The proclamation said First Nations had to agree to give up their land before settlers could move in but this did not always happen.

In Nova Scotia They took over the land the Acadians once farmed

Many of the Loyalists who arrived in Nova Scotia joined settlements that already existed there.

The St. John River settlers were mostly NEW colonist.

In Nova Scotia They felt they had different needs and priorities

then the older more established British settlements.

St. John River Colonist petitioned (to ask for something in a formal way) Britain for their OWN colony, separate from Nova Scotia.

Britain’s Response: In 1784, Great-Britain divided Nova Scotia in two, naming the second part New-Brunswick

In Quebec In the late 1780’s the British government received several petitions from Loyalist settlers in Quebec.

They asked the British government to allow them to use British laws and customs in place of French laws and customs

In Quebec PROBLEM? Britain needed to keep Loyalists happy in case America decided to invade.

it owed something to the loyalists- Loyalists fought with them against Americans, BUT needed to secure goodwill of new Loyalists to settlers, incase Americans decided to attack British North America

In Quebec: But Britain had already passed the Quebec Act in 1774 to secure the support of Canadiens living in its colonies.

How could Britain balance the demands of the Loyalists and the Canadiens?

In Nova Scotia: Britain divided Nova Scotia into 2 colonies: New Brunswick

They also created the separate colonies of Cape Breton Island and St. John Island.

Use the map handed out to you and the map on page 186 of your textbook

Make yourself a copy(an exact copy!!) of this map indicating the different areas owned by British North America and the United States.

Be sure to label all parts of the map so yours looks identical to the one on page 186.

In 1812 Britain went to war with British North America, why?

Was a fight between the United States and British North America

Background of the War of 1812: 1789- France has revolution, dethrones the monarch (king / Queen rules) and becomes a republic (voting)

Background of the War of 1812 (Cont’d):

Other Monarch ruled countries in Europe worried they may be overthrown too and so they went to war against the French republic

Napoleon was a French general who defended France and conquered a large part of Europe. The war was named after him

In 1812, the Napoleonic Wars triggered a conflict in North America

The Americans wanted BNA territory

As part of war strategy, Britain shut down trade between France and the US.

◦--Think-Pair-Share– Why do you think they would do this?

It blocked America ships from landing at French ports. The British Navy was also boarding ships to look for British deserters.

To retaliate (get revenge) the US declared war on BNA b/c it was the nearest piece of British territory.◦ --Think-Pair-Share– Do you think that this is a good

idea? What would you do?

The Americans invaded British North America and expected the BNA colonists to join in their fight against British rule.

Instead, the colonists fought back.

In one of the key battles of the war, British troops and Canadiens militia-the Voltigeurs-fought off an American attack on Montreal. ◦--Think-Pair-Share: Knowing what we do

about Montreal’s geography, why would the Americans think of attacking Montreal?

If the attack had succeeded, the Americans could have won the war.

Montreal was a crucial supply and communications link between Upper and Lower Canada

The Americans invaded and destroyed the town or York (Toronto)

In August 1814, BNA retaliated and invaded Washington D.C and set fire to the White House

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c7Hh8W69cos

Beginning at 6:00 A.M. on September 13, 1814, British warships attacked Fort McHenry for 25 hours.

The American defenders had 18, 24, and 38 pound cannons with a maximum range of 2.4 km.

The British had a range of 3 km with their cannons, and their rockets had a 2.8-km range, but they were not very accurate.

The British ships were unable to pass Fort McHenry and penetrate Baltimore Harbor because of American defenses:

chain of 22 sunken ships the American cannon.

After an initial exchange of fire, the British fleet withdrew to just beyond the range of Fort McHenry’s cannons

Although 1,500 to 1,800 cannonballs were launched at the fort, due to the poor accuracy of the British weapons at maximum range and the limited range of the American guns, very little damage was done on either side

At one point during the bombardment, a bomb crashed through the fort's powder magazine (where ammunition is stored). Fortunately for the Americans, either the fuse was extinguished by the rain or the bomb was merely a dud.

Only one British warship, a bomb vessel, received a direct hit from the fort's return fire which wounded one crewman.

Americans did suffer casualties: four killed and 24 wounded, including one African American soldier and a woman who was cut in half by a bomb as she carried supplies to the troops.

British ceased their attack on the morning of September 14, 1814, and the naval part of the British invasion of Baltimore had been stopped.

On the morning of September 14, the 30 ft × 42 ft oversized American flag, which had been made a few months before by local flagmaker and her 13-year-old daughter, was raised over Fort McHenry (replacing the tattered storm flag which had flown during battle).

The poem was set to the tune of a popular British drinking song composed by John Stafford Smith for a mens social club in London.

"The Anacreontic Song" was already popular in the United States. Set to Francis Scott Key's poem and renamed "The Star-Spangled Banner", it would soon become a well-known American patriotic song.

Francis Scott Key’s original manuscript copy of his "Star-Spangled Banner" poem. It is now on display at the Maryland Historical Society

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i426pbQJZ_g

The war ended in 1814 with no definitive winner

Each side kept their own land and both countries were separated along the 49th parallel (the Canada/U.S. border)

Both countries signed the peace treaty, known as the Treaty of Ghent, on December 24, 1814.

Agreements could not be reached about land, waterways or where First Nations were to live

The settlement simply ended hostilities and restored pre-war conditions, but under the circumstances American negotiators believed they had triumphed.

The Position of the Canadiens: Some Americans thought the Canadiens might

rise up against British rule, once the American attack began.

This didn’t happen, partly because the Catholic Church opposed:

republican government (i.e people thinking for themselves)

Government elected by the people and without a monarch- encouraged Canadiens to fight for Britain and its monarchy

Upper Canada’s Position: American attacks centered on Upper Canada- where some of the Loyalists had settled after the American war of independence

Most Upper Canadians sided with Britain, and opposed American plans

By 1812 many people in Upper Canada were American born settlers

They came to UC as immigrants, not refugees like the Loyalists

They’d come seeking land to farm

Some supported the American’s invasion, most did not take sides

Most hoped the war would end quickly, with as little damage to their farms as possible.

After the war, Britain ordered settlers who had supported the American cause to leave Upper Canada, and it discouraged further American immigration.

At the same time it encouraged immigrants from Britain to settle in UC.

Also, it offered plots of land to Br soldiers to defend UC if the US tried to invade again

Tecumseh- a leader of the Shawnee First Nation

Organized First Nations to support British against the Americans

Gave speech to Osages First Nations during winter of 1811-1812

Osages located in Great Lakes Region, were allied of Tecumseh and British during war

His speech: When white men first came, we shared freely with them

whatever Great Spirit had given us They were weak and we made them strong Now they want to kill us or drive us back White men are not our friends 1st- they asked us for land for their wigwam Now: they want it all They want to make us enemies so they can extinct our

hunting grounds King of England is angry with Americans: he will send

troops against them and send us rifles Unite. Fight each others battles and love Great Spirit- he

will destroy our enemies and make us happy.

YES NO

United diverse people (Canadiens, Br. Canadians, and FN) to fight a common cause- to prevent an American takeover of their lands

If the US had won the war of 1812, Canada may not exist today

The treaty that ended the war established a boundary between Canada and the US that is still respected today

The war of 1812 affirmed Br identity in Canada, but not Canadien or FN identity

The end of the war meant that Br didn’t need its allies as much

Br began to ignore the FN in making decisions about the future of Canada. It sought to isolate FN peoples on reserves.

Br began to advocate assimilation for Non-British peoples including FN and Canadiens.

Copy down the following questions: What was the role of Chief Tecumseh in the

War of 1812? How did the War of 1812 contribute to British

identity in Canada? How did the War of 1812 contribute to

defining Canada’s political boundaries? How was the Great Migration of 1815–1850 in

Upper Canada and Lower Canada an attempt to confirm British identity in the Province of

Canada