© Pitambar Bhandari © Pitambar Bhandari

PeacePeaceConditionProcessMovementPerceptionOr An Achievement???

Definition 1.According to Webster Dictionary, Peace is defined as:2.a state of tranquility or quiet: as (a) freedom for disturbance (b) a state of security of order within a community provided for by the law and customs.3.freedom from disquieting or oppressive thoughts or emotions.4.harmony in personal relations a pact or agreement to end hostilities between those who have been at war or in a state of enmity. "Peace is the absence or reduction of violence of all kinds" - Galtung "Peace is a non-violent and creative conflict transformation" - Galtung

Three different phases/approaches developed by Galtung , Jacobson and Jacobson

Up to the II world war ◦ Peace movement◦ war abolition◦ global governance

After II world war◦ Peace education◦ non-violence◦ conflict transformation

With cold war◦ peace cultures◦ Basic human needs◦ peace structures

Historical views of peace The Roman poet Tacitus spoke of making a

desert and calling it "peace", an unwanted place of sterility and emptiness.

Gautam Buddha proposed that suffering was caused by desires, and peace would be found through the discipline of detachment. He offered several principles including compassion and nonviolence, as essential to the individual's spiritual well-being.

Confucius valued obedience and order as virtues in themselves; rather he maintained that the attainment of peace was the ultimate human goal and that peace came from social harmony and equilibrium.

Positive versus Negative peace Negative peace simply denotes the absence of war. It

is a condition in which no active, organized military violence is taking place

The noted 20th century French intellectual Rymond Aron defined peace as a condition of "more or less lasting suspension of rivalry between political units."

Positive peace is more than the mere absence of war or even the absence of interstate violence. It refers to a social condition in which exploitation is minimized or eliminated, and in which there is neither overt violence nor the more subtle phenomenon of underlying structural violence.

Negative peace usually results in a diplomatic emphasis on peacekeeping or peace restoring. By contrast, positive peace focuses on peace building, the establishment of nonexploitative social structures, and determination to work towards the goal even when a war is not ongoing.

Negative peace is thus a more conservative goal, as it seeks to keep things the way they are, whereas positive peace is more active and bolder, implying the creation of something that does not currently exist.

Violence "The intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual against oneself, another person or against a group or community that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death ,psychological harm maldevelopment or deprivation. ( WHO 2002)

Types of violence Structural violence Direct Violence Symbolic violence Domestic violence Political violence ???

Structural Violence Structural violence includes hunger, political repression

and psychological alienation. It is a serious form of social oppression. A society commits violence against its members when it forcibly stunts their development and undermines their well-being, whether because of religion, ethnicity, gender, age sexual preference or some other social reason. When people starve to death, or even go hungry, a kind of violence is occuring.

Direct Violence involves a wider radius of violent episodes that vary in scale from two-person intimate relations to the large scale violence of genocide. They all engender direct, acute insults to the psychological or physical well-being of individuals or groups, and they erupt periodically as events or episodes.

Difference between Structural and Direct violence

Direct Violence Kills people directly

Somatic harm

Dramatic

Personal

Acute insult to well-being

Intermittent

Subject-action-object observable

Intentional and immoral

Episodes may be prevented

Structural Violence Kills people indirectly

Somatic Deprivation

Commonplace

Impersonal

Chronic insult to well-being

Continuous

Subject-action-object unobservable

Unintentional and amoral

Inertia may be mitigated

Definition of conflictThe term "Conflict" is defined as "A struggle to resist or overcome; contest

of opposing forces or powers; strife; battle".

"A state or condition of opposition, antagonism discord: the conflict of testimony.

Active antagonism, clash; collision.Psychoanalyst, painful tension set up by a

clash between opposed and contradictory impulses in an individual (Webster's comprehensive dictionary 1996).

If you want peace, understand the war – Liddle hart

The story of the human race is war, and before history began murderous strife was universal and unending – Churchil

“Conflict is the result of opposing interests involving scarce resources, goal divergence and frustration” – Niklas Swanstrom

Conflict shouldn’t be defined simply in terms of violence (behavior) or hostility attitudes), but also include incompatibility or difference in issues position”. – Otto Czempiel

“A situation in which two or more parties strive to acquire the same scarce resources at the same time” – Peter Wallensteen

“Perceived differences in issue positions between two or more parties at the same moment in time” - Mikael Weissmann

Types of conflictTypes of conflict

On the basis of the nature and form of conflict, it has been divided into five categories:

Structural conflict Ideological/Theoretical Conflict Interest Based Conflict Factual Conflict Relational Conflict

Structural : Differences and disagreements on the state structure- constitution, act and different law of the nation. This type of conflict prevails on the issues of unequal distribution of national resources.

Ideological: Differences on norms, values and ideology create the conflict.

Interest Based: Differences in interest, will and wishes among the people. Conflict remains in the latent and sometimes on the surface

Factual: Some Published fact and information might create conflict among individuals, group and parties. Issues concerning the border of the two countries, result of the election, etc.

Relational : Lack of communication, mis-understanding, misinterpretation, misconception of opponent

Armed conflictArmed conflict UCDP uses concept of ‘Armed Conflict’ & focuses on ‘Conflict Resolution’. CDP defines conflict as a contested incompatibility that concerns government or

territory or both where the use of armed forces between parties results in at least 25 battle related deaths in a year.

UCDP divides conflicts into three categories: Minor Armed Conflicts: at least 25 battle related deaths in a year. Intermediate Armed Conflicts: More than 25 & less than 1000 battle related

deaths in a year. War: at least 1000 battle related deaths in a year. Uppsala Conflict Data Projects Conflicts are divided according to types of conflict: Interstate Armed Conflict – occur between two or more states Internationalized Internal Armed Conflict – occurs between the government of a

state & internal opposition groups, with intervention from other states in the form of troops.

Internal Armed Conflict – occurs between the government of a state and internal opposition group

UCDP aims to connect its data to development of conflict theory – specially in particular theories of Conflict Resolution.

Uppsala Conflict Data Project is the major, massive and well funded research project in the world.

Stages

Latent or Pre-conflict Confrontational but non-violent

conflict Crisis or Violent conflict Outcome Post conflict

Latent Conflict: Parties have different interests or incompatible goal. Hidden

Confrontational: Open-people do not listen anymore to the arguments of the opponent.

Crisis: Escalation of violence. Communication between the parties has come to an end.

Outcome: Defeat of one side or a cease fire.

Post conflict: Conflict resolved. But if the issues are not dealt properly, another pre-conflict situation will rise.

Reasons and issues of Reasons and issues of Conflict Conflict Differences and contradictions

about: Goals Power Ideas Values Perception Access to resources Grievances

Conflict within the Conflict within the individual individual Stress Anger Self – hatred Addiction Revenge Blame

Interpersonal Conflict Interpersonal Conflict Marital tension Family strife Disputes with friends and

neighbors Conflict at work or school.

Family Conflict Family Conflict Members pursue self-interest over the welfare of family.

Infidelity Money issues Sibling rivalry Careerism Alcoholism Family power and resource sharing Position change

Social Conflict Social Conflict Religion Ethnic Tension Legal disputes Abuse of power War

Culture of Peace Culture of Peace ????

THANK YOU !

THANK YOU !