(Enviromental Chemistry) ..

: ( )

(Enviromental Chemistry)

4 1. (Hydrosphere) 2. (Lithospere) 3. (Atmospere) 4. (Biospere)

( )1.) 2.) 3.) -

3

(Conservation) ()

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.Recycling 6.

(Pollution) : Hydrosphere 2 3 O2 , N2 , CO2 ( )

3 1. : 2. : 3. :

9 1. O2 - O2 5 (ppm) ( O2 ) - O2 3 ppm - O2 ( C, H, O ) + O2 CO2 + H2O DO (Dissolved Oxygen) O2

BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) () BOD Oxidation oxygen () BOD5 BOD 5 20 OC

BOD (ppm)

1 ppm 3 ppm 100 - 400 ppm 100 - 20,000 ppm () ( BOD5 20 ppm)

2

1.) - Oxidation - 2.) - NO3- SO42-

C CO2 N NH3 , HNO3 S H2SO4 P H3PO4

Oxidation N NH3 , amines

C CH4

S H2S ( ) P PH3

2. Coliform bacteria ( ) - bacteria stanndard plate count 500 / 1 cm3-

3. -

- Eutrophication Algae bloom ( ) DO ) - (Na5P3O10 ) algae bloom

K , N , P , C ( CO2 )

4. -

5. - Oil pollution

6.

7.

- (Erosion)

8.

-

9.

- Thermal pollution

: :

: ?1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

1. : CaHCO3 Ca2+ MgHCO3 MgSO4 + 2 CH3(CH2)16 COO CaSO4 Ca[ OOC(CH2)16 CH3]2

Calcium Stearate () : (CaCO3) Ca2+ + 2HCO3CaCO3 +

CO2

+ H2O

Lime - soda process

- [ Ca(OH)2 ] Ca2+ Ca2+ + 2HCO3- + Ca(OH)2 Ca2+ + 2Cl- + 2Na+ + CO322ClCaCO3(s) Ca2+ + CO32CO32+ H2O - (Na2CO3) 2CaCO3 + 2H2O +

CaCO3

+

2Na+

Mg2+ OH- Na2CO3 Mg2+ + 2OHMg(OH)2

HCO3- + OH-

2. (Ion Exchange Process) ion ion ion (ionexchange resin) - cation exchanger ( ion + ) H+ () Na+ ( ) - anion exchanger ( ion - ) Cl- ( ) OH- ()

ion Ca2+ Mg2+ cation exchanger Zeolite (Na+ZeO-) (Alumino silicate) ion 2 Na+ZeO- (S) + Ca2+ (aq) Ca2+ (ZeO-)2 (S) + 2 Na+ (aq)

Zeolite : NaCl conc. Ca2+ (ZeO-)2 (S) + Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) 2 Na+ZeO- (S) + Ca2+ + Cl- (aq)

3. 2 1. ion 2. -

( + floc) chlorination ( + ) (C (g) l2 )

+

(K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O) Coagulant (floc) () pH 6.8 - 7.5 floc

4.

3 1.

BOD ( raw sludge)

BOD (a) (activated sludge) (b) (tricking filters) (a) (b) (C , H , O , N) + + CO2 + H2O + ( )

2.

3. , , ppm - - -

BOD 20

: : : : : : : (activated carbon)

5. BOD 100 - 400 ppm 200 - 1,000 /.. - -

(Tropospere) 10 90 % N2 = 78 % O2 = 21 % CO2 = 0.03%

= 0.97 %

1.) - Oxide N , S , C NO , NO2 , SO2 , SO3 , CO , CO2 2.) - Hydrocarbon : Methane , Buthane , Octane , Benzene , Acetylene , Ethylene , Butadiene - Aldehyde and Ketone : Formadehyde , Acetone - : Chlorinated He , Benzo pyrene , Alcohol , Carboxilic acid 3.) paticulates - H2S , HF , NH3 , Cl2

- : asbestos - :

: CO Particulate

CO Hydrocarbon Oxide S Oxide N Particulates

( tolerent level ) 3 g / m (relative toxicity) ppm 32 0.5 0.25 40,000 19,300 1,430 514 375 1,000 2.07 28 77.8 106.7

1. CO ( CO 0.1 ppm)

: () : Isooctane (2 , 2 , 4 - trimethylpentane) - CO 10 % - 90 % 1.) Oxidation CH4 (g) free radical (OH) 2.) Oxidation () biological oxidation

O2

CO 2 -

- CO2 hydroxyl radical (OH)

Hb + O2

O2 CO + HbO2

CO HbO2 (Oxy - haemoglobin) HbCO + O2

carboxyhaemoglobin CO O2 --------------#

-----------#

2. Oxide SO2 2H2S + 3O2 ( ) 2SO2 + O2 (air) SO2 2SO2 + 2H2O 2SO3+ O H 2

2H2SO4

- 0.0002 ppm SO3 - ( H2O) - ( ) - ( )

-

3. Particulates

- aerosols - - visible light - asbestos : oxide S , Mg , Fe , Al , Ca , K , Na H2O

silicosis ( silica)

4. : N2 + O2 NOO O 2 3

(N2O) (NO) (NO2) 2NO NO2

Oxide CH3 CH3 CH3CCH2CH isooctane CH3 CH3 + () CO2 + H2O + NOx

isooctane

+ ()

CO + hydrocarbon + H2O + NOx

constriction

NOx 0.001 ppm

bronchio

NOx H2O () HNO3 NOx photochemical

smog

5. -

85 % photochemical

smog

6. (Smog) 2 . .

: Thermal inversion oxide particulates

:

:

: Thermal Inversion :

photochemical smogNO2 (primary pollutant) O. + O2 O3h v

NO. + O.

O. + hydrocarbon O - hydrocarbon. O - hydrocarbon. + hydrocarbon aldehydes + Ketone ---------* O O - hydrocarbon + NO2 R - C peroxyacyl nitrate (PAN) ---------* * O - ONO2

2

1.) - gas particulates 1.1) (Cyclone Separator) - - - particulate - particulate > 50 ( )

1.2) (Wet Scrubber) - - particulate - 0.05 75 - 99 % - ( ) 1.3) - - - - 0.05

1.4) (Fabric Filters) - - fibrous mats - - 0.01 - 2.

- - - oxidation : H2O CO2

- - ( 700

O

C )

O3

- > 4,200 - - 2 - 1. 2.

- : N , P , K , Ca , Mg , S - :Mn , Fe , B , Cu , Mo

- - - - ( )

- ( fluorapatite , Ca 3(PO4)2.CaF2 ) () + H2SO4 Ca(H2PO4)2 - P P2O5 + CaSO4

- - - K K2O

2 - NO3-N

- - methemoglobinemia blue babies ( 3 ) methemoglobin - 10 ppm 45 ppm ( U.S.A.)

- 45 ppm - WHO

NO3-N 0 - 50 0 - 11.3

ppm

50 - 100

11.3 - 22.6

100 22.6

1. Acaricides 2. (Algae) Algicides 3. Herbicides 4. Bactericides 5. Fungicides

6. Arboricides 7. Insecticides 8. Molluskicides 9. Rodenticides :

( ) - 2 (1) As - Paris green (Copper acetoarsenite , (CuO3.As2O3.Cu(C2H3O2)2) - Pb3(AsO4)2 - Na3AsO3

(Pesticide)

(Bordeau mixture) ( + CuSO4)

(2) - () - - - DDT (Dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane) - > 900

4 1.) (Chlorinated HC)- - - > 2 > 20 - Aldrin , DDT , Dieldrin , Lindane , Mifex , Methoxychlor

2.)

3.) (Carbamates)

- - ( 1 - 12 ) - 5 mg /Kg - - ( 1 - 12 )

4.) -

- - - (HgCl2 , Hg2Cl2) ( ) (Tl2SO4 , CH3COOTl)

- - (I) -

- (Lime sulfur) - / - (Benomyl) (Thiophanate) :

2 1.) 2.) 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid)

- Soil herbicides ( ) ( ) - ( paraquat ) ()

(Rodenticides)- Compound 1080 - ( ) - (rat)

chlorinated hydrocarbon ( DDT ) chlorinated hydrocarbon 2 aldrin + O2 2 dieldrin DDT ( ) DDE and DDD

hydrolysis product hydrolysis + +

1. DDT Deildrin 79.4 ppm 1.33 ppm 4.58 ppm 2.38 ppm 0.39 ppm

2.18 ppm 0.78 ppm protein 38 - 50 1/2 2 - 3 1/2 61 - 84 1/2 1 - 3 1/2

2. DDT - dehydrochlorinase DDT derivative

1. : 2. : 3. chlorinated hydrocarbon : Chlo. Hy. Enz. Carbonic anhydrase CaCO3

4. : chlorinated biphenyl PCB 5. :

LD50 (Lethal dose to 50 %) LD 50 DDT = 200 mg / kg ..

Malathion = 1000 , Mevinphos = 6 *

1. - 2. ( ) DDT () * pheromon (mix pheromones)

- : Na+ Mg2+ K+ Fe2+ Ca2+ - : Mn2+ Co2+ Ni2+ Cu2+ Zn2+ Mo2+ Sr2+

( m.p. - 38.9 OC ) 13.59 20 OC

: Amalgam ; Calomel (HgCl2) , Coloradoite (HgTe) , Livingstonite (HgSb4O7) , Timannite (HgSe) ()

: PVC (II) (HgCl2)

( )

Hg2Cl2 , HgCl2 ()

Hg (l)

+

S (s)

HgS(S)

dimethyl mercury [(CH3)2Hg] , methyl ethyl mercury [ CH3CH2HgCH3]

(biological half life) 75 75

HgCl2 CH3HgCH3

11.35 ( PbS )

tetraethyl lead (TEL) gasoline 4 PbNa + 4 C2H5Cl Pb(C2H5)4 + 3 Pb + 4 NaCl ethyl chloride tetraethyl lead (TEL)

() Pb

PbO( Lead (II) oxide )

Pb ethylene dibromide (BrCH2CH2Br) , ethylene dichloride (ClCH2CH2Cl) TEL

PbCl2 + PbBr2

octene (octene ()) Battery Galvanic Pb anode PbO2 cathode

0.25 ppm () 0.8 ppm ( PbS ) porphyrin ( ) * Pb

m.p. 320.9 OC 8.65 20 OC CdS Zn Cd - Ni,

Cd - Ag

Cd - Au

Zn

50 Cd 10 - (50 -60) itai - itai

1. Se : 2.

3. 4. ( ) 5. ()

:

(International Atomic Energy Agency) IAEA UN International Commission on Radiobiological Protection (ICRP) : 3

1. ( )

2. product product product ( solvent extraction ) 3.

product Fe Ni Corrosion product gas gas N - 16 , Ar - 41

1. : 2. : 3. : 4. :

4

1. ( Dilute and disperse ) 2. ( Concentration and Contain )

3. ( Delay and Decay )

1.

( )

2.

*

3.

( )

isotope nonheating waste ( 0.2 BTU / ./ )

self - heating : - : 800 OC

, 2 , : , 2541. , , , 2545.