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1 Michael Fullan. Choosing the wrong drivers for whole system re-form // Centre for strategic education seminar series paper Y 204. April 2011 (!+". , (-'.. /. 0&-,1#2).

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87

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J%%"( ,OO@( < $(=S@ «]@%E<@L@A$=# $"M=H"% < EQC"UE<"(==» (@ 'O@%K@H OE%>(ESE <(=F"(=K AEG="%P(EF' $"M=H"%' $"$ $%WL@-<EF' D"$HEC' MC@EQC"UE<"(=K V$E%P(E# A=AH@FB [Odden, 2011]. NEF=L(EAHP A=H'"G== U"$%WL"@HAK < HEF, LHE "<HEC MC=<EO=H 'O"L-(B@ MC=F@CB HESE, ("A$E%P$E <@%=$E U("L@(=@ $EF"(O(BR 'A=%=#, (E MC= THEF @F' (@ 'O"@HAK =O@(H=D=G=CE<"HP =R $"$ AEG="%P(B# $"M=H"%. N%WL@<E# <EMCEA O%K (@SE — THE «MEAHEK((E@ '%'LV@(=@ MC@MEO"<"(=K, A<KU"((E@ A =(O=<=O'"%=U"G=@# EQ'L@(=K $">OESE 'L@(=$"». ,OO@( EQC"?"@H <A@ <(=F"(=@ (" A=AH@F' L@%E<@L@A$E-SE $"M=H"%", $ $EHECE# E( EH(EA=H:

C@$C'H=(S ("=QE%@@ H"%"(H%=<BR $"(O=O"HE<; =UF@C@(=@ $"L@AH<" C"QEHB 'L=H@%@#; ("AH"<(=L@AH<E = MCED@AA=E("%P(E@ C"U<=H=@; (E<'W ME%=H=$' < %=G@(U=CE<"(==, EDECF%@(== HC'OE<BR EH-(EV@(=#, EG@(=<"(== = '<E%P(@(==;

ME%=H=$' 'AH"(E<%@(=K U"C"QEH(E# M%"HB; AHC"H@S=L@A$=# MEOREO < DECF=CE<"(== V$E%P(ESE C' $E- <EO AH<";

= QE%@@ V=CE$E, ECS"(=U"G=W ME%(EG@((E# A=AH@FB 'MC"<-%@(=K L@%E<@L@A$=F $"M=H"%EF < EQC"UE<"(== [Ibid].

96

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6'?@AH<'WH O<@ MCEQ%@FB. )E-M@C<BR, %=O@CB A=AH@FB (@ <A@SO" EAEU("WH, LHE A'HP <EMCEA" — THE '%'LV@(=@ MC@MEO"-<"(=K, MC=U<"((E@ ME<BA=HP 'AM@V(EAHP 'L"?=RAK, '%'LV@(=@, U"-HC"S=<"W?@@ <A@R 'L=H@%@# = MCE=AREOK?@@ MEAHEK((E. , <HECE# MCEQ%@F@ FB '>@ SE<EC=%= C"(PV@: THE (@EQREO=FEAHP 'O@%=HP OE%>(E@ <(=F"(=@ $'%PH'C@ <U"=FEO@#AH<=K = AEHC'O(=L@AH<" $"$ D"$HEC', >=U(@((E <">(EF' O%K C"U<=H=K 'L=H@%@#, O%K 'A$EC@(=K H@FME< C@DECFB = D'($G=E(=CE<"(=K A=AH@FB SEC=UE(H"%P(E# = <@CH=$"%P(E# EHL@H(EAH=.

8?@ EO=( G@((B# <$%"O < EQA'>O@(=@ <EMCEA" <(EA=H EHL@H, MEOSEHE<%@((B# ,\6- < C"F$"R F@>O'("CEO(ESE A"FF=H", ME-A<K?@((ESE MCED@AA== MC@MEO"<"H@%K, $EHECB# QB% ECS"(=UE<"( JC(= 2'($"(EF = OC'S=F= %=O@C"F= A=AH@FB EQC"UE<"(=K = AE-AHEK%AK < F"CH@ 2011 S. < 0PW-;EC$@ [OECD, 2011]. ,HL@H EU"S%"<-%@( «6EUO"(=@ MCED@AA== 'L=H@%K $"$ AD@CB O@KH@%P(EAH= <BAE-$E# $<"%=D=$"G==: O"((B@ AE <A@SE F=C"». N"$ = < C"QEH@ ,OO@(", < EHL@H@ AEO@C>"HAK EL@(P <">(B@ ME%E>@(=K, (E @?@ EO(E — C@-V"W?@@ — A%@O'@H OEQ"<=HP. ) EHL@H@ @AHP <('V=H@%P(B@ C"U-O@%B, MEA<K?@((B@ MCEQ%@F"F «C@$C'H=CE<"(=K = ("L"%P(E# MEOSEHE<$= 'L=H@%@#», «C"U<=H=K = MEOO@C>$= 'L=H@%@#, MEFE?= < <BAHC"=<"(== $"CP@CB, EQ@AM@L@(=K (@EQREO=FBR 'A%E<=# O%K C"QEHB», «EG@(=<"(=K 'L=H@%@# = EM%"HB HC'O"». XEF=FE TH=R, OE-AH"HEL(E HC"O=G=E((BR, C"UO@%E< "<HECB EHL@H" <$%WL=%= < (@SE C"UO@% E «<E<%@L@((EAH= 'L=H@%@# < C@DECF' EQC"UE<"(=K», < $E-HECEF E(= OE$"UB<"WH, LHE 'AM@V("K C@DECF" (@<EUFE>(" Q@U ME<BV@(=K U"=(H@C@AE<"((EAH= = EH<@HAH<@((EAH= 'L=H@%K.

2EQ=HPAK >@ H"$E# U"=(H@C@AE<"((EAH= = EH<@HAH<@((E-AH=, AO@%"HP $">OESE 'L=H@%K D"$H=L@A$= MCE<EO(=$EF C@DECFB (@ H"$-HE %@S$E. 8A%= $"L@AH<E MC@MEO"<"H@%K K<%K@HAK $%WL@<BF D"$HECEF, EMC@O@%KW?=F 'AM@V(EAHP 'L"?=RAK, = @A%= (B QBHP <E<%@L@(B < EA'?@AH<%@(=@ C@DECFB. \HEH D"$HEC (@<EUFE>(E EQE#H=; <A@ 'AM@V(B@ A=AH@FB THE ME(=F"WH. ) L"AH= EHL@H", $"A"W?@#AK «MCE<@O@(=K TDD@$H=<(E# C@DECFB EQC"UE-<"(=K», ("M=A"(E A%@O'W?@@:

«8A%= M@C@REO=HP EH $E(A'%PH=CE<"(=K $ <E<%@L@(=W, HE MCE-G@AA C@DECFB OE%>@( QBHP EC=@(H=CE<"( (" MC@EQC"UE<"(=@ V$E% < ECS"(=U"G== 'L"?=RAK A M@O"SES"F=-MCED@AA=E("%"F= <E S%"<@» [Ibid. P. 52].

0@ O'F"#H@, LHE O@(=@ MCEQ%@F = C@V@(=#. 8A%= FB SE-<EC=F EQ =UF@(@(== $'%PH'CB MC@MEO"<"(=K, HE THE ME<A@O(@<-("K G@%@("MC"<%@(("K C"QEH" $">OESE 'L=H@%K AE<F@AH(E A $E%-%@S"F=, TDD@$H=<(E@ <BME%(@(=@ O@KH@%P(EAH=, $EHEC"K K<%K@HAK O%K (=R <">(E# = EAFBA%@((E#, MEAHEK((E@ <U"=FEO@#AH<=@ OC'S A OC'SEF, MC@OF@HEF $EHECESE K<%K@HAK MC@MEO"<"(=@.

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97

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!EH=<"G=K = $EFM@H@(H(EAHP =O'H C'$" EQ C'$'. 7 ("O@WAP, L=-H"H@%W KA(E, LHE O<" EM=A"((BR %E>(BR O<=S"H@%K MCEH=<EO@#-AH<'WH C"AV=C@(=W <E<%@L@((EAH= = AH"(E<%@(=W FEH=<"G== = $EFM@H@(G== < MCED@AA== MC@MEO"<"H@%K.

^"L"AH'W %=O@CB, EMC@O@%KW?=@ ME%=H=$', A$%E((B <BQ=C"HP %E>(B@ O<=S"H@%=. ^("$EFKAP A RECEV=F= EHL@H"F=, H"$=F= $"$ C"QEH" ,OO@(" = EHL@H OECD, E(= 'H<@C>O"WHAK < (@MC"<=%P(BR C@V@(=KR = H"$=F EQC"UEF 'M'A$"WH =U <=O' A"F'W A'HP MCEQ%@FB. J A'HP = EA(E<" 'AM@R" <A@# A=AH@FB — THE (@MC@CB<(E@ '%'LV@-(=@ MC@MEO"<"(=K, (@C"UCB<(E A<KU"((E@ A CEAHEF <E<%@L@((EAH= = 'AM@V(EAH= <A@R 'L"?=RAK. XC"<=%P(B@ O<=S"H@%= FEH=<=C'WH 'L=H@%@# <$%WL"HPAK < MCEG@AA '%'LV@(=K = AE<@CV@(AH<E<"(=K <F@AH@ AE A<E=F= $E%%@S"F=. XE$"U"H@%P(E, LHE (@ F@(@@ U("L=F" = EQC"H("K U"<=A=FEAHP: C"AH'?@@ '%'LV@(=@ MC@MEO"<"(=K MC=-<EO=H $ ME<BV@(=W FEH=<"G==, LHE FB @?@ ("UB<"@F «C@"%=U"G=-@# FEC"%P(ESE =FM@C"H=<"» [Fullan, 2011]. 4AM@R EU("L"@H C"AH'-?'W TDD@$H=<(EAHP, " E(" MECE>O"@H =(H@C@A = MC=<@C>@((EAHP A<E@F' O@%'.

XC=<@C>@((EAHP = <E<%@L@((EAHP K<%KWHAK C@V"W?=F= D"$-HEC"F=. XC"<=%P(B@ O<=S"H@%= EQ@AM@L=<"WH MC=<@C>@((EAHP = <E<%@L@((EAHP $"$ 'L=H@%@#, H"$ = 'L"?=RAK. XE QE%PVEF' AL@-H' H" >@ ME%=H=$" = AHC"H@S=K EQ@AM@L@(=K <E<%@L@((EAH= OE%>(" C"AMCEAHC"(KHPAK = (" CEO=H@%@# 'L@(=$E<, (" F@AH(E@ AEEQ?@-AH<E, (" Q=U(@AF@(E< = (" MC@OAH"<=H@%@# A"FE# V=CE$E# EQ?@-AH<@((EAH=. -"AAFEHC@(=@ MEOEQ(BR <EMCEAE< <BREO=H U" C"F-$= O"((E# AH"HP=, (E UO@AP AHE=H EHF@H=HP, LHE <BAE$E$<"%=D=G=-CE<"((E#, MCEUC"L(E# V$E%P(E# A=AH@F@ MC@OAHE=H OE%S=# M'HP $ <U"=FEME(=F"(=W A EQ?@AH<EF.

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98

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6 FEF@(H" MEK<%@(=K M@C<ESE (E'HQ'$" 40 %@H ("U"O < SE($@ H@R(E%ES=# = M@O"SES=$= E$E(L"H@%P(E MEQ@O=%= H@R(E%ES==: E(= AH"(E<KHAK <A@ %'LV@ = %'LV@, L@SE (@ A$">@VP E $"L@AH<@ EQ'L@-(=K. XC@OAH"<%@(=@ E HEF, LHE $">OB# 'L"?=#AK AH"(@H 'F(@@ =%= REHK QB TC'O=CE<"((@@, @A%= Q'O@H =F@HP $EFMPWH@C, K<%K-@HAK M@O"SES=L@A$= (@AEAHEKH@%P(BF. X=$"AAE EO(">OB A$"U"%: «XCEQ%@F" $EFMPWH@CE< < HEF, LHE E(= EQ@AM@L=<"WH EH<@HB».

0@<@CEKH(B@ <EUFE>(EAH= AE<C@F@((BR H@R(E%ES=# MC=<@%= $ HEF', LHE F(ES=@ =U ("A <A@CP@U ME%"S"WHAK (" TH= «G=DCE<B@ VH'L$=» $"$ (" (@=AL@CM"@FB# =AHEL(=$ U("(=#. ,HL@H «9=DCE<E@ EQ'L@(=@» O"@H RECEV=# MC=F@C U"<BV@((BR E>=O"(=#, <EU(=$"W-?=R MC= =AME%PUE<"(== %E>(ESE O<=S"H@%K [Bush, Wise, 2010]:

«I=CE$E =AME%PU'K A=%' T%@$HCE((ESE EQ'L@(=K, JF@C=$" AFE->@H EA'?@AH<=HP THE <=O@(=@ (<=O@(=@, $EHECE@ '$C@M=H MEH@(G=-"% $">OESE C@Q@($" < 'L@Q@) '>@… A@SEO(K».

+@U 'F(E# M@O"SES=$= THE ' (=R (@ ME%'L=HAK. J<HECB MC=U("WH <">(EAHP MCEG@AA" EQ'L@(=K, (E K QEWAP, LHE %E>(B# O<=S"H@%P — H@R(E%ES== — FE>@H <EAMC=(=F"HPAK $"$ QE%@@ MC=<%@$"H@%P(B# M"CH(@C.

N AL"AHPW, @AHP (@$EHECB@ MC=U("$= =, LHE QE%@@ <">(E, EMC@-O@%@(("K O=("F=$", ME$"UB<"W?"K, LHE M@O"SES=$" <A@ >@ MBH"@H-AK U"(KHP F@AHE O<=>'?@# A=%B C@DECF. ,Q THEF A<=O@H@%PAH<'-@H EA(E<(E# ME%=H=L@A$=# OE$'F@(H < AD@C@ EQC"UE<"(=K 6IJ — «,Q'L@(=@ (" Q"U@ H@R(E%ES=#» [US Department of Education, 2010b]. ,A(E<("K @SE =O@K U"$%WL"@HAK < HEF, LHEQB U"%E>=HP < H@R(E%ES=W MC"<=%P('W AHC"H@S=W EQ'L@(=K. \HE = @AHP HE, L@F F(ES=@ =U ("A U"(=F"WHAK A@SEO(K. 7 U("W, LHE G@%P AE<C@F@((E# ME%=H=$= < AD@C@ EQC"UE<"(=K — MEAH"<=HP H@R(E%ES== (" A%'>-Q' EQ'L@(=W, (E AC@OAH<" O%K <BME%(@(=K THE# U"O"L= FES'H EQ@C-('HPAK %E>(BF= O<=S"H@%KF=, $EHECB@ K UO@AP $C=H=$E<"%.

&E(O +=%%" = !@%=(OB Z@#HA A(E<" FE>@H AH"HP FE?(@#-V=F $"H"%=U"HECEF THE# C"QEHB — (@ =R ME%'L=<V"K V=CE$'W =U<@AH(EAHP C"QEH" ("O H@AHEF TDD@$H=<(EAH= MC@MEO"<"(=K (Measuring effective teaching, MET), $EHECB# <E#O@H < 'MEHC@Q%@-(=@ MEU>@ (HE%P$E, ME>"%'#AH", (@ A@#L"A < $"L@AH<@ O<=S"H@%K), " =R QE%@@ D'(O"F@(H"%P("K C"QEH" ME "$H=<=U"G== A%@O'W?@SE ME$E%@(=K 'L"?=RAK U" AL@H MC=<%@L@(=K =R $ C"UC"QEH$@, <F@-AH@ A 'L=H@%KF= = H@M@C@V(=F= 'L"?=F=AK, <BAE$E$"L@AH<@(-(BR, EA(E<"((BR (" G=DCE<BR H@R(E%ES=KR 'L@Q(BR F"H@C="%E<. :"$"K O@KH@%P(EAHP EQ@AM@L=H =F O=("F=L(B# EMBH EQ'L@(=K,

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