* el geniena
DESCRIPTION
Beja. Zaghawa/ Janjaweed. * El Geniena. LRA. Overview of Sudan and Darfur. Geography: 2.376 million sq. km. – 25% the size of United States Darfur: Size of France – 3 States: North, South, West Population: over 38 million ; 6 million in Darfur Life Expectancy: 58 years - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
* El Geniena
LRA
Zaghawa/Janjaweed
Beja
Overview of Sudan and DarfurOverview of Sudan and Darfur
Geography: 2.376 million sq. km. – Geography: 2.376 million sq. km. – 25% 25% the size of United Statesthe size of United States– Darfur: Size of France – 3 States: North, South, West Darfur: Size of France – 3 States: North, South, West
Population: over Population: over 38 million38 million; ; 6 million 6 million in Darfurin Darfur Life Expectancy: 58 yearsLife Expectancy: 58 years
Religions: Religions: 70% Sunni 70% Sunni MuslimMuslim; 22% Indigenous Traditional; 8% ; 22% Indigenous Traditional; 8% ChristianChristian
Ethnic Groups: 62% Ethnic Groups: 62% Black AfricanBlack African; 29% Arab; 6% Bejan; 2% ; 29% Arab; 6% Bejan; 2% ForeignersForeigners
Economy: 80% of Sudanese work in Agriculture; oil production equals Economy: 80% of Sudanese work in Agriculture; oil production equals 250,000 barrels/day; $2 billion in oil revenue per 250,000 barrels/day; $2 billion in oil revenue per
year year– Major Oil Players: Major Oil Players: ChinaChina, Malaysia, India, , Malaysia, India, RussiaRussia, other minor , other minor
playersplayers
Prospects for Peace between North – SouthProspects for Peace between North – South
More than More than 21 years of civil war 21 years of civil war – southern Sudan completely devastated– southern Sudan completely devastated– Over Over 2 million people died2 million people died– Over Over 4 million people were forcibly displaced4 million people were forcibly displaced within Sudan or fled to within Sudan or fled to
neighboring countries (refugees)neighboring countries (refugees)– Multiple factions in south, Government-backed militias Multiple factions in south, Government-backed militias
Naivasha Comprehensive Peace Accords: 4 Protocols dealing with:Naivasha Comprehensive Peace Accords: 4 Protocols dealing with:1.1. Peace/SecurityPeace/Security2.2. Autonomous (regional) governance and National Assembly/Government Autonomous (regional) governance and National Assembly/Government
representationrepresentation3.3. Revenue sharing from oil proceedsRevenue sharing from oil proceeds4.4. Right to Self-Determination after interim period of 6 yearsRight to Self-Determination after interim period of 6 years==============================================================================================================5.5. Special arrangement for 3 Contested Areas: Abeyei, Nuba Mountains, Southern Special arrangement for 3 Contested Areas: Abeyei, Nuba Mountains, Southern
Blue NileBlue Nile6.6. Shari’a Law Code and Status of Khartoum Shari’a Law Code and Status of Khartoum
United Nations Peace-observing Mission to North/South: United Nations Peace-observing Mission to North/South: 10,715 strong, with 10,715 strong, with mandate to monitor ceasefire violations and protect their own staffmandate to monitor ceasefire violations and protect their own staff (UNSC#1590)(UNSC#1590)
CRISIS IN DARFURCRISIS IN DARFUR
February 2003 February 2003 – Black African – Black African farmers conduct an attacks on farmers conduct an attacks on police and military headquarters in police and military headquarters in El Fashir. El Fashir.
Government in Khartoum conducts Government in Khartoum conducts air and ground strikes against air and ground strikes against villages throughout Darfur’s three villages throughout Darfur’s three provinces.provinces.
Government forces incapable of Government forces incapable of stopping the stopping the two rebel movementstwo rebel movements: : Sudan Liberation Army (SLM) – Sudan Liberation Army (SLM) – Justice and Equality Movement Justice and Equality Movement (JEM)(JEM)
Government arms Arab militias and Government arms Arab militias and employs them against rebels and employs them against rebels and civilian populations [civilian populations [JanjaweedJanjaweed, , Popular Defense Forces –PDF, Popular Defense Forces –PDF, other armed groups].other armed groups].
CONSEQUENCES OF VIOLENCECONSEQUENCES OF VIOLENCE
More than 300,000 people More than 300,000 people have died in have died in Darfur as result of fighting, displacement, Darfur as result of fighting, displacement, disease and hunger (British Parliament disease and hunger (British Parliament Report – 300,000; E. Reeves – 400,000+)Report – 300,000; E. Reeves – 400,000+)
– 140,000 deaths through violence (Hagan, NU)140,000 deaths through violence (Hagan, NU)– 300-500 deaths per day300-500 deaths per day**Secretary Rice/State Department: downplaying **Secretary Rice/State Department: downplaying
numbers and emergency!numbers and emergency!
More than More than 2.4 million 2.4 million Internally Displaced.Internally Displaced.
2.7 - 3 million 2.7 - 3 million in need of food assistance in in need of food assistance in 2005.2005.
200,000 Refugees in Chad.200,000 Refugees in Chad.
UNITED STATES’ ROLE IN SUDANUNITED STATES’ ROLE IN SUDAN
Key Role in Promoting Naivasha Peace Negotiations Key Role in Promoting Naivasha Peace Negotiations and in securing Comprehensive Peace Agreement and in securing Comprehensive Peace Agreement signed on January 9, 2005 in Nairobi.signed on January 9, 2005 in Nairobi.
Providing Providing 50%50% of food/non-food aid. of food/non-food aid.
State Department: $40 million for AU (logistics, State Department: $40 million for AU (logistics, transport, technical support)transport, technical support)
DARFUR ACCOUNTABILITY ACTDARFUR ACCOUNTABILITY ACTEMERGENCY SUPPLEMENT - RESOLUTIONEMERGENCY SUPPLEMENT - RESOLUTION
End the violence in Darfur End the violence in Darfur Hold accountable those who have committed Hold accountable those who have committed
acts of genocide, crimes against humanity acts of genocide, crimes against humanity and international law, war crimes.and international law, war crimes.
Coordinate and increase U.S. diplomatic Coordinate and increase U.S. diplomatic efforts to achieve effective implementation of efforts to achieve effective implementation of UNSC Resolutions and implement Targeted UNSC Resolutions and implement Targeted Sanctions.Sanctions.
Accelerated Assistance to AUAccelerated Assistance to AU
Presidential Envoy for DarfurPresidential Envoy for Darfur
Extend current UN Arms Embargo to cover Extend current UN Arms Embargo to cover Government in KhartoumGovernment in Khartoum
Military No-Fly Zone Military No-Fly Zone
Asset Freeze/Travel Bans – those responsible Asset Freeze/Travel Bans – those responsible for Genocide/War Crimesfor Genocide/War Crimes
– UN UN ICIICI list of ’51’ list of ’51’
AFRICAN UNIONAFRICAN UNION
Mission: Mission: Monitor Ceasefire AgreementsMonitor Ceasefire Agreements Strength: 2,000+ (Observers and Strength: 2,000+ (Observers and
Protection Forces (of monitors)Protection Forces (of monitors)– 3,320 Promised by AU for Darfur3,320 Promised by AU for Darfur
Logistical problemsLogistical problems Lack of Qualified SoldiersLack of Qualified Soldiers Lack of Political Will on part of Lack of Political Will on part of
KhartoumKhartoum 8,000-10,000 (Pronk/Egeland)8,000-10,000 (Pronk/Egeland) 45-50,000 (Dallaire)45-50,000 (Dallaire)
AU/UN: Troops to be increased to over AU/UN: Troops to be increased to over 7, 000 – Annan calls for 12, 0007, 000 – Annan calls for 12, 000
– ‘‘Modified’ Chapter VI mandate: Modified’ Chapter VI mandate: Right to actively protect civiliansRight to actively protect civilians Right to intervene and prevent violence, Right to intervene and prevent violence,
disarm aggressorsdisarm aggressors
Increasing likelihood that AU will work closely with UNMIS – sharing of assets.
UNITED NATIONS AND SUDANUNITED NATIONS AND SUDAN Problems of Consensus within UN Security Problems of Consensus within UN Security
Council (UNSC)Council (UNSC)
Economic and Political concerns of UN Economic and Political concerns of UN Security Council Members:Security Council Members:
– China: 25% of domestic oil from China: 25% of domestic oil from Africa; major investments in SudanAfrica; major investments in Sudan
– Russia: major supplier of arms to SudanRussia: major supplier of arms to Sudan
– Pakistan, Algeria: concerns about Arab Pakistan, Algeria: concerns about Arab League and ‘united front’League and ‘united front’
– France: not played helpful role in France: not played helpful role in UNSC (long history with Chad)UNSC (long history with Chad)
UNSC Resolution 1564, par. 14:UNSC Resolution 1564, par. 14:““shall consider taking additional measures as shall consider taking additional measures as contemplated in Article 41 (Chapter VII) of the contemplated in Article 41 (Chapter VII) of the Charter of the UN, such as sanctions to affect Charter of the UN, such as sanctions to affect Sudan’s petroleum sector and the GOS or Sudan’s petroleum sector and the GOS or individual members of the GOS, in order to individual members of the GOS, in order to take effecting action to obtain full compliance take effecting action to obtain full compliance or full cooperation.” (Sept. 18, 2004)or full cooperation.” (Sept. 18, 2004)
UN SANCTIONS – March 29, 2005 UN SANCTIONS – March 29, 2005 Resolution # 1591Resolution # 1591
1.1. Travel BanTravel Ban: no travel to countries who are members of UN: no travel to countries who are members of UN
2.2. Assets FreezeAssets Freeze (funds, financial assets, economic resources; bank holdings, other (funds, financial assets, economic resources; bank holdings, other assets)assets)
3.3. 30 day delay30 day delay: all parties must comply with all previous commitments : all parties must comply with all previous commitments (ceasefire agreements, previous UN Sec. Council Resolutions)(ceasefire agreements, previous UN Sec. Council Resolutions)
4.4. Condemns the Government in KhartoumCondemns the Government in Khartoum for its continued attacks (air, ground), for its continued attacks (air, ground), further support of Janjaweed armed militia groups, failure to arrest and bring to justice those further support of Janjaweed armed militia groups, failure to arrest and bring to justice those Janjaweed, their associates, and others who are responsible for crimes against international law Janjaweed, their associates, and others who are responsible for crimes against international law and crimes against humanityand crimes against humanity
5.5. Create a Committee of the Sec. CouncilCreate a Committee of the Sec. Council (all members of the Council) to (all members of the Council) to monitor implementation of measures, report every 90 days on progress monitor implementation of measures, report every 90 days on progress achieved, achieved, create Panel of Expertscreate Panel of Experts
6.6. GOS must cease all offensive military flights in/over Darfur region.GOS must cease all offensive military flights in/over Darfur region.