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Chapter 13: Kingdoms and States of Medieval Africa

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Page 1: Geography of Africa What is the geography of Africa like? What are some positive aspects of Africa’s geography? What are some negative aspects of Africa’s

Chapter 13: Kingdoms and

States of Medieval Africa

Page 2: Geography of Africa What is the geography of Africa like? What are some positive aspects of Africa’s geography? What are some negative aspects of Africa’s

Geography of Africa

• What is the geography of Africa like?

• What are some positive aspects of Africa’s geography?

• What are some negative aspects of Africa’s geography?

Page 3: Geography of Africa What is the geography of Africa like? What are some positive aspects of Africa’s geography? What are some negative aspects of Africa’s

Africa is the second

largest continent Africa stretched 5,000

miles north to south 3 different regions:

North- Sahara Central- Green band of

rain forests and tropical grassland

South- Dry land

Impact of Geography

Page 4: Geography of Africa What is the geography of Africa like? What are some positive aspects of Africa’s geography? What are some negative aspects of Africa’s

Heavy rains near the

equator Largest populations

are concentrated where soils are fertile

Savanna- broad grassland with small trees and shrubs There is not enough

rainfall for farming or herding

Impact of Geography

Page 5: Geography of Africa What is the geography of Africa like? What are some positive aspects of Africa’s geography? What are some negative aspects of Africa’s

Three early societies: Ghana,

Mali, Songhai The three societies had

things in common: government, trade centers, towns had artisans of metal work, woodwork, potters, and other crafts

Most African societies did not have written languages

The language spoken throughout most of Africa was Swahili

African Society

Page 6: Geography of Africa What is the geography of Africa like? What are some positive aspects of Africa’s geography? What are some negative aspects of Africa’s

Most Africans lived in small villages Individual identity was determined

by their membership in an extended family and lineage group

Lived in extended families- parents, children, grandparents, other family dependents

Lineage groups- an extended family unit that has combined into a larger community Matrilineal Patrilineal

Family and Lineage

Page 7: Geography of Africa What is the geography of Africa like? What are some positive aspects of Africa’s geography? What are some negative aspects of Africa’s

Power was shared among members of the

community Decisions were made by consensus Elders were respected Independent villages organized by clans

Family and Lineage

Page 8: Geography of Africa What is the geography of Africa like? What are some positive aspects of Africa’s geography? What are some negative aspects of Africa’s

Monotheistic Yoruba people of Nigeria- chief god sent his

son Oduduwa down from heaven Ashanti people of Ghana believed in the

supreme being Nyame Africans used rituals to communicate with the

gods Diviners- a person who is believed to have the

power to foretell events Importance placed on ancestors

Religious Beliefs

Page 9: Geography of Africa What is the geography of Africa like? What are some positive aspects of Africa’s geography? What are some negative aspects of Africa’s

Believed that the spirits of their departed

ancestors were present on earth- animism Music and dance were for religious purposes Lyrics of songs conveyed religious traditions,

folk legends, and historical information from one generation to another

Religious Beliefs

Page 10: Geography of Africa What is the geography of Africa like? What are some positive aspects of Africa’s geography? What are some negative aspects of Africa’s

African religious beliefs were challenged by

Islam but not always replaced Islam came into northern Africa Islam was adapted through trade By 1400s- most of the populations accepted

Islam Christianity was adopted by Axum Muslims and Christians came into conflict

Religious Beliefs

Page 11: Geography of Africa What is the geography of Africa like? What are some positive aspects of Africa’s geography? What are some negative aspects of Africa’s
Page 12: Geography of Africa What is the geography of Africa like? What are some positive aspects of Africa’s geography? What are some negative aspects of Africa’s

Women were

subordinate to men The value of a woman

was in her ability to bear and raise children

Women often worked in fields

Role of Women

Page 13: Geography of Africa What is the geography of Africa like? What are some positive aspects of Africa’s geography? What are some negative aspects of Africa’s

Early societies governments regulated trade Government had more power than private

merchants To what degree do governments regulate or

control economic markets?

The Role of Government

Page 14: Geography of Africa What is the geography of Africa like? What are some positive aspects of Africa’s geography? What are some negative aspects of Africa’s

Free Market Economy- an economic system in

which the means of production are largely privately owned and there is little or no government control over the markets

Supply and Demand- the relationship between the amounts of an item that producers are able and willing to sell (supply) and the quantity that consumers can afford and wish to buy

Types of Government

Page 15: Geography of Africa What is the geography of Africa like? What are some positive aspects of Africa’s geography? What are some negative aspects of Africa’s

Money Economy- an economic system based

on money rather than barter Mercantilism- a set of principles that

dominated economic thought in the 1600s

Types of Governments

Page 16: Geography of Africa What is the geography of Africa like? What are some positive aspects of Africa’s geography? What are some negative aspects of Africa’s

Move of goods all over the world Developed trade diasporas- networks of

interconnected commercial communities living and working in major trade cities

Major Trade Route

Page 17: Geography of Africa What is the geography of Africa like? What are some positive aspects of Africa’s geography? What are some negative aspects of Africa’s

Across the Indian Ocean to Northern Africa Allowed trade between Asia and East Africa Trading centers developed Mogadishu and Great Zimbabwe thrived on

trade across the Indian Ocean Muslim ports in Egypt- Cairo and Alexandria

Arab Trading Zone

Page 18: Geography of Africa What is the geography of Africa like? What are some positive aspects of Africa’s geography? What are some negative aspects of Africa’s

Kush

Grew out of the region that was known as Nubia, south of Egypt

Egypt and Nubia traded ivory, leopard skins, and frankincense

Assyrians defeated Kush because the Assyrians had superior technology

East African Kingdoms

Page 19: Geography of Africa What is the geography of Africa like? What are some positive aspects of Africa’s geography? What are some negative aspects of Africa’s

Axum

Invaded and conquered Kush

Axum came into conquered with Greek and Rome civilizations through missionaries and trade

Adopted Christianity Trade Located along the Red

Sea Weakened by civil war

and declined

East African Kingdoms

Page 20: Geography of Africa What is the geography of Africa like? What are some positive aspects of Africa’s geography? What are some negative aspects of Africa’s

Gold and salt were important to trade Plenty of salt was found in the Sahara Very little salt found in savanna People of savanna traded gold to obtain salt West African kingdoms were ruled by powerful

emperors

West African Kingdoms

Page 21: Geography of Africa What is the geography of Africa like? What are some positive aspects of Africa’s geography? What are some negative aspects of Africa’s

They had strong armies to maintain order and

protect kingdoms Gold, ivory, and slaves moved north Metal ware, textiles, and salt carried south

West African Kingdoms

Page 22: Geography of Africa What is the geography of Africa like? What are some positive aspects of Africa’s geography? What are some negative aspects of Africa’s
Page 23: Geography of Africa What is the geography of Africa like? What are some positive aspects of Africa’s geography? What are some negative aspects of Africa’s

Nomads- carried

goods across the Sahara

Berbers often purchased goods from people on one side of the desert and then sold the goods to people on the other side

The Berbers

Page 24: Geography of Africa What is the geography of Africa like? What are some positive aspects of Africa’s geography? What are some negative aspects of Africa’s

City: Jenne-Jeno

First known indigenous city of Sub-Saharan Africa

Began 250 BC Herding and fishing Used what was around

them: Fish from the river, rice

from the fields, beef from the herds

Did not have centralized government- urbanized

Page 25: Geography of Africa What is the geography of Africa like? What are some positive aspects of Africa’s geography? What are some negative aspects of Africa’s

Emerged around 6th century Between Sahara and West

African coast Between Senegal and Niger

Rivers People of Ghana made iron

swords, spears, and lances Kings ruled Ghana as powerful

rulers unbound by laws Taxed all trade Capital: Kumbi Saleh

Ghana

Page 26: Geography of Africa What is the geography of Africa like? What are some positive aspects of Africa’s geography? What are some negative aspects of Africa’s

Ghana’s gold was at the

center of trade Merchants traded salt,

textiles and other goods for gold

Main export: gold; main import: salt

1076- invaded by Muslims from North Africa

Never fully recovered and dissolved into several smaller states

Ghana’s Prosperity

Page 27: Geography of Africa What is the geography of Africa like? What are some positive aspects of Africa’s geography? What are some negative aspects of Africa’s

Founded by Sundiata

Keita Began after the

collapse of Ghana Sundiata Keita united

people of Mali and established a stable central government

Powerful kings were called mansas

Mali

Page 28: Geography of Africa What is the geography of Africa like? What are some positive aspects of Africa’s geography? What are some negative aspects of Africa’s

Major trading city: Timbuktu Timbuktu was a trading and education center Recognized as one of the intellectual capitals

of the Muslim world City attracted students from Europe, Asia, and

Africa Arab travelers like Ibn Battuta- impressed by

Mali’s wealth

Mali Trade

Page 29: Geography of Africa What is the geography of Africa like? What are some positive aspects of Africa’s geography? What are some negative aspects of Africa’s

One of the greatest

African leaders Doubled the size of the

kingdom Created a strong central

government Divided the kingdom

into provinces ruled by governors he appointed

Made a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324

Mansa Musa

Page 30: Geography of Africa What is the geography of Africa like? What are some positive aspects of Africa’s geography? What are some negative aspects of Africa’s

Traveled in a caravan with gold Brought back Muslim scholars and architects

to Mali Built mosques and libraries After Mansa Musa’s death, Mali fell into a civil

war

Mansa Musa

Page 31: Geography of Africa What is the geography of Africa like? What are some positive aspects of Africa’s geography? What are some negative aspects of Africa’s

Location:

Fertile area near the Niger River Most people made their livings as farmers

Songhai

Page 32: Geography of Africa What is the geography of Africa like? What are some positive aspects of Africa’s geography? What are some negative aspects of Africa’s

1464: Sunni Ali created a dynasty based on

Sunni Islam Strong military leaders captured Timbuktu and

made it a great trading empire Gold and salt were key

Sunni Ali

Page 33: Geography of Africa What is the geography of Africa like? What are some positive aspects of Africa’s geography? What are some negative aspects of Africa’s

Height of Sunni power was

under Muhammad Ture Strong military leaders Created strong government

bases Established a navy on the

river Capital is Gao Gao is where Ture is burried Gao has one of the most

revered mosques in western Africa

Muhammad Ture

Page 34: Geography of Africa What is the geography of Africa like? What are some positive aspects of Africa’s geography? What are some negative aspects of Africa’s

Starting in the 700s- Muslim traders from Arab

lands established bases on the east coast of Africa

Muslims moved from Arabian peninsula to East Africa

Along with their trade goods, Arabs carried their culture and religion to port cities

Muslim Trade Outposts

Page 35: Geography of Africa What is the geography of Africa like? What are some positive aspects of Africa’s geography? What are some negative aspects of Africa’s

Along the East Coast of

Africa Gold from the interior was

sent down the Zambia river, sold to merchants from Arabia and India

Kilwa, present day Tanzania, was filled with magnificent buildings

Portuguese destroyed the city in the early 1500s

Port of Kilwa

Page 36: Geography of Africa What is the geography of Africa like? What are some positive aspects of Africa’s geography? What are some negative aspects of Africa’s

Up to the 11th century, people in southern

Africa lived in groups of independent villages Group of independent villages organized by

clans Some villages began to unite, initiating the

development of states

Societies in South Africa