تهيه كننده: علي برادران هاشمي

گارگاه کامپیوتر

History!

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A Computer is a device that is capable of solving problems or manipulating data by accepting data as input, performing prescribed operations both mathematical and logical on the data, and then supplying the results of these operations.

A Computer (Computer System) denotes a set of computer hardware and computer software that is used as a single unit.

Computer Definition

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First Generation (1940s to 1959): Vacuum tubes

Second Generation (1950s-65): Transistors Third Generation (late 1950s -71):

Integrated Circuits Fourth Generation (1971-Present): Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) Fifth Generation (1981-2000): VLSI Japanese 5th-Generation Computer Project Sixth Generation (From 1980s):

Artificial Neural Networks

Computer History

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Mostly hard wired vacuum tube machines

1 user and 1 task different binary-coded

program called a machine language

Pre-Operating System ENIAC

1st Generation Computing(1945-1955)

IBM 709 (IBM's first generation of big scientific vacuum tube computers –1959)

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Electronic Numeral Integrator And Computer

University of Pennsylvania Consisting of 18,000 vacuum tubes, 70,000

resistors and 5 million soldered joints 160 kilowatts !! general-purpose computer

Instructions and Data both in memory. Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic

Computer (EDVAC) designed by Von NeumannVon Neumann

ENIAC

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First Computer Bug

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1955 introduced the transistor Introduction of separation of

system designers and operators Punched card era Magnetic tapes Introduction of batch systems Minimal Operating System

tasks system compilers system loaders

2nd Generation Computing(1955-1965)

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2nd Generation Computing(1955-1965)

IBM 7094 IBM 1401

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2nd Generation Computing(1955-1965)

Early Batch System Operation

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2nd Generation Computing(1955-1965)

Programmer produced punched card collection (PCC)

Multiple PCC’s were transferred to tape

Tape was run on mainframe

Output printed after all jobs complete

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Integrated Circuit (IC) (1958) semiconductor

Introduction of basic OS concepts Monitor and keyboard Magnetic disk

Birth of Unix Move to standardized hardware Multiprogramming gained over batch

multiple jobs in memory at the same time Becoming smaller & more general purpose

multiple jobs in memory at the same time Most computing done on Mainframes

birth of the minicomputer (e.g. DEC PDP-11)

3rd Generation Computing(1965-1980)

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3rd Generation Computing(1965-1980)

Cray 23 Cray 29

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3rd Generation Computing(1965-1980)

IBM System 360 (360 degrees)•Standard data format

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3rd Generation Computing(1965-1980)

Multiprogramming many jobs in memory at once scheduling became important (1 CPU)

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4th Generation Computing(1980 - Present)

go down - in size very large scale

integration (VLSI) Growth of the

microcomputer (PC) Widespread use of

general purpose single user systems

Timesharing and GUI environments

Introduction of DOS IBM PC 1

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DOS originally produce by Tim Paterson at

Seattle Computer Products bought then modified by Bill Gates and

Tim Paterson to become MS-DOS added BASIC

packaged with IBM’s PC 1 Lead to the development of Windows

in 1985

4th Generation Computing(1980 - Present)

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4th Generation Computing(1980 - Present)

ASCI White Most powerful computing platform ever

built! 12.3 TeraOps (12,300,000,000,000

operations per second)

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Computers are electronic devices that process information.

Keys : 1. Data -> Operands2. Instructions or Operations -> Operators

What is a Computer?

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Flexibility (general or special purpose)

Purpose (scientific, business )

Power MIPS (Millions Instructions Per Seconds) MFLOPS (Mega Floating-point Operations Per

Second)

Computer classifications

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Classification by size

1. Supercomputers

2. Mainframes

3. Workstations

4. Microcomputers

5. Microcontrollers

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priced from $500,000 to more than $85 million

thousands of processorsCRAY-1, CRAY-2, CRAY-3

Switching time Heat

Supercomputers

IBM ASCI White

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cost $5000 - $5 million vary in size from small, to medium, to

large, depending on their use Terminal : means often used to

access a mainframe a display screen and a keyboard No process

Price Special requirements (power, air-

conditioning)

Mainframes

VP2400 mainframe

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Mini Computers Multi user

but usually as dedicated computer DEC, IBM, HP

Workstations expensive, powerful computers usually used for complex scientific,

mathematical, and CAD/CAM

Mini computers and Work Stations

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Also called personal computers Cost $500 - $5000

Laptop computers

Micro Computers

Sony tower PC

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PDA - also called handheld computers or palmtops personal organization tools

schedule planners, address books to-do lists--with send e-mail and faxes.

Well-known makers of PDAs include Palm, Handspring, Sony, and Compaq.

Micro Computers

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also called embedded computers.

Tiny, specialized microprocessors installed in “smart” appliances and automobiles.

Micro controllers

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Hardware All the machinery and equipment in a

computer system

Software All the instructions (programs) that tell the

computer how to perform a task

The most important definition Software/Hardware

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Computer Hardware The collection of equipment (keyboard,

screen, printer, diskette drive, hard disk drive, central processing unite, memory and so on) along with all of the components that connect these equipment together.

Computer Software All programs (operation system, application software, operating environment) that govern the operation of computer and make the hardware run.

Software/Hardware (Another def.)

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1. Input

2. Processing

3. Storage

4. Output

5. Communications

basic operations

Keyboard

Mouse

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Processing the manipulation a computer does to

transform data into information. Case or system cabinet –

the box that houses the processor chip (CPU), the memory chips, the motherboard with power supply some secondary storage devices.

iMac !?

Processing

Case

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Processor chip – A tiny piece of silicon that contains

millions of miniature electronic circuits. Also called the CPU (Central Processing Unit).

Also known as RAM (Random Access Memory).

Represent primary storage or temporary storage.

Hold data before processing and information after processing.

Processing Cont.

Memory chips

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Primary storage (memory)

Computer circuitry that temporarily holds data waiting to be processed

Secondary storage (storage)

The area in the computer where data or information is held permanently

Storage

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Byte - 1 character of data

Kilobyte - 1024 characters

Megabyte - 1024 KBytes Gigabyte - 1024 MBytes

Terabyte - 1024 GBytes

Storage Cont.

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Floppy-disk drive - a storage device that stores data on removable 3.5-inch-diameter diskettes.

Zip-disk drive - a storage device that stores data on floppy-disk cartridges with 70-170 times the capacity of the standard floppy.

Storage Cont.

Zip disk

Floppy disk

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Hard-disk drive - a storage device that stores billions of characters of data on a nonremovable disk.

Storage Cont.

Hard-disk drive

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CD (Compact Disk) drive DVD (Digital Video Disk) drive - a

storage device that uses laser technology to read data from optical disks.

Storage Cont.

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Output hardware devices which translate info

processed by the computer into a form that humans can understand.

Peripheral device any component or piece of

equipment that expands a computer’s input, storage, and output capabilities.

Sound card enhances the computer’s sound-

generating capabilities by allowing sound to be output through speakers.

Outputs

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Monitor - the display device that takes the electrical signals from the video card and forms an image using points of colored light on the screen.

Printer - an output device that produces text and graphics on paper.

Outputs Cont.

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Modem - a device that sends and receives data over telephone lines to and from computers.

Outputs Cont.

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Put all the hardware together and…

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Any Question?Any Question?