* El Geniena

LRA

Zaghawa/Janjaweed

Beja

Overview of Sudan and DarfurOverview of Sudan and Darfur

Geography: 2.376 million sq. km. – Geography: 2.376 million sq. km. – 25% 25% the size of United Statesthe size of United States– Darfur: Size of France – 3 States: North, South, West Darfur: Size of France – 3 States: North, South, West

Population: over Population: over 38 million38 million; ; 6 million 6 million in Darfurin Darfur Life Expectancy: 58 yearsLife Expectancy: 58 years

Religions: Religions: 70% Sunni 70% Sunni MuslimMuslim; 22% Indigenous Traditional; 8% ; 22% Indigenous Traditional; 8% ChristianChristian

Ethnic Groups: 62% Ethnic Groups: 62% Black AfricanBlack African; 29% Arab; 6% Bejan; 2% ; 29% Arab; 6% Bejan; 2% ForeignersForeigners

Economy: 80% of Sudanese work in Agriculture; oil production equals Economy: 80% of Sudanese work in Agriculture; oil production equals 250,000 barrels/day; $2 billion in oil revenue per 250,000 barrels/day; $2 billion in oil revenue per

year year– Major Oil Players: Major Oil Players: ChinaChina, Malaysia, India, , Malaysia, India, RussiaRussia, other minor , other minor

playersplayers

Prospects for Peace between North – SouthProspects for Peace between North – South

More than More than 21 years of civil war 21 years of civil war – southern Sudan completely devastated– southern Sudan completely devastated– Over Over 2 million people died2 million people died– Over Over 4 million people were forcibly displaced4 million people were forcibly displaced within Sudan or fled to within Sudan or fled to

neighboring countries (refugees)neighboring countries (refugees)– Multiple factions in south, Government-backed militias Multiple factions in south, Government-backed militias

Naivasha Comprehensive Peace Accords: 4 Protocols dealing with:Naivasha Comprehensive Peace Accords: 4 Protocols dealing with:1.1. Peace/SecurityPeace/Security2.2. Autonomous (regional) governance and National Assembly/Government Autonomous (regional) governance and National Assembly/Government

representationrepresentation3.3. Revenue sharing from oil proceedsRevenue sharing from oil proceeds4.4. Right to Self-Determination after interim period of 6 yearsRight to Self-Determination after interim period of 6 years==============================================================================================================5.5. Special arrangement for 3 Contested Areas: Abeyei, Nuba Mountains, Southern Special arrangement for 3 Contested Areas: Abeyei, Nuba Mountains, Southern

Blue NileBlue Nile6.6. Shari’a Law Code and Status of Khartoum Shari’a Law Code and Status of Khartoum

United Nations Peace-observing Mission to North/South: United Nations Peace-observing Mission to North/South: 10,715 strong, with 10,715 strong, with mandate to monitor ceasefire violations and protect their own staffmandate to monitor ceasefire violations and protect their own staff (UNSC#1590)(UNSC#1590)

CRISIS IN DARFURCRISIS IN DARFUR

February 2003 February 2003 – Black African – Black African farmers conduct an attacks on farmers conduct an attacks on police and military headquarters in police and military headquarters in El Fashir. El Fashir.

Government in Khartoum conducts Government in Khartoum conducts air and ground strikes against air and ground strikes against villages throughout Darfur’s three villages throughout Darfur’s three provinces.provinces.

Government forces incapable of Government forces incapable of stopping the stopping the two rebel movementstwo rebel movements: : Sudan Liberation Army (SLM) – Sudan Liberation Army (SLM) – Justice and Equality Movement Justice and Equality Movement (JEM)(JEM)

Government arms Arab militias and Government arms Arab militias and employs them against rebels and employs them against rebels and civilian populations [civilian populations [JanjaweedJanjaweed, , Popular Defense Forces –PDF, Popular Defense Forces –PDF, other armed groups].other armed groups].

CONSEQUENCES OF VIOLENCECONSEQUENCES OF VIOLENCE

More than 300,000 people More than 300,000 people have died in have died in Darfur as result of fighting, displacement, Darfur as result of fighting, displacement, disease and hunger (British Parliament disease and hunger (British Parliament Report – 300,000; E. Reeves – 400,000+)Report – 300,000; E. Reeves – 400,000+)

– 140,000 deaths through violence (Hagan, NU)140,000 deaths through violence (Hagan, NU)– 300-500 deaths per day300-500 deaths per day**Secretary Rice/State Department: downplaying **Secretary Rice/State Department: downplaying

numbers and emergency!numbers and emergency!

More than More than 2.4 million 2.4 million Internally Displaced.Internally Displaced.

2.7 - 3 million 2.7 - 3 million in need of food assistance in in need of food assistance in 2005.2005.

200,000 Refugees in Chad.200,000 Refugees in Chad.

DARFUR ACCOUNTABILITY ACTDARFUR ACCOUNTABILITY ACTEMERGENCY SUPPLEMENT - RESOLUTIONEMERGENCY SUPPLEMENT - RESOLUTION

End the violence in Darfur End the violence in Darfur Hold accountable those who have committed Hold accountable those who have committed

acts of genocide, crimes against humanity acts of genocide, crimes against humanity and international law, war crimes.and international law, war crimes.

Coordinate and increase U.S. diplomatic Coordinate and increase U.S. diplomatic efforts to achieve effective implementation of efforts to achieve effective implementation of UNSC Resolutions and implement Targeted UNSC Resolutions and implement Targeted Sanctions.Sanctions.

Accelerated Assistance to AUAccelerated Assistance to AU

Presidential Envoy for DarfurPresidential Envoy for Darfur

Extend current UN Arms Embargo to cover Extend current UN Arms Embargo to cover Government in KhartoumGovernment in Khartoum

Military No-Fly Zone Military No-Fly Zone

Asset Freeze/Travel Bans – those responsible Asset Freeze/Travel Bans – those responsible for Genocide/War Crimesfor Genocide/War Crimes

– UN UN ICIICI list of ’51’ list of ’51’

AFRICAN UNIONAFRICAN UNION

Mission: Mission: Monitor Ceasefire AgreementsMonitor Ceasefire Agreements Strength: 2,000+ (Observers and Strength: 2,000+ (Observers and

Protection Forces (of monitors)Protection Forces (of monitors)– 3,320 Promised by AU for Darfur3,320 Promised by AU for Darfur

Logistical problemsLogistical problems Lack of Qualified SoldiersLack of Qualified Soldiers Lack of Political Will on part of Lack of Political Will on part of

KhartoumKhartoum

AU/UN: Troops to be increased to over AU/UN: Troops to be increased to over 7, 000 – Annan called for 12, 0007, 000 – Annan called for 12, 000

2007 - the UN and AU will jointly deploy 2007 - the UN and AU will jointly deploy the world's largest peacekeeping force - the world's largest peacekeeping force - 26,000 troops - to Darfur.26,000 troops - to Darfur.

UNITED NATIONS AND SUDAN UNITED NATIONS AND SUDAN (2004-05)(2004-05)

Problems of Consensus within UN Security Problems of Consensus within UN Security Council (UNSC)Council (UNSC)

Economic and Political concerns of UN Economic and Political concerns of UN Security Council Members:Security Council Members:

– China: 25% of domestic oil from China: 25% of domestic oil from Africa; major investments in SudanAfrica; major investments in Sudan

– Russia: major supplier of arms to SudanRussia: major supplier of arms to Sudan

– Pakistan, Algeria: concerns about Arab Pakistan, Algeria: concerns about Arab League and ‘united front’League and ‘united front’

– France: not played helpful role in France: not played helpful role in UNSC (long history with Chad)UNSC (long history with Chad)

UNSC Resolution 1564, par. 14:UNSC Resolution 1564, par. 14:““shall consider taking additional measures as shall consider taking additional measures as contemplated in Article 41 (Chapter VII) of the contemplated in Article 41 (Chapter VII) of the Charter of the UN, such as sanctions to affect Charter of the UN, such as sanctions to affect Sudan’s petroleum sector and the GOS or Sudan’s petroleum sector and the GOS or individual members of the GOS, in order to individual members of the GOS, in order to take effecting action to obtain full compliance take effecting action to obtain full compliance or full cooperation.” (Sept. 18, 2004)or full cooperation.” (Sept. 18, 2004)

UN SANCTIONS – March 29, 2005 UN SANCTIONS – March 29, 2005 Resolution # 1591Resolution # 1591

1.1. Travel BanTravel Ban: no travel to countries who are members of UN: no travel to countries who are members of UN

2.2. Assets FreezeAssets Freeze (funds, financial assets, economic resources; bank holdings, other (funds, financial assets, economic resources; bank holdings, other assets)assets)

3.3. 30 day delay30 day delay: all parties must comply with all previous commitments : all parties must comply with all previous commitments (ceasefire agreements, previous UN Sec. Council Resolutions)(ceasefire agreements, previous UN Sec. Council Resolutions)

4.4. Condemns the Government in KhartoumCondemns the Government in Khartoum for its continued attacks (air, ground), for its continued attacks (air, ground), further support of Janjaweed armed militia groups, failure to arrest and bring to justice those further support of Janjaweed armed militia groups, failure to arrest and bring to justice those Janjaweed, their associates, and others who are responsible for crimes against international law Janjaweed, their associates, and others who are responsible for crimes against international law and crimes against humanityand crimes against humanity

5.5. Create a Committee of the Sec. CouncilCreate a Committee of the Sec. Council (all members of the Council) to (all members of the Council) to monitor implementation of measures, report every 90 days on progress monitor implementation of measures, report every 90 days on progress achieved, achieved, create Panel of Expertscreate Panel of Experts

6.6. GOS must cease all offensive military flights in/over Darfur region.GOS must cease all offensive military flights in/over Darfur region.

Current ProblemsCurrent Problems Fighting between rebel groups, as well as between Arab Fighting between rebel groups, as well as between Arab

groups, has too often affected or targeted civilians.groups, has too often affected or targeted civilians. Violence along ethnic lines has increased, both in the Violence along ethnic lines has increased, both in the

camps and rural areas. camps and rural areas. Rebel groups have betrayed humanitarian efforts by failing Rebel groups have betrayed humanitarian efforts by failing

to provide adequate security, or claiming to provide security to provide adequate security, or claiming to provide security that is beyond their military means. that is beyond their military means. (Some rebel elements and (Some rebel elements and regime-backed militia forces have also looted humanitarian convoys regime-backed militia forces have also looted humanitarian convoys

Khartoum has recently given strong evidence that it intends Khartoum has recently given strong evidence that it intends to accelerate a primary policy goal of the past four years: to accelerate a primary policy goal of the past four years: forcing displaced persons from the camps of equipment forcing displaced persons from the camps of equipment and vehicles.)and vehicles.)

““On 28 September 2005, some reportedly 400 Janjaweed On 28 September 2005, some reportedly 400 Janjaweed Arab militia on camels and horseback went on the rampage Arab militia on camels and horseback went on the rampage in Aru Sharo, Acho and Gozmena villages in West Darfur. in Aru Sharo, Acho and Gozmena villages in West Darfur. Reports also indicated that the day previous, and indeed Reports also indicated that the day previous, and indeed on the actual day of the attack, Government of Sudan on the actual day of the attack, Government of Sudan helicopter gunships were observed overhead. This helicopter gunships were observed overhead. This apparent coordinated land and air assault gives credence apparent coordinated land and air assault gives credence to the repeated claim by the rebel movements of collusion to the repeated claim by the rebel movements of collusion between the Government of Sudan forces and the between the Government of Sudan forces and the Janjaweed/Arab militia. This incident, which was confirmed Janjaweed/Arab militia. This incident, which was confirmed not only by investigators but also by workers of not only by investigators but also by workers of humanitarian agencies and nongovernmental organizations humanitarian agencies and nongovernmental organizations in the area, took a heavy toll resulting in 32 people killed, 4 in the area, took a heavy toll resulting in 32 people killed, 4 injured and 7 missing, and about 80 houses/shelters looted injured and 7 missing, and about 80 houses/shelters looted and set ablaze.”and set ablaze.”