排尿障礙治療中心 版權所有 peripheral neuropathy and neurogenic voiding dysfunction...
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排尿障礙治療中心 版權所有
Peripheral Neuropathy and Neurogenic Voiding Dysfunction
Hann-Chorng KuoDepartment of UrologyBuddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital
排尿障礙治療中心 版權所有
Peripheral neuropathy
Cauda equina syndromeSacral root injuryPelvic plexus injuryDiabetes neuropathyDetrusor denervation
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Consequences of peripheral neuropathy
Detrusor contractions are lostBladder becomes an acontractile sacBladder empty by abdominal straining or suprapubic compression (Crede maneuver) or catheterizationBladder sensation becomes vague
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Lower urinary tract symptoms in Peripheral neuropathy
DysuriaStraining to voidFrequencyResidual urine sensationUrinary incontinence (overflow)Urinary retention
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Physiology of micturition橋腦排尿中樞 PONS
胸腰髓 T10-L2
薦髓 S2,3,4
骨盆底神經陰部神經
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Cauda equina lesion
Lumbar spinal injurySurgery for herniated discComplete or incomplete injury to nerve rootsDetrusor contractility is lost in complete lesionRecovery of detrusor contractility depends on severity of lesion
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Diagnosis of Cauda equina lesionHistory of surgical traumaDysuria and straining to void after spine surgeryConstipation is the ruleSaddle anesthesia or paresthesiaLower extremity motor deficiency
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Urodynamics of Cauda equina lesion
Detrusor areflexia at initial stage, sphincter tone is fixed (normal or weak)Bladder sensation of filling is normal or vagueBladder neck may be closed or openBladder compliance is normal initiallyPatients void by abdominal straining
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Detrusor areflexia after cauda equina lesion
排尿障礙治療中心 版權所有
Isolated sphincter obstruction in cauda equina lesions
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Bladder outlet in Cauda equina lesion
Bladder neck may be closed due to lack of synchronized relaxation during volitional voidingBenign prostatic enlargement may increase urethral resistanceIsolated striated urethral sphincter results in bladder outlet obstruction
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Bladder outlet obstruction due to BPH in cauda equina lesion
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Persistent dysuria after TURP in cauda equina lesion
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Chronic LUTD afterCauda equina lesion
Bladder compliance turns lower than normalBladder sensation remains vagueIn isolated urethral sphincter obstruction the bladder neck is open and trabeculated bladder developsIn low urethral resistance, the bladder maintains a low pressure reservoir
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Trabeculated and poor compliant bladder in cauda equina lesions
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Obstructive uropathy in chronic cauda equina lesions
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Meningomyelocele with detrusor areflexia & closed bladder neck
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Cauda equina lesion with high urethral resistance & dysuria
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Cauda equina lesion with low urethral resistance, normal flow
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Management of NVD after Cauda equina lesion
Clean intermittent self catheterization should be instructed especially in womenSuprapubic cystostomy may be instituted in men Urecholine can increase intravesical pressure and facilitate straining to voidAlpha-blocker and striated skeletal muscle relaxant (Baclofen or diazepam)my be helpful
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Surgical consideration for NVD after cauda equina lesions
Transurethral resection of prostate may be performed in patients with an enlarged prostate and increased urethral resistanceTransurethral bladder neck incision for those with a tight bladder neckIncontinence may be a complication after transurethral surgery
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Sacral roots injury and NVD
After spine surgery or traumaUrodynamic changes as cauda equina lesionsTransient detrusor underactivity with normal or absent bladder sensationLower urinary tract dysfunction depends on complexity of nerve injuries
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Pelvic plexus injury
Almost always trauma and iatrogenic Radical surgery for cervcal cancer and rectal cancerPelvic fracture with severe intrapelvic hematoma
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Neuroanatomy of pelvic plexus
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Pelvic plexus
Formed by the confluence of pelvic parasympathetic nerves with sympathetic hypogastric nervesPelvic plexus contains ganglia where parasympathetic nerves and sympathetic nerves interact synchronously One side pelvic plexus injury does not influence voiding function
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The Pelvic Ganglia
往橋腦排尿中樞
T10-L2 髓
薦髓 S2,3,4 逼尿肌核SIN
副交感神經節
尿道外括約肌
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Location of pelvic plexus
In men, posterior plexus lies close to the anterolateral wall of lower rectum and anterior plexus at posterolateral aspect of prostate and seminal vesiclesIn women, anteromedial plexus at upper part of vagina, below broad ligament and extend to cardinal ligament
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Neuroanatomy of pelvic plexus
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Radical abdominal hystertectomy
Damage of plexus when excision extend to level of cardinal ligament or a long cuff vaginal excisionUreter lies above plexus, avoid ureteral injury will prevent plexus injuryLimited lymph node dissection in the side without cervical cancer reduces postoperative voiding problem
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Rectal cancer surgery
Pelvic plexuses are vulnerable to injury during radical rectal surgeryPelvic plexuses share the same fascial sheath with the lower rectumPudendal nerve may be damaged concomitantly during abdominoperineal resection of rectum (APR)
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Neuroanatomy of Pudendal nerves
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Consequences of pelvic plexus injury
Parasympathetic decentralization and leave the ganglia in the plexus or detrusor musclesSympathetic denervation and loss of coordinated regulation with parasympathetic nervesSensory afferent nerves injury and loss of awareness of bladder filling
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Urodynamic changes after pelvic plexus injury
Detrusor areflexia immediately after injuryBladder sensation becomes vague and through peritoneal layer sensationThe bladder neck is loose and can be opened by increased intravesical pressureUrethral sphincter tone may not change
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Urodynamic changes after radical hysterectomy
Recovery of detrusor contractility is usually incomplete & takes 6-12 monthsSignificant residual urine in the women with lower abdominal straining pressureBladder neck incompetence and isolated sphincter obstructionUrethral sphincter EMG activity may synchronously increased at bladder filling
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Changes in bladder compliance after radical hysterectomy
A(n=47)
B(n=47)
C (n=47)
D (n=47)
P value<0.05 >0.05
Residuum(ml)
6.61±1.03 289.57±24.95* 140.83±19.90 65.74±11.42
A - BA - CA - DB - CB - DC - D
Rest. P.(cm H2O)
12.17±0.70 10.91±0.67 10.83±0.65 18.53±0.76A - D A - BB - D A - CC - D B - C
FSF (ml) 126.05±6.56 249.57±15.15b
215.33±15.36c
300.51±15.56d
A - B B - CA - CA - DB - DC - D
Capacity (ml)
268.51±11.48 334.04±12.81 353.33±11.67 380.42±17.65
A - B B - CA - C C - DA - DB - D
Compliance (ml/cm H2O)
53.51±6.28 7.29±0.96 13.33±1.61 19.17±2.56
A - B C - DA - CA - DB - CB - D
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Large compliant and hypotonic bladder after radical hysterectomy
排尿障礙治療中心 版權所有
Detrusor areflexia and large bladder compliance after radical hysterectomy
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Fair compliant and normotonic bladder after radical hysterectomy
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Persistent poor compliant bladder after radical hysterectomy
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Poor bladder compliance after Radical hysterectomy
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Changes in urethral closure pressure after radical hysterectomy
MUCP (cm H2O) FPL (cm)
A 84.14±3.75 2.96±0.10B 60.21±3.20 2.65±0.10C 52.0±1.77 2.79±0.09D 78.08±3.86 3.09±0.01
P valueA-B,A-C,B-D,C-D<0.05A-D,B-C >0.05
A-B,A-C,B-D,C-D<0.05A-D,B-C >0.05
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Lower urinary tract dysfunction after radical hysterectomy
Dysuria and straining to voidUrinary stress incontinence due to low bladder compliance or reduced bladder outlet resistance ( bladder neck incompetence or urethral sphincter insufficiency)Upper tract deterioration in chronic cases
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Isolated sphincter obstruction after radical hysterectomy
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Poor bladder compliance with low urethral resistance
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Incontinence in Poor bladder compliance with relaxed urethral sphincter
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Normal bladder compliance with low urethral resistance and SUI
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Complications of pelvic plexus injury
Large residual urineFrequent urinary tract infectionOverflow incontinenceHydronephrosisAzotemia and renal scarringEnd stage renal failure
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Upper tract deterioration after Radical hysterectomy
Chronic urinary retention and poor bladder compliancePatients suffer from incontinence, frequent cystitis, frequent pyelonephritisOccur when radiotherapy was performed in addition to radical hysterectomyA tight urethral sphincter is present
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Contracted bladder with Bilateral VU reflux
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Management of LUTD after pelvic plexus injury – Difficult urination
Behavior therapy – timed voidingMedication – urecholine, alpha-blocker, striated muscle relaxant, nitric oxide donors Clean intermittent catheterizationPeriurethral injection of botulinum toxin
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Botulinum toxin A urethral injection
Dysuria after radical hysterectomy results from detrusor underactivity and a hypertonic urethral striated sphincterBotulinum toxin A exerts a paralytic effect on striated muscle50 to 100 units botulinum toxin is effective in reducing sphincteric tone and facilitate voiding by abdominal straining
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Reduced voiding pressure after botulinum A toxin injection
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Reduction in MUCP after Botulinum A toxin injection
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Management of LUTD after pelvic plexus injury -- Incontinence
Behavioral therapy – timed voiding according to urodynamic resultsMedication – methylephedrine, imipramineSurgery – periurethral collagen or Teflon injectionSurgery – pubovaginal sling procedureUrinary diversion – Kock pouch, ileal conduit, ureterostomy, nephrostomy
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Management of LUTD after pelvic plexus injury – mixed dysuria and incontinence
Urodynamic evaluation of upper tract dysfunctionIncontinence should not be treated in a poor compliant bladderClean intermittent catheterization after anti-incontinence surgery is feasibleWeigh the need of patient and side effects after management
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Management of LUTD after pelvic plexus injury -- hydronephrosis
Bilateral hydronephrosis develop in chronic poor bladder complianceClean intermittent catheterization in patients with fair bladder capacityAugmentation cystoplasty to treat patients with both hydronephrosis and incontinenceCISC may be necessary after bladder augmentationAvoid surgery if Cr >2.5 or CCr<10ml/min
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Improved in hydronephrosis after augmentation cystoplasty
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Lower urinary tract dysfunction after radical rectal surgery
Urinary retention – detrusor areflexia or underactivity after surgeryUrinary incontinence – urethral sphincter insufficiency due to pudendal nerve injuryOverflow incontinence and poor bladder compliance are not common findings
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Videourodynamic study after Abdominoperineal resection of Rectum
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Lower urinary tract dysfunction after radical rectal surgery
Dysuria and large residual urine – detrusor areflexia or underactivityCombined with bladder outlet obstruction such as BN dysfunction or benign prostatic enlargementCystocele formation after APR – lack of posterior support
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Treatment of difficult urination or incontinence after APR
Dysuria may be treated with Crede maneuver, intermittent catheterization, or alpha-blockerIncontinence may be treated with periurethral collagen or Teflon injection, sympathomimetic agentAvoid prostatectomy in patients with detrusor areflexia, incontinence might be a postoperative complication