{{

Race and Race and EthnicityEthnicity

Chapter NineChapter Nine

Race: Myth and RealityRace: Myth and Reality Myth 1— Idea That Any Race is SuperiorMyth 1— Idea That Any Race is Superior

All Races Have Geniuses and IdiotsAll Races Have Geniuses and Idiots

Hitler, Hutus and Tutsis, Serbia practiced Hitler, Hutus and Tutsis, Serbia practiced

genocidegenocide (systematic attempt to annihilate (systematic attempt to annihilate

a people because of their race and a people because of their race and

ethnicity)ethnicity)

Myth 2—Idea that Any Race is PureMyth 2—Idea that Any Race is Pure

Anthropologists and biologists can’t even Anthropologists and biologists can’t even

agree how many races there are (2- 2,000)agree how many races there are (2- 2,000)

Human Characteristics Flow Endlessly Human Characteristics Flow Endlessly

togethertogether

Idea of race is a powerful force in Idea of race is a powerful force in

everyday liveseveryday lives

Ethnic GroupsEthnic Groups Race Race has little meaning biologically due has little meaning biologically due

to interbreeding in the human population. to interbreeding in the human population.

Socially constructed reality, not a biological Socially constructed reality, not a biological

one one

EthnicityEthnicity refers to refers to cultural cultural characteristicscharacteristics

Common AncestryCommon Ancestry

Cultural HeritageCultural Heritage

Nations of OriginNations of Origin

In an In an ethnic enclaveethnic enclave, people interact , people interact

with others in their ethnic group and with others in their ethnic group and

feel a sense of shared identityfeel a sense of shared identity

Minority GroupMinority Group— a category of people who have — a category of people who have

been singled out as inferior or superior, on the basis been singled out as inferior or superior, on the basis

of real or alleged physical characteristics such as skin of real or alleged physical characteristics such as skin

color, hair texture, eye shape, or other attributescolor, hair texture, eye shape, or other attributes

People singled out for unequal treatment and regard People singled out for unequal treatment and regard

themselves as objects of discriminationthemselves as objects of discrimination

Minority Group can be Minority Group can be racialracial or or ethnicethnic

Minority group not necessarily numerical minorityMinority group not necessarily numerical minority

Minority and Dominant Minority and Dominant GroupsGroups

Minority and Dominant Minority and Dominant GroupsGroups

Dominant GroupDominant Group— —

group with most…group with most… PowerPower

PrivilegesPrivileges

Highest Social StatusHighest Social Status

View minority group as View minority group as

inferiorinferior

Group has shared Group has shared

physical and cultural physical and cultural

traitstraits

Minority groups occur because of…Minority groups occur because of…

Expansion of Political Boundaries-Expansion of Political Boundaries- when a when a

group expands it incorporates people with group expands it incorporates people with

different cultures, languages into same political different cultures, languages into same political

entity and discriminates against them (Native entity and discriminates against them (Native

Americans)Americans)

Migration-Migration- people move from one place to people move from one place to

another and become minority (Latinos, Africans) another and become minority (Latinos, Africans)

can be voluntary and involuntarycan be voluntary and involuntary

Emergence of Minority Emergence of Minority GroupsGroups

Shared Characteristics of Minority Shared Characteristics of Minority GroupsGroups

A.A. Membership is an Membership is an

ascribedascribed status status

B.B. Physical or cultural Physical or cultural

traits held in low esteem traits held in low esteem

by dominant groupby dominant group

C.C. Unequal treatmentUnequal treatment

D.D. Marry within own groupMarry within own group

E.E. Feel strong group Feel strong group

solidaritysolidarity

Constructing Racial-Ethnic IdentityConstructing Racial-Ethnic Identity Feel firm boundaries between Feel firm boundaries between

“us” and “them”“us” and “them”

Size of group, power, Size of group, power,

appearance, degree of appearance, degree of

discrimination heighten or discrimination heighten or

reduce ethnic identityreduce ethnic identity

Some people have a strong Some people have a strong

sense of this identity some have sense of this identity some have

a low sensea low sense

Ethnic Work-Ethnic Work- ideas designed to ideas designed to

discover, enhance and maintain discover, enhance and maintain

ethnic and racial identificationethnic and racial identification

• A negative attitude based on A negative attitude based on generalizations about members of generalizations about members of selected racial, ethnic, or other selected racial, ethnic, or other groupsgroups• Ethnocentrism: Ethnocentrism: tendency to tendency to

regard one’s own culture and regard one’s own culture and group as the standardgroup as the standard

• Stereotypes: Stereotypes: overgeneralizations overgeneralizations about the appearance, behavior, about the appearance, behavior, or other characteristics of or other characteristics of members of particular categoriesmembers of particular categories

PrejudicePrejudice

{{Common throughout the worldCommon throughout the world

Discrimination is an Discrimination is an actionaction

Unfair treatment directed toward Unfair treatment directed toward

someonesomeone

Racial discrimination is Racial discrimination is racismracism

Discrimination results from Discrimination results from

prejudiceprejudice

Attitude (usually negative, can be Attitude (usually negative, can be

positive)positive)

Based on race, religion, etc.Based on race, religion, etc.

Ku Klux Klan and Neo-NazisKu Klux Klan and Neo-Nazis

Prejudice and Prejudice and DiscriminationDiscrimination

Learning Prejudice-Learning Prejudice- not born with prejudice, learn it not born with prejudice, learn it

from those around us. People that are prejudice against from those around us. People that are prejudice against

one group are usually prejudiced against other groupsone group are usually prejudiced against other groups

Internalizing Dominant Norms-Internalizing Dominant Norms- prejudice against your prejudice against your

own group- African- Americans and skin color (internalize own group- African- Americans and skin color (internalize

norms of dominant group)norms of dominant group)

Implicit Association Test by Anthony Greenwald word Implicit Association Test by Anthony Greenwald word

association equal with both blacks and whitesassociation equal with both blacks and whites

Prejudice and Prejudice and DiscriminationDiscrimination

Extent of PrejudiceExtent of Prejudice Each Racial-Ethnic Each Racial-Ethnic

group views other group views other

groups as inferior in groups as inferior in

some waysome way

Dislike of one group Dislike of one group

associated with dislike of associated with dislike of

other groupsother groups

Older, less educated Older, less educated

more prejudicedmore prejudiced

Individual Discrimination-Individual Discrimination- negative treatment of one negative treatment of one person by another (isolate and person by another (isolate and small group)small group)

Institutional Discrimination-Institutional Discrimination- negative treatment of a group negative treatment of a group that is built into societies that is built into societies institutions (direct and indirect)institutions (direct and indirect)

Two Major Categories of Two Major Categories of DiscriminationDiscrimination

Four Types of DiscriminationFour Types of Discrimination

1.1. Isolate discriminationIsolate discriminationA prejudiced judge giving A prejudiced judge giving harsher sentences to African harsher sentences to African American defendantsAmerican defendants

2.2. Small-group discriminationSmall-group discriminationSmall group of white students Small group of white students defacing a professor’s office defacing a professor’s office with racist epithetswith racist epithets

3.3. Direct institutionalized Direct institutionalized discriminationdiscriminationIntentional exclusion of people Intentional exclusion of people of color from public of color from public accommodationsaccommodations

4.4. Indirect institutionalized Indirect institutionalized discriminationdiscriminationSpecial education classes may Special education classes may have contributed to racial have contributed to racial stereotypingstereotyping

Black and Latinos are more likely to be turned Black and Latinos are more likely to be turned down for a loan, pay higher interest ratesdown for a loan, pay higher interest rates

Home Mortgage and Car LoansHome Mortgage and Car Loans

Psychological Perspectives of PrejudicePsychological Perspectives of Prejudice Aggression theory- Aggression theory- Prejudice is the result of frustration, Prejudice is the result of frustration,

people find group to blame they become the people find group to blame they become the scapegoatscapegoat

(usually a racial, ethnic or religious minority)(usually a racial, ethnic or religious minority)

Frustration –Aggression Hypothesis- Frustration –Aggression Hypothesis- The view that The view that

frustration, or failure to reach a certain desired goal due frustration, or failure to reach a certain desired goal due

to circumstance, often leads to aggression, or behavior to circumstance, often leads to aggression, or behavior

which intends harm.which intends harm.

Authoritarian Personality-Authoritarian Personality- Adorno study (1950) Adorno study (1950)

concluded highly prejudiced people are insecure concluded highly prejudiced people are insecure

conformists, respect of authority and submissive to conformists, respect of authority and submissive to

superiors, have a strong sense of right and wrongsuperiors, have a strong sense of right and wrong

Anxious when confronted with norms and values different Anxious when confronted with norms and values different

than their ownthan their own

Theories of Prejudice Theories of Prejudice

Functionalism-Functionalism- (large group relationships) social (large group relationships) social

environment can be arranged to generate positive or environment can be arranged to generate positive or

negative feelings about people . Prejudice is negative feelings about people . Prejudice is

dysfunctional to a society, destroys human dysfunctional to a society, destroys human

relationshipsrelationships Prejudice is functional because it can create in- Prejudice is functional because it can create in-

group solidaritygroup solidarity Conflict Theory-Conflict Theory- (large group relationships) (large group relationships)

arrangements benefit those with powerarrangements benefit those with power Capitalists keep workers divided and insecure (fear Capitalists keep workers divided and insecure (fear

of unemployment) exploit racial and ethnic strife of unemployment) exploit racial and ethnic strife

(can make gains only at the expense of others)(can make gains only at the expense of others)

Sociological Sociological PerspectivesPerspectives

Symbolic InteractionismSymbolic Interactionism Labels Create Prejudice-Labels Create Prejudice- when we when we

apply labels to groups we see its apply labels to groups we see its members as all alikemembers as all alike

Symbolic Interactionists- labels we Symbolic Interactionists- labels we learn effect the ways we see people, learn effect the ways we see people, cause cause selective perceptionselective perception

Contact Hypothesis Contact Hypothesis Contact between Contact between divergent groups should be positive as divergent groups should be positive as long as group members have equal long as group members have equal status, purse same goals and cooperate, status, purse same goals and cooperate, and receive positive feedback during and receive positive feedback during interactioninteraction

Self-Fulfilling Prophesy-Self-Fulfilling Prophesy- stereotypes stereotypes and labels can produce behavior and labels can produce behavior depicted in the stereotype. Places limits depicted in the stereotype. Places limits on the other group and this attitude on the other group and this attitude creates a self fulfilling prophescreates a self fulfilling prophesyy

Six basic patterns that characterize the Six basic patterns that characterize the

relationship of dominant and minority groupsrelationship of dominant and minority groups

1.1. GenocideGenocide – – labels allow us to compartmentalize labels allow us to compartmentalize

groups and separate moral action and regard groups groups and separate moral action and regard groups

as inferioras inferior

2.2. Population Transfer-Population Transfer- two types indirect and directtwo types indirect and direct

3.3. Internal Colonialism-Internal Colonialism- countries dominant group countries dominant group

exploits a minority group for economic advantageexploits a minority group for economic advantage

Global Patterns of Intergroup Global Patterns of Intergroup RelationsRelations

4. 4. SegregationSegregation-- formal separation of racial or ethnic groups, formal separation of racial or ethnic groups,

allows dominant group to maintain social distance yet exploit allows dominant group to maintain social distance yet exploit

minority groupminority group

5. 5. AssimilationAssimilation- minority group is absorbed into dominant - minority group is absorbed into dominant

culture culture

((two types-forced, permissibletwo types-forced, permissible))

6. 6. MulticulturalismMulticulturalism-- encourages and permits racial variation. encourages and permits racial variation.

Minority groups maintain identity, participate in countries Minority groups maintain identity, participate in countries

social institutionssocial institutions

Global Patterns of Intergroup Global Patterns of Intergroup RelationsRelations

What happens to a dream deferred?What happens to a dream deferred? Does it dry upDoes it dry up Like a raisin in the sun?Like a raisin in the sun? Or fester like a sore --Or fester like a sore -- And then run?And then run?    Does it stink like rotten meat?Does it stink like rotten meat? Or crust and sugar over --Or crust and sugar over -- like a syrupy sweet?like a syrupy sweet? Maybe it just sagsMaybe it just sags like a heavy load.like a heavy load. Or does it explode?Or does it explode?

A Dream Deferred A Dream Deferred by Langston by Langston HughesHughes

Two types of responses to being consistently hated-Two types of responses to being consistently hated--- Intropunitive: Intropunitive: Hate, accepted by the minority as Hate, accepted by the minority as

appropriate and deserving. appropriate and deserving. Minority group member defines himself as deserving of Minority group member defines himself as deserving of

the hatred. the hatred. Cause of the hatred is seen as being a flaw within his/her Cause of the hatred is seen as being a flaw within his/her

own group.own group. Extropunitive: Extropunitive: The hate, rejected by the minority as The hate, rejected by the minority as

inappropriate and undeserved. inappropriate and undeserved. Minority group defines the majority as the reason for the Minority group defines the majority as the reason for the

hatredhatred Flaw is in the character of the majority, not the minority.Flaw is in the character of the majority, not the minority.

Gordon Allport’s Gordon Allport’s The Nature of The Nature of PrejudicePrejudice

Intropunitive Intropunitive Agreeing with the majority Agreeing with the majority -- The stereotypes and -- The stereotypes and

prescriptions accepted.prescriptions accepted. In-group aggression In-group aggression -- The minority group member attacks -- The minority group member attacks

(physically or verbally) himself, his group, or members of (physically or verbally) himself, his group, or members of his group who are slightly, but identifiably, different.his group who are slightly, but identifiably, different.

Denial of membership Denial of membership -- individual simply claims to belong -- individual simply claims to belong to some other group or he changes his appearance to some other group or he changes his appearance somehow to soften his membership.somehow to soften his membership.

Symbolic status striving Symbolic status striving -- Having little or no socially -- Having little or no socially accepted status within himself, the member seeks some accepted status within himself, the member seeks some external source of status.external source of status.

Withdrawal and passivity Withdrawal and passivity -- The victim of the hate - -- The victim of the hate - frustrated with his status - gives up, retreats, becomes a frustrated with his status - gives up, retreats, becomes a non-person.non-person.

Gordon Allport’s Gordon Allport’s The Nature of The Nature of PrejudicePrejudice

ExtropunitiveExtropunitive   MilitancyMilitancy -- The member fights back unfair hatred either -- The member fights back unfair hatred either

physically or otherwise.physically or otherwise. Enhanced striving Enhanced striving -- acknowledge the fact that the majority is -- acknowledge the fact that the majority is

not willing to accept him at face value, the member of a not willing to accept him at face value, the member of a minority resolves himself to attain perfection, to give the hostile minority resolves himself to attain perfection, to give the hostile groups no avenue of attack.groups no avenue of attack.

Slyness and cunning Slyness and cunning -- Member uses less acceptable ways to -- Member uses less acceptable ways to out-wit or fool the majority. He becomes street wise rather than out-wit or fool the majority. He becomes street wise rather than getting a Ph.D.getting a Ph.D.

In-group cohesion In-group cohesion -- Realizing that the majority is hostile, the -- Realizing that the majority is hostile, the minority group members become more reliant on the protection minority group members become more reliant on the protection and support of others like themselves. They "circle the wagons" and support of others like themselves. They "circle the wagons" in anticipation of attack.in anticipation of attack.

Obsessive conObsessive concern -- After having experienced the hatred, some cern -- After having experienced the hatred, some members may experience something similar to group paranoia: members may experience something similar to group paranoia: they see the hatred even in places where it may not exist.they see the hatred even in places where it may not exist.

Gordon Allport’s Gordon Allport’s The Nature of The Nature of PrejudicePrejudice

{{

Major ethnic Major ethnic groups in the US groups in the US

1.1.European European AmericansAmericans

2.2.LatinosLatinos

3.3.African African AmericansAmericans

4.4.Asian AmericansAsian Americans

5.5. Native Native AmericansAmericans

Racial and Ethnic Relations in the United Racial and Ethnic Relations in the United StatesStates

Racial and Ethnic Relations in the United Racial and Ethnic Relations in the United StatesStates

European AmericansEuropean Americans Extremely ethnocentricExtremely ethnocentric Looked down on people without English ancestryLooked down on people without English ancestry Forced immigrants to assimilate to their “ways” to fit inForced immigrants to assimilate to their “ways” to fit in Ethnic groups give up culture to conformEthnic groups give up culture to conform

LatinosLatinos Largest ethnic minority groupLargest ethnic minority group Majority from MexicoMajority from Mexico Spanish language defines Spanish language defines

Latinos from other groups, Latinos from other groups, growth of Spanish in US has growth of Spanish in US has caused backlash in some areascaused backlash in some areas

Large cultural, class differences Large cultural, class differences between country of originbetween country of origin

Diversity has inhibited unity, Diversity has inhibited unity, causes political causes political underrepresentationunderrepresentation

Many Latinos experience Many Latinos experience economic disadvantages economic disadvantages

Cubans typically better off, Cubans typically better off, Puerto Ricans lowest on Puerto Ricans lowest on indicators of well beingindicators of well being

Racial and Ethnic Relations in the United StatesRacial and Ethnic Relations in the United States

Racial and Ethnic Relations in the United Racial and Ethnic Relations in the United StatesStates

African AmericansAfrican Americans Faced long history of racism Faced long history of racism

(slavery to segregation to modern (slavery to segregation to modern discrimination)discrimination)

Civil Rights Movement improved Civil Rights Movement improved conditions of African Americansconditions of African Americans

End of forced segregation, legal End of forced segregation, legal discriminationdiscrimination

Recently gains in income, education, Recently gains in income, education, politicspolitics

William Julius Wilson- William Julius Wilson- social class social class has replaced has replaced racerace as determinant of as determinant of quality of life for African Americansquality of life for African Americans

Improvement through getting Improvement through getting better paying jobsbetter paying jobs

Some sociologists claim this analysis Some sociologists claim this analysis overlooks discrimination that overlooks discrimination that continues (subtle racism)continues (subtle racism)

Asian AmericansAsian Americans History of discrimination- Anti History of discrimination- Anti

Chinese immigration laws, Chinese immigration laws, forced internment of Japanese forced internment of Japanese Americans during WWIIAmericans during WWII

Following war discrimination Following war discrimination diminisheddiminished

Currently highest median Currently highest median income of all ethnic groupsincome of all ethnic groups

Score high on indicators of Score high on indicators of well beingwell being

Chinese, Japanese low rates of Chinese, Japanese low rates of poverty, Vietnamese high poverty, Vietnamese high rates of povertyrates of poverty

Three factors of success- a) Three factors of success- a) family life b) education c) family life b) education c) assimilation into mainstream assimilation into mainstream cultureculture

Racial and Ethnic Relations in the United Racial and Ethnic Relations in the United StatesStates

Native AmericansNative Americans Image distorted by mediaImage distorted by media Not a single cultural entityNot a single cultural entity Disease, warfare caused huge Disease, warfare caused huge

loss of populationloss of population Anglo-American cruelty, forced Anglo-American cruelty, forced

relocationrelocation Worst off of all ethnic minority Worst off of all ethnic minority

groupsgroups High rates of poverty, High rates of poverty,

alcoholism, lower life alcoholism, lower life expectancyexpectancy

Pan-Indiamisim movement Pan-Indiamisim movement works for better lifeworks for better life

In 1980 white Americans made In 1980 white Americans made up 80% of the population.up 80% of the population.

In 2000, white Americans made In 2000, white Americans made up 70% of the population.up 70% of the population.

By 2056, the roots of the By 2056, the roots of the average U.S. resident will be in average U.S. resident will be in Africa, Asia, Hispanic Africa, Asia, Hispanic countries, the Pacific Islands, countries, the Pacific Islands, or Arabia—not white Europe.or Arabia—not white Europe.

Growing Racial and Ethnic Diversity in the Growing Racial and Ethnic Diversity in the U.S.U.S.

3 major issues face society 3 major issues face society todaytoday

ImmigrationImmigration- America land of - America land of immigrants recently debate has immigrants recently debate has intensifiedintensified

Affirmative Action- Affirmative Action- used to used to close economic, employment close economic, employment gap and to remedy past wrongsgap and to remedy past wrongs

Some argue it stigmatizes Some argue it stigmatizes people, rewards people less people, rewards people less qualifiedqualified

Multicultural Society- Multicultural Society- ultimate goal, look beyond ultimate goal, look beyond biological differences, allow all biological differences, allow all to participate with full social to participate with full social and political powerand political power

Looking toward the Looking toward the FutureFuture