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Chronology(COMPLETE)

mkgandhi.orgMind of Mahatma Gandhi

ChronologyYear/MonthDateEvent

1869 Oct 2Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi born of a Bania (Vaishya ortrading caste) family at Porbunder, Kathiawar, theyoungest of the three sons of Karamchand ALIAS Kaba

Gandhi, prime Minister successively in Porbunder, Rajkotand Vankaner States, and his fourth wife Putlibai.

1876Goes to Rajkot with parents; attend primary school theretill twelfth year; is betrothed to Kasturbai, daughter ofGokuldas Makanji, merchant.

1881 Enters high school at Rajkot.

1883 Marries Kasturbai.1884-85 Takes to meat-eating in secret, but abandons habit after

about a year to avoid deceiving his parents.

1887 Passes matriculations examinations; joins SamaldasCollege at Bhavnagar (Kathiawar), but gives up studies atclose of first term.

1888 Sept 4 Sails for England

Oct 28Reaches LondonLives on vegetarian diet. Takes lessons in dancing andmusic for a short time, thinking they are necessary parts ofa gentlemans equipment

1889Reads books on simple living and decides to reduceexpenses by half; studies religious literature; reads Gita for

first time and is deeply impressed.

1890Cultivates contacts with vegetarian movement; for short

while conducts vegetarian club.
http://www.mkgandhi.org/momgandhi/chronology.htmhttp://www.mkgandhi.org/momgandhi/chronology.htm


2/18

June passes London Matric

Sept joins Vegetarian Society.1891 June 10 Called to the Bar

12 Sails for India.

July Reaches Bombay.

Nov Applies for admission to Bombay High Court.1892 struggles with legal practice at Rajkot and Bombay; later

settles down at former place as legal draftsman.1893 April leaves for South Africa, being engaged by a Muslim firm for

legal workMay-June Experience colour bar in various forms; decides to remain

and fight race prejudice.1894 Aug 22 Founds Natal Indian Congress

SeptEnrolled as Advocate of Supreme Court of Natal, being firstIndian to be so enrolled. Studies religious literatureincluding the Bible, the Koran and Tolstoys The kingdom ofgod is within you.

1895 Gets more committed to south African Indian cause. issuesThe Indian Franchise : An appeal to Every Briton in SouthAfrica.

1896 July Returns to India and starts agitation on behalf of southAfrican Indians.

Aug 14 Publishes The Green Pamphlet at Rajkot, Tours Bombay,madras, Poona and Calcutta educating Indians in regard togrievances of south African Indians

Nov 30 Sails for South Africa with wife and children.1897 Jan 13 20 Mobbed on landing at Durban by crowd excited byreports of his speeches in India on conditions of indentured

Indian labour in South Africa.


3/18

20 Declines to prosecute assailants.

April 6Submits long memorial to Chamberlain, secretary of Statefor colonies, regarding landing incidents, background.

Carries on programme of petitioning local and ImperialAuthorities, as well as ofcommunicating with British andIndian public men regarding discriminatory laws.

1898-99 Represents to Indian National Congress, Colonial andImperial authorities, against Locations and restrictions onIndians trading rights.

1899 Raises Indian Ambulance Corps in Boer War, which goesinto action and is mentioned in dispatches; awarded warmedal.

1990 Sends Dadabhai Naoroji draft resolution on South AfricanIndian problem, for Congress session

1901 Oct 18 Sails for IndiaDec 14 Reaches Rajkot via Porbunder.

27 Moves resolution on South Africa at congress

1902 Jan, 28Feb Visits Rangoon Stays for a month with Gokhale at Calcutta.Returns to Rajkot, settles down to Practice.July 1 Shifts to and sets up practice at BombayNov Is called to south Africa to champion Indians cause against

anti-Asiatic legislation in Transvaal.Dec Arrives in Durban : leadsdelegation to chamberlain

1903Enrolled as Attorney of Supreme Court of Transvaal;founds Transvaal British Indian Association.Sends weekly statements regarding situation to DadabhaiNaoroji

June Indian opinion commences publication

1904 Reads Ruskins Unto This Last: founds Phoenix Settlementnear Durban (Natal); organizes hospital during outbreak ofplague in Johannesburg; writes series of articles in Gujaration dietetics which are later translated into English and


4/18

published under the title Guide to Health.

1905Opposes Bengal Partition, supports boycott of Britishgoods. During Gokhale, Lajpat Rai deputation to Britain,appeals to Colonial statement to treat India, an integralpart of the Empire, with consideration.Leads deputation to Lord Selborne, British HighCommissioner, concerning Transvaal Indian problem.

1906May 12 Support home rule for India in the name of justice andfor good of humanity

27 Writes to brother, Lakshmidas, declaring disinterestednessin worldly possessions.

June-July Raises Indian Stretcher-bearer Corps in Zulu Rebellion;takes vow of Brahmacharya for life.

Sept 11 Addresses mass meeting of Indian sat Johannesburg,which takes oath of passive resistance against newlypromulgated Transvaal Asiatic Law Amendment Ordinance.

Oct,21 Nov30 18 In England on deputation to present Indians case toColonial SecretaryDec. Returns to South Africa.

1907 Jan-Feb. Writes series of 8 articles in Gujarati on "Ethical Religion",published weekly in Indian Opinion and later, as a bookMarch Asiatic Registration Act passed in Transvaal Parliament.

Indians hold protect meetings.

April Sees smuts at Pretoria, acquaints him with resolutionsadopted at mass meeting. Pledge, in Indian Opinion,opposition to Black Act.

May

Black Act receives royal assent

July Address mass meeting opposing Black Act

AugWrites to Smuts criticising Registration Act, suggestingamendments.Passive resistance, picketing of Permit Offices; defendspassive resisters in court.


5/18

Dec Smuts decides to prosecute Gandhiji

1908Jan 8 Asks Government for suspension of Registration act, offersvoluntary registration.

10 Adopt word; Satyagraha in place of Passive Resistance.Sentenced to 2 months imprisonment for failure to leaveTransvaal.

21 Agrees to settlement on basis of voluntary registration, ifregistration Act is repealed.

30 Summoned to see General Smuts at Pretoria and released,on reaching a compromise.

Feb 10Nearly killed by Pathans who regard the compromise,under which Indians are expected to give their finger prints voluntarily, as a betrayal of Indian interests; refusesto prosecute his assailants.

March-June Negotiates with Smuts forfulfillment of promise of repeal ofAct which Smuts denies;

July Corresponding with Smuts released; Indians in massmeeting decide to refuse thumb impression and burnregistration certificates

AugDeclares use of violence harmful, even useless to uproot

British rule in IndiaAppeals to Smuts to repeal Black Act. Registrationcertificates burnt at meetings, passive resistance resumed

Sept Royal assent is given to amended Registration Act.Smuts refuses Indian terms for settlement

Oct 15 Arrested and sentenced sentenced to 2 months rigorousimprisonment

Dec 12Released from VolksrustJail.Indian National Congress adopts resolution on SouthAfrica, criticizing the harsh, humiliating and cruel

treatment of British Indians in South Africa as injurious toBritish Empire.

1909 Jan 16 Arrested at Volksrust for failing to produce registrationcertificate; on deportation, returned and is re-arrested, butreleased on bail.

20 Writes to press calling on Indians to prepare for final phaseof struggle


6/18

Feb 25 Arrested at Volksrust; sentenced to 3 monthsMay 2 Transferred toPretoria Central Jail

24 released.

June 21 Leaves with Haji Habib, on deputation to England torepresent Indian case.

July 10Arrives in London.

With the assistance of Lord Ampthill, works ceaselessly toeducate influential British leaders, the public, and to move

Imperial authorities.Oct 1 Writes to Tolstoy regarding Passive Resistance movement.Nov 9 The times reports failure of Gandhi Government

negotiations on Transvaal laws.10 Replies to Tolstoy, sends his biography by Doke.

13 Leaves England for South Africa Writes Hind Swaraj onboard "s. s. Kildonan Castle"

30

Reaches South Africa

Dec 29 Congress at Lahore adopts resolution praising Indiansstruggle in South Africa, urging ban on indenture.

1910 April 4 Sends Tolstoy copy of Indians Home Rule, seeks commentsMay 8 Tolstoy replies; question of passive Resistance of greatest

importance not only for India but for humanity.30 Founds Tolstoy Farm

Dec 4 Pays memorial tribute to Tolstoy1911 Jan Communicates with Smuts regarding amendments toImmigrants Restrictions Bill; latter assures; no colour bar

taint in lawsMarch 27 Interviews smuts atCape town

April

22 Smuts agrees to assurances demanded by Indians in

reciprocation of suspension of Passive Resistancemovement


7/18

May 3 Meets Smuts: ProvisionalSettlement" arrived on Smutspromise of repeal of Asiatic Registration and ImmigrationsRestriction Acts

June 24 Pledges loyalty to King-emperor on coronationDec 8 Invites Gokhale to South Africa1912 March 16 Commends Gokhales attempts for abolition of indenture

systemSept 12 Phoenix Trust is set up

Oct 22Accompanies Gokhale, on tour of South Africa, LaurencoMarques, Mozambique and Zanzibar.Gives up European dress and milk and restricts himself todiet of fresh and dried fruit.

1913Jan 18 Refers in Indian Opinion to the possibility of return home toIndia by mid-year.

March 14 Indian marriages in South Africa invalidated by SearlesSupreme Court judgement.

30 Indians in mass meeting protest against Searle Judgement

April

12 In Indian opinion draws attention to new Immigration Bills

failure to fulfill terms of Provisional Settlement of1911.Kasturba decides to join passive Resistance struggle.May 19 Warns Government of certainty of revival of movement if it

fails to grant promised relief.June 7 Idea of return to India deferred in view of stringentapplication of discriminatory laws and likely resumption of

satyagraha27 Express readiness for negotiations

Sept 13 Announces negotiation "proved abortive15 Passive Resistance is revived

16 Kasturba is arrested

Oct 17 Visits Newcastle; urges indentured Indians to cease worktill repeal of 3 tax. 3000 minor strike


8/18

24 proposes March into Transvaal

28 March formNewcastle begins

30 Reaches CharlestownNov 3 Announces March" into Transvaal to court arrest

5 Telephones Smuts seeking assurance of repeal of 3 tax

6 Leads Great MarchArrested at Palmford7 At Volksrust, released on bail; rejoin Marchers

8 Arrested at Standerton; released on recognizance; Marchcontinues

9 Arrested at Teakworth, taken to Balfour

10 Takes one meal a day pledge till repeal of tax

11 Sentenced, at Dundee, to 9 months rigorous imprisonment

13 Removed to Volksrust gaol

14 Sentenced to 3 months on fresh count at Volksrust

Dec 18 Released unconditionally; from time of release tillsettlement take only one meal a day and puts onindentured labourers dress.

1914 Jan 13,16Interviews Smuts, submits proposals

22 Suspends satyagraha following agreement with Smuts.

Fourteen days penitential fast for moral lapse of inmatesof Farm


9/18

June Indian Relief Act is passedJuly 18 Sails for England, EN ROUTE to IndiaAug 4 Reaches London.Raises Indian Volunteer CorpsOct volunteer corps on dutyDec 19 Sails for India1915Jan 9 Reaches India.

Awarded Kaiser-I-Hind Gold Medal for Ambulance servicesMay 20 Founds Satyagraha Ashram (later known as SabarmatiAshram, after the name of the river) at Ahmedabad1915-16 Tours India and Burma, travelling 3rd class on the railways1917 Successfully agitates against indentured Indian emigration;idea of making use of spinning-wheel to produce hand-

made cloth on large scale takes root in his mind

AprilGoes to Champaran (Bihar) to investigate conditions oflabour in indigo plantations; arrested and later released;appointed by Bihar Government as member of committee

set up t o inquire into ryots grievances.1918 Jan-March

Takes up cause of textile labourers of Ahmedabad and

fasts to secure amicable settlement of dispute; initiatessatyagraha in Kaira District (Bombay) to secures

suspension of revenue assessment on failure of cropsApril 27 Attends Viceroys War Conference at Delhi and addresses itin Hindustani; subsequently tours Kaira District to raise

recruits for army1919Feb 28

Signs Satyagraha pledge to secure withdrawal of Rowlatt

Bills.April 6 inaugurates all-India satyagraha movement ; countrywide

HARTAL8-11 Arrested on way to Delhi for refusal to co, ply with ordernot to enter Punjab; escorted back to Bombay; outbreaks

of violence in several towns.

13Jallianwala Bagh tragedy at Amritsar, troops firing on anunarmed crowd and killing over 400. Addresses publicmeeting near Sabarmati Ashram and declares three dayspenitential fast


10/18

14 Confesses at Nadiad his 'Himalayan miscalculationregarding satyagraha martial law declared in Punjab.18 Suspends satyagraha.

Sept Assumes editorship of the Gujarati monthly, Navajivan,later published weekly in Hindi also

Oct Assumes editorship of the English weekly, Young India;joins non-official committee of inquiry into official excessesin Punjab

Nov 24 presides over all-India Khilafat Conference at DelhiDec Advises acceptance of Montague-Chelmsford Reforms byCongress at Amritsar.

1920JanLeads deputation to Viceroy to press on BritishGovernment not to deprive Sultan of Turkey (who was alsoKhalifa of Muslim) of his suzerainty over Holy Places ofIslam.

Aug 1 Address letter to Viceroy surrendering Kaiser-I-Hind Medal,Zulu War Medal and Boer War Medal

SeptSpecial session of Indian National Congress at Calcutta

accepts his programme of non-co-operation to secureredress of Punjab and Khilafat wrongs

Nov Founds Gujarat Vidyapeeth at Ahmedabad

Dec Nagpur Congress session adopts his resolution declaringobject of Congress to be attainment of Swaraj by thepeople of India by all legitimate and peacefully means

1921AprilLaunches programme of enlisting a crore of members in

Congress, raising a crore of rupees for Tilak Swaraj fundand setting up 20 lakhs of charkhas in the country infurtherance of national constructive movement

Aug Leads campaign for complete boycott of foreign cloth andlight s monster bonfire of foreign cloth in Bombay

Dec Invested with full dictatorial powers by Congress session atAhmedabad

1922Feb 1 Gives notice to Viceroy of Intention to launch satyagrahacampaign in Bardoli (Gujarat).


11/18

5Following Chauri Chaura (UP) tragedy, in which 21 policeconstables and one sub-inspector were burnt to death by amob, fasts for five days and abandons plan of satyagrahamovement

March 10Arrested for sedition at Sabarmati and sentenced (march18) to six years imprisonment.

1924Jan-Feb Operated on for appendicitis in Sassoon Hospital, Poona(jan.12) and released on Feb.5.

April Resumes editorship of Young India and Navajivan.Sept 18 Begins 21 days fast for Hindu-Muslim unity.Dec Provides over Congress session at Belgaum.

1925Sept Founds All-India Spinners Association

Nov Seven days vicarious fast for misdeeds of Ashram inmates.Commences writing his autobiography,'The story of myExperiments with Truth'.

1927Nov Visits Ceylon

1928Dec Moves resolution at Calcutta Congress session in favour ofIndependence if Dominion Status in not granted by end of1929.

1929Dec At his instance Lahore Congress session declares thatSwaraj in Congress creed shall mean Purna Swaraj(complete independence).

1930FebAppointed by A.I.C.C. as Congress Dictator to launch CivilDisobedience movement.

March 2 Addresses letter to Victory intimating his intention to breakSalt law if Congress demands are not conceded

12 Commences march to Dandi sea-beach, where heceremoniously picks up salt (April 6).

May 5 Arrested and imprisoned without trial; HARTAL all overIndia; over 100,000 are jailed before close of year

1931Jan 26 Unconditionally released from prison


12/18

Feb-march Has series of talks with Viceroy resulting in Irwin-GandhiPact

Aug 29 sails for England as sole Congress delegate to SecondRound Table Conference.

Sept-Dec Attends session of ConferenceDec 5 Leaves England for India

28 lands in Bombay1932 Jan 4 Arrested and imprisoned without trialSept 20 commences fast unto death in jail to secure abolition of

separate electorates for Harijans in communal Award26 Breaks fast on Government of Indias acceptance of his

demand regarding Harijans1933 Feb, 11 Founds the weekly paper Harijan, published in English and

HindiMay 8 Commences at noon 21 days fast for self purification;

released unconditionally at 9 p.m.9 Announces suspension of Civil Disobedience movement forsix weeks and calls on the Government to withdraw its

Ordinances29 Breaks fast.

July 26 Disbands Satyagraha Ashram30

Informs Government of Bombay of his decision to March

from Ahmedabad to Ras with 33 followers to revive CivilDisobedience Movement

31 Arrested and imprisoned without trialAug 4 Released and rearrested for breaking a restraint order

16 Goes on fast on being denied facilities to carry on anti-untouchability propaganda


13/18

23 Released unconditionallyNov 7 commences Harijan-uplift tour1934Sept 17 Announces decision to retire from politics from October 1to engage himself in development of village industries,

Harijan service and education through basic craftsOct 26 Inaugurates All-India Village Industries Association.1936April 30 Settles down at Sevagram, a village near Wardha in the

Central Provinces, making it his headquarters1937Oct 22 Presides over Educational Conferences at Wardha and

outlines his scheme of education through basis crafts1939 March 3 Commences fast unto death at Rajkot to secure Rulersadherence to promise given to reform administration, and

ends it on March 7 on Viceroys intervention1940July&Sept Meets viceroy by invitation in connection with war situation

OctSanctions individual civil disobedience; suspends Harijan

and allied weeklies following official demand for pre-censorship of reports and writing in Harijan on the subjectof Satyagraha.

1941Dec 30 At his own request is relieved of his leadership of Congressby Working Committee.

1942Jan 18 Restarts Harijan and allied weekliesMarch 27 Meets Sir Stafford Cripps in New Delhi; later declares

Cripps proposals to be a post-dated cheque.May Appeals to British Government to quit India

Aug 8 Addresses A.I.C.C. session in Bombay on implication ofQuit India resolution.

9 Arrested and interned in Agakhans palace at Poona

15 Death of Mahadev Desai, Gandhijis personal secretary,from heart failure, in Aga Khans palace


14/18

Aug-Dec Corresponds with Viceroy and Government of Indiaregarding disturbances

1943Feb 10 Commences 21 days fast, which he breaks on march 31944Feb 22 Kasturba Gandhi dies in Aga Khan palaceMay 6 Released unconditionallySept 9-27 Carries on talks with M.A. Jinnah regarding PakistanOct 2 Presentation of purse of 110lakhs of rupees ( 8,25,000)

for Kasturba Memorial on occasion of 75thbirthday

1945 April 17In a statement regarding the ensuing San FranciscoConference says that peace is impossible without equalityand freedom of India. Also demands a just peace forGermany and Japan.

Dec 19 Lays foundation stone of C.F. Andrews Memorial Hospitalat Santiniketan.

1945-46Dec-Jan Tour Bengal and Assam1946 Jan&Feb tours Southern India for anti-untouchability and HindustaniPropaganda.Feb 10 Revives Harijan and allied group of weekly journals.April Participates in political talks with Cabinet Mission in Delhi

May 5-12 In Simla; Simla Conference in session; deliberations proveinfructuous

16 Cabinet mission announces Plan18-19 Discusses Plan with Cabinet mission

26 Considers Plan best document produced by BritishGovernment under circumstances.

June 6 In Mussoorie

7

Returns to Delhi.


15/18

10 Refuses to enthuse over Allied Victory as not being Victoryof truth over falsehood.11 Viceroy interviews Gandhiji, moots proposal of coalition

Government at Centre16 Cabinet Mission negotiations discontinued; Viceroy

proposes Interim Government.18 Congress Working Committee decides to accept interim

Government scheme.20-1 Attends Working Committee meeting. Gandhiji is seen by

Cripps23 Advices Congress not to enter Interim Government, but

only Constituent Assembly24 Meets Cabinet Mission

28 Leaves Delhi forPoona; attempts made to derail train ENROUTE

July 7 Address A.I.C.C. meeting at Bombay; Congress acceptsCabinet Mission Plan of May 16.31 Jinnah threatens sanctions of Direct Action

Aug 12 Viceroy announces invitation to Congress to formProvisional Government.

Aug 16-18 The Great Calcutta Killing

24 Viceroy Wavell broadcasts Plan

27 Gandhiji cables warning to British Government againstrepetition of Bengal tragedy; also writes to Wavell

Sept 4 Interim Government formed26 Has interview with Wavell


16/18

Oct 9 Jinnahs 9-point demands conveyed to Congress10 Noakhali Massacre

15 Muslim League agrees to enter Interim Government

28 Leaves for Calcutta. Riots breaks out in Bihar

Nov 6 Leaves for Noakhali; issues statement on Partial Fast.Noakhali tour begins.

20 Starts tour without partyDec 20 Completes month-long sojourn at Srirampur

25 At Noakhali, says :"I am being tested through andthrough".

30 Jawaharlal Nehru calls on Gandhiji, who says: "my reasonwholly supports my heart

1947 Jan 2 Says: "all around me is utter darkness".Leaves Srirampur on walking tour

3-29 In Bihar, touring riot-affected areas

30 Leaves Patna for DelhiApril 1-2 Gandhiji addresses Asian Relation Conference in Delhi

15 Issues with Jinnah joint appeal for communal peace

29 In BiharMay 1 Congress Working Committee accepts Partition in principle.

5 In interview, Gandhiji denies that communal division ofIndia is inevitable


17/18

24 Leaves Bihar for Delhi

31 Declares peace must precede Partition, he would not beparty to Indias vivisection.

June 2 Viceroys Partition plan revealed; Congress WorkingCommittee conveys acceptance.

3 Indian leader broadcast on Mountbatten Plan

6 Gandhiji writes to Mountbatten, with Pakistan conceded topersuade Jinnah to amicable settle all outstanding pointswith Congress

12 Addresses Congress Working Committee

July Independence of India Bill passed

27 Appeals to Princes to regard peoples paramountcy as aprivilege

August 14 Hails following day as one of rejoicing for deliverance fromBritish bondage; but deplores partition. Pakistan is bornAug 15 Hindu-Muslim fraternization in Calcutta

16 Hails Miracle of Calcutta

Sept 1 Considers Calcutta peace nine-days wonder, decides onfast

2 Is mobbed in Calcutta house ;gives up idea of Noakhalivisit. Peace efforts intensified4 Breaks fast

7 Leaves Calcutta for Delhi; commences daily visits to riot-raced areas.

24 Pakistan raiders invade Kashmir.


18/18

25 Kashmir accedes to Indian Union

26 Criticises Churchill's holocaust in India statementNov 1 Indian troops enter Junagadh

3 Junagadh accedes to India.Address A.I.C.C

11 Defends Junagadhs accession to IndiaDec 25 Pleads for amicable settlement between India and Pakistan

30 India refers Kashmir dispute to U.N.

1948 12 Decides to fast for communal peace in Delhi; Mountbattenfails to dissuade Gandhiji.

15 Enters danger zone. Hails Indian Cabinets decision torelease Pakistan dues of Rs. 550 million. Fast continues forestablishment of communal peace.

17 Doctors warn fast must be ended. Central PeaceCommittee formed, decides on Peace Pledge

18 Peace Committee signs, presents Peace Pledge toGandhiji, who breaks fast.

20 Bomb explodes at prayer meeting

27 Visits Mehrauli Muslim Fair29 Angry refugees ask Gandhiji to retire to the Himalayas

30 Drafts constitution of a Congress transformed into LokSevak Sangh. Is assassinated on way to evening prayer.

Source:http://www.mkgandhi.org/momgandhi/chronology.ht

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