.

M1(1) Articles: a/an-theM1(1) Articles: a/an-the

a/an  نکره ی

نکره یک a book an apple a bag

He wrote a letter to his friend.

بی معادل Ø حالت در.A lion is a dangerous animalکلی

A teacher should be active in the class.A student should study hard.

.

M1(1) Articles: a/an-theM1(1) Articles: a/an-the

The بی معادل Ø اشاره صفات وآن این - موردنظر- یادشده فوق – -مذکور فوق

الذکر

Our teacher asked us a question.The question was difficult.__________________________________

A most important rule

The biggest book

.

The very ،همان همین

I’ve read the very book.

before my very eyes

___ ____ M1 N

.

Some + مقداری

تعدادی -چند

some water some students ___ ____ M1 N

I’ve bought some bread.

Some students study hard.

Would you like some coffee?

Would you give me some examples?

_________ NP

.

Some book + نکره ی اسم

some wire some white wire ___ ____ M1 N

Some white wire should be placed there.

Some one Some body Some thing Some time Some times _________________________________

Some 500 students

_________ NP

حدود.

.

Many, Both, Several Many birds areBoth classes areSeveral boys are____________________________

Many  

زیادی تعداد) از)) از ) .There are many birds on the tree بسیاری

Many birds sing beautifully.

He has many friends.

Many of the students went.

.

Either, Neither دو از یک هردو از یک هیچ

Either apple is Neither apple is

___ ____ M1 N

_________ NP

Either way is possible.Neither answer is correct.

Either student is smart.Neither student is smart.

Both, Either, Neither 1. both….and either…or neither…nor2. M1

.

No Ø + نکره ینکره + ی هیچ

No book is on the table.No books are on the table.No water is in the glass.____________________________

All – – . تماِم ی همهکِل.

All (the) book is

All (the) books are

All (the) water is

.

Less کمتری مقدار

1. M1 less water ___ ____ M1 N _________

NP

2. Adv less warm ___ _____ adv adj

less big apples

less important problem

less warm water

.

less pure gold

the less easy exercise

2. Adv less warm

صفت + 1 کمترتر + 2 عکس صفت

Less contaminated water

Less beautiful birds

.

Most – – – قسمت اکثر. غالِب. بیشترِ عمده

most water most books ___ ____ M1 N _________

NP

the most beautiful ______ _______ adv adj

most important problems

most important book *

a lot of , lots of , plenty ofزیادی  تعداد

زیادی )از( مقدار

We have lots of water to survive in this desert.

These were a lot of people in the party last night.

Few, a few, very few, quite a few

تعداد – – – کمی بسیار تعداد تعدادی کمی تعداد بسیاری

She thinks that it’s better to have few close friends,

than lots of acquaintance.

Little, a little, very little, quite a little  کمی – – – بسیار مقدار مقداری کمی مقدار

بسیاری مقدارI’ve put a little sugar into your coffee.

Deserts receive little rain.

.

-driven electricitydriven car

-centered humancenterd

-led studentled demonstration

-poor Oxygenpoor soil

-rich Oxygenrich air

-ory introductory (observatory)

-ary elementary (dictionary)

.

M1 M2 M3 N M4 M5 M6 M7M1 M2 M3 N M4 M5 M6 M7

M5 Prepositional Phrase

PP → Prep NP in the garden __ __ _____ Prep M1 N ___________ PP

The tree in the garden ___ ___ ___________ M1 N PP (M5) _____________________

NP

.

A book on history

A beautiful letter from my friend

Some delicious food in the refrigerator

1. Translation (3) V- -Np Np-

We got interested in such huge organic molecules

A detailed theoretical research on wild animals

on a cold night

.

M1 M2 M3 N M4 M5 M6 M7M1 M2 M3 N M4 M5 M6 M7

M7 Relative Clause (RC)

RC → Relative Pronouns + Sentence Relative Pronouns

↓Wh + That (but While)

The man who is playing golfThe man who is playing golfThe man who is playing golf NP RC

Relative Clause → ? → M7

Passive voice

The apple was eaten شد خورده .سیِب

The apple was eaten by Sara

Sara ate the apple.

توسط شد خورده سیِب.سارا

سازی : خورد معلوِم را سیِب سارا .

و سازی معلوِمسازی : سارا برجسته را سیِب

.خورد

The apple can be eaten خورده تواند می سیِب .شود

Sara can eat the apple.

The apple can be eaten by sara.

و سازی معلوِمسازی : توان برجسته می را سیِب

.خورد

: سازی را سارا معلوِم سیِب تواند میو .بخورد سازی معلوِم

سازی : سارا : برجسته را تواند سیِب می.بخورد

توسط شود خورده تواند می سیِب .سارا

It can be explained in a better way.

It must be kept in a cool place.

دارند -4 یکسان شکِل که هایی صفت و ها .قید Hard

A hard exam I study hard. _ ___ ____ ___ M1 M2 N Adv

Long

_ ___ ___ ___ M1 M2 N Adv

A long trip It was long believed that....

FastA fast car I drive fast. _ ___ __ ___

M1 M2 N Adv

Late his late wife I got up late. __ __ ___ ___

M1 M2 N Adv

Early

___ ___ ___ M2 N Adv

early men I get up early every day

SC I called him yesterday.

Yesterday, I called him.

I called him yesterday.

Yesterday, I called him.

I called him when you asked me.

When you asked me, I called him.

I called him when you asked me.

When you asked me, I called him.

_______________ SC

_______________ SC

When you asked me, I called him.

When you asked me, I called him.

WhenWheneverWhile

WhereWherever

BecauseSinceAs

ifEven ifEven thoughUnlessProvidedProviding

althoughThoughWhilewhereas

As ifAs though

As much asAs long asAs far asAs soon asNo sooner than

In that

So thatSuch that

Lestwhilst

:قید ها در فارسی

1. Bقیدهای تنوین دار عربی: B – ثانیا B - اتفاقا مثًالB B – گاها B – دوما B – زبانا ناچارا :قیدهای مشتق فارسی .2- اسم یا صفت + پسوند انه : شجاعانه- بن مضارع + ان : خندان , گریان- اسم + پسوند اسا, وار, گونه- به + اسم یا صفت : به سرعت

دیروز- امروز – اکنونقید های بدون عالمت : .3تند – خوب – راحتبا سرعت زیاد- در خانه آن گروه حرف اضافه : .4مرد)در( ماه گذشتهگروه اسمی : .5 بند وابسته .6

Ali went quickly.

: چند نکته درباره قیدها

1نکته :

Considerably – astonishingly – increasingly –

surprisingly – horribly – strikingly – tragically –

dramatically – terribly

A tragically funny movieA dramatically interesting book