WHAT TO CİTE

COMMON KNOWLEDGE

Diana died after a car crush in a road tunnel in Paris along with Dodi Al-Fayed.

(Citation is not needed, common knowledge)

After Diana’s death, on July 6, 2004, Queen Elizabeth II officially opened the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fountain designed by the architect Kathryn Gustafson. The fountain is located in Hyde Park in London.

(Citation needed, not common knowledge)

WHAT NEEDS TO BE CİTED VS. WHAT IS COMMON KNOWLEDGE.

All statistics, data, figures

References to studies done by others

References to specific facts the avarage reader would not know unless s/he had done research

All direct quotations All paraphrases All summaries All translations

General information that most people know. (World war I took place between the years 1914-1918.)

Information shared by a cultural group. (Atatürk was born in Salonika in 1881.)

Knowledge shared by the members of a certain field. The leader-Member-Exchange Theory in political science describes how leaders, over time, develop different exchange relationships with their various followers)

RELATİVİTY

What is common knowledge in one culture, to one group, might not be common in another.

EVEN İF A PİECE OF İNFORMATİON İS COMMON KNOWLEDGE, YOU NEED TO CİTE İT İF YOU HAVE TAKEN İT FROM A BOOK/ARTİCLE ETC. !

WHEN İN DOUBT, CİTE İT!

COMMON KNOWLEDGE OR NOT?

1. 76 % of the American men sent to Vietnam were from the lower-middle, working class backgrounds.

2. Barrack Obama is the first elected African-American president of the USA.

3. Hitler was born in 20 April 1889 at the Gasthof zum Pommer.

4. The 1789 French Revolution was a period of political and social upheaval in the history of France during which the French government underwent radical changes.

COMMON KNOWLEDGE OR NOT?

1. 76 % of the American men sent to Vietnam were from the lower-middle, working class backgrounds. (Not common knowledge-cite it)

2. Barrack Obama is the first elected African-American president of the USA. (Common knowledge)

3. Hitler was born in 20 April 1889 at the Gasthof zum Pommer. (Not common knowledge-cite it)

4. The 1789 French Revolution was a period of political and social upheaval in the history of France during which the French government underwent radical changes. (Common knowledge)

Giving in-text and end-text references

APA STYLE CITATION

(Surname, year, page number)

IN-TEXT CİTATİON

THREE WAYS

Gawrich (1988) refers to an incident during the Dardanelles Campaign. He narrates that Mustafa Kemal...in that area (p.322)

Robinson (1963, p. 245) explains that during the battle of Anafarta Ridge, ...little hope of survival.

In Leadership: Enriching the Lessons of Experience, it is argued that... (Hughes, Ginnett & Curphy, 2006, p. 290).

TASK: GO BACK TO THE TEXT «MUSTAFA KEMAL ATATÜRK: A COMMANDER AND AN EFFECTİVE LEADER». FİND AND UNDERLİNE EXAMPLES FOR EACH OF THE REFERENCES ABOVE.

DİFFERENT CASES OF İN-TEXT CİTATİONS

DİFFERENT CASES OF İN-TEXT CİTATİONS A source with 2 writers:1. Programs for helping leaders and would-be

leaders to become more emotionally intelligent have mushroomed in recent years. (Hermen & Mellers, 2000, p. 32)

2. Hermen and Mellers (2000) state that programs for helping leaders and would-be leaders to become more emotionally intelligent have mushroomed in recent years (p.32).

A SOURCE WİTH 3+ WRİTERS

The first time it is mentioned:

In leadership: enhancing the Lessons of Experience, it is argued that leaders can be distinguished by their vision and values (Hughes, Ginnet, & Curphy, 2006, p.34).

From the second time onwards:

Once a leader displays a particular full range leadership behavior, followers react in a way that either motivates or demotivates them (Hughes et al., 2006, p. 34).

Hughes et al. (2006, p.34) explain that once a leader displays a particular full range leadership behaviour, followers react in a way that either motivates or demotivates them.

A BORROWED SOURCE IN THE SOURCE

According to Viscount Slim, willpower and firmness, which are elements of determination, are the most critical characteristics for a leader (as cited in Hughes et al., 2006, p. 15).

NO AUTHOR

If the source you use has no author but is the work of an organization, you can give the name of the organization instead of the writer’s surname.   (UNESCO, 1999, para. 4) If the source you use has no author, give the title in quotation marks.  (“An Effective Leader,” 2000, para. 7)

NO DATE

If there is no date of publication, put “n.d.” in the place of year of publication.

(Jackson, n.d., para.5).

ABOUT PAGE NUMBERS

If the information is on a single page, put “p.” before the page number.

Lewis (1967) points out that following his victory in the Turkish War of Independence, there were many distractions, which at that time might have dissuaded Mustafa Kemal, a war-hero (p. 254).

If the information is on more than a single page, put “pp.” before and “-“ between the page numbers.

Kinross (1965, pp. 94-95) points out that knowing the patriotic fighting spirit of the Turks, Mustafa Kemal knew how to arouse Turk’s blood. This is how Mustafa Kemal and the Turkish soldiers saved the Gallipoli Peninsula.

 

If there is no page number, indicate the paragraph number with either the abbreviation “para.” or with the symbol “¶”  In his article “Atatürk in His Lifetime and Today”, Mango (2000)

explains, as one of the Turkish biographers put it, the basic ideas, the new ideas came from Atatürk, their implementation he left to others (para. 3).

 OR  In his article “Atatürk in His Lifetime and Today”, Mango (2000)

explains, as one of the Turkish biographers put it, the basic ideas, the new ideas came from Atatürk, their implementation he left to others (¶ 3).

An end-text reference provides a more detailed account of the sources that have been used in the essay. The aim of giving end-text reference is to provide the reader

with all the necessary information in case s/he wants to make use of the same source. End-text reference is listed under the title “References” at the end of your

essay.

END-TEXT CİTATİON

GUİDELİNES

All the sources cited in the text should appear on the reference list.

The title of the reference list should be “References” and should be centered on

the page.

The reference list should begin on a new page.

The list of works should be arranged alphabetically by the authors’ surnames.

The entries should be double-spaced. The first line should be flushed with the

left margin, and all subsequent lines should be indented five spaces from the

left margin.

WHAT KIND OF SOURCES ARE LISTED IN THE REFERENCE LIST BELOW? BOOK, JOURNAL ARTICLE, BOOK BY MORE THAN 1 AUTHOR, INTERNET

ARTICLE, NEWSPAPER ARTICLE?

REFERENCES Gawrych, G. (1988). Kemal Ataturk’s politico-military strategy in the Turkish War of Independence

1919–1923: From guerilla warfare to the decisive battle. In S. Potter (Ed.), The Journal of Strategic Studies (pp.320-327). New York: Routledge.

Handel, M. (1996). Masters of war: Classical strategic thought. London: Frank Cass. Hughes, R., Ginnett, R., & Curphy, G. (2006). Leadership: Enhancing the lessons of experience (5th ed.).

Singapore: Irwin McGraw-Hill. Kinross, L. (1965). Ataturk: The rebirth of a nation. London: Morison and Gibb Limited. Lewis, B. (1967). The emergence of modern Turkey (2nd ed.). London: Oxford University Press. Mango, A. (2000, September 24). Atatürk in his lifetime and today. Retrieved September 1, 2008, from

http://www.ataturksociety.org/asa/voa/mango.html Robinson, R. (1963). The first Turkish republic: A case study in national development.

Massachusetts:Harvard University Press.

BOOK WİTH ONE WRİTERAs end-text reference:

Ayling, S. E. (1966). Portraits of power. New York: Barnes & Nobles, Inc. As in-text reference: (Ayling, 1966, p. 56)

Author’s surname

Year of publication

Name of the book

City of publication Publisher of

the book

Initials of the author’s first name

BOOK WİTH TWO WRİTERS

As end-text reference: Atkinson, R. H., & Longman, D. G. (2003). Power and leadership. Boston: Thomson Heinle.

As in-text reference: (Atkinson & Longman, 2003, p. 192)

BOOK WİTH 3+ WRİTERS

As end-text reference: Hughes, R. L., Ginnett, R. C., & Curphy, G. J. (2006). Leadership: Enhancing the lessons of

experience (5th ed.). Singapore: McGraw-Hill. As in-text reference: The first time it is mentioned: (Hughes, Ginnett, & Curphy, 2006, p. 34) From the second time onwards: (Hughes et al., 2006, p. 34)

BOOK WİTH EDİTOR(S)

As end-text reference:

Burke, R. J., & Cooper, C. L. (Eds.). (2006). Inspiring leaders. New York: Routledge Tailor and Francis Group.

As in-text reference: (Burke & Cooper, 2006, p. 45)

CHAPTER OR ARTİCLE İN A BOOKAs end-text reference: King, M. L. (2007). Three ways of meeting oppression. In S. Bachmann, & M. Barth (Eds.),

Between worlds: A reader, rhetoric and handbook (5th ed.). (pp. 237-240). New York: Pearson-Longman.

As in-text reference: (King, 2007, pp. 237-238)

Name of the writer

Book’s year of publication

Name of the article Names of

the book’s editors

page numbers of the article

Name of the book How many times

the book has been edited

ARTİCLE İN A JOURNALAs end-text reference:

Lewis, C., & Robinson W. (2005). The authoritarian personality. The Journal of Psychology, 40

(4), 470-501.

As in-text reference: (Lewis & Robinson, 2005, p. 471)

Names of writers

Journal’s year of publication

Name of the article

Name of the journal

Issue number of the journal

Page number of the article

Volume number of the journal

INTERNET ARTİCLEAs end-text reference:

Mango, A. (2000, September 24). Atatürk in his lifetime and today. Retrieved September 1, 2008, from http://www.ataturksociety.org/asa/voa/mango.html

As in-text reference: (Mango, 2000, para. 3)

Author’s surname

Date of publication /Release on the Web

Date when the article was accessed

Name of the article

Web address of the site where the article was found

INTERNET ARTİCLE WİTH NO DATE

As end-text reference: McGrath, T. (n.d.). Is war inevitable?. Retrieved May 23, 2008, from

http://www.phillymag.com/articles/is_war_inevitable/ page3 As in-text reference: (McGrath, n.d., para. 5)

Appendix B-5 TASK