Ñ;% l,dj - nie.lknie.lk/pdffiles/tg/s11tim175.pdfiv leue;af;ñ' tkï wdl,amh" úyaf,aikh" l%shdj iy...

i

Ñ;% l,dj

.=re ud¾f.damfoaYh

11 fY%aKsh^2016 isg l%shd;aul fõ'&

fi!kao¾h wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

uyr.u Y%S ,xldj

www.nie.lk [email protected]

ii

Ñ;% l,dj

11 fY%aKsh

.=re ud¾f.damfoaYh

m%:u uqøKh 2015

© cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

fi!kao¾h wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh Y%S ,xldj

fjí wvúh ( www.nie.lk úoHq;a ;emE, ( [email protected]

uqøKh (

wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j úiskafid*aÜfõõ ms%kaáka wekaâ meflaðka ^mqoa& iud.fuys uqøKd,fha

uqøKh lrjd m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,§

iii

wOHlaI ckrd,a;=udf.a mKsjqvh

fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh u.ska .=reNj;dg ;u mdi, ;=< úIh ks¾foaYh l%shd;aul lsÍug wjYH jk uQ,sl oE iemfha' úIh ks¾foaYh l%shd;aul lsÍfï § ;u ld¾hhka" orejdf.a nqoaê j¾Okh flfrys fuka u" p¾hd;aul ÈhqKqj flfrys o È.= ld,Sk n,mEula we;s lrjk nj .=rejreka ksrka;rfhka u isys ;nd .; hq;= fõ'

m%cdkk idOk udkh iïnkaOfhka" wfkla lreKq w;rg" bf.kSu by< uÜgulg f.k hdug my; i|yka lreKq flfrys o .=rejreka ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= fõ' YsIHhd ;u Ôú; wruqKq ms

iv

leue;af;ñ' tkï wdl,amh" úYaf,aIKh" l%shdj iy j.ùuhs' Tn kshqla; jk ld¾hfhys ^mdvu wd§ jYfhka& wjidkh;a" ud¾.hka ms

v

ksfhdacH wOHlaI ckrd,a ysñf.a mKsúvh

bf.kqu" mq¿,a lafIa;%hl úyso hkakls' th Ôú; w;suy;a njg o" b;d u ir, njg

o m;alrhs' ukqIHhd bf.kqï l=i,;dfjka W;alDIag h' udkj iudc ixj¾Okh flakaø

fldg .;a rgla" iudchla nqoaêh úiska y`ÿkd.;a wiïu;hka neyer lsÍug o iqNdú;hka

;=

vi

fmrjok

iudc m%.ukfhys ,d uyÕ= fufyjrl kshef,kakka w;r .=rejre m%uqL fj;s' iajlSh Ôú;h ilia lr .ekSu i|yd orejkag u. fmkajkafkda o .=rejre h'

2015 j¾Ifha isg l%shd;aul flfrk kj úIh ks¾foaYhg wÞ< b.ekaùï lghq;= id¾:l

lr .ekSu i|yd .=rejrekag myiqlï iemhSfï wruq‚ka fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%y uqøKh

lr fnÞ yeÍug wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j lghq;= lrhs' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

u.ska iïmdÈ; fï .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh orejkag ukd bf.kqï mßirhla ks¾udKh lr §ug

wjYH u. fmkaùï .=rejreka jk Tn fj; ,nd fokq we;ehs hkak udf.a úYajdih hs'

fï m%h;akh h:d¾:hla jkafka fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh mßYS,kfhka ,nk

mßph bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh i|yd fhdÞ .ekSug ork W;aidyh u; hs' tA ioa ld¾hh

i|yd lem ù isák Tng udf.a f.!rjh msßkuñ'

wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ckrd,awOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j"

biqremdh"

n;a;ruq,a,'

2015'09'22

vii

úIh ye¢kaùu

wfma ud;DN+ñhg;a" ixialD;shg;a" fidndoyu yd iuia; Ôj" wÔj úYaj Od;=jg;a ys;ldó mqrjeishl= ks¾udKh lsÍfï mq¿,a cd;sl mrud¾:fhka mdi,a moaO;sh ;=< orejkag bf.kSug ,efnk iqúfYaI;u úIh fi!kao¾h úIh hs' th cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha fi!kao¾h wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j f,i wm úiska y÷kd .kakd ,o my; ±lafjk fi!kao¾h úIhfha cd;sl oelau lsheùfuka Tng uekúka wjfndaO jkq we;'

zzfi!kao¾hfhka ixialD;sluh ,eoshd mqnqÿjd" tu.ska ks¾udKYS,S nj" ixfõ§;dj" ord .ekSu" YS% ,dxflah wkkH;dj yd foaYdkqrd.h jvjd ud;D N+ñh flfrys ixfõ§ jQ ore le,la yd iudchla ìys lsÍuZZ (“To sensitize students and the community through aesthetics to the Mother Land, endowed with cultural pride, creativity, sensitivity, tolerance, partriotism and a sense of

national identity”)

foaYh f.dvkexùfï § úYajh iu. hy in|;d mj;ajd .ksñka fmrg hk wkd.; mqrjeishd flfia úh hq;= o hkak .eUqßka úuid ne,Su;a iu. fuf;la mej;s fi!kao¾h úIhfha cd;sl oelau w;sl%uKh fldg fuu 2015 kj wOHdmk m%;sixialrKh foi kjuq oDIaáhla fy

viii

tys § kdhl;ajh" iyNd.s;ajh" bÈßm;a ùu" iqyo;ajh" iduQysl;ajh" we.ehSu" ijka§u" ms

ix

úIhud,d lñgqj

WmfoaYl;ajh yd wkque;sh ( Ydia;%Sh lghq;= uKav,h

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

úIh iïnkaëlrKh ( tï'Ô'ta'fla'hQ'nKavdr uhd - fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h

fi!kao¾h wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j

( {dkisß î'.uf.a uhd - fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h

fi!kao¾h wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j

úIh úfYaI{ Wmfoia

uydpd¾h iqisrsmd, ud,sïnv ( fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" fi!kao¾h l,d úYajúoHd,h

wdpd¾h à' ikd;kka ( fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" hdmkh úYajúoHd,h

f,aLl uKav,h

wNHka;r iïm;a odhl;ajh

tï' Ô' ta' fla' hQ' nKavdr uhd ( fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" fi!kao¾h wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j

{dkisß î' .uf.a uhd ( fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" fi!kao¾h wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j

rùkaø f;akqjr uhd ( lÓldpd¾h" fi!kao¾h wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j

puß ;miajrf.a ñh ( iyldr lÓldpd¾h" fi!kao¾h wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j

ufkdard fm%au;s,l ñh ( iyldr lÓldpd¾h" fi!kao¾h wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j

ndysr iïm;a odhl;ajh

wdpd¾h Wmd,s rxð;a rKjl ( fldÜGdi wOHdmk wOHlaI" nq,;aisxy,

YS%u;s talkdhl ñh ( lÓldpd¾h ^ndysr&" le,Ksh úYajúoHd,h

m%ikak rKndyq uhd ( lÓldpd¾h ^ndysr& fi!kao¾h úYajúoHd,h

lÓldpd¾h" mqrdúoHd mYapd;a Wmdê wdh;kh"

le,Ksh úYajúoHd,h'

tia' ta' y¾Id ufkdackS ñh ( .=re WmfoaYl" l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h" fydaud.u

tÉ' ta ixcSú uxcÍ ñh ( .=re WmfoaYl" l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h" fld

x

.=re ud¾f.damfoaYh mßYS,kh i|yd Wmfoia

fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh" j¾I 2016 isg l%shd;aul lsÍug kshñ; Ñ;% l,dj 11 fY%aKsh úIh ks¾foaYh mokï lrf.k iïmdokh lr we;' mka;s ldur bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh id¾:l lr .ekSu i|yd fuh Tn w;g m;a flf¾' fuu fmd; mßYS,kfha § my; i|yka lreKq ms

xi

mgqk

msgqj

wOHlaI ckrd,a;=udf.a mKsjqvh iii-iv

ksfhdacH wOHlaI ckrd,a ysñf.a mKsjqvh v

fmrjok vi

ye|skaùu vii-viii

úIhud,d lñgqj ix

.==re ud¾f.damfoaYh mßYS,kh i|yd Wmfoia x

úIh ks¾foaYh xii-xxiv

bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh i|yd Wmfoia 01-149

10 fYa%Ksh .=reud¾f.damfoaYfha ixfYdaOk 150

xii úIh ks¾foaYh

xiii

ye|skaùu

mdi,a moaO;sfhys ls%hd;aul iuia; úIhud,dfjka —Ñ;% l,dj˜ úIh jkdyS iqúfYaI jQjls' ks¾udKlrKhg yd úkaokhg

m%uqLia:dkhla ysñjk Ñ;% l,dj úIhfhka isÿjkakd jQ iudc fufyjr b;d jeo.;a h' Ñ;% l,dfjka mqoa.,hdf.a iqiudys; fm!reIh

ixj¾Okh fjhs'

Ñ;% l,dj úIh ks¾foaYfha" úIhnoaO ksmqK;d y;lska orejd ;=< oekqu" wdl,am" l=i,;d yd hym;a Ôjk mqreÿ j¾Okh lr

.ekSfuys,d wjOdkh fhduq lr we;' úIhnoaO ksmqK;dj, § m%dfhda.sl ls%hdldrlï fjkqfjka ksmqK;d myla o ridiajdoh yd l,d

b;sydih wOHhkh i|yd ksmqK;d folla o fjka lr we;' ta wkqj tla tla fYa%Ksfha jhia uÜgug .e

xiv

cd;sl fmdÿ wruqKq

mqoa.,hdg yd iudchg wod< jk m%Odk cd;sl wruqKq lrd

xv

uq,sl ksmqK;d

wOHdmkh ;=

xvi

ffcj mßirh : iÔù f,dalhl" ck;dj iy ffcj moaO;sh" .ia je,a" jkdka;r" uqyqo" c,h" jd;h iy

cSjh - Ydl" i;a;aj yd ñksia Ôú;hg iïnkaO jQ wjfndaOh" ixfõoSnj yd l=i,;d

fN!;sl mßirh : wjldYh" Yla;sh" bkaOk" øjH" NdKav iy ñksia ðú;hg tajdfha we;s iïnkaO;dj"

wdydr" we`ÿï" ksjdi" fi!LH" iqj myiqj" iajikh" ;Skaÿ" ksial,xlh" úfõlh"

wmøjH iy u,my lsÍu hkdÈh yd iïnkaO jQ wjfndaOh" ixfõ§;dj yd l=i,;dj

bf.kSu" jev lsÍu iy Ôj;a ùu i`oyd fuj,ï iy ;dlaIKh m%fhdackhg .ekSfï

l=i,;d fuys wvx.= fõ'

(IV) jev f,dalhg iqodkï ùfï ksmqK;d

- wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhg odhl ùu

- ;u jD;a;Sh ,eÈhd iy wNsfhda.;d y`ÿkd .ekSu

- yelshdjkg iß,k whqßka /lshdjla f;dard .ekSu iy jdisodhl yd ;srir Ôjfkdamdhl ksr; ùu hk yelshdjka

Wmßu lsÍug yd Odß;dj jeä lsÍug wod< fiajd kshqla;sh yd iïnkaO l=i,;d

(V) wd.u iy iodpdr O¾uhkag wod< ksmqK;d

mqoa.,hkag ;u ffoksl Ôú;fha § wdpdr O¾u" iodpdrd;aul yd wd.udkql+, yeisÍï rgdjkag wkq.; fjñka jvd;a WÑ; foa

f;dard thg iß,k fia lghq;= lsÍu i`oyd w.hhka Wlyd .ekSu yd iaùhlrKh

(VI) l%Svdj iy úfõlh m%fhdackhg .ekSfï ksmqK;d

fi!kao¾hh" idys;H" fi,a,ï lsÍu" l%Svd yd u,, l%Svd" úfkdaodxY yd fjk;a ks¾udKd;aul Ôjk rgdjka ;=

xvii

Ñ;% l,d úIh wruqKq

1' mßirh weiqßka úkaok Yla;sh j¾Okh'

2' ks¾udKd;aul Ñka;kh yd ks¾udKd;aul l=i,;d j¾Okh'

3' M,odhs Èú meje;aulg wjYH l=i,;d yd wdl,am j¾Okh'

4' foaYSh yd úfoaYSh ixialD;sl wx.hkaf.a wkkH;d y÷kd .ekSu yd w.h lsÍu'

5' Ñpdr Yla;sh j¾Okh'

6' wkd.; jev f,dalfha wNsfhda.j,g uqyqK Èh yels Odß;djkaf.ka iukaú; iunr fm!reI j¾Okh'

xviii

ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo

Ñ;% l,dj úIh ks¾foaYh - 11 fYa%Ksh

01 mrsirh wdYs%; f;aud hgf;a Ñ;%

ixrpkh lrhs'

1'1 udkj yd i;a;aj rEmmq¿,a j wOHhkh lrÑ;% ixrpkh lrhs'

1'2 wkqrdOmqr ydfmdf

xix



2'0 mßirfha mj;akdjia;= iïmsKav -kd;aul jÑ;%Kh lrhs'

2'1 úúO iajNdúl yd ks¾ñ;jia;= fjka jYfhkawOHhkh lr o< igykaw¢hs'

2'2 iajNdúl yd ks¾ñ; jia;=iïmsKavkd;aulj Ñ;%Khlrhs'

úúO iajNdúl yd ks¾ñ;jia;= f¾Ldfjka wOHhkh• f¾Ldfõ úúO;d• ;%sudk ,laIK• t

xx



4'0 ksIamdok ydfiajd wjYH;di|yd .%e*slaks¾udK lrhs'

5'0 úúO udOHNdú;fhka uQ¾;syd leghïks¾udKh lrhs'

4'1 úia;SrK f;aud hgf;afmdaiag¾ Ñ;% ks¾udKhlrhs'

4'2 úúO ksIamdok m%pdrKhi|yd .%e*sla ks¾udKlrhs'

5'1 idïm%odhsl ieris,s uQ,dY%Ndú;fhka Wkak;leghï ks¾udKh lrhs'

fmdaiag¾ Ñ;% wjYH;d ie,iqu ikaksfõokd¾: ixfla;d;aul Ñ;% wlaIr uqøKhg fhda.H nj .%e*sla ks¾udK

• ojgk• iqnme;=ïm;a• f,an,a

idïm%odhsl ieris,s uQ,dY% úúO udOH WÑ; nj iïmsKavkh Ys,am l%u ks¾udKd;aul nj

3'2 idïm%odhsl ieris,s tallyd tajdfha j¾K Ndú;lr uq¿;, ieris,sks¾udKh lrhs'

3'3 ks¾udKd;aul ieris,stall Ndú; lr NdKavi`oyd ie,iqï yd ieris,sks¾udKh lrhs'

uq`M;, ieris,s• l=Ika ljr• fïi frÈ• ms;a;, nkafoais

frÈ ieris,s• fodr frÈ• idß m,a¨

NdKav ks¾udKh• úÿ,s fïi ,dïmq

• ikaksfõokd¾:" ixfla;d;aul

j¾K yd Ñ;%" wlaIr Ndú;

lrñka úia;S¾K f;aud hgf;a

fmdaiag¾ Ñ;% ks¾udKh lrhs'

• uqøKhg iqÿiq mßÈ

ks¾udKlrKfha fhfohs'

• idïm%odhsl ieris,s uQ,dY% kï

lrhs'• iïm%odhsl ieris,s uQ,dY% Ndú;

lr Wkak; leghï ks¾udKh

lrhss'

10

06

xxi



6'0 wd.ñl ydixialD;sl wx."foia úfoiaf;dard.;aYs,amSkaf.a l,dlD;Ska" woH;koDYH l,d lD;s ydckudOH weiqßkay÷kd.;a l,dks¾udK úpdrYS,S jridiajdohg ,lalrñka iaj;ka;%ks¾udK i|yd

Ndú;hg .kshs'

6'1 f;dard.;a foaYShYs,amSkaf.a l,dlD;sridiajdoh lrhs'

f;aud" ffY,sh" udOH yd Ys,aml%u" Ndj m%ldYk" ixrpk l%uyd l,d ,laIK wOHhkh

• uqo,s÷ ta'iS'Ô'tia' wurfialr- hleÿre ÈhKsh- ú/lshdj

• iageka,s wfíisxy- l=U,a y,- fmryer

• Ô' tia' m%kdkaÿ- W¿ fmdarKqj- .v,dfoKsh

• fla' lkliNdm;s- lshjk

xxii



6'2 foaYSh uqøs; udOH wdYs%;l,d;aul wx. ridiajdohlrhs'

6'3 f;dard.;a úfoaYShYs,amSkaf.a l,d lD;sw.h lrhs'

f;aud" ffY,sh" Ndj m%ldYkyd l,d ,laIK wOHhkh• mqj;am;a ldgqka Ñ;% l,dj

- Tíß fld,Ü- hQkqia- ví' úfÊfidau- leñ,ia fmf¾rd- Ysj{dkiqkaorï

• ikakso¾Yk Ñ;% l,dj- iquk Èidkdhl- ú' Ysj iqn%ukshï

jia;= úIh" l,d wdNdi^ffY,sh&" udOHh ydYs,aml%%u" Ndj m%ldYk"ixrpk l%u yd l,d ,laIKwOHhkh• meíf,da msldfida

(Pablo Picasso)- wú.afkdakays hqj;sfhda

(Les Demoiselles d'Avignon)- .=j¾Ksld (Guernica)

• fykaß uqj¾ (Henry Moore)- rc mjq, (King and Queen)- je;sÍ isák rej (Reclining figure)

• iajhx ks¾udKlrKhg wdNdilr .kshs'

• foaYSh uqøs; udOH wdY%s; l,dks¾udK úu¾Ykh lrhss'

• uqøs; udOH Ys,amSkaf.a l,dks¾udKj, uQ,sl ,laIKúia;r lrhs'

• f;dard.;a úfoaYSh Ys,amSkaf.aaks¾udK y÷kdf.k kï lrhs'

• tu ks¾udKj, ±lsh yels úúOiqúfYaI l,d ,laIK ydwdNdi y÷kdf.k riú£fïyelshdj m%o¾Ykh lrhs'

• foia" úfoia l,d ks¾udKixikaokd;aul j ú.%y lrhs'

xxiii



7'1 wkqrdOmqr hq.fha Ñ;%" uQ¾;s yd leghï ks¾udK

wOHhkh lrhs'

7'2 fmdf

xxiv



7'4 bkaoshdkq ft;sydisl

hq.j, l,d ks¾udK

wOHhkh lrhs'

- uydiq;fidau cd;lh rcueÿf¾ ldka;dfjda

• lr.ïmsáh úydr Ñ;%- fmd,Ujk n,fõ.- isÿy;a Wm;

fu!¾h" iqx. yd id;jdykhq.hg wh;a ks¾udKj,ft;sydisl miqìu" jia;=úIh"ffY,sh" udOHh yd Ys,aml%%u"Ndj m%ldYk" ixrpk l%u ydl,d ,laIK wOHhkh• idxÑ ia:Qmh• idxÑ f;drK leghï

- Poaoka; cd;lh- nqÿka ixliai mqrhg jevu

lsßu

.=ma; hq.hg wh;a ks¾udKj,ft;sydisl miqìu" jia;=úIh" ffY,sh"udOHh ydYs,aml%%u" Ndj m%ldYk"ixrpk l%u yd l,d ,laIKwOHhkh

•idrdkd;a nqÿms

1

bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh i|yd Wmfoia

2

ksmqK;dj 1'0 ( mßir wdY%s; f;aud hgf;a Ñ;% ixrpkh lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'1 ( udkj yd i;a;aj rEm we;=

3

mshjr 1'1'1'3 ( • isiq ks¾udK mka;sfha m%o¾Ykh lrñka iajhx úpdrhlg wjia:dj

,nd fokak'

• fiiq whf.a ks¾udK ms

4

ksmqK;dj 1'0 ( mßirh wdY%s; f;aud hgf;a Ñ;% ixrpkh lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'2 ( wkqrdOmqqr yd fmdf

5

• ks¾udKlrKfha § isiqkg wjYH Wmfoia yd u. fmkaùï

,ndfokak'

• tla tla isiqka ksu l< lD;s mka;s ldurfha m%o¾Yk lsÍug iQodkï

lrjkak'

^ñks;a;= 90 hs&

mshjr 1'2'1''3 ( • isiq ks¾udK mka;s ldurfha m%o¾Ykh lrjkak'

• ks¾udK ms

6

ksmqK;dj 1'0 ( mßirh wdY%s; f;aud hgf;a Ñ;% ixrpkh lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'3 ( uykqjr hq.hg wh;a my;rg úydr ì;=is;=jï weiqßka Ñ;% ixrpkh

lrhs'

l%shdldrlu 1'3'1 ( —ux., kel;ska w;sk;a .;aod˜

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj ( 03 hs

bf.kqï m, ( • úúO ixialD;Skag wh;a újdy ux., W;aij yd j;ams

7

• ks¾udKlrKfha § isiqkg wjYH Wmfoia yd u`. fmkaùu

,ndfokak'

• ksu lD;s WÑ; mßÈ mka;s ldurfha m%o¾Ykh lsÍug iQodkï

lrkak'

̂ ñks;a;= 90 hs&

mshjr 1'3'1'3 ( • isiq ks¾udK mka;sfha m%o¾Ykh lrjkak'

• wyUq f,i f;dard.;a ksu lD;s we.hSulg ,la lrñka isiq woyia

úuikak'

• my;rg Ñ;%j, olakg ,efnk Ñ;%uh isoaOdka; flfrys wjOdkh

fhduq lrñka isiq ks¾udK i|yd ixj¾Okd;aul woyia ,nd

fokak'

̂ ñks;a;= 15 hs&

we.hSu yd ;lafiarelrKh i|yd Wmfoia (

my; i|yka lreKq mokï lrf.k we.hSï yd ;lafiarelrKfha fhfokak'

• úúO ixialD;Skag wh;a újdy ux., wjia:djkays pdß;% jdß;%" we÷ï me,÷ï úia;r lsÍu

• my;rg úydr Ñ;% ffY,Sh ,laIK m%ldY lsÍu

• ks¾udK i|yd my;rg úydr Ñ;% ffY,Sh ,laIK wkqj Ñ;% ks¾udKh lsÍu

• wka whf.a ks¾udK w.h lrñka ri ú£u

weuqKqu 1'3'1'1

.fõIK $ld¾h Wmfoia m;%sldj

• —ux., kel;ska w;sk;a .;aod˜ud;Dldj yd iïnkaO úúO wjia:d iys; kso¾Yk Ñ;%

fyd¢ka ksÍlaIKh lrkak'

• kso¾Yk Ñ;% weiqßka wNsu; ixisoaêhla Ñ;%Kh lsÍfï § my; i|yka my;rg úydr Ñ;%

ffY,Sh ,laIK flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

- udkj yd i;a;aj bßhõj, iajNdjh

- we÷ï me,÷ï Ndú;h

- fudaia;r yd ieris,s ks¾udK

- miqìu ksuejqu

- j¾K yd f¾Ld Ndú;h

• wjYH wjia:djkays § .=re;=udf.ka$;=ñhf.ka Wmfoia ,nd.kak'

• ks¾udKh lrk ,o is;=jï mka;s ldurfha m%o¾Ykh i|yd iQodkï lrkak'

8

ksmqK;dj 2'0 ( mßirfha mj;akd jia;+ iïmsKavkd;aulj Ñ;%Kh lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'1 ( úúO iajNdúl yd ks¾ñ; jia;+ fjka jYfhka wOHhkh lr o< igyka

w¢hs'

l%shdldrlu 2'1'1 ( zz øjH iïmsKavk f¾Ldfjka wOHhkh lruqZZ


bf.kqï m, ( •Odrlh u; ;nd we;s NdKav iuQyfha tlsfklg fjkia

jQ yev yd u;=msg iajNdj úia;r lrhs'

• ;,hg .e

9

• .fõIK $ld¾h Wmfoia m;s%ldj wkqj isiqka ls%hdldrlfï

fhdojkak'

• ls%hdldrlfï fhfok isiqkag wjYH Wmfoia yd u`. fmkaùu

,ndfokak'

• ks¾udK mka;shg bosßm;a lsÍug iQodkï lrkak'

^ñks;a;= 50 hs&

mshjr 2'1'1'3 ( • isiq ks¾udK mka;shg bosßm;a lrkak'

• ish ks¾udK ms

10

ksmqK;dj 2'0 ( mßirfha mj;akd jia;+ka iïmKavkd;aul j Ñ;%Kh lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'2 ( iajNdúl yd ks¾ñ; jia;= iïmsKavkd;aul j Ñ;%Kh lrhs'

l%shdldrlu 2'2'1 ( zzøjH iuQyh j¾K u.ska Ñ;%Kh lruqZZ


bf.kqï m, ( • iajNdúl yd ks¾ñ; jia;=j, úúO;ajh yd tajdfha .;s iajNdjh

úia;r lrhs'

• ;,hg .e

11

mshjr 2'2'1'2 ( • weuqKqu 2'2'1'1 g we;=

12

weuqKqu 2'2'1'1

.fõIK $ld¾h Wmfoia m;%sldj

• Tn bÈßfha ;nd we;s øjH iuQyh fyd¢ka ksÍlaIKh lrkak'

• øjHj, u;=msg iajNdjh tlsfklg fjkia .;s ,laIKj,ska hqla; jk nj ksÍlaIKh

lrkak'

• øjH u;g wdf,dalh m;s; ùu wkqj t

13

ksmqK;dj 3'0 ( mdßydßl wjYH;d i|yd ks¾udKlrKfha fhfohs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'1 ( kj ie,iqï ixl,am yd úúO udOH Ndú; lr ks¾udKh l< yels

.Dy w,xlrK NdKav i|yd ie,iqï yd ieris,s ks¾udKh lrhs'

l%shdldrlu 3'1'1 ( zzoejuh ì;= leghula Ñ;%Kh lruqqZZ


bf.kqï m, ( • oejuh leghul oelsh yels iqúfYaI ,laIK úia;r lrhs'

• mßirh wdY%s; yev;, fudaia;rdldr f,i Ndú;hg .kshs'

• ixlS¾K yev ir, j w¢hs'

• oejuh Wkak; leghula i|yd iqÿiq ie,iqï Ñ;%hla we|

udOHhg WÑ; f,i j¾K lrhs'

• ukd ixhuhlska hq;= j ld¾hfhys ksr; fjhs'

• wka whf.a ks¾udK ri ú¢ñka w.h lrhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( • oejuh Wkak; leghï fyda wdfoaYl

• weuqKqu 3'1'1'1g wod< .fõIK$ld¾h Wmfoia m;%sld

mdvu ie,iqu i`oyd Wmfoia (

mshjr 3'1'1'1 ( • iqÿiq l%ufõohla Ndú; lrñka oej udOHfhka ksu jQ leghula

fyda wdo¾Ylhla m%o¾Ykh lrñka mdvug msúfikak'

• my; i|yka lreKq wjOdrKh lrkak'

- yev;, Ndú;h

- ir, nj

- Wkak; ,laIK

- udOHfha .;s iajNdjh

^ñks;a;= 15 hs&

mshjr 3'1'1'2 ( • weuqKqu 3'1'1'1g wod< .fõIK $ld¾h m;%sld isiqkg fnod fokak'

• —mßirhZZ ud;Dldj f,i fhdod .ksñka ,S leghula i|yd WÑ;

ie,iqï Ñ;%hla ks¾udKh lsÍug fhduq lrjkak'

• wjYH u. fmkaùï ,nd foñka j¾K lsÍug fhduq lrjkak'

• ks¾udKh l< is;a;ï mka;shg bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkï lrjkak'

^ñks;a;= 50 hs&

mshjr 3'1'1'3 ( • ks¾udKh lrk ,o lD;s mka;shg bÈßm;a lrjkak'

14

• m%o¾Ykh lrk Ñ;%hkays m%n,;d yd ÿn,;d ixj¾Okh úh hq;=

;eka fmkajd §ug wjldYh ,ndfokak'

• iuia; iudf,dapkhl fhfokak'

^ñks;a;= 15 hs&


my; i|yka lreKq mokï lrf.k we.hSï yd ;lafiarelrKfha fhfokak'

• Wkak; oej leghul we;=

15


ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'2 ( idïm%odhsl ieris,s tall yd tajdfha j¾K Ndú; lr uq¿;,

ieris,s ks¾udKh lrhs'

l%shdldrlu 3'2'1 ( zzfïi froaola w|suqZZ


bf.kqï m, ( • fïi froaol oelsh yels iqúfYaI ,laIK úia;r lrhs'

• idïm%odhsl fudaia;r tall Ndú; lr fïi froaolg iqÿiq

uq¿;, ieris,a,la ks¾udKh lrhs'

• cHdñ;sl WmlrK Ndú;fhka mßudKdkql+, j w¢hs'

• wka whf.a ks¾udK ri ú¢ñka w.hhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( • uq¿;, ieris,a,lg wkqj fudaia;r fh¥ úúO fïi frÈ

• Ñ;% we£u i|yd wjYH WmlrK

• idïm%odhsl ieris,s fudaia;r tall iys; Ñ;% kso¾Yk

ls%hdldlrlu ie,iqï lsÍu i`oyd Wmfoia (

mshjr 3'2'1'1 ( • Tn wNsu; l%ufõohlg wkqj uq¿;, ieris,a,la fh¥ fïi froaola

mka;sfha m%o¾Ykh lrñka mdvug msúfikak'

• my; i|yka lreKq wkdjrKh jk mßÈ idlÉPdjl fhfokak'

- Ndú; jk wjia:d

- yevh

- ieris,s fh§ we;s wdldrh

- j¾K

• idïm%odhsl ieris,s tall iys; kso¾Yk fmkajñka fïi froaola

ks¾udKfha § by; ,laIK fhdod .; yels wdldrh isiqka iu.

idlÉPd lrkak'

^ñks;a;= 10 hs&

mshjr 3'2'1'2 ( • Ñ;% we£u i|yd wjYH øjH WmlrK fnod fokak'

• idïm%odhsl ieris,s tall Ndú;fhka ;ud wNsu; whqßka fïi

froaola ks¾udKh lsÍug isiqka fhduq lrjkak'

• ks¾udKh lsÍfï § my; i|yka lreKq flfrys wjOdkh fhduq

lrjkak'

- cHdñ;sl WmlrK Ndú;fhka wjYH ññ" mßudK ksjerÈ f,i

,nd .ekSu l< hq;= nj

- fïi froaola hkq uq¿;, ieris,a,la nj

16

- ksu lD;sh msßisÿ núka iy ukd ksudjlska ;sìh hq;= nj

- ks¾udKhg WÑ; j¾K Ndú; l< hq;= nj

- kshñ; ;,h ;=< ks¾udKh lr wjika l< hq;= nj

• ks¾udK bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkï lrjkak'

^ñks;a;= 50 hs&

mshjr 3'2'1'3 ( • isiqkaf.a ks¾udK bÈßm;a lsÍug i,iajkak'

• tlfkldf.a ks¾udK ms

17


ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'3 ( ks¾udKd;aul ieris,s tall Ndú; lr NdKav i|yd ieris,s ks¾udKh

lrhs'

l%shdldrlu 3'3'1 ( zzidß m,a¨jla w|suqZZ


b.ekqï m, ( • idß m,a¨jl iqúfYaI ,laIK úia;r lrhs'

• úúO jQ mßudKfhka hq;a yev;, f.dkqfldg we£ug fhduqfjhs'

• ukd ixhuhlska hq;=j ld¾hhl ksr; fjhs'

• yev;, .e

18

mshjr 3'3'1'3 ( • isiq ks¾udK mka;sfha m%o¾Ykh lrjkak'

• wyUq f,i f;dard .;a isiqkaf.a ksu lD;s ms

19

ksmqK;dj 4'0 ( ksIamdok yd fiajd wjYH;d i|yd .%e*sla ks¾udK lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'1 ( úia;SrK f;aud hgf;a fmdaiag¾ Ñ;% ks¾udKh lrhs'

ls%hdldrlu 4'1'1 ( zzfmdaiag¾ Ñ;%hla ks¾udKh lruq'ZZ

ld,fþo ixLHdj ( 03 hs

bf.kqï m, ( fmdaiag¾ Ñ;%hl ;sìh hq;= uQ,sl lreKq úia;r lrhs'

úia;SrK f;aud ck;djg ikaksfõokh lsÍu i|yd fmdaiag¾ Ñ;%

Wmfhda.S jk wjia:d fidhd n,hs'

f;dard.;a f;audjla hgf;a fmdiag¾ Ñ;% w|shs'

ks¾udKh lr .;a fmdaiag¾ Ñ;%hg WÑ; ixfla;d;aul iy w¾:j;a

f,i j¾K iy f;aud Ndú; lrhs'

ks¾udKlrKfha È øjH yd WmlrK ukd ixhufhka yiqrejhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( weuqKqu 4'1'1'1 g we;=

20

ks¾udKh w;r;=r isiqkag wjYH Wmfoia u.fmkaùï ,nd fokak'

ks¾udKh lrk ,o fmdaiag¾ mka;shg bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkï

lrkak'

^ñks;a;= 90 hs&

mshjr 4'1'1'3 ( isiqkaf.a fmdaiag¾ Ñ;% mka;sfha m%o¾Ykh lrjkak'

tu ks¾udK ms

21

ksmqK;dj 4'0 ( ksIamdok yd fiajd wjYH;d i|yd .%e*sla ks¾udK lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'2 ( úúO ksIamdok yd fiajd m%pdrKh i|yd .%e*sla ks¾udK lrhs'

ls%hdldrlu 4'2'1 ( zzojgkhla ks¾udKh lruqZZ


bf.kqï m, ( ojgkhl ;sìh hq;= m%Odk ,laIK idlÉPd lrhs'

ojgkh uqøKhg iqÿiq whqßka ksu úh hq;= nj ms

22

;ud wNsu; ksIamdokhla i|yd iqÿiq ojgkhla ks¾udKh lsÍug

isiqka fhduq lrjkak'

ks¾udKlrKfha § isiqkag wjYH Wmfoia iy u. fmkaùï ,nd

fokak'

ks¾udKh lrk ,o fmdaiag¾ mka;shg bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkï

lrkak' ̂ ñks;a;= 50 hs&

mshjr 4'2'1'3 ( isiqkaf.a ks¾udK mka;sfha m%o¾Ykh lrjkak'

tu ks¾udK ms

23

ksmqK;dj 5'0 ( úúO udOH Ndú;fhka leghï yd uQ¾;s ks¾udKh lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'1 ( idïm%odhsl ieris,s uQ,dY% Ndú;fhka Wkak; leghï ks¾udKh

lrhs'

ls%hdldrlu 5'1'1 ( zzu,a" ;=re,;d iy i;a;aj yev leghï lruq'ZZ


bf.kqï m, ( idïm%odhsl ieris,s uQ,dY% Ndú;fhka ilid.;a

ks¾udKd;aul yev iïmsKavkd;aul j leghï lrhs'

Wkak; leghul Ys,aml%u Ndú; lrhs'

WmlrK ksjerÈ j yiqrejhs'

udOH Ndú; ms

24

frðf*daï lemSu i|yd wjYH WmlrK ^msys& ,ndfokak'

lmd.;a leghu je,slvodish wdOdrfhka iqug lr ksuyï lr

.ekSug Wmfoia ,ndfokak'

j¾K .kajd wjika lsÍug isiqka fhduq lrjkak'

ksu l< lD;s mka;shg bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkï lrjkak'

̂ ñks;a;= 90 hs&

mshjr 5'1'1'3 ( isiq ks¾udK mka;s ldurfha fyda mdi,a mßirfha iqÿiq l%ufõohla

Ndú; lrñka m%o¾Ykh lsÍug lghq;= lrkak'

isiqkaf.a ks¾udK iajhx we.hSulg bv ,ndfokak'

bÈßm;a lrk ,o ks¾udK ms

25

ksmqK;dj 5'0 ( úúO udOH Ndú;fhka leghï yd uQ¾;s ks¾udKh lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'2 ( weöfï Ys,am l%uh Ndú;fhka ñksia rE ks¾udKh lrhs'

ls%hdldrlu 5'2'1 ( zzudkj rE iïmsKavkhlaZZ


bf.kqï m, ( udOHfhys úúO;d y÷kdf.k úia;r lrhs'

udOH Ndú;h ms

26

o< igyk weiqßka uQ¾;sh f.dvke.Sug fhduq lrjkak'

tys§ mßudKh iy ßoauh bßhõ ksrEmKfha§ b;d jeo.;a nj

wjOdrKh lrkak lrkak'

uQ¾;sfha msg;g úys§ hk fldgia wju lr.ksñka iuia; yevhla

f,i uQ¾;s Wmdx. fhdod .ekSu jeo.;a nj meyeÈ,s lrkak'

uQ¾;sfha .;s ,laIK u;=ùu i|yd by

27

weuqKqu 5'2'1'1

.fõIK$ ld¾h Wmfoia m;%sldj

mka;sfha m%o¾Ykh lrkq ,enQ wdo¾Y uQ¾;sfha olakg ,efnk yev;," bßhõ" ;s%udk nj"

mßudKh" udOH Ndú;h jeks ,laIK fyd¢ka ksÍlaIKh lrkak'

,nd § we;s lvodisfha Tn wNsu; l%u Yss,amhlg wkqj úúO bßhõ iys; udkj rEm

iïmsKavkhla o< igykla w¢kak'

moï l< ueá ilia lr.kak'

mdou f,i ,E,a, fhdod .ksñka uQ¾;sh i|yd iqÿiq" Tn we|.;a o< igyk weöu i|yd

wdrïN lrkak'

uQ¾;s weöfï § tys Wi m%udKH 30cm la f,i ;SrKh lrkak'

uQ¾;sh weöfï § lïìh ueáj,g iú ùu je

28

ksmqK;dj 6'0 ( wd.ñl yd ixialD;sl wx." foia" úfoia f;dard.;a Ys,amSkaf.a l,d ks¾udK" woH;k oDYH l,d lD;s yd ckudOH weiqßka y÷kd.;a l,d ks¾udK úpdrYS,S j ridiajdohg ,la lrñka iaj;ka;% ks¾udK i|yd Ndú;hg .kshs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'1 ( f;dard.;a foaYSh Ys,amSkaf.a ks¾udK ridiajdoh lrhs'

ls%hdldrlu 6'1'1 ( zzuqo,s÷ ta' iS' cS' tia' wurfialr Ys,amshdf.a ks¾udK w.huq˜


bf.kqï m, ( uqo,s÷ wurfialr Ys,amshdf.a ks¾udK kï lrhs'! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!! ks¾udKj, Ys,am l%u fidhd n,hs'

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ks¾udK i|yd mokï jQ ffY,sh yd wdNdi úuid n,hs'

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ks¾udK wdY%s; j ixrpk l%u yd isoaOdka; ,laIK úia;r

lrhs'

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! uqo,s÷ wurfialr Ys,amshdf.a Ñ;%j, l,d ,laIK

we.hSug ,la lrhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ! uqo,s÷ ta' iS' Ô' tia' wurfialr Ys,amshdf.a j¾K Ñ;%

! !!!!!!"!!hleÿrdf.a ÈhKsh

! !!!!!!"!ú/lshdj (Unemployed)

! ! weuqKqu 6'1'1'1 g we;=

29

! !!!! lshùï m;%sldj weiqfrka m%Yakdj,shg ms

30

weuqKqu 6'1'1'2

lshùï m;%sldj

uqo,s÷ ta' iS' Ô' tia' wurfialr ^1883- - 1983&

! uqo,s÷ ta' iS' Ô' tia' wurfialr 20 jk ishji uq,a Nd.hg wh;a ,dxflah Ydia;%d,hSh h:d¾:jd§ (Academic Realism) Ñ;% l,dfõ mqfrda.dó j lghq;= l< Ñ;% Ys,amsfhls'

!!! j¾I 1883 § .d,a, fodvka¥fõ Wm; ,o uqo,s÷ ta' iS' Ô' tia' wurfialr ^tan%yï

l%siafgdam¾ f.%.ß iqßhwdrÉÑ wurfialr& m

31

hleÿrdf.a ÈhKsh

j¾;udkfha fld

32

ú/lshdj ^Unemployed&

!!uqo,s÷ ta' iS' Ô' tia' wurfialr úiska ú/lshdj kñka kï lr we;s fuu is;=ju jvd;a

m%isoaêhg m;aj we;af;a jvqjdf.a f.or hkqfjks'

!!fuu is;=ju fld

33

ksmqK;dj 6'0 ( wd.ñl yd ixialD;sl wx." foia" úfoia f;dard.;a Ys,amSkaaf.a

l,d ks¾udK" woH;k oDYH l,d lD;s yd ckudOH weiqfrka

y÷kd.;a l,d ks¾udK úpdrYS,S j ridiajdohg ,la lrñka iaj;-

ka;% ks¾udK i|yd Ndú;hg .kshs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'1 ( f;dard.;a foaYSh Ys,amSkaaf.a ks¾udK ridiajdoh lrhs'

ls%hdldrlu 6'1'2 ( zziageka,s wfíisxy Ys,amshdf.a is;=jï w.huqZZ


bf.kqï m, ( !!!iageka,s wfíisxy Ys,amshdf.a Ñ;% ks¾udK kï lrhs'

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Tyqf.ka l,djg isÿ jq fiajh úuid n,hs'

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! ks¾udK i`oyd mokï jq Ñ;% uQ,sldx. yd ixrpk isoaOdka;

,laIK úia;r lrhs'

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! iageka,s wfíisxy Ys,amshdf.a Ñ;%j, l,d ,laIK ri ú`Èñka

we.hSug ,la lrhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ! iageka,s wfíisxy Ñ;% Ys,amshdf.a j¾K is;=jï

! ! - l=U,a y,

! ! - fmryer

! ! weuqKqu 6'1'2'1 g we;==

34

tla/ialr.;a f;dr;=re yd isiqkaf.a ms

35

weuqKqu 6'1'2'2

lshùï m;%sldj

iageka,s wfíisxy ^1914-- - 1992&

! ! ! 1914 § Wm; ,enQ iageka,s wfíisxy úisjk ishjfia kQ;k l,d b;sydifha uq,a ld,Sk j

ìys jQ m%;sNdmQ¾K Ñ;% Ys,amsfhls'

!!!! ! ,xld ld¾ñl úoHd,fha Ñ;% l,dj ye±rE Tyq bkaÈhdjg f.dia fmrÈ. Ñ;% l,dj yd

tx.,ka;fha § hqfrdamSh kQ;k Ñ;% l,dj wOHhkh lrkq ,nhs'

! ! fmrÈ. yd wmrÈ. úúO l,d wdNdi weiqßka ;ukag wdfõKsl kj Ñ;% l,d iïm%odhhla

we;s lsÍug uQ,sl jQ fmrgq.dñ Ys,amsfhls'

! ! rcfha ,,s; l,dh;kfha .=rejrhl= f,i o" 1965-1969 ld,h ;=< tys l,dh;kdêm;s

f,i o lghq;= lr we;'

! ! tu ld,h ;=< 43 lKavdhfï kQ;kjd§ m%ldYkhg iu.dó j kQ;kjd§ l,d Ndú;h

iys; kj l,d m%jK;djla rcfha ,,s;l,d wdh;kfha f.dvke.Sug uQ,sl jQ

mqfrda.dñhd f,i o ie,fla'

!!iageka,s wfíisxy Ys,amshdf.a ks¾udK i|yd idïm%odhsl l,dfõ ffY,s.; yev" mYapd;a

WmiaÒ;sjd§ yd m%ldYkjd§ Ñ;% l,d m%jK;dfõ j¾K Ndú;h wdNdih ù we;'

ks¾udKj, miqìu i|yd >ksljd§ l,dfõ miqìï wjldY ,laIK wdNdi lr ;sîu ±lsh

yels fõ'

! flá" >k f¾Ld Ndú;h o Tyqf.a ks¾udKj, ±lsh yels iqúfYaI ,laIKhla fõ'

! ! iageka,s wfíisxy Ys,amshd úiska lrk ,o ks¾udK lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

- j

36

l=U,a y,

!!!! !!iageka,s wfíisxy Ys,amshd úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,o l=U,a y, keu;s is;=ju Tyqf.a kQ;kjd§ l,d Ndú;fha iqúfYaI ks¾udKhla fõ'

! ! ueá Ndck úl=Kqï y,la yd hqj,la ñka ksrEms; h' !! ! m¾hdf,dal ,laIK rys; wjldYhla Ndú; ùu fuu ks¾udKfha lemSfmfkk

,laIKhls' fuu iïmsKavkfha fmrìu yd miqìu tlu ;,hl ksrEms; h'

Ñ;%fha .eUqr yd ;%sudk;ajh fmkajkafka iajNdj O¾uhg idfmalaIj fkdj fhdok

,o j¾K lsÍfï Ys,am l%ufhks'

! ! w÷re yd wdf,dalu;a j¾K úix.; j fhoùfuka ñksia ye`.Sï jvd ;Sj% f,i oelaùug Ys,amshd iu;aj we;'

!!!! Ñ;%fha m%ldYkd;aul nj ;Sj% lsÍu i|yd fhdok j¾K modi" ishqï f,i úia;rd;aul oelaùu yd m%dKj;a flá" >klñka hq;= l¿ f¾Ld Ndú; lr ;sîu

y÷kd.; yels h'

!!!! !!uqyqfKa ye`.Sï ksrEmKh i|yd fhdod.;a w÷re j¾K" ks¾udKfha Ndj m%ldYkh

uekeúka ixúOdkh lsÍug bjy,a j we;'

!!!! ! iageka,s wfíisxy Ys,amshdf.a ks¾udK ffY,sh i|yd idïm%odhsl l,dfõ ffY,s.;

yev" mYapd;a WmiaÒ;sjd§ yd m%ldYkjd§ Ñ;% l,d m%jK;dfõ j¾K Ndú;h fukau

>ksljd§ l,dfõ miqìï wjldY ,laIK wdNdi lr ;sîu ±lsh yels fõ'

37

fmryer

!!iageka,s wfíisxy Ys,amshdf.a kQ;kjd§ l,d Ndú;h iys; ks¾udK w;r fmryer kue;s

is;=ju úYsIag ks¾udKhls'

!!uykqjr wei< fmryer jia;=úIh lr .ksñka w¢k ,o fuu ks¾udKh i|yd w÷r yd

wdf,dalh úix.; j¾K ;=

38

ksmqK;dj 6'0 ( wd.ñl yd ixialD;sl wx." foia" úfoia f;dard.;a Ys,amSkaf.a

l,d ks¾udK" woH;k oDYH l,d lD;s yd ckudOH weiqßka

y÷kd.;a l,d ks¾udK úpdrYS,S j ridiajdohg ,la lrñka

iaj;ka;% ks¾udK i|yd Ndú;hg .kshs'


ls%hdldrlu 6'1'3 ( zzð' tia' m%kdkaÿ Ys,amshdf.a ks¾udK w.huqZZ


b.ekqï m, ( Ô' tia' m%kdkaÿ Ys,amshdf.a ks¾udK fidhd n,hs'

Tyqf.a ks¾udK i|yd mokï jq udOH yd Ys,am l%u úia;r

lrhs'

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ks¾udKj, Ñ;%uh .=Kdx. úuid n,hs'

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Ô' tia' m%kdkaÿ Ys,amshdf.a Ñ;%j, iqúfYaI l,d ,laIK

we.hSug ,la lrhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ! Ô' tia' m%kdkaÿ Ys,amshdf.a N+ño¾Yk Ñ;%

! !!!!"! W¿ fmdarKqj

! !!!!"! .v,dfoKsh !

! ! !!!weuqKqu 6'1'3'1 g we;=

39

mshjr 6'1'3'3 ( wyUq f,i f;dard.;a isiqka lsysm fofkl=f.a ms

40

weuqKqu 6'1'3'2

lshùï m;%sldj

Ô' tia' m%kdkaÿ ^1904 - -1990&

! !!!!! j¾I 1904 § fnka;r iqoaodf.dv Wm; ,enq Ô' tia' fyj;a .ïjdrs ir;a m%kdkaÿ

Èh idhï Ñ;% l,dfõ Ys,amSh m%jK;d fmkakqï l< m%lg Ñ;% Ys,amsfhls'

ßpâ fykaßlia hgf;a Ñ;% l,dj ms

41

W¿ fmdarKqj

! !!!

! ! cd;sl l,dNjfka ks;H m%o¾Ykhg ;nd we;ss fuu is;=ju hqfrdamSh iajNdúljd§

ffY,sh ±lafjk ks¾udKhls'

lvodis u; Èh idhï udOHfhka lrk ,o ks¾udKhls' !!!!

! Ñ;%fha olajk W¿ fmdarKqj yd wjg mßirh Ñ;%Kh lsÍfï § §ma;su;a j¾Kud,djla

;%sudk ,laIK iys; j Èhidhï modi l%uhg m%ldYkd;aul j olajd we;'

! ! ;,h u; rEm ixrpkh lsÍfï § fmrìu" ueo ìu yd miqìu u; rEm msysgqjñka

Ñ;%fha .eUqr yd m¾hdf,dal ,laIK iys; j ksrEmKh lr we;'

fuu ks¾udK i|yd iajNdúljd§ ffY,Sh ,laIK yd hqfrdamSh N+ño¾Yk is;=jïj,

wdNdih ,eî we;s nj ±lsh yels h'

42

! ! .v,dfoKsh

!!!!!! ! fld

43





ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'1 ( f;dard.;a foaYSh Ys,amSkaf.a l,dlD;s ridiajdoh lrhs'

ls%hdldrlu 6'1'4 ( zzfla' lklindm;s Ys,amshdf.a ks¾udK w.huqZZ


bf.kqï m, ( fla' lklindm;s Ys,amshdf.a ks¾udK kï lrhs'

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ks¾udKj, ffY,Sh ,laIK meyeÈ,s lrhs'

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Tyqf.a ks¾udK i`oyd ,enqKq wdNdi úia;r lrhs'

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! is;=jï i|yd fhdod .;a j¾Kj, iajNdjh úuid n,hs'

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Tyqf.a Ñ;% ks¾udKj, l,d ,laIK we.hSug ,la lrhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ! fla' lklindm;s Ys,amshdf.a j¾K Ñ;%

- lshjk

44


45

weuqKqu 6'1'4'

lshùï m;%sldj

fla' lklindm;s ^1915---¡1995&

fla' lklindm;s úisjk ishjig wh;a YS% ,dxflah kQ;k Ñ;% l,dfõ mqfrda.dó j lghq;=

l< oñ< cd;sl Ñ;% Ys,amsfhls'

j¾I 1915 § hdmkh Wreïmsrdhs ys Wm; ,o lklindm;s mksljd§ l,d ,laIK iys; j ;udg wdfõKsl Ñ;% ffY,shla f.dvk.d .;a

fla' lklindm;s" 43 lKavdhfï Ñ;% m%o¾Ykj,g o iyNd.s jQ Ñ;% Ys,amsfhla fõ'

fla' lklindm;s úiska ksu lrk ,o úYsIag ks¾udK w;r lshjk

46

Ñ;%fha .eUqr yd ;%sudk;ajh fmkajkafka fhdok ,o f¾Ld yd j¾K lsÍfï Ys,am l%ufhks'

tu.ska Ñ;%fha wjldYSh .eUqr ±elafõ'

Ñ;%fha m%Odk rEmhg jvd miqìu >ksljdÈ l,d wdNdih iys;j LKavkhg ,lalr we;'

is;=jfï ±lafjk k $ .eUqre f¾LdlrKh yd j¾K Ndú;h uekúka fhdodf.k we;s w;r tu.ska ud;Dldj

jvd ;Sj% j yd ixfõ§ j oekùug W;aidy f.k we;'

l=l=,a fmdrh

fla' lklindm;s Ys,amshd úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,o fuu is;=ju i|yd jia;= úIh ù we;af;a

l=l=,a fmdrhls'

f;,a idhï udOH Ndú; flg lekajih u; lrk ,o >ksljdÈ ffY,sh ±lafjk ks¾udKhls'

l=l=

47


l,d ks¾udK" wOH;k oDYH l,d lD;s yd ckudOH weiqßka


tajdfha iaj;ka;% ks¾udK i|yd Ndú;hg .kshs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'1 ( f;dard.;a foaYSh Ys,amSkaf.a l,dlD;s ridiajdoh lrhs'

ls%hdldrlu 6'1'5 ( zzta' ud¾la Ys,amshdf.a ks¾udK w.huqZZ


bf.kqï m, ( ta' ud¾la Ys,amshdf.a is;=jï ks¾udK kï lrhs'

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ks¾udK i|yd fhdod.;a Ys,am l%u yd wdNdi fidhd n,hs'

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Tyqf.a ks¾udKj, ±lsh yels ffY,Sh ,laIK úia;r lrhs'

ta' ud¾la Ys,amshdf.a ks¾udKj, l,d ,laIK we.hSug ,la

lrhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ! ta' ud¾la Ys,amshdf.a ks¾udK

- il=ka;,d

- ñksid iy n,a,ka

! ! weuqKqu 6'1'5'1 g we;=

48

mshjr 6'1'5'3 ( wyUq f,i YsIHhka lsysm fofkl=f.a ms

49

weuqKqu 6'1'5'2

lshùï m;%sldj

ta' ud¾la ^1933¡2000&

úisjk ishji w.Nd.hg wh;a Y%S ,dxflah kQ;k oDYH l,dfõ mqfrda.dó j lghq;= l<

oñ< cd;sl Ys,amsfhls'

hdmkfha .=rek.¾ m%foaYfha § j¾I 1933 § Wm; ,enq ta' ud¾la Ys,amshd Ñ;% úIhhg muK-

la fkdj uQ¾;s l,djg o tl f,i m%ùK;djla ±lajQ Ys,amsfhla fõ'

rcfha ,,s; l,d wdh;khg we;=ksljd§ hq.h jYfhka y÷kajd we;'

meiag,a j¾K" Èhidhï" fld,dÊ" ñY% udOH wdÈh Ndú; lrñka idudkH lvodis u; fuu

ks¾udK isÿ lr we;'

Tyq úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,o úYsIag Ñ;% ks¾udK lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

il=ka;,d

;dKavjï

ldjä kegqu

rd.ud,sf.hs

Tyqf.a uQ¾;s ks¾udKj, >ksljdÈ ,laIKhkag wu;r j fykaß uQj¾f.a yevj, ,laIK

wdNdi lr.ksñka Tyqgu wdfõKsl kq;k ffY,shlska yd Ys,aml%uhlska hq;=j ks¾udK

lsÍu ±lsh yels fõ'

50

il=ka;,d ^Ñ;%&

!

!!!

!! ta' ud¾la Ys,amshd úiska ks¾udKh l< is;=jï w;r iqúfYaI ks¾udKhla jkafka il=ka;,d

keu;s Ñ;%hhs'

!!!! ld,sodi úiska rÑ; il=ka;,d ldjHfha m%Odk pß;h jk il=ka;,d fuu ks¾udKh i|yd

jia;= úIh ù we;'

!!!! meiag,a udOHfhka j¾K .ekajQ fuu ks¾udKfhys" iajNdúl;ajh wNsnjd jHqla;lrK

% +,-)./#)0"1* l,d ,laIK ±lsh yels fõ'

>ksljd§ ffY,Sh ,laIK fuu ks¾udKh i|yd wdNdih ù we;'

! >ksl yev;, yd k f¾LdlrKh ksid ;s%udk ,laIK u;= lr fmkajhs'

! Ñ;%fha miqìu i|yd fhdod we;s j¾Kh ;,h mqrd úys§ hk f,i j¾K .kajd we;'

!!!! ks¾udKfha fhdod we;s iuia; j¾K" yev;, yd f¾LdlrKfhka il=ka;,df.a wNHka;r

Ndjuh ye`.Sï m%ldY lsÍug Ys,amshd W;aidy ord we;s nj fmfka'

51

ñksid iyd n,a,ka ^uQ¾;s&

!!!! ta' ud¾la Ys,amshd úiska ks¾udKh l< uQ¾;s w;r iqúfYaI ks¾udKhla jYfhka fuu ks¾udKh

ye¢kaúh yels h'

!!! bÈßmi .d;a Tijd miqmi .d;aj,ska isg.;a n,a,ka foofkl= iu. isák ñksfil=f.a rejla

fuu ks¾udKfhka msksljdÈ l,d ,laIK iy fykaß uqj¾f.a

uQ¾;s ks¾udKj, ,laIK wdNdi ù we;s nj úpdrl woyihs'

bj;,k$fidhd.;a øjH ^found objects& Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka ks¾udKh lr we;s fuu

ks¾udKh i|yd ma,diaála fnda;," ma,diaála ;, Ndú; lr we;'

!!!! ma,diaála fnda;,aj, È.á yd újr iys; yev" ßoauhdkql+, j yd iunr j wjldYh iu. Ndú;

lr we;s w;r bÈßhg fkrd .sh yd we;=

52

!






ls%hdldrlu 6'1'6 ( —;siai rKisxy Ys,amshdf.a ks¾udK w.huq˜


b.ekqï m, ( ;siai rKisxy Ys,amshdf.a ks¾udK kï lrhs'

;siai rKisxy Ys,amshdf.a uQ¾;s ms

53

mshjr 6'1'6'3 ( !! wyUq f,i f;dard.;a isiqka lsysmfofkl=f.a ms

54

weuqKqu 6'1'6'2

lshùï m;%sldj

;siai rKisxy ^1925 -& ! úisjk ishjfia Y%S ,xldfõ kQ;k uQ¾;s l,dfõ kj ffY,shla ìys lsÍug mqfrda.dñ jQ

úYsIag ks¾udK Ys,amshd f,i ;siai rKisxy ye¢kaúh yels h'

! ! foaYSh jYfhka yd cd;Hka;r jYfhka o iïudkkSh;ajhg m;a ;siai rKisxy j¾I

1925 § ó.uqj fhda.shdk keue;s m%foaYfha Wm; ,eî h'

!!! !!urodk ld¾ñl úÿyf,a fÊ' ã' ta' fmf¾rd hgf;a Ñ;% l,dj yodrk ,o ;siai rKisxy

tx.,ka;hg f.dia fp,ais l,d mdif,a ^!(23-2/%School of Art& yd rdclSh l,d mdif,a

^4"5/3%!"332'2%of Art& uQ¾;s Ys,amh yodrkq ,eî h'

!!! !!tu l,d mdi,aj, wOHdmkfhka yd hqfrdamSh kQ;k l,d ks¾udKhkaf.a wdNdih ,nñka

;siai rKisxy úiska ;udgu wdfõKsl uQ¾;s ks¾udK ffY,shla f.dvk.d .kq ,eî h'

!!! !!uQ¾;s ks¾udK ffY,sfha ksrka;rj ±lsh yels iajNdúl yevhkag fjkia jQ úhqla;jdÈ

yevhkaf.ka ixl,kh jQ yev Tyqf.a ks¾udK i|yd mdol úh'

!!Y%S ,dxflah kQ;k uQ¾;s Ys,amhg f,dalv udOH yd jd;a;=lsÍfï Ys,aml%uh y÷kajd ÿkafka

Tyq h'

!!! !!Y%S ,dxlsl uQ¾;s Ys,amshl= ,enQ Wiia u cd;Hka;r iïudkh 1963 § n%iS,fha meje;ajQ

idfjdamdõf,da m%o¾Ykh i|yd bÈßm;a l< —úmdl˜ fyj;a —mõ iudj˜ ^Penance& keue;s

f,dayuh uQ¾;shg ysñ úh'

! !!!!;siai rKisxy Ys,amshdf.a ks¾udK i|yd jia;= jQ úúO úIh lafIa;% fufia ±laúh yels h'

- m%N+kaf.a mqoa., rEm $úoaj rEm ^wdf,aLH& uQ¾;s - mrKú;dk ms

55

ÿIalr l%shdj uq¾;sh

!! !!ÿIalr l%shdj keue;s fuu uQ¾;sh ;siai rKisxy Ys,amshdf.a w;s úYsIag ks¾udKhla f,iska

ms

56

fldksljd§ úhqla; yev;,j,g wu;rj ffY,s.; yev fuu ks¾udKh i|yd mdol

lrf.k we;'

fuu fgrdfldgd ks¾udKh i|yd fhdodf.k we;s j¾K" ks¾udKfha w,xlrKh fukau

m%ldYk .=Kh ;Sj% lsÍug Wmfhda.S ù we;'

1

3

2

4

57

ksmqK;dj 6'0 ( wd.ñl yd ixialD;sl wx." foia" úfoia f;dard.;a Ys,amSkaf.a l,d ks¾udK" woH;k oDYH l,d lD;s yd ckudOH weiqßka y÷kd.;a l,d ks¾udK úpdrYS,S j ridiajdohg ,la lrñka iaj;ka;% ks¾udK i|yd Ndú;hg .kshs'


ls%hdldrlu 6'1'7 ( —tÉ' ta' lreKdr;ak Ys,amshdf.a ks¾udK w.huq˜


bf.kqï m, ( tÉ' ta' lreKdr;ak Ys,amshdf.a ks¾udK kï lrhs'

tÉ' ta' lreKdr;ak Ys,amshdf.a ks¾udKj, f;dr;=re

tla/ia lrhs'

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Ñ;% l,dfõ kj m%jK;d ms

58

mshjr 6'1'7'3 ( !! wyUq f,i f;dard.;a isiqka lsysmfofkl=f.a ms

59

weuqKqu 6'1'7'2

lshùï m;%sldj

tÉ' ta' lreKdr;ak ^1929 & ! tÉ' ta' lreKdr;ak uy;d Y%S ,xldfõ kQ;k Ñ;% l,dfõ kj iïm%odhla jk úhqla;

l,d iïm%odh ìys lsÍug mqfrda.dñ jQ úYsIag ks¾udK Ys,amshd f,i ye¢kaúh yels h'

! ! foaYSh jYfhka yd cd;Hka;r jYfhka o iïudkkSh;ajhg m;a tÉ' ta lreKdr;akhka

j¾I 1929 nKavdr.u m%foaYfha § Wm; ,eîh'

1952 rcfha ,,s; l,d wdh;kfha Ñ;% l,dj yodrK ,o tÉ' ta lreKdr;ak uy;d miqld,Sk j tys lÓldpd¾hjrhl= f,i fiajh lr we;'

!!! ! Tyqf.a ks¾udKlrK l%shdj,sh i|yd cmka yd weußldkq Ñ;% l,d wOHdmkfhka ,o

mdvï uy;a wdNdihla ù we;'

!! YS% ,xldfõ kQ;k l,dfõ ksrEmKd;aul ixrpkh fjkqjg weußldkq úhqla;

m%ldYkjd§ ^Abstract Expressionism) Ñ;% ffY,shg wkq.; jQ úhqla; Ñ;% l,d NdIdjla

ia:dms; lrk ,È'

! Tyqf.a ks¾udKYS,s Ñ;% ffY,sfhys uOH.; ixrpkhla fkdue;s w;r ;,h mqrd yev;, úiqrejd yßk ixrpkhla fmkajhs'

tÉ' ta' lreKdr;akhka miqld,Sk ish ks¾udK i|yd f;audjla imhkafka ke;' tu.ska

Tyq" krUkakdg is;Sug wjia:dj § ;sfí'

!!Tyqf.a ks¾udKhkaf.ka wd.ñl ye`.Sï iys; jQ Ydka; rihla cks; lrjk nj l,d

úpdrl u;hhs'

!!! !!uq,a ld,Sk j f;,a idhï udOHfhka lekajih u; Ñ;% ixrpkh l< Tyq miqld,Sk j

tlsfklg fjkia udOH Ndú; lrk ,§'

ish ks¾udKhkaf.a ;s%udk nj ;Sj% lsÍug weK" ldâfndaâ kQ,a jeks úúO øjH

Ndú;fhka W;aidy lr we;' tu.ska ks¾udKfha tlsfkl úreoaO u;=msg iajNdjhkaf.ka

^texture) úúO rihka cks; lrhs' !!! !!Tyqf.a ks¾udK w;r ±lsh yels iqúfYaI ks¾udK lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

uq,ald,Sk ks¾udK lekajih u; f;,a idhï udOHfhka lrk ,o ks¾udK

- i|mdhd

- pkaøldka; mdIdKh

- u,a iqj|

- iqÿ j,dl=¿

- uf,l iqj|

- wiajekak wd§ is;=jï

miqld,Sk ks¾udK - úúO udOH Ndú;fhka isÿlrk ,o ks¾udK (Assemblage Art)

60

i|mdhd

!!! !!tÉ' ta' lreKdr;ak Ys,amshd úiska 1980 oYlh ;=< ks¾udKh lrk ,o fuu is;=ju

zz i|mdhd ZZ kï fõ'

! f;,a idhï udOHfhka lekajih u; lrk ,o fuu is;=ju Tyqf.a uq,a ld,Sk

ks¾udKhls'

fuu is;=jfï uOH.; ixrpkhla olakg fkdue;s w;r" ;,h mqrd yev;, úiqrejd yßk ixrpkhla fmkajhs'

úhqla; m%ldYkjdos l,d ,laIK Tyqf.a fuu ks¾udKh i|yd mokï ù we;' iajNdj O¾ufha ksYaÑ; wjia:djla Ñ;%fha m%ldYkh i|yd jia;= úIh lr .ekSu ñka

fmkajhs'

!!! ! úhqla; m%ldYkjd§ l,d ,laIK wkqj mj;sk rEms; ie,eiafï ienE iajrEmfhka fkdfmkaùu

yd wNHka;r yeÕSï wkqj iajNdjh ksrEmKh lsÍu fuhska olajhs'

!! wyfia mdhk ,o i| yd tu i| lsrK jegqKq .iaj, pu;aldrckl ye`.Sï u;= lsÍu i|yd

ks¾udKfha §ma;su;a uqyqka j¾K" f¾Ld yd yev;, Ndú; lr we;'

!!fuu ks¾udKfhka wd.ñl ye`.Sï iys; jQ Ydka; rihla cks; lrjk nj l,d úpdrl

u;hhs'

61

zzkï fkdl

62





ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'2 ( foaYsh uQøs; udOH wdY%s; l,d;aul wx. riiajdoh lrhs'

ls%hdldrlu 6'2'1 ( zzmqj;am;a ldgqka Ys,amSkaf.a ks¾udK w.huqZZ


bf.kqï m, ( foaYSh mqj;am;a ldgqka Ñ;% l,dfõ kj m%jK;d we;s l<

mqfrda.dñ Ys,amSkaf.a ks¾udK fidhd n,hs'

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! tla tla Ys,amSkag mokï jQ ks¾udKd;aul ffY,Sh ,laIK

úia;r lrhs'

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! mqj;am;a ldgqka is;=jï i|yd fhdod .;a isoaê yd o¾Ykj,

iajNdjh úuid n,hs'

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ldgqka Ys,amSkaf.a ks¾udKj, l,d ,laIK we.hSug

,la lrhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ! mqj;am;a ldgqka Ys,amSkaf.a ks¾udK

- Tíß fld,Ü

- fc*aß hQkqia

- ví' wd¾' úfÊfidau

- leñ,ia fmf¾rd

- Ysj{dkiqkaorï

! weuqKqu 6'2'1'1 g we;=

63

lshùï m;%sldj lshjd f;areï f.k wjfndaOfhka ms

64

weuqKqu 6'2'1'2

lshùï m;%sldj

ldgqka Ñ;% l,dj mqj;am;a lafIa;%hg flakaøShj ks¾udKh jQ iqúfYaI ks¾udK l,djls'

! mqj;am;l ldgqka Ñ;%j,g m%uqL wdl¾Ykhla ,efnk w;r we;eïúg mqj;am;l m%Odk

l¾;D jdlHhg o jvd tajd m%n, fõ'

!!! !!jpk /ilska lsjhq;= fndfyda foa ldgqka Ñ;%h u.ska leáfldg m%ldY flf¾'

!!! !!ldgqka ks¾udKj, wruqK jkafka mj;sk iudc" wd¾Ól" foaYmd,k yd ixialD;sl

ÿ¾j,;d ms

65

Tíß fld,Ü (1920 - 1992)

!!! Y%S ,xldfõ mqj;am;a ldgqka l,dfõ mqfrda.dñhd f,i Tíß fld,Ü Ys,amshd ye¢kaúh yels h'

!!! !!iudc" foaYmd,k lafIa;% ydiHhg ,lajk whqßka ldgqka ks¾udKh l< Ys,amshl= f,i o

m%isoaêhla bis¨ flfkls'

!!! !!Tíß fld,Ü úiska 1945 § m

66

ví' wd¾' úfÊfidau (1925-2006)

!!! 1930 oYlh wdrïNfha isg ldgqka Ñ;% i|yd ckm%sh;ajhg m;a mqoa.,hl= f,i úfÊfidau

ye¢kaúh yels h'

! 1950 oYlfha§ —ghsïia T*A isf,daka˜ mqj;amf;ys ldgqka úfYaIdx.h fkdlvjd mj;ajd

f.khñka ckm%sh ;;a;ajhg m;a úh'

! Tyq fmdÿck;dj w;r jvd;a ckm%sh jQfha —mqxÑ isxf[da˜kñka ks¾udKh lrk ,o ldgqka

pß;h wdY%s;j h'

! cd;sl we÷fuka hq;= j uq,§ ks¾udKh l< mqxÑ isxf[da l%u l%ufhka isrefrka jeyeÍ"

jerye,s iys; we÷fuka ieriS Ôj;aj isák wdldrh fmkajhs'

leñ,ia fmf¾rd (1939 - )

!! úisjeks ishji w. ldgqka Ys,amSka w;r jvd;a ckm%sh;ajhg m;a Ys,amsfhls'

!! !!!Tyq úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,o ckm%sh ldgqka pß; .Kkdjla fõ'

!! !!!.cuEka pß;h b;d ckm%sh ldgqka pß;h úh'

!! !!!ñg wu;r j isßìßia" oelafld;a moaudj;S" uf.daäia ;=ud" mefgda" álald" fodx fia;x"

isfudakd" ,mhd" f.dâäx whshd" iaùá" fi,a,x fiak jeks pß; ,xldfõ úúO ;rd;srïj,

ck;dj w;r w;sYh ckm%sh;ajhg m;a j we;'

.cuEka

67

iS' Ysj{dkiqkaorï ^isß;a;srka iqkao¾& 1924¡-1996

! j¾I 1924 -1996 ld,h ;=< ðj;aj isá iS' isj{dkiqkaorï ckms%h oñ< cd;sl ldgqka Ñ;%

Ys,amsfhl= jYfhka ie,fla'

Tyq Ñ;% l,dj ms

68





ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'2 ( foaYsh uQøs; udOH wdY%s; l,d;aul wx. riiajdoh lrhs'

ls%hdldrlu 6'2'2 ( zzikakso¾Yk ks¾udK Ys,amSkaf.a ks¾udK w.huqZZ


bf.kqï m, ( ikakso¾Yk ks¾udK Ys,amSka kï lrhs'

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! tu ks¾udK Ys,amSkaf.a ks¾udK" f;dr;=re tla/ia lrhs'

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ikakso¾Yk ks¾udK i|yd mokï jq ks¾udKd;aul ffY,sh

yd Ys,am l%u úia;r lrhs'

ixrpk l%u yd isoaOdka; ,laIK úia;r lrhs'

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ikakso¾Yk ks¾udKj, l,d ,laIK we.hSug yd

riiajdohg ,la lrhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ! ikakso¾Yk Ñ;% Ys,amSka

- iquk Èidkdhl

- ù' isjiqn%ukshï

! weuqKqu 6'2'2'1 g we;=

69


my; i|yka lreKq ms

70

weuqKqu 6'2'2'2

lshùï m;%sldj

iquk Èidkdhl ^1922--¡1995&

! j¾I 1922 § ud;r lUqremsáfha Wm; ,enq iquk Èidkdhl ikakso¾Yk Ñ;% l,djg

kjH;djla we;sl< mqfrda.dñ Ys,amsfhla fjhs'

urodk ld¾ñl úoHd,fhka Ñ;%l,dj ms

71

ffj;Sijrï isjiqn%ukshï ^ruKs& 1942-

!! j¾I 1942 È w,fjÜá m%foaYfha Wm; ,enq isjiqn%ukshï 1961 § hdmkh zúvquqfrhs ld, ´úhla l,yïZys§ uQ,sl wOHdmkh o" Ñ;% l,dj ms

72





ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'3 ( f;dard.;a úfoaYSh Ys,amSkaf.a ks¾udK ridiajdoh lrhs'

ls%hdldrlu 6'3'1 ( zzmeíf,da msldfida Ys,amshdf.a is;=jï w.huqZZ


bf.kqï m, ( !!!meíf,da msldfida Ys,amshdf.a Ñ;% ks¾udK y÷kdf.k kï

lrhs'

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! kq;k Ñ;% l,dj i|yd Tyqf.ka isÿ jQ fiajh yd l,d

l%shdldß;ajh ms

73

we.hSu yd ;lafiarelrKh i|yd Wmfoia

my; i|yka lreKq ms

74

weuqKqu 6'3'1'2

lshùï m;%sldj

meíf,da msldfida ^1881--1973&

!!! !!hqfrdamSh Ñ;%l,dfõ >ksljdÈ m%jK;dj bÈrsm;a l< m%uqqL Ñ;% Ys,amshd meíf,da msldfida

^Pablo Picasso& f,i y÷kajd Èh yels h'

!!! !!Tyq 20 jk ishjfia m%ùK is;a;reka w;r woaú;Sh ia:dkhla ysñ lr .;a wfhls'

!!! !!meíf,da msldfidaf.a mshd Ñ;% .=rejrhl= jQ w;r msldfidaf.a olaI;d y÷kd .;a Tyq ;u

mq;%hd Ñ;% Ys,amh fj; fhduq lrkq ,eî h'

!!! !!msldfidaf.a l,d Ôú;fha jeo.;a ikaÈia:dkhla jkafka 1893-1900 olajd meÍishg f.dia

tys§ m%ùK Ys,amSka iu`. tlg lghq;= lrñka ,nk l,d wOHhkhka h'

!!! ! tu wOHhkhkaf.a m%;sM,hla jYfhka Tyqf.a Ñ;% ks¾udKj,g wh;a úúO iSudjka olakg

,efí'

ks,a hq.h ^ Blue Peiod& 1901-1904

frdai hq.h ^Rose Period& 1905-1906

>ksljdÈ hq.h ^Cubism Period & 1907ka miq

!!! !ks,a hq.h yd frdai hq.h ;=< meíf,da msldfida úiska w¢k ,o ks¾udK i|yd jia;= úIh

jQfha ;ek ;ek hñka r`.k k¿ ksksljd§ Ñ;% l,dj ìys l< msldfidaf.a tjeks iqúfYaI ks¾udK lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

- wú.afkdkays hqj;sfhda

- jh,ska jdolhd

- je,fmk ia;%sh

- .=j¾ksld

75

wú.afkdkays hqj;sfhda Ñ;%h

!! iamd[a[ cd;sl meíf,da msldfida úiska 1907 § w¢k ,o fuu is;=ju wú.afkdkays

hqj;sfhda kï fõ'

!!!Ñ;%l,d b;sydifha kj ks¾udKd;aul ffY,shla iu. kj hq.hla Wod l< ks¾udKhls'

!!!fuu is;=ju >ksljd§ l,d iïm%odhfha uq,au ks¾udKh jYfhka ye¢kafõ'

!!!wms%ldkq fjia uqyqKq yd uQ¾;sj, l,d wdNdi fuu ks¾udKh i|yd mokï ù we;'

!!!iamd[a[fha nd¾isf,dakd k.rfha wú.afkdka kï ùosfha Ôj;a jQ ú§ ia;%Skaf.a

^wNsire ,shkaf.a& cSú;h fuu Ñ;%h i|yd jia;= úIh ù we;'

!!!ia;%s rEm 5 lska ixrpkh ù we;s w;r tu rEm >ksl yevhkaf.ka hq;= fõ'

fuu kj ks¾udK ffY,sh ia;%Skaf.a ndysr ldhsl fi!kao¾h fjkqjg Tjqkaf.a wNHka;r

.;s ,laIK u;= lsÍug W;aidy lsÍula úh'

!!!wNsire,shkaf.a ye`.Sï ;Sj% f,i bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd >ksl yev yd wms%ldkq fjia uqyqKqj,

,laIK fuu rEm i|yd Ndú; lr ;sfí'

!!!fjiauqyqKqj, ±lafjk .eUqre lemSï iys; ,laIK fuu ia;S%kaf.a uqyqKqj,ska ±lafjñka

udkisl m%;súfrdaê ;;a;aj yd Ñ;a; ika;dm ukdj ksrEmKh lr we;'

!!!Ydia;%d,hSh h:d¾:jd§ l,dfõ ±lsh yels m¾hdf,dalh yd ;s%udk ,laIK fjkqjg

úIhdkqnoaO j ksrEms; m¾hdf,dalh yd ;s%udk ,laIK fuu ks¾udKfhka ±lafõ'

!!!j¾K yd .eUqre f¾Ld ixfhdack o Ñ;%fha m%ldYkh ;Sj% lsÍug uekeúka mdol ù we;'

!!!f;,a idhï udOH Ndú; fldg lekajih u; ks¾udKh lrk ,o fuu is;=ju oekg

ksõfhdalays kQ;k l,d fl!;=ld.drfha (Museum of Modern Art) ks;H m%o¾Ykhg ;nd we;'

76

.=j¾ksld Ñ;%h

!! ! meíf,da msldfida úiska 1937 § ks¾udKh l< .=j¾ksld kï Ñ;%h i|yd jia;= úIh ù

we;af;a 2 jk f,dal hqo iufha § .=j¾ksld kï k.rhg fndaïn fyksl yev ndysr ldhsl

iqkaor;ajh fjkqjg wNHka;r ye`.Sï uekeúka m%ldY lsÍug iu;aj we;'

!! !!!me;,s ;,hla u; úúOdldr yev;, ixrpkh lr we;af;a" Ydia;%d,hSSh h:d¾:jd§

l,dfõ olajk m¾hdf,dal yd ;s%udk ,laIKj,g jvd fjkiaj h' tkï úIhdkq.; jk

wdldrfhks'

!! !! iSñ; j¾K ud,jla jk w¿" iqÿ" l¿ meye;s j¾K muKla Ndú; lrñka Ñ;%fha

taljd¾Ksl;ajhla f.dvk.d we;'

!! yev;, yd j¾K wdÈh fya;= fldg f.k fuu Ñ;%h >ksljd§ ffY,shg wh;a fõ'!! !! wê;d;aúljd§ l,d ,laIK o fuu ks¾udKfhka ±lsh yels h'

!! !! fikaáóg¾ 135x275 jk m%udKfhka hq;= f;,a idhï udOH Ndú; lrk ,o fuu úYsIag

lekajia ks¾udKh j¾;udkfha iamd[a[fha ueâßâys l,d.drhl m%o¾Ykhg ;nd we;'

77





ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'3 ( f;dard.;a úfoaYSh Ys,amSkaf.a ks¾udK ridiajdoh lrhs'

ls%hdldrlu 6'3'2 ( zzfykaß uqj¾ Ys,amshdf.a ks¾udK w.huqZZ


bf.kqï m, ( !!!!fykaß uqj¾ Ys,amshdf.a ks¾udK y÷kdf.k kï lrhs'

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! kq;k uq¾;s l,dj i|yd Tyqf.ka isÿ jQ fiajh yd l,d

l%shdldß;ajh úuid n,hs' ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ks¾udK i`oyd mokï jQ ffY,sh yd iïmsKavK ,laIK

úia;r lrhs'

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! fykaß uqj¾ Ys,amshdf.a ks¾udKj, l,d ,laIK ri ú`Èñka

we.hSug ,la lrhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( !!fykaß uqj¾ Ys,amshdf.a ks¾udK

! ! - rc mjq,

! ! - je;sß isák rej

! !!!weuqKqu 6'3'2'1 g we;==

78

mshjr 6'3'2'3 ( wyUq f,i f;dard.;a isiqka lsysmfofkl=f.a" ms

79

weuqKqu 6'3'2'2

lshùï m;%sldj

fykaß uqj¾ ^1898-1986&

!!! !!! fykaß uqj¾ (Henry Moore) 1898 § tx.,ka;fha fhdalaIh¾ (Yorkshire) m%dka;fha ldi,a

fmda¾â kqjr Wm; ,eî h'

!!! !!! .%Sl frdau l,dfõ yd mqkreo hq.fha mej;s idïm%odhsl uQ¾;s ks¾udKj,ska miqj kj

wdrl uQ¾;s l,djla f,djg y÷kajd §ug mqfrda.dó jQfha fykaß uqj¾ Ys,amshd h'

!!! !!! fykaß uqj¾ tf;la mej;s oDYH ;d;a;aúl Ndjhg fjkia jQ úhqqla; yev uQ¾;s Ys,aamhg

wkq.; l< Ys,amshd jYfhka ye¢kaúh yels h'

!!! !!! Tyqf.a udkj uQ¾;s ks¾udK iajNdúl fmkqfuka yd iajNdúl mßudKfhka ÿriaùu

meyeÈ,s ,laIKhls'

!!! !!! udkj rEmfha YÍr yev b;d ir, j ks¾udKh ùu úfYaI ,laIKhls'

!!! !!! úYd, m%udK YÍr iys; jQ udkj rEmj, we;s ysi l=vdjg ksrEmKh lsÍu fykaß uq

j¾f.a lD;sj, ±lsh yels jQ wdfõKsl ,laIKhls'

!!! !!! uq,ald,Sk lD;Skaj, ñksia rej meyeÈ,s f,i uQ¾;su;a l< o miqj l%ufhka ir, jQ

yevj,g iSud lrk ,oafoa h'

!!! !!! fykaß uqj¾f.a uQ¾;sj, uQ,sl f;audj jQfha udkj rEmhhs' tjeks uQ¾;s w;r"

- rc mjq,

- je;sr isák rej iqúfYaI ia:dkhla .kS'

!!! !!!!Tyqf.a ks¾udK fndfyduhla WoHdk uQ¾;s jYfhka ks¾udKh ù ;sfí'

!!! !!!!úYd, f,i ks¾udKh lrk udkj rEm uQ¾;su;a lsÍfï § fldgia lsysmhlska hq;=j

ks¾udKh lr olajhs'

!!! !!!!uQ¾;s ks¾udK lsÍfï§ Ndú; wuqøjH fjkia l< fykaß uqj¾ ta i|yd ±j iy f,dalv"

wdÈ øjH wdfoaY lr.kakd ,È' tajd wõ" jeis" iq

80

rc mjq, - (King and Queen)

!! !!!iajNdúl yd ;d;aúl yev oekùu fjkqjg ksrEmKd;aul iy úhqla; yev Ndú; l< uQ¾;s

ks¾udKhla jYfhka rc mjq, keu;s uQ¾;sh ye¢kaúh yels h'

!! !! fuys udkj yev iajNdúl fmkqfuka yd iajNdúl mßudKfhka ÿria j ksrEmKh lr

;sfí'

!! !!!ys| isák bßhõfjka ks¾udKh lr we;s fuys ia;%S mqreI yev Tyqg u wdfõKsl ffY,shla

;=< ks¾udKh lr we;'

!! !!!udkj rEm b;d ir,j yd fldgia lsysmhlska hq;= j ks¾udKh lr we;'

!! !!!úYd, m%udKfha YÍrh iu`. ysi l=vdjg ksrEmKh lsÍu oelsh yels h'

!! !!!idïm%odhsl uQ¾;suh øjH fjkqjg fjk;a udOH f,i f,dalv Ndú; lrñka lrk ,o

ks¾udKhls'

!! !!!f,dalv udOH ks¾udKhla jk fuh jd;a;= lsÍfï Ys,aml%uh wkqj ks¾udKh lrk ,oaols'

!! !!!fuu uQ¾;sh WoHdk uQ¾;shla jYfhka ks¾udKh lr we;'

81

je;sr isák rEmh !"#$%&%&'()'*+",

! je;sr isák wdldrfhka ks¾udKh lr we;s fuu rEmh ;=

82

ksmqK;dj 7'0 ( foaYSh" úfoaYSh ft;sydisl Ñ;%" uQ¾;s" leghï yd .Dy ks¾udK

l,djkays wkkH;d y÷kdf.k tajdfha l,d;aul ,laIK

ks¾udKlrKfha § Ndú;hg .kshs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'1 ( wkqrdOmqr hq.fha Ñ;%" uQ¾;s" leghï yd .Dy ks¾udK wOHhkh

lrhs'

ls%hdldrlu 7'1'1 ( —iS.sß Ñ;% w.huq˜


bf.kqï m, ( iS.sßfha ft;sydisl miqìu fidhd n,hs'

iS.sß Ñ;%j, jia;=úIh yd úúO u;jdo úu¾Ykh lrhs'

ks¾udKd;aul ffY,sh i|yd mokï jQ udOH yd Ys,am l%u

úia;r lrhs'

! ! iS.sß Ñ;%j, l,d ,laIK we.hSug ,la lrhs'

! ! !

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ! iS.sß Ñ;% we;=

83


my; i|yka lreKq ms

84

weuqKqu 7'1'1'2

lshùï m;%sldj

iS.sßh

!! úYsIag l,d.drhla n÷ iS.sßh uOHu m

85

! iS.sß Ñ;% f,i jvd;a m%p,s; j we;af;a m¾j;fha ngysr mi flfjksj, we;s ia;%S rEm h'

! iS.sßfha ldka;d rEm mkaishhla muK Ñ;%Kh lr ;snqKq nj iS.sß l=regq .Sj, i|yka jqj;a

oekg b;sßj we;af;a Ñ;% úis folla muK h' thska o fyd| ;;a;ajfhka ±lsh yelsjkafka

rEm lsysmhls'

! fuu rEm 22 iS.sß m¾j;fha ngysr nEjqfuys flfjkshl ^fnho& ±lsh yels w;r Bg

wu;r j m¾j; mduq, we;eï f,ka wdY%s;j o fujeks is;=jï fYaIj we;s nj ±lsh yels fõ'

! Ñ;% we£ug fmr Ys,amshd úiska iqÿiq mßÈ úiu u;=msgla iys; .,a;,h u; nodu wdf,am

lr tu ia:rh u; Ñ;% we| we;'

! .,a ;,h iqug lr .ekSug fhdod.;a noduh i|yd msÿre" oyhshd" ueá" Ydl m;% fl¢"

Ydl ue,shï" yqKq wdÈh fhdod ilia lrf.k we;'

! nodu úh

87

iS.sß Ñ;%j, l,d ,laIK

! ldka;d Wvqlh rEm muKla ksrEmKh lsÍu

! tu rEm tlsfklg fjkia wkkH;d ,laIK iys; j ksrEmKh lsÍu

! ldka;d rEm iïmsKavkh lsÍfï § hq., yd flaj, rEm jYfhka oelAùu

! iEu ldka;d rEmhla u my< fldgi j,dl=¿j,ska wdjrKh jQ iajNdjhla oelaùu

! iDcqj bÈßh n,d fkdisàu;a" iïmQ¾Kfhka u fyda u|la yeÍ isák iajNdjfhka hq;= j

±laùu

! fndfyda ldka;d rEm u,a jÜá" u,a fmdl=re w;ska ord isák whqre ksrEmKh lr ;sîu

! w,xldr jia;%dNrKhkaf.ka ieriS isák Tjqkaf.a ±;a u; fuka u ysi ieriSu i|yd

fk¿ï wr,sh" udfk,a jeks u,a j¾. Wmfhda.S lr f.k ;sîu

! j¾K .ekaùu i|yd ly" .=re" r;=" fld

88

kssmqK;dj 7'0 ( foaYSh" úfoaYSh ft;sydisl Ñ;%" uQ¾;s" leghï yd .Dy ks¾udK

l,djkays wkkH;d y÷kd f.k tajdfha l,d;aul ,laIK


ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'1 ( wkqrdOmqr hq.fha Ñ;%" uQ¾;s" leghï yd .Dy ks¾udK wOHhkh

lrhs'

ls%hdldrlu 7'1'2 ( —wkqrdOmqr nqÿ ms

89

mshjr 7'1'2'3 ( !!! ms

90

weuqKqu 7'1'2'2

lshùï m;%sldj

!!!!!!!

iudê nqÿ ms

91

f;d¨ú, nqÿ ms

92

wjqlk ms

93

mkal=,sh nqÿ ms

94




ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'1 ( wkqrdOmqr hq;fha Ñ;%" uQ¾;s" leghï yd .Dy ks¾udK wOHhkh

lrhs'

ls%hdldrlu 7'1'3 ( zzbiqreuqKs leghï w.huqZZ


bf.kqï m, ! biqreuqKs leghï y÷kd .ksñka kï lrhs' !

! ! biqreuqKsfha ft;sydisl miqìu fidhd n,hs'

ks¾udK i|yd mokï jQ wdNdi" udOH yd Ys,am l%u úia;r lrhs'

! ! biqreuqKs leghï ks¾udKj, l,d ,laIK we.hSug ,la

lrhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( !! biqreuqKs leghï we;=

95


my; i|yka lreKq ms

96

weuqKqu 7'1'3'2

lshùï m;%sldj

biqreuqKs leghï

! biqreuqKs úydrh yd tys olakg we;s leghï wkqrdOmqr hq.hg wh;a h'

! biqreuqKs úydrh wkqrdOmqr ;sid jej wi, rkauiq Whkg ol=Kska msysgd we;'

! fuu úydrh Y%S ,xldfõ m%:ufhka bÈ jQ úYd, ix>drdu mfyka tlla úh'

! uydjxYfha i|yka jk wdldrhg biqreuqKs úydrh l%s'mq 3 jeks ishjfia foajdkïmsh;siai

rcq úiska ñys÷ uyf;reka fj;ska meúÈ nj ,nd.;a wßÜG l=urhd m%Odk biqre l=, orejka

mkaishhla fokd jevisàu i|yd lrjk ,o zzbiriuKZZúydrh fjhs'

! fn!oaO isoaOia:dkhla jQj o fuys yuqjk l,dlD;s wd.ñl jia;=úIhhkaf.ka fjkia

f;audjka ksrEmKh fldg we;'

! w¾O Wkak; iy w,am Wkak; fk

97

rcmjq, leghu

! biqreuqKs leghï w;r we;s iqúfYaI leghula f,i fuu rcmjq, leghu ie,fla'

! fuu leghu wä 4la muK È. w¾Oljdldr .,a mqjrejl w¾O Wkak;j fk

98

fmï hqj, leghu

! fuu leghu .=ma; l,d iïm%odfha l,d ,laIK fmkajk ks¾udKhls'

! fuu leghu y;/ia .,a mqjrejl w¾O Wkak;j fk

99

ñksid iy wYaj ysi leghu

! biqreuqKs úydrfha fmdl=K yd iïnkaO msysá m¾j; ì;a;sfha fuu ñksid yd wYajysi

±lafjk leghu ks¾udKh lr we;'

! fuu leghñkaa ñksfil= jdäù bÈßh foi n,d isák whqre olajd we;'

! Tyq ys| isák bßhõj uyrdc,S,dik l%uh f,i y÷kajkq ,efí'

! jia;%dNrK b;d wvqfjka yd pdïj fhdod we;' ysia jeiaula" lkaj, yd w;aj, wdNrK o

bfkys flá we÷ula iys; j ksrEmKh lr we;'

! Tyqf.a ol=Kq ndyqfõ mg,jd .;a ,Kqj wYajhdg iïnkaO h' wYajhdf.a ysi muKla

fmfkkakg we;'

! mrKú;dk uy;dg wkqj ñksia refjka j¾Idj we;s lrk m¾ckH;a" wYaj ysfika

úÿ,sh fkdfyd;a w.aks ixfla;j;a lrhs'

! fuu ks¾udKh ms

100

c, lS%vd lrk ú,di oelafjk leghu

! biqreuqKs úydrfha fmdl=K yd iïnkaO msysá m¾j; ì;a;sfha fuu we;a rEm leghu

±lsh yels fõ'

! w,am Wkak; j fk

101




ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'2 ( fmdf

102


my; i|yka lreKq ms

103

weuqKqu 7'2'1'2

lshùï m;%sldj

;sjxl ms

104

foajdrdOkdj Ñ;%h

! fuu is;=ju ;sjxl ms

105

nqÿka ixliai mqrhg jevu lsÍu Ñ;%h

! ixliai mqrhg jevu lsÍu hk is;=ju m%;sudj i|yd ieliqKq .¾N .Dyfha olakg ,efí'

! nqÿkajykafia ud;D ÈjH rdchdg oï foikq msKsi ;õ;sid foõf,djg jevu lr kej;

ilafoú rcq úiska ujk ,o rka ysKsu`.ska ixliai mqrhg jevu lsÍu hk wjia:dj ñka

ms

106

f;aóh cd;lh

! f;aóh cd;lfha fndaêi;aj pß;h ±lafjk iqúfYaI is;=jï fldgila f,i fuu is;=ju

ye¢kaúh yels h'

! cd;l l;d is;=jï olakg ,efnk uKavmh kï jdia;=úoHd wxYfha b;d meyeÈ,sj fmfkk

is;=jï fldgila f,i fuu is;=ju y÷kd.; yels fõ'

! fuu is;=jñka wiaj r:fhys w;a md fkdfi,ajd isák f;añh l=udrh;a" j

107





108


my; i|yka lreKq ms

109

weuqKqu 7'2'2'2

lshùï m;%sldj

.,aúydrfha nqÿ ms

110

! msysá ., u; ugis,sá ksudjlska ks¾ñ; fuu m%;sudfõ taldxY Öjrh oaú;aj f¾LdlrKh

iys; we`.g we¨Kq iajrEmfhka hq;= j fk

111

ysá ms

112

ie;fmk nqoaO m%;sudj

! .,aúydrfha ol=Kqmi fl

113

fmd;a.=,a úydr m%;sudj

! fmdf

114





115

mshjr 7'2'3'2 ( weuqKqu 7'2'3'1 ld¾h m;%sldj isiqkag ,nd fokak'

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! weuqKqu 7'2'3'2 g we;=

116

weuqKqu 7'2'3'2

lshùï m;%sldj

! kgrdc uQ¾;sh

! yskaÿ wd.ñl uq¾;shla jq kgrdc m%;sudj Ysj fyj;a BYajr foúhkaf.a ;dKavj

k¾;k ú,dihla fmkakqï lrhs'

! fld

117

Ysjldu iqkaoÍ m%;sudj

! fuh Ysjf.a m;sksh jQ md¾j;s foj`.k rEmhhs' m¾j;fha Wmka ksid md¾j;s f,i

y÷kajk ,nk w;r tfia u weh Ysjf.a m;sksh jQ ksid Ysj Yla;s" YsjlduiqkaoÍ wd§

kduhkaf.ka o y÷kajkq ,efí'

! fmdf

118

.Kfoú m%;sudj

! fmdf

119

ldrhslald,a wïuhshd¾ uQ¾;sh

! ldrhslald,a wïuhshd¾ keu;s fuu ks¾udKh fmdf

120

iqkaoruQ¾;siajdñ m%;sudj

! fuu f,dalv m%;sudfjka iqkaoruQ¾;siajdñ keu;s ysj Nla;slhd ksrEmKh fjhs'

! fmdf

121





122

mshjr 7'2'4'2 ( weuqKqu 7'2'4'1 g we;=

123

weuqKqu 7'2'4'2

lshùï m;%sldj

ksYaYxl ,;d uKavmh

124

! ,laÈj .Dy ks¾udK Ys,amfha iqúfYaI jQ ks¾udKhla fia ie,flk fuu f.dvke.s,a,

ls%'j' 12 jeks ishjig ^ls%'j' 1187-1196 w;r ld,hg& wh;a fõ'

! fuu ks¾udKh fmdf

125

fmdfr" :Qm>r" jÜgOd;=f.h wdÈ kïj,ska o fuu f.dvke.s,a, y÷kajhs'

126

! jgodf.hg msúiSfï§ we;s m

127

Ysj foajd,h wxl 01

! 13 jeks ishjfia bÈ jQ yskaÿ foajd,hla f,i ie,fla' fuu foajd,h ol=Kq bka§h .Dy

ks¾udK ,laIK fmkakqï lrk nj úoaj;a woyihs'

! yskaÿ .Dyks¾udK ,laIK jk uKavm" .¾N.Dy yd wka;rd, hkdÈfhka fuh iukaú; fõ'

! fuu foajd,fha we;s úfYaI;ajh jkafka nodu Ndú; fkd fldg kshñ; mßoafoka lmd fldgia

lrk ,o mdIdKhka taldnoaO lr we;s wdldrhhs'

! tu lmd ilia lr .;a l¿.,a u.ska ì;a;sfha ndysr yev u;= lr we;s w;r tu .,a ì;a;s

u; fndroï yd úudk yev olakg we;' l=¨kq i|yd fk¿ï u,a yev fhdod f.k we;'

! fuys YsLrh ks¾udKh lr we;af;a .fvd,ska nj fYaI j we;s idOl u.ska fmkakqï

lrkq ,efí'

! Ysj foúhka weoySu Wfoid ks¾udKh lrk ,o f,dalv uQ¾;s /ila fuu foajd,fhka

yuq ù we;'

128

Ysj foajd,h wxl 02

! fmdf

129




ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'3 ( uykqjr hq.hg wh;a my;rg úydr ì;= is;=jï wOHhkh lrhs'

ls%hdldrlu 7'3'1 ( zzuykqjr hq.hg wh;a my;rg úydr ì;= is;=jï w.huqZZ


bf.kqï m, ( my;rg úydr ì;= is;=jï l,dfõ ft;sydisl miqìu

fidhd n,hs'

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ks¾udKd;aul ffY,sh i|yd mokï jQ udOH yd Ys,am l%u

úia;r lrhs'

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! uykqjr hq.fha my;rg úydr ì;= is;=jïj, f;dr;=re

tla/ia lrhs'

is;=jï ks¾udK w.hhs" ri ú¢hs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ! uykqjr hq.fha my;rg úydr ì;= is;=jïj, PdhdrEm"

- l;¿j úydr Ñ;%

- lr.ïmsáh úydr Ñ;%

! ! weuqKqu 7'3'1'1 g we;=

130


my; i|yka lreKq ms

131

weuqKqu 7'3'1'2

lshùï m;%sldj

! uykqjr hq.fha my;rg Ñ;% l,d ,laIK iys; ì;= is;=jï Èjhsfka niakdysr yd ol=Kq

uqyqÿnv m%foaY flakaøSh j yuq fõ'

!! 16 jk Y; j¾Ifhka miq fuu m%foaY mD;=.sis" ,kafoais yd bx.%sis hk úfoaYSh md,khg

k;=ùu fya;= fldg f.k uykqjr hq.fha Ñ;% l,dfõ ffY,Sh ,laIK fjkia ù ngysr

ixialD;sl ,laIK iys; j ksrEmKh ùu ±lsh yels h'

! ! oykjjk ishji w. Nd.fha m%p,s; ù yd my;rg m%foaYj, jHdma; jQ fuu Ñ;% ffY,sh

i|yd úfoaYSh wdNdi yd iuld,Sk iudc miqìu n,md we;'

!!! fuu my;rg úydr Ñ;% we£u i|yd Ndú; lr we;af;a úh

132

uydOk isgqjrhdf.a l:dj - ix.S;h yd úfkdao ùu

! l;¿j úydrfha ±lsh yels Ñ;%hla jk fuhska uydOk isgqjrhdf.a ksjfia mej;s kegqï yd

.ehqï ixo¾Ykhl wjia:djla ksrEmKh flf¾'

! fuys ±lafjk ix.S; lKavdhfï idudðlfhda hqfrdamSh l%uhg we| me,|f.k ngysr

ix.S; NdKav jdokh lrñka isá;s'

! miqìfuka ±lafjk f.dvke.s,a, hqfrdamSh ,laIKhkaf.;a hq;= fõ'

! fuu is;=jfï ksrEms; we÷ï me,÷ï" ix.S; NdKav" .Dyks¾udK wx. yd .DyNdKav

fukau úfkdaodxY o tl, ,dxflah is;a;reka ÿgq hqfrdamSh ,laIKj,g wkq.; jq tajd fõ'

! wLKav l:k l%uhg w|sk ,o l:djl tla fldgila fuhska ±lafõ'

! iïmQ¾K ;,h Ndú; fldg isoaêh ixrpkh fldg ;sfí'

! f¾Ld yd yev;, fhdod .ksñka ixlS¾K f,i wjldYh mqrjd we;'

! ly" l¿" iqÿ" ks,a" r;=" fld< iy ÿUqre hk j¾K iy tajdfha m%fNao Ndú; fldg is;=jï

j¾K fldg ;sfí'

! rEm jgd l¿ meye;s ndysr f¾Ld fhdod we;'

! miqìu j¾K lsÍu i|yd ly" l¿" ÿUqre hk j¾K Ndú; fldg we;'

! ;s%udk ,laIK fmkaùu i|yd ishqï f,i j¾K m%fNao ±laùug .;a W;aidyh ±lsh yels h'

! iuia; Ñ;%fha ffY,s.; wdldrhg jvd Ôù njla m%ldYkh fõ' tfia u j¾K me;,s j

±laùug jvd j¾K modi ±laùu o ±lsh yels h'

133

iq;fidau cd;lh - rcueÿf¾ ldka;dfjda

! l;¿j úydrfha ±lsh yels fuu is;=jñka n%yauo;a; rcqf.a ud

134

lr.ïmsáh úydr Ñ;%

niakdysr m

135

! my;rg Ñ;% l,dfõ fmdÿ ,laIK jk wêl ieris,s nj yd úia;rd;aul nj fuu ks¾udKfha

we÷ï me,÷ï wdY%s; j meyeÈ,s j olajd ;sfí'

! wLKav l:k l%uhg w|sk ,o l:dfõ tla fldgila fuhska ±lafjk w;r iïmQ¾K ;Srej

mqrd isoaêh ixrpkh fldg ;sîu o ±lsh yels iqúfYaI ,laIKhls'

! ly" l¿" iqÿ" ks,a" r;=" fld< iy ÿUqre hk j¾K Ndú; fldg we;s w;r tu j¾Kj, olajk

ishqï j¾K m%fNao u.ska ;s%udk ,laIK fmkaùug W;aidy ord we;' ! w,xlrK f,i rEm jgd l¿ meye;s f¾Ld yd miqìu j¾K lsÍu i|yd ks,a j¾Kh Ndú;

lsÍu fuys ±lsh yels úfYaI ,laIK fõ'

isÿy;a Wm;

! fuu is;=jfuka ¨ïìKs i,a Whfka isÿy;a Wm; ksrEmKh flf¾'

! wLKav l:k l%uhg w|sk ,o fuys uydudhd foaúh i,a.ia fj;

136




ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'4 ( bka§h ft;sydisl hq.j, l,d ks¾udK wOHhkh lrhs'

ls%hdldrlu 7'4'1 ( zzfu!¾h" iqx. iy id;jdyk hq.j, l,d ks¾udK w.huqZZ


bf.kqï m, ( ! fu!¾h" iqx. yd id;jdyk hq.hg wh;a iqúfYaI l,d lD;s

fidhd n,hs'

!!!!!!!!! !! idxÑ f;drK leghï kï lrhs'

! idxÑ ia:qmh yd f;drK ks¾udKj, ft;sydisl miqìu

úia;r lrhs'


úia;r lrhs'

! idxÑ ia;+mh yd f;drK ks¾udKj, l,d ,laIK we.hSug

,la lrhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ! ! fu!¾h" iqx. yd id;jdyk hq.hg wh;a iqúfYaI l,d

ks¾udKj, PdhdrEm

- idxÑ ia:qmh

- idxÑ f;drK leghï

Poaoka; cd;lh

nqÿrcqka ixliai mqrhg jevu lsÍu

! weuqKqï 7'4'1'1 g we;=

137

mshjr 7'4'1'3 ( ! ! isiq wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg boßm;a lsÍug wjia:dj

,ndfokak'

!!!!tu wkdjrK ms

138

weuqKqu 7'4'1'2

lshùï m;s%ldj

! fuh nqínq,dldr yevfhka hq;a ffp;Hhls' fmdf

139

idxÑ f;drK

! idxÑ ia;+mfha i;r me;af;a we;s f;drK bka§h l,d ks¾udK w;r yuqjk úYsIag l,d

ks¾udK f,i ie,fla'

! idxÑ f;drK id;jdyk hq.hg wh;a ks¾udK f,i ie,fla'

! idxÑ f;drK i;ru tlu wdlD;shlg wkqj ilia lrkq ,en we;'

! fomiska bÈ jQ i;a;aj rEm iys; l=¨kq Ys¾Ifhka hq;= i;/ia .,a l=¨kq folla yd ta u;

;sria w;g iudka;r j msysgqjd we;s .,a mqjre ;=kls' ;sria j olajd we;s úYd, .,a mqjre

fyj;a Wfv,sm;a ;,am;l iajNdjh olajñka tajd we;=¿ me;a;g t;=Kq wdldrfhka l,d;aul j

ks¾udKh lr we;' fuu ;sria .,a mqjre tlsfklg iïnkaOjk f,i jQ l=vd .,a lKq ;=k

ne.ska olajd we;'

! fuu iEu ;sria isria .,a lKqjla u idxÑ Ys,amshd leghñka w,xldr lr we;' m%Odk isria

l=¨kq w. we;a rE" jduk rEm" isxy rEmj,ska hq;= Ys¾Ihlska iukaú; jk w;r tys m

140

idxÑ f;drK yd fldgia

;s%Y+,h iys; M,lh

;sria .,a mqjre fl

141

Poaoka; Pd;lh

W;=re f;drK we;=,a me;a;

Poaoka; Pd;lfha ióm rEmhla

! idxÑ f;drK leghï w;r b;d úYsIag ks¾udK jYfhka cd;l l;d leghï ie,fla'

! tu cd;l l;d leghï w;r Poaoka; cd;lh leghu b;d iqúfYaI fõ' th idxÑ f;drK

lsysmhl ±lsh yels leghuls'

! fuys ±lafjkafka W;=re f;drfKa leghuls'

! th f;drfKa we;=,a me;af;a by

142

nqÿrcdKkajykafia ixliai mqrhg jevu lsÍu

! fuu leghu we;af;a W;=re f;drfKa bÈß mih'

! nqÿrcdKkajykafia ixliai mqrhg jevu ùu oelafjk fuu leghfï nqÿka jykafiaf.a

rEmldh fjkqjg fnda.i ixfla; j olajd we;' ta wkqj ysKsu`. Wv yd my< fnda.i

ksrEmKh lr we;'

! fuys ±lafjk ñksia rEm ffY,s.; iajNdjfhka leghï lr we;'

! rEmhlg rEmhla uqjdjk fia rEm ;,h u; ixrpkh lr we;'

! b;d l=vd wjldYh mjd Ndú; lr rEm leghï lr ;sfí'

! we;a o;a leghïj, ±lsh yels ishqï" ugis¨gq ksudj iys; ,laIK fuu leghïj, ±lsh

yels fõ'

! w,am Wkak; j fk

143




ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'4 ( bka§h ft;sydisl hq.j, l,d ks¾udK wOHhkh lrhs'

ls%hdldrlu 7'4'2 ( zz.=ma; hq.hg wh;a l,d ks¾udK w.huqZZ


bf.kqï m, ( !!! .=ma; hq.hg wh;a l,d ks¾udK fidhd n,hs'

!!! wcka;d is;=jï kï lrhs'

.=ma; hq.hg wh;a l,d ks¾udKj, ft;sydisl miqìu

fidhd n,hs'


úia;r lrhs'

.=ma; hq.fha ksa¾udKj, l,d ,laIK we.hSug ,la lrhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( !!!! ! !.=ma; hq.hg wh;a l,d ks¾udKj, j¾K PdhdrEm

- idrkd;a nqÿ ms

144


145

weuqKqu 7'4'2'2

lshùï m;%sldj

idrdkd;a nqÿms

146

wcka;d Ñ;%

! bkaÈhdfõ jhU È." uydrdIag% m%dka;fha yhsødndoays jf>dard .`.g udhsïj wYaj ,dvul

yevh .;a Wia m¾j;hl wcka;d f,ka mka;sh msysgd we;'

! wcka;d f,ka 29ls' ls%'mQ' 2 jeks ishjfia isg ls%'j' 7 jeks ishji olajd ld,jljdkqjl jßkajr

ks¾udKh l< nj;a ta wkqj wcka;d Ñ;% tl mrïmrdjl wkq.%yh hgf;a ks¾udKh fkdjq nj;a

ie,fla'

! jdia;= úoHd;aul j wcka;d f,ka fldgia follg j¾. l< yels h'

1' ffp;H Yd,d

2' wdjdi Yd,d

! jeä jYfhka ì;= is;=jï olakg we;af;a fuu f,ka ;=< h'

! wcka;d Ñ;% i|yd jia;= úIh ù we;af;a nqoaO pß;h" cd;l l:d yd ft;sydisl isoaëka h'

! wxl 17 orK f,fkys ±lsh yels wmaird rEm wcka;d Ñ;% w;r iqúfYaI ks¾udKhla fõ'

wmaird rEm

147

! fuu rEm" iS.sß wmaird rEmj,g iudk ,laIK fmkajk nj úpdrl woyihs'

! iS.sß Ñ;%j, fuka È.= fk;a" u| iskyj yd l¾KdNrK" .%SjdNrK wmaird refõ

w,xldrh u;= lr fmkajhs'

! wcka;d Ñ;% úh

148

moaumdks fndêi;aj rej

! wcka;d Ñ;% w;r b;d úYsIag ks¾udKhla f,i i,lkq ,nkafka wxl 01 f,fkys we;s

moaumdks fndaêi;aj rEmh hs'

! fuhska isoaOd¾: l=ure iu. jïmiska hfYdaaOrd foaúh o ksrEmKh lrk nj úoaj;a woyihs'

Ñ;%fha fiiq rEm iïmsKavkfha § wyfia ùKd jdokh lrk foúhka o jk w;r .ia Wv

j÷rka lsysm fofkl= o ksrEmKh fõ'

! fiiq rEmj, m%udKhg jvd úYd, j olajd we;s fndai;a rej ;%sNx. yevfhka hqla; h'

! u`o iskdj iys; j uqyqfKys .eUqre ye`.Sï m%ldYkfhka hq;=" wOHd;añl .=Kfhka msßmqka"

;dreKHh úoyd fmkajk ks¾udKhls'

! ol=K;ska ks,a uyfk,a u,la ord isák w;r w,xldr jia;%dNrKj,ska ieriS isáhs'

! wdNrK w;r l=Kav,dNrK" w;aj

149

nqÿrcdKkajykafia lsUq,aj;a mqrhg jevu lsÍu

! lsUq,aj;a mqr ms`vq is`.d jäk nqÿrcdKkajykafia oelafjk Ñ;%h wcka;d f,ka wxl

17 ys ±lsh yels h'

! fk¿ï u,la u; jev isák nqqÿ rcdKka jykafia f.a ysig by

150

msgqj jerÈ ksjerÈfm<

21-23

26

5'2'1 l%shdldrlï ud;Dldjg wkqj wod< ls%hdldrlu ie,iqï lr .kak

43 19 ±lsh yels fõ'

44

;snQ ks¾udKhls'

±lsh yels olakg ;snqKq01

52 13 Æj¾,kavka

fm%iaflda isflda53 14 fgïmrd

58 fm%iaflda isflda fm%iaflda nqjfkda09

77 01

fuu msgqj 63 wxlfhka u bÈßm;a lr we;' 10 fmd;g we;=¿ lr .kak'

63

fk¿u ìkr u,

;=jlal=jla w;ska .;a udrhl=2186 ;=jlal= w;ska .;a udrhka

89 18 bj;a lrkakcd;l l;d

hq.hg wh;a

05100

bj;a lrkak' zzfy,ksia;sla (Helanistic) hq.hg wh;a f,i ie,fla'ZZ we;=

uefvdakd Ñ;%

r*dh,af.a ks¾udK w;r m%lg f;audjla jQfha uefvdakd fyj;a lkHd ußh;=ñh

yd fÊiQ ì

Ñ;% l,dj - nie.lknie.lk/pdffiles/tg/s11tim175.pdfiv leue;af;ñ' tkï wdl,amh" úyaf,aikh" l%shdj iy...

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