- imperial college londonukelg.ps.ic.ac.uk/40gc1.pdf · 2010-10-25 · iso 9001:2000 an agency of...
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![Page 1: - Imperial College Londonukelg.ps.ic.ac.uk/40GC1.pdf · 2010-10-25 · ISO 9001:2000 an agency of the Health & Safety Executive VAPOUR CLOUD EXPLOSIONS FROM THE IGNITION OF METHANE/HYDROGEN/AIR](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022041913/5e6879014f6a0a3a3b416d0d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
ISO 9001:2000 www.hsl.gov.uk an agency of the Health & Safety Executive
VAPOUR CLOUD EXPLOSIONS FROM THE IGNITION OF METHANE/HYDROGEN/AIR MIXTURES IN A
CONGESTED REGION
Mark Royle(1) Les Shirvill(2) and Terry Roberts(1)(1) Health and Safety Laboratory (2) Shell Global Solutions
PRESENTED by Geoff Chamberlain2
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INTRODUCTION
NATURALHY – potential for hydrogen distribution within existing natural gas pipeline networks
• This work funded by Shell Hydrogen B.V.
• Hydrogen mixed with methane
• Change in explosive properties
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AIM
• Measure over-pressures produced by premixed clouds in a repeated pipe congestion array
• Determine the amount of hydrogen which can be added to methane without a large increase in explosion overpressure
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EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME
• Perform experiments igniting mixtures of methane, hydrogen and air in a repeated pipe congestion rig.
• Measure the overpressures produced by the different mixtures.
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EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME
• Mixtures chosen– 100% hydrogen– 25% methane 75% hydrogen– 50% methane 50% hydrogen– 75% methane 25% hydrogen– 100% methane
• Nominal equivalence ratio – 1.1 for methane mixtures. 1.2 for 100% hydrogen.
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CONGESTION RIG
• 3 m x 3 m x 2 m metal framework structured to consist of 18 one cubic metre units
• Bottom units fitted with 9 layers of vertical bars
• Top units fitted with 7 layers of criss-crossed horizontal bars
• Rig wrapped in plastic film to hold in gas
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TEST FACILITY
INSTRUMENTCABIN
AIRCOMPRESSOR
FOR PNEUMATICCONTROL
PNEUMATICCONTROL SYSTEMBUNKER
FUEL CYLINDERS
CO2 CYLINDERS
AIR CYLINDERSCONFINEMENT
WALL
VIDEO
GAS SUPPLY DUCTING
INSTRUMENT CABLE DUCTING
PROTECTIVEWALL
CONGESTION RIG
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Measurements within congestion rig
• Temperature
• Humidity
• IR methane analyser
• Paramagnetic oxygen analyser
• 8 x electro-chemical oxygen sensors
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PRESSURE SENSORS
H16(hy16)
H15(hy15)
0.60 m
0.70 m1.77 m10.93 m16 m
K8(hy5)
K9(hy6)
K10(hy7) 0.32 m
0.46 m
K1(hy3)
K2(hy2)
K3(hy1)
K4(hy4)
0.35 m
0.75 mK5(hy10
) 1.84 mK6
(hy8)
K7(hy9)
3.55 m
2.60 mKW12 (hy12)KW13 (hy13)KW14 (hy14)
3.20 m 0.30 m
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Gas mixtures
• Certified gas mixtures used (hydrogen / methane) made to order by BOC.
• Gas mixture injected into rig via air amplifiers to entrain air
• Oxygen and methane concentration monitored until required equivalence ratio obtained
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TRIAL EQUIVALENCE RATIOS
Test name Certified proportion of hydrogen in mixture
(%)
Nominal equivalence
ratio
Actual* equivalence
ratio
NATHY_01 100 1.2 1.28
NATHY_02 0 1.1 1.06
NATHY_03 50.9 1.1 1.06
NATHY_04 25.5 1.1 1.09
NATHY_05 75 1.1 1.1
* Calculated from mean depleted oxygen concentration
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PHOTOGRAPHS 2nd frame after ignition
100% hydrogen
100% methane 51% hydrogen25% hydrogen
75% hydrogen
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PRESSURE DATA AT 16 METRES
Pressureat16m.xls
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Time (ms)
Pres
sure
at 1
6 m
(kPa
)
0% hydrogen25% hydrogen51% hydrogen75% hydrogen100% hydrogen
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DETONATION OF HYDROGEN
• For 100% hydrogen– Pressure 3.03 bar just inside and
4.58 bar just outside rig– Plastic shredded into narrow
strips (20.5 + 6.7 mm)
• Groethe et al. (2002) found: – 21 mm for a 20% hydrogen no-
obstacle detonation test• explosive charge initiation
– 13 mm for a 30% hydrogen with obstacle test
• spark initiation with 10.9% volume repeated pipe blockage (c.f. 4.4%)
– 8 mm for a 30% hydrogen no-obstacle detonation test
• explosive charge initiation
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MAXIMUM PRESSURESInside and near rig (parallel to wall)
MethaneHydrogen_comparison.xls
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Distance from spark parallel to wall (m)
Max
imum
pre
ssur
e (k
Pa)
0% Hydrogen (NatHy_02)25% Hydrogen (NatHy_04)51% Hydrogen (NatHy_03)75% hydrogen (NatHy_05)100% Hydrogen (NatHy_01)
PARALLELTO WALL
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MAXIMUM PRESSURESFar field (away from wall)
MethaneHydrogen_comparison.xls
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32
Distance from spark away from wall (m)
Max
imum
pre
ssur
e (k
Pa)
0% Hydrogen (NatHy_02)25% Hydrogen (NatHy_04)51% Hydrogen (NatHy_03)75% hydrogen (NatHy_05)100% Hydrogen (NatHy_01)
AWAY FROMWALL
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CONCLUSIONS
• For 100% hydrogen transition to detonation occurred at the corners of the rig
• Only 0.02 bar difference between 0% & 25% H2 – 0.12 bar ca. 0.14 bar
• 50% hydrogen gives ca. 3.5 times the pressure given by methane– 0.44 bar inside rig
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CONCLUSIONS (2)
• Explosion effects from the mixtures correlate reasonably with mass of hydrogen in the mixture.
• Results suggest maximum overpressures generated in large scale trials by methane hydrogen mixtures containing up to 25% (volume) hydrogen may not be much more than those generated by methane alone.