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Importance of the topic No of hits for Globalization with z* and s What is Globalization? Definitions and views Dimensions Economic Globalization

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The word globalization entered into common parlance from about 1960, although the word global is reckoned to have been around for over 4 centuries. It only gained academic significance from the mid-to-early 1980s. Guinness (2003) describes it as the key idea by which we understand the transition of human society into the 3 rd millenium

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Cited by Guinness, (2003), Roland Robertson, who is credited with formalising the concept in 1992, defined the term as follows: Globalsation as a concept refers both to the compression of the world and the intensification of consciousness of the world as a whole. (p. 2) According to the Australian psychologist, Malcolm Waters, globalization become a major historical process that impacts on culture, but perhaps more crucial it is the central substance of contemporary culture, bringing the centre to the periphery and the periphery to the centre through the flow of economic migrants. (Guinness, 2003)

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The perception that globalization necessarily means Westernization and Capitalism is disputed by the like of Legrain and Robertson, who argue that the nature of ones job or intellectual pursuits or interests determine ones view of globalization, and cite the following in support of their argument: While Kofi Annan, in his role as Secretary- General of the UN, views globalization in terms of world inclusivity; Bill Gates, in his position as CEO of Microsoft, views it as the world united by the web

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Stephen Codrington (2002) provides the following definitions of Globalization: Generalized dictionary definition: to make worldwide in scope or application IMF definition: Globalization is the growing interdependence of countries world- wide through the increasing volume and variety of cross border transactions in goods and services and of international capital flows, and also through more the rapid and widespread diffusion of technology. OECD definition (by Tatyana Soubbotina) Globalisation is the growing interdependence of countries resulting from the increasing integration of trade, finance, people and ideas in one global marketplace. Geographer Paul Haggerts definition: Globalization is the process by which events, activities and decisions in one part of the world can have significant consequences for communities in distant parts of the globe.

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Globalization as Internationa lization Here globalization is viewed 'as simply another adjective to describe cross-border relations between countries'. Globalization as liberalization In this broad set of definitions, 'globalization' refers to 'a process of removing government-imposed restrictions on movements between countries in order to create an "open", "borderless" world economy' (Scholte 2000: 16). Globalization as universalization In this use, 'global' is used in the sense of being 'worldwide' and 'globalization' is 'the process of spreading various objects and experiences to people at all corners of the earth' Globalization as westernization or modernization ( especially in an 'Americanized' form). Here 'globalization' is understood as a dynamic, 'whereby the social structures of modernity (capitalism, rationalism, industrialism, bureaucratism, etc.) are spread the world over, normally destroying pre- existent cultures and local self-determination in the process. Globalization as deterritorialization (or as the spread of supraterritoriality). Here 'globalization' entails a 'reconfiguration of geography, so that social space is no longer wholly mapped in terms of territorial places, territorial distances and territorial borders.

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Joseph Stiglitz, an economist and winner of the Nobel Prize defines Globalization as follows: Globalization "is the closer integration of the countries and peoples of the world...brought about by the enormous reduction of costs of transportation and communication, and the breaking down of artificial barriers to the flows of goods, services, capital, knowledge, and people across borders." (from Globalization and its Discontents)

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Globalization Political Dimension Socio-cultural Dimension Economic Dimension Environmental Dimension

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Paradigm Shifts from the Cold War to the Age of Globalization Cold WarGlobalization Division Integration (of nations, markets and technologies) the Wallthe Web 8% of world's countries have free markets 28% of world's countries have free markets Different culturesGlobal culture Weight (megatons)Speed (megabits) Power of nations Power of individuals, markets

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Anthony Giddens' has thus defined globalization as ' the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa. (Giddens 1990: 64). David Held et al (1999: 16) define globalization as a ' process (or set of processes) which embodies a transformation in the spatial organization of social relations and transactions - assessed in terms of their extensity, intensity, velocity and impact - generating transcontinental or inter-regional flows and networks of activity'. Here 'globalization' entails a 'reconfiguration of geography, so that social space is no longer wholly mapped in terms of territorial places, territorial distances and territorial borders. Globalization as deterritorialization ( or as the spread of supraterritoriality ). 1 2 3

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"Globalization, global integration: a widening, deepening and speeding up of interconnectedness in all aspects of contemporary social life from the cultural to the criminal, the financial to the spiritual (Held and McGrew 1999: 2).

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Of these five approaches/definitions it is only the last, according to Scholte, that offers the possibility of a clear and specific definition of globalization. The notion of supraterritoriality (or trans-world or trans-border relations), he argues, provides a way into appreciating what is global about globalization.

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B10. Globalization Either (a) Essay Evaluate the role of tourism as a strategy to encourage economic development in less economically developed countries (LEDCs). [20 marks] Or (b) Structured question The diagram below illustrates a model covering the operations of transnational corporations. (i) Define what is meant by a transnational corporation (TNC). [2 marks] (ii) With reference to a specific named TNC, describe the distribution of its activities globally and assess how well it fits the model above. [8 marks] (iii) Examine the positive impacts that TNCs have in the LEDCs in which they operate. Specific examples should be given wherever possible. [10 marks]

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B10. Globalization Either (a) Essay Describe major changes that have occurred in global communication systems and assess how these have helped to integrate the world economically and socially. [20 marks] Or (b) Structured question The table below shows the contribution made by tourism to the economies of Gambia and the United Kingdom. (i) Comment on the percentage and actual changes in the values of tourism to the economies of both countries. [4 marks] (ii) Assess the extent to which less economically developed countries (LEDCs) can benefit economically from tourism. [8 marks] (iii) Evaluate the negative impacts of tourism on the culture of indigenous people in an LEDC. [8 marks]

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B10. Globalization Either (a) Essay Referring to trade agreements and tourism, assess how far globalization reduces the differences between places. [20 marks] Or (b) Structured question The diagram below shows one aspect of globalization. (i) Briefly explain what is meant by cultural integration. [2 marks] (ii) Explain how any two of the factors shown on the diagram contribute to cultural integration. [2+2 marks] (iii) Identify two factors not shown on the diagram. Suggest how these two factors affect cultural integration.[4 marks] (iv) Using examples, analyse the social costs of tourism. [10 marks]

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Globalization Either Essay Mass tourism always brings social and economic benefits to the host population in the countries of destination. Evaluate this statement.[20 marks] Or (b) Structured question The diagram below shows the value of world imports of cultural goods (in billions of dollars) for the period 19802000. (Cultural goods: these are defined as films, books, television, journals, newspapers, computer software, games and sports goods.) (i) Refer to the diagram. Explain why the total value of cultural imports is greater than the combined total values of the big four countries (USA, UK, Germany and France) and the LEDCs. [2 marks] (ii) Describe the trends shown in the diagram. [3 marks] (iii) Provide an explanation for these trends. [5 marks] (iv) Referring to examples, discuss the positive and negative impacts of imported cultural goods on LEDCs. [10 marks]

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B10. Globalization Either Essay Explain how world economic activity has become increasingly integrated. Refer to examples in your answer. [20 marks] Or (b) Structured question The graph below shows the number of international tourists arriving in each of the worlds five regions. (i) Describe the changes in the number of international tourist arrivals shown on the graph.[4 marks] (ii) Explain the changes in the number of international tourist arrivals in one of the world regions shown on the graph. [6 marks] (iii) Using examples, discuss the economic costs and benefits of tourism to LEDCs. [10 marks]

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B10. Globalization Either Essay Discuss the extent to which the process of globalization has reduced physical and cultural diversity on an international scale. [20 marks] Or Structured question If you choose to answer this question refer to the three photographs in the Resources Booklet. The photographs in the resources booklet and the table below show information on three types of holidays in remote destinations. (i) With reference to the photographs and the table, for each of the three destinations identify: (a) one different negative impact[3 marks] (b) one different positive impact.[3 marks] (ii) Explain the increasing tourist demand for holidays in remote destinations. [6 marks] (iii) Examine the success of strategies adopted to conserve a named tourist destination. [8 marks]