千呼萬喚始出來的 java se 7
DESCRIPTION
2011 Java TWOTRANSCRIPT
議程
• Java 進化史
• JSR334 / Coin 專案
• Unicode 6.0.0、JDBC 4.1
• JSR203 / NIO.2
• JSR166y / Concurrency Updates
• JSR292 / Da Vinci Machine 專案
Java 進化史
2002/02/13
Java 進化史
2004/09/29
Java 進化史
2006/12/11
?
Java 進化史
?
2011/07/28
A / B 計畫
• JDK 7 Features updated ! Plan B has
apparently been approved
– http://www.baptiste-wicht.com/2010/09/jdk-7-
features-updated-plan-b-is-apparently-here/
JDK7 ...
Jigsaw
λ Language support for collections
Annotations on Java types
JDK7 有...
• JDK 7 Features
– http://openjdk.java.net/projects/jdk7/features/
NIO.2
Coin Invoke
Dynamic
Concurrency
Updates
JSR334 / Coin 專案
Small language enhancements
• Strings in switch
• Binary integral literals and underscores in
numeric literals
• Multi-catch and more precise rethrow
• Improved Type Inference for Generic
Instance Creation (diamond)
• try-with-resources statement
• Simplified Varargs Method Invocation
Strings in if-else
Strings in switch
反組譯...
先用 hashCode()
再用 equals()
Binary integral literals and
underscores in numeric literals
• Binary literal
• With underscores for clarity
Multi-catch
略...
略...
都作一樣的事
Multi-catch
• It is a compile-time error if a disjunctive
type contains two alternatives Di, Dj where
Di is a subtype of Dj.
Multi-catch
• An exception parameter whose type is a
disjunctive type is implicitly considered to be final.
try { /* throws some ReflectiveOperationException */ }
catch (final ClassNotFoundException ex1) { /* body */ }
catch (final IllegalAccessException ex2) { /* body */ }
More precise rethrow
• JDK6...
...
...
// 作一些事
沒有宣告 Exception
More precise rethrow
• JDK7...
...
...
Inferring Types with <>
• 沒有 Generics 前
• 有了 Generics 後
• 有了 Inferring Types 後
Inferring Types with <>
• 僅使用 <> 表示推斷類型
• 不過別什麼都交給編譯器判斷....
Inferring Types with <>
• 如果...
• 推斷出來是 Integer 或 Number?
Inferring Types with <>
• 這有什麼問題?
Try-with-resources
• 讓這段程式碼更耐用一些...
Try-with-resources
• 讓這段程式碼更簡潔一些...
Try-with-resources
• 讓這段程式碼更簡潔一些...
Try-with-resources
try ResourceSpecification Block ⇒ { final VariableModifiers_minus_final R #resource = Expression; Throwable #primaryException = null; try ResourceSpecificationtail Block catch (Throwable #t) { #primaryException = t; throw #t; } finally { if (#resource != null) { if (#primaryException != null) { try { #resource.close(); } catch(Throwable #suppressedException) { #primaryException.addSuppressed(#suppressedException); } } else { #resource.close(); } } } }
Try-with-resources
• 如果要處理例外...
Try-with-resources
• 如果要處理例外... try-with-resources
Try-with-resources
• API 支援
– java.lang.AutoClosable
– java.io.Closeable 繼承 AutoCloseable
Try-with-resources
• API 支援 – java.beans.XMLDecoder
– java.beans.XMLEncoder
– java.io.Closeable
– java.io.ObjectInput
– java.io.ObjectOutput
– java.sql.Connection
– java.sql.ResultSet
– java.sql.Statement
– java.nio.channels.FileLock
– javax.sound.midi.MidiDevice
– javax.sound.midi.Receiver
– javax.sound.midi.Transmitter
– javax.sound.sampled.Line
Try-with-resources
• a 與 b 關閉的順序?
Heap pollution
• JDK6....
• OK...
要求編譯器檢查傳入引數是不是都是 T 型態
Heap pollution
• 希望編譯器檢查都是 List<String>....
• 編譯器提醒 doSome() 內部實作可能對每個引數,只當作 List ...
.....: warning: [unchecked] unchecked generic array creation of type java
.util.List<java.lang.String>[] for varargs parameter
Util.doSome(Arrays.asList("three", "four"), Arrays.asList(“five", “six"));
^
1 warning
Heap pollution
• 執行時期無法具體確認(reified)引數或變數型態
– http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heap_pollution
• Java 的 Generics 是編譯時期檢查
• Generics 的物件相等性?
– http://caterpillar.onlyfun.net/JavaEssence/Gen
ericEquals.html
Simplified Varargs Method
Invocation
• JDK7...
....: warning: [unchecked] Possible heap pollution from parameterized var
arg type T
public static <T> List<T> doSome(T... t) {
^
where T is a type-variable:
T extends Object declared in method <T>doSome(T...)
1 warning
提醒設計 doSome() 保證不會發生 Heap Pollution
Simplified Varargs Method
Invocation
• @SuppressWarnings(“unchecked”)? – 連同其它的警訊也抑制了...
– 對 API 使用者也是有警訊...
• @SafeVarargs
• javac -Xlint:varargs;
Simplified Varargs Method
Invocation
• JDK7...
Unicode 6.0.0
• 2010-10-11 正式發佈
繪文字(emoji)
Unicode 6.0.0
• 2010-10-11 正式發佈
繪文字(emoji)
Unicode 6.0.0
• Java SE 7
– Unicode 5.1.0 Unicode 6.0.0
• Java Tutorial
– http://download.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/i18n/text/unicode.html
• Internationalization Enhancements in Java SE 7
– http://download.java.net/jdk7/docs/technotes/guides/intl/enhancements.7.html
JDBC 4.1
•繼承 AutoCloseable
– Connection
– ResultSet
– Statement
JDBC 4.1
JDBC 4.1
JDBC 4.1
• RowSetProvider
• RowSetFactory
java -Djavax.sql.rowset.RowSetFactory=com.sun.rowset.RowSetFactoryImpl
JSR203 / NIO.2
NIO
• java.nio
– Buffer
– Channel
– Selector
– Charset
NIO2
• File System API
• Channels API
– Updates to socket channel API
– Asynchronous I/O
File System API
• java.io.File 怎麼了?
– Not initially written to be extended
– Many of the methods without exceptions
– Methods behaved inconsistently across volumes and
file systems
– Methods for gaining simultaneous metadata about
files were inefficient
– Developers also requested the ability to develop their
own file system implementations, for examples, zip
files
– ...
File System API
• 新套件 – java.nio.file
– java.nio.file.attribute
• Java Tutorials: File I/O (Featuring NIO.2) – http://download.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/essential/io
/fileio.html
關於 Path
• Methods to access components
• Methods to test and compare
• Methods to combine paths
• File operations
• All methods that access file system throw IOException
• No other checked exceptions in API
關於 Path
• 建立 Path
•囉嗦點的話...
關於 Path • Path 操作
•實作 equals()
•實作 Iterable
同一階層
path.equals(otherPath)
Path path = ...;
for (Path name: path) {
System.out.println(name);
}
檔案移動與複製
• 支援選項設定
– copyTo(target, option...)
– moveTo(target, option...)
檔案屬性(Metadata)
• BasicFileAttributes
檔案屬性(Metadata)
• DosFileAttributes
• PosixFileAttributes
檔案屬性(Metadata)
• 設定群組、擁有者...
• 建立 Symbolic link、Hard link...
• 尋找 Link 的 Target...
檔案讀寫
• 針對 java.io 的 API
檔案讀寫 •針對 Channels 與 ByteBuffers
目錄讀取
• 使用 Glob 過濾目錄
• What is Glob
– http://download.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/essential/io
/fileOps.html#glob
FileVisitor
FileVisitor
啟始目錄
目錄 檔案 鏈結
檔案 檔案
visitFile
visitFile visitFile
visitFile
preVisitDirectory
preVisitDirectory postVisitDirectory
postVisitDirectory
監看目錄修改
• WatchService
新舊之間
• Legacy File I/O Code
– http://download.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/
essential/io/legacy.html
Asynchronous Channel API
• java.nio.channels
– AsynchronousSocketChannel
– AsynchronousServerSocketChannel
– AsynchronousFileChannel
– AsynchronousDatagramChannel
Asynchronous Channel API
• 建立AsychronousServerSocketChannel
–類似建立ServerSocketChannel並綁定位址
•接受連結
Asynchronous Channel API
• Future 模式
Asynchronous Channel API
• Future 模式
Asynchronous Channel API
• 客戶端建立AsynchronousSocketChannel
•開啟連結
Future<Void>
Asynchronous Channel API
• 客戶端傳送訊息
• 伺服端讀取訊息
Asynchronous Channel API
• The asynchronous channel APIs
– http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/java/libra
ry/j-nio2-1/index.html
JSR166y / Concurrency Updates
Concurrency Updates
• JDK5
– JSR 166: Concurrency Utilities
• JDK7
– JSR166y: Concurrency and collections updates
– java.util.concurrent
• ForkJoinPool
• Phaser
• TransferQueue
• ConcurrentLinkedDeque
• ThreadLocalRandom
• ...
Divide and conquer
Fork / Join 模式
• Divide and conquer 的一種實現策略
• 著重在如何切割任務與組合子任務結果
Fork / Join 框架
不需傳回值的子動作 透過泛型傳回值的子任務
Fork / Join 框架
• ForkJoinTask:類似執行緒的輕量級實體
• 有別於 ExecutorService 的 ForkJoinPool
– 採用 Work-stealing 演算,讓空閒的執行緒從執行較慢的執行緒中偷取任務
– 建構與處理器數量相當執行緒,減少頻繁切換負擔
Fibonacci
Fibonacci
結果 1134903170
耗時 24608
Fibonacci
Fibonacci
結果 1134903170
耗時 199604
Fibonacci
結果 1134903170
耗時 199604 .... you'd pick some minimum granularity
size for which you always sequentially
solve rather than subdividing.
搜尋檔案
搜尋檔案
結果 665
耗時 12813
搜尋檔案
搜尋檔案
結果 665
耗時 7596
JSR292 / Da Vinci Machine 專案
靜態定型語言
• 根據資料的型態資訊,將變數及運算式進行分類,型態資訊是在宣告變數上
• 在執行時期變數的型態資訊無法改變,資料只能被指定至同一種型態的變數
靜態定型語言
靜態定型語言
2: invokestatic #3 // Method doSome:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/Integer;
17: invokevirtual #7 // Method Other.doOther:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/Integer;
32: invokeinterface #9, 2 // InterfaceMethod Another.doAnother:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/Integer;
動態定型語言
• 型態資訊在資料本身而不是變數
• 變數本身的型態是在執行時期運算得知,也同一變數可以參考至各種型態的資料
function max(m, n) { if(n.lessThan(m)) {
return m;
}
return n;
}
def max(m, n):
return m if n.lessThan(m) else n
JavaScript
Python
動態定型語言的挑戰
• 參數與傳回值都沒有型態
• 執行時才提供型態資訊
• 無法提前得知呼叫的方法相關型態資訊
• 如何成功編譯為位元碼(Byte code)?
function max(m, n) {
if(n.lessThan(m)) {
return m;
}
return n;
}
動態定型語言的挑戰
• 為參數與傳回值建立合成(synthetic)類型
– 可符合位元碼對型態的要求
– 需要為各種語言建立特定實作(Implementer),以產生對應類型
– JVM 本身的類型(String、Integer...)通常也
無法直接對應
MyObject max(MyObject x, MyObject y) {
if(n.lessThan(m)) {
return n;
}
return m;
}
invokevirtual #9 // Method MyObject.lessThan:(Ljava/lang/MyObject;)Ljava/lang/Boolean;
動態定型語言的挑戰
• 運用反射呼叫(reflected invocation)
– java.lang.reflect.Method 提供某類別
或介面的方法直接呼叫(正是特定語言實作器所要求的)
–這些方法仍是執行時期從特定類別上取得
–執行時期的效能非常不彰
動態定型語言的挑戰
• 在 JVM 上執行特定語言直譯器(Interpreter)
– 非常非常....慢...
JSR 292
•為JVM與位元碼中新增invokedynamic指令
•新的方法連結機制
– java.lang.invoke
•CallSite
•MethodHandle
•...
invokedynamic <method-specification> <n>
• 考慮有個語言...
• 為這段程式碼產生位元碼...
a = 40;
b = a + 2;
bipush 40
istore_1
iload_1
invokestatic Method java/lang/Integer.valueOf:"(I)Ljava/lang/Integer;";
bipush 2
invokestatic Method java/lang/Integer.valueOf:"(I)Ljava/lang/Integer;";
invokedynamic InvokeDynamic
REF_invokeStatic:
Example.mybsm:
"(Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodHandles/Lookup;
Ljava/lang/String;
Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodType;)
Ljava/lang/invoke/CallSite;":
+:
"(Ljava/lang/Integer;
Ljava/lang/Integer;)
Ljava/lang/Integer;";
the invokedynamic call site is +
method implementation currently unknown
bootstrap method
JSR 292
• + 對整數的方法實作
• An invokedynamic call site is linked to a
method by means of a bootstrap method
類似 Reflection?
JSR 292
• java.lang.reflect.Method
– 非方法呼叫專用,執行時期有許多不必要資訊
– 重量級,速度慢
• java.lang.invoke.MethodHandle
–主要目的就是在方法呼叫
–輕量級,速度快
JSR 292
• Java Virtual Machine Support for Non-
Java Languages
– http://download.java.net/jdk7/docs/technotes/
guides/vm/multiple-language-support.html
JSR 292
• If a programming language was a
boat…
– http://compsci.ca/blog/if-a-programming-
language-was-a-boat/
Recently rediscovered diagrams prove
Leonardo invented the first JVM?
. http://openjdk.java.net/projects/mlvm/
感謝 ● 林信良
● http://openhome.cc
Orz...