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TRANSCRIPT
CqTÆB PA!!!BDN POI.ITOSFtrISI IT tæ ÄT¡BI?ÀLIAÜ ET¡fiUr trÆUgt!,gEqiloIqBE¡g lBnrlryxrqA (e$romr¡^rcnlDrrn)
O. l. ùE D.Er. (CtlC.¡
Dql.Fûrtot of Oocttræ, üüvcnfÞ oC À&I¡tû.
A lù-l¡ ¡prcntrü t¡ ¡n¡ rut of ry ruûrdrturo ûor tü.DrFc. of Dcto¡r of Dùflors¡Êv ¡t tho B¡lvrrrlty of aåolrtl¡.
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coryEr{T8
EUTUART
DEI.AR.f,nIOilI
ACXRCITI&DEETETî8
I. II{TRCDIETION
II. BIOItrY OF q.ñQgtOICEEg BRilINIEHNA
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IIT. INIIERIEAIÚB OF COIOTIR PAlBBÌ{g
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If. POPInATIffi (ßt{ËlIO8
(") Saryl,trU teehnlguee{b) Bool,oglcal oharactorfstlos of tbohablt¡t¡
Deaanlptlon d colour ¡nttenncOstgln of etocksIothod¡OenotlcsL anal.yels of the color¡rpatterm
tsnvl¡onæntal ¡oùlfleation of pbenot¡pcElaÈo1qgtoEl atudle¡ of dart anA ffehtcoloursd srìÐE
Chango ln eolour pettern froquærcgrrfth tlnatbnngo tn geae frequency tlth tlncBolatf.ve fnequenclea of eoloun ¡ntternaanong t¡hc ellfferent lnetars
gencratlou d popuJatlona A anð EGslou¡r pattoue freqrænclee in uJorgeographtc anesa
rr- (t) Effost of ðtnpoFal¡cn and nlgretlon oa aolo¡rpettern frequoncloo(f) Dl¡crreeloa
V" OEffiNAT, DTSCTEgTOT
APEEÑDICEg
EIÈLTq}EA,FtrI
hgo
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60
(r)
SUIIAET
Sl¡ thcalg oolBrlaoa I etu,{y of thc gclcttar ofcolsu¡r pettorne ta thc loarrt, thqrtolootoe .@lg[&¡1.
A cetlafeetoly tcchnlque for nærlRg ælonlæ d3h1ß l¡¡ect ln thc raùor.ato*T hås tcon ðæeloped, tt¡c¡a 1¡no dia¡nuse andl a gGnGF¡tlæ fs eonpletedl ln sstrrì reel¡ rben
tihc locnrstc ap roared, at 52oG.
tïo naln ülfforcææ betneco thc eolour prttern¡ crol¡ t¡he dlatrlbutlon of llght anô it¡rÏ oolqrrsð aroåc on thoðors¡I end letsrel or¡rfecc¡ of thc L¡acst. Tbæe ellffereæog
ray bc obaorvGð 1¡ the flrst ay4phar ln¡tar ad they Þceon¡oFe dieûlmtLve ng the l¡sect Lnc¡reeaea 1¡ clas,
The lnhorltance of nl¡re ôfffere¡t colour patternshn¡ bscn ctudleð. Dste frø nlnety-qno elagle p¡lr nntlqgs
¡bw gooa eg¡corent rlth an h¡r¡rothesls of fou¡r allelle gomo
(IÊn t', r! au rt) cont¡vl1lg ootorr pettorn lnhcrlta.æG,
De appecraaoo of tbs fq¡r horæygq¡c colour ¡ntteraa cor-reeponda rlth Xeyrs (fg$) deacrlptlona of tho colour prttcmvarletles ¡llo¡c$fa. als¡rov_lrqta. Erþ¡Slæja anil S¡ll@glþ1.Flve out otr the slx hoùerorygotcs hsw lntcrucl!.eto Dhcstypccr ü.e¡caa tbo slxth, naael¡r rnFt, ennoù bs tuetla$rtahetl
fror tho ho¡osygotc, ût.Ilder ccrtsln or¡vlrp¡no¡¡tal oo¡ðltlons g¡¡Êcn Btgpent
nay be prochrceü ln fenlec. Thls plgrer¡t alterc the eppeanræG
of tbe beslc eolq¡r patüern sDô úcn prosent l¡ e lnrlgc amunt r
(11)
the ¡nttcrn EJr Èc eorpletck laakcdl hy lt, Thslo la a vrqfatrong aeaoclstlo¡ botroon the lnetdcnce of grcen-plgnætcal
fenalea and" eolour ¡nttarn gcnot¡rpê - tho former ls 1æ enong
rrrt tonlcg.$. loninlfe¡'s occura 1¡ s wlale laügc ú håbtt¡tr
througbout AustE¡lla. It ls a atroryly llgntory spocler
ad. lt le ¡¡ÞJoat to ¡ùnae yarlstlon. Unðer flelil conùltlone,
thc geæretlon tl¡e tE ebout eleren reeks and tb¡rso ganomtl'olu
n¡r Þc eonpletcð fn a yêa! lf o¡¡vlroarcnÊel. eonðltlons errf¡run¡¡ble,
I¡rts on colorrr ¡ntücrn froquorrclos la astur¡l Donþ
lstlons terc obt¡lr¡cd for parû of Ë" t96O-6I eeasæ. thoro
le cvlðe¡æo tbat tùe ¡plyuorphler le ulntel¡pd by aelectlæar¡ü that selcctlve rulq€a vary frtr populatlon to l¡opul¡tlo¡.Ia thls spoclec lt ls poaalbLe to stuqy tho efifect of nrture)'
aclectlon on eolour. patteur gcæ freqeenclea aluü.¡rg ¡L[ etagoe
of the l'lfe cyele erce¡rt the ogg stage. htt froa tbe flr¡tgenelutlon ln tht 196O-61 sæaoa euggect tfrat tbo genoty¡rlc
cel,eetlvo vaLues vene the aaoe fo¡r the dlfferent laetarg.
Eo¡ser, lt ts ¡FgtrOð tùat rt {llffercnt tlsea ln a 8ea!o¡1,
¡nä ln dllffomnt sæ¡om, tåG¡e aeleetlve tal¡¡os aro tr lkelyto ùÊ rllfferent, Xlgratlon oppG¡rro to bo lnÄcpenðont of eolqr¡nttern gsmt¡rDcÇ
It ls euggectd tbeÈ thc polyrorphfrul ls utnt¡ln¡ôprlsrlly througb p[yalotroeÉæI scleetloa, nlthsugh vl'aunl
¡c]'eotlqn by predlato¡rs any al.oo Dc b¡rort¡at.
(ur)
!!Eq¡nllÌIot
'|hlr tùo¡l¡ oo¡trln n ntæl¡l rbt& hÐ hrocoptril for tÞ¡ ærrù d aqr otbcr ü¡grcc or ilt¡rlon lam¡r ualvr¡¡l3y ¡nil tùrt, to tùr Èct of ry rnal¡ð¡r raåDd'ltf, lt contrlm æ nûrrl¡l prrvtourrr ¡nDltrhil ærrtttra ûg uorthcD poËoq, ccoc¡Ê Êe rho rcfcscær 1rndo t¡ ttÊ tct.
O. E [r*Ð.
( ¡r)
AC[ilqI.EBEN1B
lhc ¡tnfrr rna nitro unôer tþ gúareæc af prúæso¡p
J. Ë. kctt. 8f¡r¡ero tùanhg ¡re dæ ts hf.n fo¡p hle lntore¡tnnô o¡rÍtlclr¡ iln¡tng ¡1l stsgee of tho ¡ort.
lbc helpftl dvloo glvon Þy thc tats rn. D. G. gu¡n
(forærþ lcadn Dcputrent of trntorolo8çtr åt tbr üalte BocGrrsh
rnatlùrte) and, Dn. tr.E,L. f,cgr scnlor pr|,ncl¡nl Ba¡ærcrh ot|ìflF
ccFr Dlvlgton d Ëntonologr ö,8.I.R,O.¡ Caribem, ls g!¡tG-ftlfy aologleûgd. b¡nks r¡o al¡o ùll to rocsrs. E. o¡nrronad, J. talxor, o.8.r.8.o.¡ Îreaglo, for tbctr asal¡t¡Bc !affelal col],ectlorâs¡
ÐG stnry re¡ radc il¡Éng &e tanure of a garvloos
C¡ntcon fruat hd Schol¡shlB anô a C.8,LR.O. Scnlor Stnlle¡t-rhlp. FtêIô etuôloe rÊüìE flnancoð f¡on gm¡Êc by ttu Dtvl¡loof Entorologf¡ c.8.r.8.o. anû tbc Enlverglty of aalet¡ldc.
i! !:Ll-I. rmnoulgtlffi
Ëcopt for exter¡.lyc etudlea o tåa l¡Denltarrcc
of colon¡ ¡rattcma ln tro ¡pôGlcs of groueç locuctr BES¡þttq tËrq$¡. eaÄ ångÞgtl¡ã orrr.vccaDrlusr Þy ñaDor¡n (f9¡Àr
1989) ard raboura anÀ SteDblns (fg¡O) tbonô bae bGcn rcay
llttlc rort oa lnbenlteucc ln the Ortho¡rtsra. freac tloqrcclcc cacb postcsa a largc u¡nbcr of brlght color¡r pattcrnø
End also e l,ees cens¡lleuoucr rlilf tyBc colour pattorn. Iaeacù earc tho consçrlcuoua Batterna a¡le eootnol'leð b¡r alnglegcnea anô tJrey arc coXpletely dqlnent to the rtl'ù t¡rpe. ID¡þ eurycepbalug tb¿ro arle Beyentecn dlo¡tnant eolour pattcngênes ¡tl of rhlch are 1ocatcd rltbla a EaI, d,letance of about
clgbt unlts sa cü¡onoeom I. hcnty or¡t of trontftbroe dor-
laant eolour pattern gane6 ln E" tcranut havc al¡oün no rre-
aonÞlnatlon anÊ tbcref,orc thcy ¡ey bo aILelXc.
In ths tsatyilld, {EÞElggg¡pþ, oD1onsifolla. th6
altornntlæ colou¡r forna¡ DIDX anil grem¡ 8rr8 eoat¡¡ollGð by
a slngle gÊûG (Esncockr 1916¡ lfeÞoure, 1928). Elng (rgæ)
ro¡rorted. thåt nolaafn fn lkjlqÐgplgÊ @ la lnhs¡rlteð
aB a rcceaalve autoeo¡a]' charaotcr. thc ror* of Saneo¡s aEÂ
I¡ Cor¡r (fg:¡) mg:gestcrl tÞat frl¡ere rcre at l.cact for¡rtcea
cslour patterrr loct ln $ÞpglÞl¡lgg, oa¡dlolugr tro of rht eh
re¡¡e llnlcð, On tbc othsr h¡nür GrclgÈüo¡ and, Robentaon
(f¡l+f) founð thrt color¡r Batteras ln $þgglþlpngE lonslao¡nlq
2.
relle l¡bcrl,toô ùy fm¡r allal'lc g3ær.
Dere Þea bccn no d¡trtrloû atus of thc po¡nlatf.ongonctlcr of oolorr pettora r¡oþ¡orlhls¡ l¡ thc orthø¡rtcnr.
rt 1¡ u¡fo¡tn¡¡te th¡t tblr ar¡rcct of g¡ætlcs bro not Dcorr
purwcd.r ¡nrtlal¡rly ln tho¡o rpeoler rùcre trho rcê¡ of tn-hsrlt¡no¡ l¡ railn. Fl¡bcrr¡ (rgto, 1959) ¡rrrlyela of, ñrDo¡rf ¡e¡t¡m¡lvr È*rrtl¡g ü¡t¡ lnaltûrt.al tbat ln Aeotrìtr¡ Gu¡?r¡rÕ
pù¡lu,lr ìotcrer¡¡ot¡r brû a E¡lootlva ailvrntagc of 7* øürrth¡ dott¡¡¡nt horeaygotca anå ¡tout 5f ovcr tho oorlå FoGÊt-
¡1r¡ forl. al¡o, fr.on (þt¡ for ¡¡turrrr ¡u¡nrl¡tt ons of hlr-tottlr t'anmq Dlrhor ûouc¿ thrt the frroquGæy orf tnd,lvlihettLetc¡o¡ygm! for tro orf DFe ôælænt 6cnca ras l,og¡ tb¡n c¡-ptctoû ¡na hc euggartcil that ¡rlcctlvo forecc oú thc ordcr ofl+oÉ rcre opcrattng agllæt these for¡r 1n thc flcra. tuÈt¡st(fg¡¡) rlnrtrô rot¡tlvo frcgneælos of four d,lfferont oolqæ
¡nttorng ta Chorthloerr? rfÞo¡rrr,lntu,¡ f'¡ou htbltat¡ ûlùïraLû f¡o¡ ilr¡r to hnrlil. EtE ðata suggectct lb¡t ln ¡ol¡thnÞlteta, lnÅlv|,ôr¡rl¡ rhlch aro pbcmt¡r¡ltcaUy Spocn (1.c.
foru vlEtûlr) ¡¡vc r ¡olsotlve ¡ðr¡ntago orpr thoec rthtoh
¡p üçca (1.¡. fon?' nlDlslno+) rheruer tn alqf h¡bltitr tihls
cltnrtton t¡ rcwrloû. ID aâaltlo¡ Èo ths ålffc¡srpe l¡ hrùl-trt proferoæe, gnæa lrÉlrtah¡la rcro found, to ùa lergcn thntho brwa lail trhoy ilÍ'rly oæurncô ln ôæas ¡pfn¡l¡tlonE¡rùrroaa bror¡ L¡Alvldr¡¡le ¡rc oftcn foun¡! ln ðeasc Bo¡nrl¡ttor¡r,
tbey ane ro¡e noblIc, anÀ tbey ere nlgretorÌf. Alt'boafh lnbt¡ov
,.
(lDra) æntlo¡eô tht genetloel ¡tndlc. oú thl¡ probln uorqt
trlry ogætdl @tr @ rorl b¡E not D¡rn ptrùI'lûoô.qh¡wol¡I pot¡reorphln 1¡ h,æn la e ;lðc tÊqgr
s'f s¡nclca rltbt¡ lù,¡ orthoDton alù r¡ nutlü¡ (marnnf95b), erlcÌoùr (nc¡g¡n¡!ù f95S), lnùlo (fær¡ rnÄ rÏeü¡
f9t7) .nå grrcrhoppcr¡ (Eblto f9jtr, f95ó). I¡ thr grrae-
ho¡rpcr, rg¡¡uE _9, (mrrtr 19tó, lfÌ50¡ ræm'tf¡ r¡û Íä.ltcf9úO; fhlto n¡t A¡ûnrs fgóO) tcrcral Bopul¡tleao rrt poþ-æTIthlo for pcrlscntrlo lnveç¡lp¡¡s Ín lro non-hmlgggrcùrtloaffio ¡tcûo¡rroô to ag tho GD ¡¡tl EF chroloao¡¡¡. gtnro-
tnrrl hotcso¡y8otcr qppä! to hsvo ¡ aclocttrvc rû¡¡ntrßc orr¡ú
tùe oo¡rc¡po¡dlrr¡g honcyggtæ. In aôûitle, tüarc l¡ a gcnÞùlc lntc¡aotlon Èctrcen thc luo ôttìfæot ¡pl.f¡o;¡rhfan fn¡!¡trmlnlng rlo vlrùfllþ. BloÉtrLonl cüna¡L¡ brvc 1¡ðr-crtrt tùst tha ¡tadarü erq¡ucæee o'f Èoûù @ ¡aû, tsF ele ¡l¡olnsrraalry rb¡rcaa the l¡rvertoð rGqEGDcca, &Leniloll and lflt-Dl¡Dat¡¡ ¡rc rl¡r ðoanaalng. A nthcr oorptrer po\norlht¡nln Aurtroåcç,Fr l¡Brrþrls has Dc¡n rø¡rortcü þ ut'trite and. Ke¡z
(19tf) r¡ü L ù.fng t¡yætf$e3al Dy tù¡ r¡¡tbos. In thf¡apccfco, ¡tonhtrs¡¡r arr¡ ¡¡oly¡or¡¡hlo for penlecotrle !.nns-¡lono 1¡ tbro Eoue.hcologour Gbrqoro¡olefr for oolnr ¡nttola,rú oolmr of tÞ Ll¡d tlùt¡ - th. l¡ttcr Þûlng conflnod tol¡lst.
&1r rtlly rr3 Euggooted þ ü¡ rorts of Iry (fgtb)
o¡¡ thc ülttrlbntloa anü pbaeo¡ of tbc gcnrrr ArrrtnolcOtoc anil
b.
G:hortqlcctæ. Ícy dtoccrlDoô ftfûocn cora,rr ¡nttorru rhlchooanrnoil ¡mng tpoolee of thÊ tro genosar Sono of thoro Int-toro¡ üG¡e võly allllår to trhose prcvlou{y deacnlÞeril È¡r
Vonont¡o"sry (fgea), Bubtrov (fgl¡) and üvarw (fgb¡) forother spocLe¡ ln the Acrldlü¡o. hDtcæ (19t5) auggotoû
thrt tihc ¡nttne eolou¡l pcttern rrs lnherltcð ¡E e '¡nlt cbr¡re-tæ. f,ry (rgãh) rc¡¡orted tù¡t rrltbtn e slnglo lntrrbroôlngPopafl¡tlon æo ffnô¡ ntcilty atlótnot ¡nttcrn and oolør ya¡F-
toûfcc, r1l of rhfch ero genctlc, arit raay of rbleù eppcar tooon¡tltutc r ¡erlc¡ of ¡¡lÈlplo al.lcloro4iha. Holologuæ ofeny glvcn verlcSr rnÊ GoûDonLy to bo fon¡il 1¡ ¡ nnnben of ra-l¡ted r¡rtolæ. r
Itortcift (1955) ln Bæt¡lon ücr Àuatsslltrhgrr ecrt-ûloüoq Fvr ¡poalfla ctatua to aoæ of trho oolonr ¡nttorne.For elrn¡rl'e, the ôlffo¡llÊneo bet;oen CbortelootÊa v1c14, (nJor.)rDð g' oFe*Ll¡ (gJþr.) yae b¡od cattrcþ o¡ ûctbon sr ¡otthl ðore¡L ¡urÚ¡Gc of fibe tegloa posterlor to tho ouÞlt¡I, relnrrc palc¡¡. th¡¡ tbc ræt of tbe ücgron ltoee tGnB groupcd r¡r ¡l¡gl.c rpccloa, ônrtrolcqtes ry+f¡4 Þy fsy (fg5b) ¡ ïttblaçryÐltolçctË tonlulfe.Eg (FrlL) (. Cal¡ 8Joc, ) BJætcût
rcoogntaoil four r¡roa1æ lnolu¡Ung Crþtqpl¡ !?r¡l¡utfc¡q ylFr
throo¡?&nllæ* rtrtoh fory (rggb) cl¡lrod ;e¡ idlotlqr rltt tbreorphvrlq oolo.r pettcla.
|flrc crÐlutlonnry rlgnlflconæ of colour Brttcmv¡rl¡tlon brr Dcon ðcnonetrrteå fon ceycral a¡nclce t¡ tho
5.
Ie¡rlibpt.ra ùy FoDdf (ffUO), Fo¡:.d, enal FlEboD (f$s?), Shc¡rBrr{
(t95rn L952, 19û) "
Xatt]'crclt (¡;gv'5, 1956) a¡ô tn tho lanûrnntl, ConsË acronilta Èf Oel¡ anð thcppel¡û (tg5o, lgSg).bc ærvlvar vrruce of the¡e colour pattcrag rgpmr to Èo ituc
prt¡alrl]¡r to tbc adlvnntege conve¡rcrl t¡r protectlvc oolor.retlon
to thocc lnðlv1durlo poccÊrorqg thc¿ qgrlr¡st thc actlon ofprredetore. fln¡tr16, ad Èo s lGs¡or. dlognæ rcBl¿q¡te$or¡r q)a-ctco, rny bc rrogasrlcô r¡ acllor¡tar¡¡ anr¡nr¡ endl tùerefore ary¡drptatlon rhlch FedÊlr thcn leee aonrpiouqre to pleilrtomrqrlð bc a4pætoð to Þve a hleh seleetlye y¡Iue. ft rmtiltbercfore be of, l,ntcrest ùo .Ena lf aoloul pettcrnr l¿ rcneegl.le ¡nla¡r¡ ¡uù ¡¡ locusta, hnve a ¡lnllsr anoluttmrrgrctgnlfloaDoG. xbe aurtr¡ltrn plague locuat, cbortotectcç IgE-rl¡lf,cra, appcaæü to be a sr¡lt¡Dre orgnnls¡ for ¡n¡eb ¡ ¡tuûybaa¡r¡e 1t 1¡ onp of the fcr Au¡¡rnll¡n trcclee of Acrlcllilrcthlch h¡re no ülr¡nuss aaü rlso bceruEe tbe ceology of tblsr¡noleo lN velf rcl'I hilar
tÌË l¡hsrttræo.of solqn ¡ntterna lE g. .@EE9E,¡ad' s prell¡f nr¡y luvætlgstlou of tholr evolutloDnry Et\finlf,l-oancc ar€ lpqported tÀ thlt tùcgla.
6.
II. EIOISTI qF CEæ,fOICEffi8 IEE.SIEIFBNA
II. (r) OENEEAL EIqIûCr
AËhltr of Èhe Anst¡r1trn plsguc locugtr GÞortolço-
!g t¡¡dn$crn, haye Fe¿ bl¡il tlÞl¡ and, tn¡r¡nrcnt hlnðrlnga croopt fo¡r a ilarrenod arcr at thcL¡r tlp¡ (pr¡tr r.)"ll¡c¡c arf.tcrl¡ onÞl¡ tbtô o¡ncleo to tc rceognlacd arl\yf¡sr othor Jþøct anð grerüopBor epeclæi FeæIæ ittff,æfpr relea Èy t¡cþ greatcr ovor¡Ll slso ¡c relf. as br 01f-fc¡cnccs ln gcnltatlr. They b¡vc four colcrotlrcð,, onrçeö
v¡lvee et the erd of thalr aÈûo¡on thlob ¡ld t¡ cI¡cplry üur-{ag oopr¡latloa, ¡að la ùorlry lrto ¡o11 ilurlng ovl¡neltl,on.trs r¡1oo, tbe gealtalle arc cnelosei eo that tho cnû of thcrbdlsrcn ¡IEGaË euooth aad rq¡dcrl.
Egg¡ ere l¡lô i.o thc forn d ¡a cgg pod Ëclc thcaoll ¡u¡fioc. Ibo egg pods ave¡lagp j es ln'lo¡uth aað o.6Gr ln eroc¡-¡cotlon. thc n¡¡ber olf eg:gF ¡nr pod ryc!¡güferty Dut v¡rlos rlth ege of forar'o, fooil aEpplJr anil, ôlotnlt-a.nce to thc ovl¡naft!.ng fe¡ole o¡uaaô Dy aolghÞourel¡g loeu¡t¡auð otbor fr¡na. Egæ (5,t n f,ong) alrõ Êrïraryed rtüh tbclrlong erfs perlranôlsurar to thc rong ¡¡la of thc qgg Pod ¡DÀ
oacupy tùc ôlsü¡l t¡o-thlDals of thc poû. lbe proxlnr o¡c-thlrd eoaalgÊ¡ of dlnled fnoth rlrlch allca €ary oacapc foracrly h¡tohedl R¡r¡grhe. rtro r¿llc of l¡hc csg noal sre for¡crlfrrr c f¡oth c=crrctcdl W t he fe¡ar.c dhrr*rng ovlpoeltlon.
srrn (rg¡0) no¡nrtcil thst cggr ito not dcyerop rt
ì
E }|
F F F r H F ! T ¡,4 Ê Í 5
7
l
-)
7.
¡o11 tæBcreh¡e¡ ùcilou ISoC ad hc augcttal|. tÈ¡t u¡åcr flelrteouÄltloüa tÞy ueirall¡r reraln èonaat al¡¡rfng th6 rt¡rt€r Boatì¡ad golrGoeo dcvalopront eftcr GrIlos¡FG to lelr,¡ tolet Goû&[-
tlon¡ 1n latc aprln8. Ee ¡rccorrlleô the fsllorlag lncabattoa
pcrlod,e tùca Gggr rGFÊ nalatslnoê la a ¡olct atnoopbero atyarlous ter¡remtlrc¡:- 5O d.qts at ?l.loG, eb dsye at 86.66G,
17 ils¡rs et !oo0, a¡rÄ 1¡ ôAys at jiog.
9. lsgg!¡trlfggg 1g a halætaboloue lnccot i,G. tbrl¡¡atr¡¡e otegor cl.oacl.y rGæEbIê ?bs aðult ln nonpÞlogy atå
bobevlsur. thç aðult atag:G 1¡ ¡raeàcif usualþ aftor flw nsul.tc.
trhon l¡às t!.ret al¡pbaf laotar enêtgês f¡on fihe cgg lt la orcLorcd Dy an onbr¡roal,c il€rbta¡G rhtch lt ahde rlthtn erÌ Þou¡p.
the ncrly ercrlgo¡f n¡frfth la crear¡r ;blt€ but colour ooon èc-
velopa after (trylng of the lntcgrræat. FGGürqg eorrcnces d,uF
lng thc flrct êa¡r after hntchtng. Íhc rate of a¡bccquort ile-
velopaøot der¡cn¡ds ea tùe eoaá,l,tlonr¡ of r.earlq6.
rr. (b) Eorocy
$. t?¡rlntfç¡ìÊ la ûl¡tr!.hrtÊô eüBF ¡oat of tbo A¡¡æ
trelLan eontlneat ee sbsüÊ ln Plate 2. Iü fe a strong nlg¡wtony spcGlGB; and as au€br It hac tro ðlffcrant illstrtbutloûs"J'
lalagËB; thc reglon la rÈÍeb lt my scoadon¡lly bG fouDÄ and
tbo ¡egton ln rblcb lt ls alnayø found. p rovldlcd, a dtllgæteear€b, le nda for lt ln tlre rlebt habltat¡ et tb rlebt tfnc
of tbo SGsFr Ehls latter regfoa lnsludee ¿ n¡¡¡ber sf ttleaa
ûlch are parttcuJ,arl¡ faruurablc for Çåorto{getee anð 1n ñlab
.(ff6t cã n¡¡) rfEt¡ïttvu¡ îüIffiffif .5 ¡o æTtErSl¡+rT? rq ûr¡nql tq
a Evfil
. Rê.ord ot C r..n¡rIå¡o
-- l.nt.t¡v. l¡nll ôt dktilb¡rlûn
- l.ñt.ilv. llñh ol.r€c ol Þ.rñcn.¡t _ x
oc.oÞltlon ¡n rourù.ê6t... Âu.È
,-- l.ñtotly€ .ortêri llñlt ol .orth.w.d... ....
W so!lh.w.rr.rr roGê
E ¡cr..n ¡oc¡
MI LE5
AUSTRALIA
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locuat Ëmrrna låt orlgf¡rtê tïnr laûlvlö¡alo proùuc¡d, tbrc.Iry (fgh¡) etLLE tùa¡e aD¡Ga¡ routÈ¡eats ÊrrÊBlr¡ and, b ha¡ rcrportc¿ tücûty reBarate ojora ln Au¡tæalla, one of thc l¡ngestb¡;lag thø BeSerlÊcquan'lc of IO'OOO Bguarc rlLer,
O¡tÈræl¡ a¡Bas bsvo la cqnoa a auDc,r qf ecof'ogloel
charactartatlc¡'. hcy are prodo¡t¡entl,y trcaleae plal.na, rltåalluvlal eu¡faee eol.I. ¡bfcb îc oltÞr ¡cl.*rr¡le.blag o! coE-
paet. Cor¡ract æf.la us¡rslly oceu! at hlghËr lcrals t¡bna tÀc
acl,;1-rr¡lchlag.soll'e aall carr¡r ôlctlnctlve planta. fcy (19l¡5)
eq6gestcd, tbst both sol]' tryea rcFG æ{ÊgcÊry for ht gÞ eurvtve]'
of tDs lnaeet¡ and. fo¡ hlgh dsmltlea.q6gp are lald la eoqract ¡o1l elotG to vogotatlon.
.ånnnaI Daltu,Fo apcolca, gporfng oa eoqÞact rolle¡ aDor raplil¡rortn follorrtng aall' fal.la of ralu and, provlüe food. forDßrly batchcil n¡rr¡rha. lts porcnnlal s¡roclas oÊ thê self-¡nlcùlag æ11s hsve a longar vagetatl!ìc pbaæ tbsn tb: anoual¡
oû eÆInct æll'e and tl¡ot 116 FBBI¡oDslbl'e for ralatelatng tbaâutf ¡rognletloat' Alge, tùß tulsæIc of tbcsa u¡rêclcö Dno-
yldû abÊltcr for Lecust; aælnct aôttr.o rcatbcr eilt poaslbftq¡¡lnat blr{ grodnùlon foy (fE+¡) rof,crroô to tÞ sail"f-
m¡cÀt¡g sollg rlth ¡rorcnnlel' s¡roclae a¡ rfooð-rbeltcrr È¡Èl-t¡ta aÉ to tùc ce4raet ¡oll.s rftb be¡o ¡ntcÞa anÄ. q¡¡ual.
ø¡nclaa ae tovlpooltion! È¡Èltats' llbc co¡bt¡attoE of t'bo¡o
tæ ftpcc of babttata eonetltutar ra toutbrcal ccntror rùocc
9.
cavtloDrtat sffords the locust poln¡latlotr fevotnblc codltlmsfor ¡urvlvrl. .A¡ ËqtDrìoak aËrar oon¡tgtr of r ]'aqge nuntar ofiloq¡tDfo¡k oontrogi.
II. (c) IJDts EBtORy ur[DER nÀlunar corDl'lloug
Eraa (f956) hre ðoeariÞcÄ Êhc l'lfo btstorÌ¡ of$. te¡p$fferi. 8fl6úer, Eo guentltrtLve alaÈa have been ¡nb-u,ahed qn tbe ufe cyolc of tblc e¡nc1æ rt the pogtltrrtten
Ievgl.Durlqg Ootobcr 1960 to lr¡'€h 196I, ¡ropelatlon¡ frc
ae¡voraf. loealltlca 1n xeü soutb tra1es ¡nd, west auct¡ttrl¡ ro¡¡ærl¡sd. Dnta @ gê¡¡êlatloa tlrc anô üercJ.oprotal ¡¡tes fornyr¡rhal lnctaaE üere obt¡lned f,or eix populat tms !n tct Soqth
F¡Ie¡. kcver, ûÍeoraclon of the rlfo cyelea rlll Èo con-
f,lneil to the ilet¡ for tro ¡r¡rulattone (ool.loit A ?oar E) tcouaotheac têFË t'bo ooly onÉÐ fror räloh adequatc dat¡ rone oÈt¡tncd"
for rl"l deuelo¡ront¡l rtagea.
Fo¡ruhtlonr A a¡¡t B rcFc læatoû saveataon ¡ll'asaD¡rt ln tho coonn¡D1e snæ, trcr 8øth waleo. afÈar mln f€an
oa scçrt'eubol 8J, hrtchlag crl¡e¡e€ð at both ÌoæIltlæ oD Bop-
te¡Dcn 5O. Flrgt serplea uene obtrlned fron A on Ootober h
¡sð f¡o¡ B on ootoDe¡r 15. Saupx,lqg ra¡ than salnlcð out ntreokþ lnte¡vgla ôrrlng the nyr¡ùrl atcgco e¡al fortalght¡yih¡rl¡g thc adult atage. a dsssrlptlon of thc ælogfcal chen-
aoterlstlqg of tÞÊ habltete for thsse tro ¡u¡lulrtlon¡ la gtrvcn
!¡ lll.(b). &e rarylrng tccbnlqncr usûd, ¡¡po ô,racu¡scil l¡
lo.
ilF. (¡) Èut hcre lt ¡houtd Þe ¡ontloncd vlth regnrü to ¡npn-lrtloa A, th¡t tùe fLrst tro ælpleø re rrÊ cbtelncð by æotf,on,
the follo?lng. threo Iy reeplag rltb a not, end. the f1nel troÈy a cËge stt¡Ghsð to thc fïo¡t sf ¡ Gåpr ¡tll rarples frrlpo¡nl¡tlon 3 roRB aolJ¡r¡td þr ncoptng,
Bolrttvo froquonolcs of tbo r{r illtfercat lnst¡nfor nl'ec and fenl.æ collcetoð f¡or thp tro ¡rcpulntlont oa
tho ðlffersnt aer¡rIlag d¡tee are glrrcn ln ll¡blea l. enû 2..lllo ¡otr¡al nurbers recorr(lEd are gtvoa ln l¡trae (t) anô (ü)tn tha Append,:lx. Flrst rnetrr nyryña rüFr crptutttil fær botÀ
¡ropulrtlort qD to troaty..elr itrys aftar Ëe comcncoro¡¡t ofhrtohfng. Tl¡crefora b.tehrng rr¡t bcva eontlncd fo¡r ¡Ëqrt
tù¡ee roek¡ ln Ëoth po¡mlntloD¡ c'Terr tÞeugb æ mln1blJ. hAbotn reco¡dcd qftcr üeptedba t ?3. Iors th¡n bntf tùe ¡alc¡l¡ Èoth po¡nlettoaa ter6 adhrlt¡ bt thc fort¡r-¡ærth tley and,
rftcr elgbt roaka f¡hc popul¡tlm¡ conclsteð ¡Ino¡t cntlruþof ¡ôrltr. lhc ¡eænð generotLoa onorgoil on Deoo¡bor 10,
rpgnorÍntôly cl'æc¡ roek¡ aftcr tùc f,lrct gsnerctlon, ft¡gensratfoà ttm of clcwn çeskr rgrìBco uttb thet rc¡rortoô þ8rr¡ (f996).
8ex ¡noug flrst l¡etat: qyry)às nc not lGcorüod bc-
oaurG illffene¡oe¡ l¡ gesltal.ls Dotrcsa rrlcc anÅ fenles ¡roaot otrrl.ql¡ st tblc rtegc, tcevor, tn eoqrllXng lnD].ea 1.
enil 2. tt rra e¡¡uleû thet Dnong f lrot lnetnr n¡nphc, rlc¡aad fcsales aro equaÌ.l¡r froqueat. thcre le no recorü f¡'c
EåNE¡L-T.
BA[.AtrvE FREQI'EüCIES OF çrrg SIr ÛËilABS
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fotel uôcr oû fccale¡ r 9r?.'totå¡ æór d æle¡ r l2f?lr
Or3+5o.0196
o¡451o.0280
11.
bDorrtory ¡tuðl¡¡ thsù tho ¡er l¡atlo rt b¡tohlng to rfgnl-flc¡ntly d.lffo¡est froe l¡1.
A ûoflclcncy of fou¡rs re¡ rpxnrcat ln all oùhclaal¡rlaa elcoBt the elrty dcy oenE¡le for gopulatlo¡ A. lïrtgdofl,clenGûr r¡B ai.gntflc¡nt at ü¡o S lcyet fo¡r the tblrty-tbrco enð thtrty-alx day earyræ. At tl¡ts tlra botb popq¡¡-tloa¡ oonalstcû ¡oatly of fourth anð ftfth tn¡t¡r 4yryih¡. rtcôcflclenav ol falol.es na¡r be the rssult of natural ecL6ct!.on.Ecevsr, seong eôultg rhloh ¡aôo up the entlne atxty drry crqrlcfor populatlon e, the frcquenay of fcraloo utË O.ff6 rhlob tealgalfteaatþ gleatcr tben o.j. A no!Ê rlkoþ er¡rbnatlon forthc iloflclonc¡r of foul,æ la ¡oot of Ëbc arn¡rrco ld s Doh¡ylonrôilcle¡¡emc rhleh foræ port of e vclr rcrl ôaveloEpd sonml dl-rorph!,on. The dltnorpblan lE chamctcrlgcð Èy a ¡¡rkcô ôlf-ferense tn æorau stcG ad volght. lbe ¡l¡e dllffaænce 1g
rEr)st8Dt 1¡ tho fon¡rth ¡yr¡ùrl l¡ater anÀ DeconGe grìs¡ter lntbc flft'h end. elrtb lnsta¡e. Fs¡elor aro threo to flvc tlEðhccvler th¡n ¡slcg of ths re¡€ ln¡tlr. trl fonalæ t¡r.c ¡o¡icrruggbh than nlea, and they eppear to be eo, tùcn ¡oao ¡alo¡tbrD fsEals¡ rq¡lü bo eryæteû to lelve tha gnounü rhcn attr-turùoô. thlo rould, lcad to ¡ bl¡c tor¡¡te nLss t¡ tibe seu¡rlco
oDtaLned ucl¡g a h¡nil nct.For tho f lnt tro socts efter ht€hfng toth a6ro8
ôovelo¡reð at apBro:lieÈc\y the ca¡s ratc. Emevor, after the
tbfuü reel ¡oat of thc n¡le¡ vet¡e fou¡th and flfth t¡st¡¡r a¡d.
tbs frnlæ w¡rc gaconû a¡a thlrd rnrt¡r, Tt¡xa lncæ¡oc L¡
1?.
D¡ta of ðwelsprc¡t l¡ nræ ürB nlntrlnoô ¡nA thcüror€ûgod,
¡r aêultc a ta6ts ærJ'lsr. sn äo arp¡agc then fo¡¡læ.Acttvc rtrgo of $, torui+tfen D¡¡êty rurrlvc tho
rtrnter porlod rhloh l¡ normlly ¡nsaoil 1¡ tùs otf atrgo. Bggt
thtù qrG ¡ålal ôurf.ag tho eutu 'r swnoo heüohr4g ln ¡prtngrftc¡r tha on¡ct of ua!! rentÈcr encl ralnf¡ll. Ia thc rostfevq¡¡bLc snaûs for locuete, t¡h¡¡æ goacsatfona ny be oo¡-plctoð ln tho o¡e renre, tre. fror ¡åtG aprlng (octotar) totrtc ortu¡n (rpÉI). r¡ ereoptlon¡rly ilr¡r yerra, hat&lag ofthe flrot geæratlon rotrld Èa ôelryod nnùlI afùcr aa*rF rnl¡rtbfGh nonrlly oocu! tlurtng Jem¡eryy. I¡ rucÞ yGrtìs thc¡e rorlilonty Èe tro gcaorrtloûlrr
$. ta¡rlalf-sqr ¡bss ¡ùsee r¡rl¡tlon d the typE alff-crlbcd ty urn¡¡ov (rg¿g) for r,oe¡¡¡t¿ rlsætortq. Eerevor,
colour ehrugeo ¡o ob¡¡ractontstle of ¡lhrsc dlfforcæe¡ 1n f¡he
d,grctory loeurt, þ rlffiÈorlr aaô tho dosert loenat, ggÞåg.
toqerq Írw¡la, ôo aot oc@rr fey (19t1+) ¡¡crl thoc bloÞ
retrle¡l charactera Eat hlgÈtt corpot¡ted rlth ¡p¡pl¡tfonrìenalty to ilctc¡olne Bhaao status of dlffc¡¡cnt poprl¡tLonr.
fo rrlggoeteü tb¡t the æ¡¡ valuo of the rstlo of lengthg ofolytr.on to fernr la r rellable crlterlon.
II. (ü) Hgonarony aEABrNl !tscrnrerns
Þ1or to thc pærcnt etuûy, 9. leTllnffe,ra h¡ô noÊ
Dooa nafntelnedl u¡ðor labomtortrr æd'ltlo¡s. It ua¡ theroforo
Doccss¡rTr at flrcÊ to devel'op a eatisfaeto¡Tr technlgua for
15.
rrËartng Golonl€ß ln thc Inbontor¡r. Tte rotboll fln].\yailopted res aa for.lca: ratrqgð bctrecn al¡gIc pelre rG!€
oct uB ln cnell oagea contglntng aDprrortrato\y four lnehe¡ sfrl,ren asntl or grr{en roal f¡ rhtch the faralcc ovlBoslteü.tbo eages yelFe oyl1nônlaal, slth cldios of sellulolð. A lb¡l-lq eanôrteh tl¡ rss qg€d, for e baee and a nlno tæh aquanc
of meonLte, f ltted wtt¡h tvo gaurerl ventllatlon holos ¡nd. s
15 vatt eleetrlo globe, vtc ucoð for a 11ô to eaeh cagc (aeo
Pl¿ta 5).f,üEqnr gr¡ar (Penqlactu¡ cr¡aile¡tlPn¡) raa r¡seð as
food thrøghout the stud,lêa, anô thl.e v¡E auBplenenteet by aôry üxtu¡e of Þrtn, oaseln aaû ilchyrtratedl rc¡r.l (h:4:1) iluru
lng the qVrph¡f lÈagct. 8n¡LL trlgE ro¡e plnccd ln o¡ch qg.for ¡¡.¡c ln ncctlng anÀ for rttrohnnt ðurlag Eartug" rho
l.oeuets rolro rcared. at 52 t aoC l¡ ¡ tprool rltih . ¡ryc¡aturenlntatacit rlthtn tbc FqDgû 2o - d+oG. tbe exc€ra over Foor
tenporatutrÈ r¡É aupplleü þ the gtobe f.a s¡cb Eagê. 8oæ
vsrl¡tlon ln tbe tenpenature aqlü b€ effEcteû br aôÍustlng
tho guantlty of soll tn the osgGr Faeac¡ andl dlrlcð food rens
¡onovodl f,ro¡ the cega at leagt o¡tGG reekþ. Egg poila t€rêeolrootcô by Baealng the aot.1 through r i}* rcah ¡tevc ad rc¡¡c
lncuDeto¡l at tjoÈ on ¡olet rrdt¡rf ln petrl dl,aÞo" NcLy
h¡tohcd n¡rr¡rba wcrê tn¡nsfc¡rneä to nÊr cagæ. I¡l¡o a¡ô fe..ieloo woFG ao¡nmtodl rlurlng the fou¡rth oE flfth lnstsr andl
¡onr mtlnga rete aet up aftor thc fl,¡sl, noult.
9. teral'ntfcra fs adlverseþ effeetocl Þy hunldllty
HI4!B tI¡ùor¡to¡if ¡ì¡¡rlry cÊgm. Sr cr¡r rt rlgþt re¡
f¡rg¡ratly us.ð fon nDlS 4r4Èr.
(ì
I
Ul.
gFCltGr thn aDoqt scrunþ IEr côat rhcn tt f,s re¡roô lnlsrUe popul'etlon cagcc. Elgb bu¡ldlttes rolìô oeoa¡lonally
cnæunterotl 1¡ tho an¡Ll cyllnôrloal ssgGs wlth Iw tcrpcrr-tqre¡ of 2O - 2eo0. Undlor theec condltlons, ¡ðnltc baomelryglah, thclr ebdoæns Þecoæ nedlðcr than nolral', andl tbrylnverlably dl,c rlthln otlÊ or tro rleys. ThG ôoað l¡rllvldlu.sl¡ane foul aæLllng enå putrlð wheræo tbcy are ususJ'Jy orlouru
lcac and, fln rhcn ûåath 1s dlue to other erqcêo. tr&h bnnf,dllty
proùrbþ l¡vor¡ro ôcveloBlent of, pethogcalc d.olo-o¡grnlnsrhlcb !åJr Gausc tbe utallty. Brce¡rttng flrat lætrm,4ruphe rôr.e æro tolerant th¡a ¡rùelts to hu¡lü eonitlttoar raû
rüFe\y re¡a tbsy aôverac\r ¡ffcotedl ùy tùGr. At no¡n1 rrÐa!-
ln'g tcn¡ronturø¡, the rclatuno contenù of the frotl eecreô
aðequate for d,eveLopreat and no rator cuBplenent lal glyen -thla hcl¡nô to rodh¡ec burtdlty t¡ the ¡roLL €É[fe8o
Et¡encver lt trg EoFÊ corvonlont to cÈÈntn *.a" fron
anclÈhêtlaed. rpcclmnr, carrbon ô1o¡1tlc an¡csthcala tas u¡eð.
IL (c) LIFts trIffmr UHDEB IÂEOnATOmr CONDITIffiA
åt JteoG, nalee conBlotoil tholr nyqùa]- ücvelo¡rtcnt
rndl Dee¡¡o s{luJta trenty-flve dhye ¡ftor hstehrng; fenolea
requlrcü ¡n e¡tre tro or thrae üaye. Co¡rulatlon rereþ oe-
aurreû Þeforo tJ¡e thlrd ôay afBer tbo flnsL noult a¡û ferolsa
avlpættsd, eevan to ten dlsys lptel. Pnf,or to ogg le¡rlng the
rMoren of tho fennlc wig suollen andl exten(þal sooo dletauoe
beyonû tbe tlp of tbc hlad vlagl.
15.
lb gæeretloa t 1æ nniler tbe æet fhvotrr¡blc cæ-ditt!,oa¡ for ikvcroplcnt E¡E re\tea reaka cou¡næô wlth oræenrcoks regortcü ln rr. (c) for the gcasratlon tlm uder f lelaleondltlom.
hrthonoglncÛle raplo(hctlon à¡o Þ ocn Fccordod forthe dogert J,oeust r .g.ahlqtooerea srexar1¡, by Erutar nronse
(f9ã8) andl for tÀe ltgratorîf locræt, trocn¡t3 r!.grst,o¡l18, WalD¡!'Gcht ct rl (19t9). There raa rc evlûenco ttrr¡t o. tol¡lni-4eç roproüucd E lnrthenqge¡car¡. vrrgtn fcnalcr fraquantþoyl¡natted tro or throe roekg aftcr nour,tlng. fhc cgg po(b
cont¡lncil very f,u eggo end the¡e tare ¡¡elLcr tbn fcrtlltgcalag¡n n¡¡d rêtre l¡vl¡blc.
Dlffcrcnt ¡yr¡ùrr lnstsrr rcFG oaaiþ necognlacð by
tìelr elce rnd þr the dtcvelo¡rrent of ttDg padla.
&e oattæ progea¡r fror . ¡lnglc letlng rea rserad,
ln the E¡lG e¡gc fon three roeks when r¡re a anal frealßs ;G¡reG¡nrrtcô. Tbs everagp ûenslþ of rocuatc ln the ægra rroequlrrlant to rÈqt loo r¡leclncm BG! 3qraro fæt. lhe¡ ruo-ec¡rtvc genorotlo¡s er'B leaaað ¡t sd hlgh ilooelty thcy n¡rÞc eryeotodl alrey¡ to b€ ln phssc gæßFfl+.
ft 1¡ thercfosc :tllrotJ¡ th¡Ê loctratE fD tba aotlt¡r:fDù,güc b¡vs r ScDeD¡tlon tlnc eocrht ûlffe¡cnt frco¡ tho ¡ovc¡veeks reoondod hcre.
II. (f) âDFA¡tEA'sEs oF tflË onûÀNl8r FoR oËNEnIc grUDIEg
g- ternlnlfom hra nr4y sttrth¡tôE nhlcb nke lt ¡
16.
anlt¡blo oqgaalrn fon genotlc¡t etuSr. fto generatLon ttneof ¡evcn veetss u¡üer I¡bontory codlll* ls about b3lf thstoù¡erveü for grouee loauets ùEr t{¡bouro (rg¡o), and exoapt
for D¡oegehlls rþ8. end ulcro-o¡lualcm" tbfs tLue eonrn¡rer
fevou¡aDþ ul,th thTt for rc¡t organf.aæ uaeô Þ.y gcnotleLetc.
Golo¡r plËtorrrs a¡e dovelopeat ln thc flr¡t nyr¡lhrllnst¡r" Thcrofone, lt ls poealbre to etuqy tåe offect ofutursl gô¡.cctlon at al.l atagæ of the l!,fe cyelo oxeeBt thcqg rÈegc. r¡ ¡oths a¡ll butterfriec, genËr ænt¡orl1ng ¡lu¡tcor.our ¡ntterar n¡r hrvo plelotrqrtc aoÈ1æ rhloh u¡r afì!¡ctthc vlrttllty of larrrr and pEpor tr¡tural ¡cl¡ottoo ny thcrs-fo¡e ùrfng nDout ah¡ngos La eolær ¡nttcm gcn6 lroqueneics
arrlag tbecc luaturc atrgea. Ecovel, ü¡o gGn6 fraqueaoleraa tc orùt¡¡t dl qnly rhrlng thæ rdtult rtrge, ¡nd thsreforcgonoty¡rta s¡leattvc valuea for ôúiorent iloyelopreatat rtagcrc¡nnot be o¡la"þtað,.
E¿bltrtr rhtch are G¡vour¡hr.e for c. tFætatfcrr¡re dlstrlbutcð thnoughq¡t auntralla. rt i¡ tbsrefolo por-¡llre to carry ort geaottosl stud,lea of thf¡ organlan st e
rrrge mrbcr o,f ¡o¡er¡¡a,h centner. ra gäattton, tbe ecologrof tihls apeclee f,r ver¡r velr kDCD, ruô therofore tàere l,¡ ea
o¡sol,leut opportunlty for coublredl stuðlo¡ ln ccology aatl
goaotloa.
$" Êcrrlglfen la regardedt la ¿{.uetral.t¡ ¡o a aerloug
Dect la paatoral ereas. aaJr genetlcnr eùrey, ae rell ag
ï"
contrlbutlng .to ær u¡üarstaeaUng of evolu,tlon, ¡rJr aL6o bc
of, ral,nc ln tho ¡p¡¡lle{l ¡clense of locust DehayLqr anû eontrol.
18.
rrl. IMEBIEAIGE OF COI,CIUR PATBETTS
rL[. (e) DtsgGEIpTION CF COIOLR pÀfmEx$
ho tdrcrlteæo ¡tuclloa FFÊ ooæornod ylth fourcolør prttelaa thleh correslþarlsô to Eeyre (fggl) ilorcr"l,¡rtlo¡a of ÇlDo¡côte, ¡,lsaovlrsats, nÈlsinorå anÄ $g!Sþ.Dqrtqg tbc twortlgrttone 1t rre fou¡d thntr of trhc slx hybrlüeo¡bl¡¡tl,one betrccn the¡s aolot¡n ¡ntterne, flve rere ¡ùonol-
typlerlþ dlfferæt far¡ elthor parcat. [ey obee¡veô eo¡.our
¡nttcrnr rùlcl¡ re.¡Ìe lntenoôlete botroon ntg¡¡srlryFta aDû
tr,lll+qgta and Ëetræn glg¡gyj54¡g! anð puÈlElnoga" but hc
û1ô 'not ðcscrlDc the¡. tihc af.ao eormr ¡nttorne rblch r€rcstudlcd 1n ilotal.l ¡nc lllustsatcð ln Pl¡te l¡. 8tr nyrphs ofrnother eolq¡r ¡nttotn, pgrohyllc¡, rBrG colteatcil tocar"ü¡ tbo
snd of tùe atuôfs¡. Bcaxtrç of theae lndivlduaf,s rae EnrEG-
eeaeful anð no lnúrsrnctlo oa &e l¡herlt¡ræe of thig colærpattorn res obt¡lneð. Dcecrl.ptlona of tho tea eolqr¡n prt-torns rhlch lneluilc porùynf.cq aaÊ ffi glvcm. Irnc-Ëæcallng
ctocks for four colqr pattertra çorla obtelælt. the¡c eolour
¡ntterno cornaapond,ed, cloeely rttlr f,eyna êcac¡rlptlona, ¡nd ¡otbc ¡¡acc rlrl";1. he usêd for thcn ¡re rct¡lnad. Hwerer, ltra¡ fo¡rsd tr¡et ülc glboæðl.g pbcnotyDG lô orpr€tseù arro þrthe hotarorygote, trûFo. Ths flvc lybrftl colour ¡nttorne re-lcrrcd to c¡rller l¡ lihla ¡nrogreph enc l¡d.legtcdl Þ both
¡snea of thc tn¡c-Drccðlng pareatt. For onnple, nl¡Eoqlre¡t¡ -trl1l¡o¡lf, l¡dlaatca c h¡rbrlü Þetwcan ntsrovþgnt¡ and
Ë ¡r
o þ ¡ lt ? a+ t r t F F B H IB H F
i I i
19.
trlllng¡t¡. lh6 eol,our pattôsu Crootypas rsre glycn l¡bnctrpta.
¡,rlDorsitlq (rry¡ r¡rr) 6 tho ûors¡r ¡urf¡oo of ürc pronotur
(t¡e ütù), thrc ere tro dtark eolouroel rchæl.dcr faaci,gc'.tlre¡c bevc tholr lnner uarglne panllel enô thcy e*tcd o¡tgtbo beoð. ThÊ fascteE 3¡¡B aslr¡¡¡tc.ð Èy a cFGaD colmred.
(ro¡ctlncc rhl,te) atrlpc. the va¡mu¡ or ûoraal. surfaec ofthe tegron la at¡rer colourcð æoø¡rt for e strell trlengulrrd!¡rk ar6a Èetrecn &e lraec of the flrgt aad sGeoDa vran¡L
vcln. Tbe r¡houlûersr of the tegnoa, 1.c. uherg the ¡nrr-
f¡ac of tbe tqran peaaea fno¡ the horf.ssat¡I to the vo¡tlc¡Iplnne, ¡¡{ ¡cr¡Êeþ rngled"
tb¡ hteral, pronot¡l loùes aFi! ð¡rk colou¡eð al-tbough not ¡¡ d¡rk ¡a the shq¡Idor fe¡ol¡c. Îl¡ene 1e no co.Þ
t¡agtlqg Battorn on tho l¡teml ¡urfaeo creoBt the f¡os rhtchher a ilark rertlonl Þad on tihe frons a¡d also ûerk" rnÈ-ooul¡rf¡scl,eo"
AlùoæôLs - ¡1grov1rg¡tr (f¡t¡) !5¡¡ ¡¡hæoty'e rllffsm f'rltoraûla ùV tbe 1&ner m¡glna of the ¡hqrlåcr fa¡of.ao bclng
not cntfrcry parallal. Ilro utørlor p'ortlo o,f, th¡ I¡tc¡rlprouotal carln¡o for.l ttre lnner uerglna of the sbq¡Itlcr fe¡cl¡oln tbts reglon" ancl tbs ar'of, Èatçeen the ¡ntcrlor aarlnel l'lm¡1¡ l¡rale aoloqrcd" thc postorlor porülon of Èho üf¡t ls ths
BrBe aa ln qlËgnealtq. Eilev@r, thc ilnrk fbsclec o¡ thc bo¡dl
2O.
tt'iÊ p¡lG! than ln albo¡oill¡¡ ¡bo tho f¡ec, g€D¡ê a¡ril tho
Bronot¡l lobæ anc moh palol and the vertf.c¡L etrlpee oa tho
faoe are al¡oat oblltentcð.
Arbonadla - trtrl¡crta (rÊrt) on thG lon¡al n¡rf¡ec th1¡ ¡nt-tena csnaot be dlstl¡gulahed frou thnt of alboæöl¡. EctrGver,
u¡Illo ¡lÈo¡edlar otr the l¡ternr ¡ur{¡ce thoro 1r s rell ðe-velo¡rcil ¡nttern of ¡ltcrnetlng ðrnk anû ¡n1e ÈaÉ¡. tbo nrb-ocnra¡r' otrlBe le vory dlstlæt ¡nô, 1¡ lntornrpteil þ r ¡nroðligonnl rtrlpt. oa the pronotel bb, d¡È ad palo horl¡on-t¡l bsnds rlternste.
trtt ha¡ the tBpeaa¡nco of gJÐgrsüf's frur a tor¡rlvler entl tËtllneat¡ f¡s¡ a l¡tcn]' vl,€r.
ËteFovlrc¡Ìi (Fry) Eho ¡ost ôvtouo feeturo of tht¡ prttcrn1¡ thc chery contncrt Èctrecn blreL end nü¡lf,ù-b¡ora or yer-lø-Þ¡tr¡ c0loram" On tho dorarl' aurfroc, dark ¡hou]'dor l|ecel¡crÊt p!6.ant oa the promtu¡ h¡t ln thtc oarG fùelr lnnor DF-glns ¡ro not ¡nrnller bec¡use tåcy ôo not eræa thc anterloteerln¡l, llnea" also, the lnner uarylne ðlvergc poatorlorþaad ¡sot the hlnd rergln of tbc pronotul at rl.ght angl.el. lbo
-l_ôoreur, t'h¡t part of the prcaoÈur betrecn thc ahqrrd,en faaolrc,¡nü the Y¡nnus nno yel.los to reddlcÞÈrcn fn col@r. ho v¡rnua ls ofto¡ aughtþ dsrkor than the dorau¡ sao hae e fel¡t\y!ûttleün trteagulsr arroe at tlre hgo of the v¡nn¡I tplng. TÈe
lbouldore of the tegrcn eFG aot ang1ed., es tn tlÈqp_eatl¡, ùut
1. Although the dorsrun is usual-l-y the entire d.orsal surfa:ce,1n these d.escriptions it refers onJ-y to the d.orsal surfaceof the head.
2L
Itl 6E!7lôðc
Oq thc l¿tcrnL ærfaeo, üro eub-oeular otrLpe lsrb¡Gnt ana th€ hcað le prle. thc pro!¡otel lobc hae no pettcrn¡nd ls ggnorally pnle eroopt for s d¡rtser roglon tcard¡ ttaoontrg.
tt+ror1ls¡t¡ - ¡qblslno.r (FlBr) fho shoqLùcr farsl¡e h¡lrtào rano aùrpe rt t hq alo fn nlslgvfpf¡h onccpt ln &cir¡nrtort or Bortf on rhore they arc rc¡lucolt f¡ sLaG o¡ tlre ln-olôe of tho poctor.f,or earl¡al lfæs. on the dorau¡ there ¡ætno fai,¡t ¡cüL¡¡ lt¡ce rhlob ûlverge bsfæo ühq ruaeh th¡rp¡tcrlor c¡d of thc boad,. Íhc¡a la øIlght uottllng on tbað,orsru anð ou tho pele ¡rortlon of the alttk. fi¡e va¡¡l¡¡ lap¡lG colourocl aracpÈ for icslaÈedl d¡lk aBotr Ëetrccu ths en-
ùlÈs1 ea¡l fj.rat vnnasl vel¡g.lbo lrtoçrl er¡rface ä¡e the c¡no aplrcstaæe ea l¡
pfsqoylrggþ ercept th¡t the gene!.al tono ts rlr&Ètþ (hr.lrcre
llerovlrr¡tr --,trlll¡q$¡ tfoft) tbo pronotrl. dlet' l¡ l¡-afþtfngnl¡ùrÞla fror tbt 1n altr-pvl¡Sat¡. tìe üorsur 1¡ rl¡or1¡11¡r to tb¡t ln qlnrovlr*rtq excø¡rt th¡t t¡ lt¡ ¡ntc¡rlæ
¡rortloa thcre !a ¡ ¡ra1cr ue&l¡n aüe rÈlch cqrñr¡Bonåc rlththe ¡¡dllan ttrlpc of 4llnrts. fhls etrlpo la obltteratoril
ln the Bostorlor reglon of tho dlors¡r¡. ftc rannga 1¡ f&Þtoolourod cxcopt for a ðerk trlangular a Fæ Defiee¡ thc bocø
of tho flrat rnä sacoaû vEnn¡I relnr, lhle årca golotlroa
?.2.
crtcde to one-thlaü d thc lcryth of thc van¡u¡. tlbG ghoul'
d,ora of ths teg¡cn aIrc sqglÊô. .À sttlpc, ürlch Lr ¡nler tb¡athc rert of the rr¡tnnÐ, rlEDS along türc chældsr betreon thocubl'trl rnd ¡econð ç¡nn¡l yef^n¡.
he l¡tcrel pronotal lobe ls tlark exoept fon tuo
Dalc horl.sont¡l b¡nü¡ rhlch illvldc the lobo t¡to threc dl¡-ttnct (brk 3!cm¡ on thc headl tho auÞ-ooul¡r anô pcloôlegoaal atrlpca ane prcaetr ht ere often lndl¡tlnct. Ttre
rost of tho he¡tl 1l ¡nle.
Br¡Èlelpoq¡ (rtrt) tãl¡ ¡ùcnoþpe 1c ahsraete¡rl¡oô þ blaets
rottlrqg otr a rþrk Þwn Deckgrouå. sbonlðen faaclacn vbtchane pneaant l,n all otþer eolotrr pettornc, ore absout lnrnrblglnofr. [üoyer, ln tåe poatcnlor regloa of the pronotur
there le oftaa a grenter ooneentretlo¡¡ of dgrh epota then
ol¡Erhero rhieù glve tho lrpreacl@ that aharlôer faaoleo
eno pFeseat' E¡e dotq¡t a¡rd allgk ¡re red,allú b¡ora a¡û a¡e
mùtled by dnrkon qrote. Alao on the doçau¡ erc tto êarÌ-colourcd, ncdlaa llnee rþlch ôlverge at the posterlor end. ofthc head. lh,ô ysturur rhlch h¡e thc Ea!€ eolour es thc ¡¡eøt
of thø body cu¡rfacc le rottled by severel lerge Þtaek lpoù1.
Îtc ðsrk colorrn and e¡teaelve rctùIlng whlsh cùnæ-tcrtco tbc rlop¡l awf¡oa slao ocer¡r o¡ flrc l¡tcral surfaor.
fllll¡ont¡ (rht¡ pùoætpoa or rbt ¡na tFrt hrt" tto nogtcætract of alr tha corour patùoFrli. Ehory fcatu¡c mlnþ
23.
a.llca of Inlc rnil al¡Ík horl¡ont¡l ll¡sa.Ítro chouldon faaclae rre vGrìtr rcll rtercloped enÄ
e¡tcaa oa to tl¡o h€¡d.. lbcfr lans¡r rargf,ng crc ¡nnallol ¡nd,
¡Fo Bêrlenqteô, bry a thln, p¡te etrl¡n. Ílre ne¡tl¡n Ðt¡llpe !¡etthEr rhlts or yorlc brsrn. lhc ehq¡lders of tbo tegnen
rne angl.dl.
ths ô¡rk, aub-ocul¡r f,aaalas rlth pale dtagonnl
rtrlpea ¡¡¡E r¡lesont. Tho pronot¡l loÈe b¡e ùhe eltaruntlngÈonôe of ught and. dl.erk ooroqr rhloh r€lrË deaanlboü f,or ntrtr¡a trltÈ.
þtl*fnql - trltlneÈ¡ (f"tt) f,bc only illffereæo beÐcenrrrt a¡¿ rtlt ls on thc ûorr¡1 surfrco of the prcnotun. rD
Ftt, thc nntcrlon oenlnsl tfne enel.osc Èhe ln¡er trtqfln¡of the ahq¡llctr fasoL¡e. Tle gere ucdllan ¡trl¡p oocuglea thes¡ìEa bEtrecn the antcnl,or carlnr l!,neo ln Frtrt a¡dl tlre l¡ncrnarglna of tbe chq¡lder fsælåe are thcrdore not pnRllcl.
Fo¡:obvrlu .|lho folLæfag ðoeonLBtlon lc bmotl oD an o¡erL¡-¡t1on oú o1¡ fenalec Enô onc nele rhlch rerc captured ln thê
ftelö. h,eour c¡reollans ln t hc Dlv1e 1on of Ëntolologf rt.S.I.B.O.¡ CanÞc¡ra, yere al'eo c¡ant¡ad.
rha roct Etrlklae fe¡tr¡re of thlo eolou¡r ¡nttern letho prerense of purple rhleh ls not fouDÄ ln the o&e¡:, p¡t-terns. E¡tæalvo dovclopænt cú grcu plgrent la coletlm¡aeaocLntoö vlÈh tJro purple. rt rß ltÈcry fà¡t typleer
â+.
tpæl,¡or¡a of poroDrrrls¡ alre g?catr anû ptæplc, ùocauso thoûgrga lc ¡Èce¡t, thoro 1E r mrlr¡d dlccro¡eG la thc ortc¡tof pur¡rtre. F¡o¡ c1l epeohena rhlcù h¡ve Þoe¡ a¡¡ul¡ot, rtroulü rppôrr th¡t tho gneen arÉ purpl,e plgænte aa€ cupertpDos.å o¡¡ a ü¡sia eolou¡r ¡nttem ülch cor¡FÉpondr to thcrtrt phanoþ¡n. the rleocrt¡rttm of po¡.oÌqrlan fc tba¡aforeElvon l¡ tæu of ¡ ¡odlff.od ¡fft ¡nttela.
lbo Ëhû¡lilor-f¡sota€ IFG pmort Èut thry ilo ætGrtcût bcyoa'ð tbc Boctonlor æü of tho arr!.ml rtnæ. I,ho
ædârf,¡ ctrlBe tc Bur¡rre ed cterds tbo cnt lre lcngth of {ùcpnootur. tho B¡rt of tbc pronotur ùoyonal tbc ¡roatcrf,or s¡!-ln¡r r.lnce ¡¡dl o¡ eltbn atars of rùo puqplo atrlpe ir grcen.tbo vannæ 1a grccn. Petcùea of purp¡,É ere Bl¡resont on thG
bl¡¡A fc&r,fDc aronoûal, loÈo ha¡ tJre bandeil ¡ntton of F Ft.
In qdLutloa, lts væDt¡al hl:f la pur¡rlo. TbG Eub-o.nrl¡n fas-al¡e rnô Bale üfegonnl etrt¡rce ane prcocnt ¡nå tb face l¡pull¡Lo. làe d,laÈlr porû10 0f the btnd ferrr t¡ grrrGDr
r¡dlrlilueta la rüiab g$oGn ptgront rre ab.Gnt rereal,nll¡r to flft 1¡ rII roa¡nctr exæBt thßt the ¡nlo ¡edj,¡¡etrlpe rea ¡rurpIc.
Oreen fon
-
îÈe rol¡tlon Èotreon th6 allffemnt gmotyBea and
tbc proùrotlon of gæcn plgrsnü ls dfssusecd. l¡ ceotloa¡rrr.(c) a¡dl trlf.(¡). A dcgortBtlon la glven et thfa rtage
25.
of tbô effeat of tbc grooa plglet o¡¡ the aplrÊa!Énor of thÊ
ganoûyplcâlJ.y dltfcr-ent æl,our ¡ntterarrE¡trnslve &velo¡neut of glrcn rôJr eoryrtotoly regk
tho bo¡le colour pettern. rD thlg e¡trc¡e ces€, tho oerlnllf¡oo a¡ro pnas@t, but ou\y falntþ co. tùe gùoul.cte¡r tbref¡cars refrcod to thln drnk llne¡ o¡rt1ln1¡g thc carl¡sl' llnec cu
thelr l¡¡cr nrglne. tho ôor¡al aurrf¡ac of tha hearl ¡nd tho
ðlgk eccept for thc ahoulðor lgoclae are uarforuly Eneca.
rho vannuc ls Etaên eæopù for the oxt¡le¡c poator!.or lrrTln.Eçovcr, t¡c ¡nlc ùqlåor atrl¡ee ane preeent ls conc lndr-vlüu¡ls euggoetlng fàrt thoy Ërl!,trr thc Ft ¡Ilolc.
on thc l¡tcrnl rnr{aeo, thó hÉit anû pronotnl lobe¡¡r'Ê gr'acn exoept that ln cone eesca tbero la r ensll ilrrk¡noa tcr¡¡rdg f¡ùc ocatrc of the f¡¡onot¿l IoÈc. 1!ho lrto¡el¡nrtlon d tä¡ tcgpæ fc greon ercc¡rt flor llark Èlotùc¡. Ib¡hf^rral fenr t¡ gsocralþ gûüBe
tIle axtr¡¡e fo¡¡ of tbe gr{¡ct¡ vlrt¡tg la r¡re Gra¡¡
ln pspul¡tlo¡ ülleh hve r blgl¡ proportlæ of g¡rìôcn l¡divl-Al¡.lt. trornll¡r, üea g!æn la prcocnt lt lc mt anff,lclontþcxtcaelve to n¡L tlrc rore ¡!,¡rÞtng featurm of the Dr¡loootrour ¡nttcu¡. ho f¡oc cad tbs pscterlor portlo ol tÞs
pronotel illrt Èecorc gxFaGD loFe reaiftly tbn qth,ar" prrta ofÊhs body. fbe ehoulilsr frrolrc Ëlcly rsaeh thc Þostorlorenð of tbc pronotnl. Iflth an tnsrøee Ln thc prodhrctlon of,
gnter¡ plgneat, a tlngc of groen applnra oa tÀe taglea, L¡-ton¡l pronoÊrl lob€ a¡d tlre fs&r, In plate 5 fcsles orf
EIla iGolrr ¡nttrsn fD 9. $þsgg, f¡nlmr Èrtl¡
tLa Élrct d gFlrn r¡fæt ol tb rc¡rcrlc.f thc btlc oo¡ilr ¡nttr*n'
(gneæ terro t¡¡cl rnnt of ¡nra ¡lf¡n¡t ¡leo.ÑtI¡æ lrilr* Ilr.E p!¡ræt ccæ¡¡l¡c ¡Int L¡lf lr¡ì-
flo¡ rrr).
26.
ôlfferant gaoty¡ne ¡Fe ücn. rnùtylfual-¡ l¡ ùtrs uppor rrE
have enft ¡ t¡lce of grccn Btgrcnt ühorcea ln ürorc of thrbotta t{il. lt covoæ rppro*1ntel,y hsü thelr eurf¡oe BFñe
OOIPUN Pâ,ETtsIß OP Í]flPEAL INBTANS
!!bc cslær ¡nttcrma rhleà bve rlnæily DGGn üæollbcðerc {vplcal for ¡dl¡Itr uhleh bavc Èccn re¡rcð 1¡ ¡nl.t cagcr
rt about 5fC. &c effect of enwi¡l,o¡nent o¡ oolour ¡ntterr1¡ ilealt wlth la III.(e). fhe aolour Battern of Eylrnhl Lunchanged, thro"gh rueocod,lry lnrtr¡e ¡nd Lc tàe r¡¡e æ thrtfor¡nd s¡¡ @DnÐepond,lag a¡qoaa of tñe ¡ðult. As u¡ru¡ùc ôo not
nlosaü¡s llfry rE¡andeð rlugo Ëbcy l¡ek tho eontleatlng ¡nt-te¡rnc r¡¡octatcil rlth thosc o¡ìgrJ¡8.
ft la conetl¡a¡ ¡llfflsul.t to illrtlngulû certsl¡geaot¡r¡rer E!¡o¡ry flrst l¡stera beosu¡o of Èha a¡all a!ôarrhleb læl.u¡le ðl¡gnoetle fe¡turrgsr fFft l¡ ocaa¡loonllJr
sl¡¡clflcd er rhg beeeuso tù6 shoul'ðer f¡eelee rppcer toG¡ìoar thc a¡tanlor oerf¡¡l llnec. Thla coufuslon 1r dbc totbe rstbor rnrnûr prræonn of the proaotur Ë1cl¡ laoludoe the
snterlor e¡rlnal' llnas,
IBT TO THts CIÂS8IFIC.ATIffi æ TOTÆTIB. PATBNN OBITCtrHES
&o follwlqg key sutltnes tào dll,rgnoctlo orltcrlao¡oð ln tbc cl¡¡¡1flo¡tlo¡ of color¡r prttcrn tcnotypsa.ftece o¡ltonla are al¡o ll,l¡l¡trsteð 1¡ Pl¡ta 6.
glÄlr 3
f,Lü¡¡trtlo¡ rhclry tàr ûlr8¡ortlo f¡ntuo of ttrtlfì?clcnt oolanr ¡nttern.
* {
F'f '
r"f '
-2 -ê
f"f'
f ".F/
n2 n/
f'ft
27.
Adultr
-r (")
(r)z (e)
(D)
3 (s)
YaD^me
V¡nms
Venmr
Ya¡¡nr
rottleð e. ¡
æt rcttl¡dp31o .. .. rðafk .. ¡..
aaa
aaa
Õaa
aot
aae
ro a
aaa
aot
aa a
aat
aaa
aaa
oaa
aaa
aaa
aaa
..r 7
... 2
... 3
... E
fqgnlnal eh@1ô6r= sng].ed, ruÈ-oculsr feaclscpfe0Cat ..r .c. ..t ... ... tor ..n. lt
l+ (.)(r)
5 (¡)
(b)
6 (¡)
(b) feglrnør aheuLcbrs munded,, aub-ooulsn f¡cciacfÞOtnt ... .. a .r. ... .¡. .. o ...
8uüÞocula¡r f¡¡el.a çltb pale dllagonnl strl¡n$Eb-o'culan f¡sola ultlrout palc dlagennl
ôtr{'IF ... tr.. c.r a.. ... ... ..?
Shoufder fscclec e¡tsd on to tbe bend,,
rc¡nratad by crearËoolor¡reê nd,lan otnlpo
thoulden faaelae åo not e¡t¡nd on to &chceð, rcôLm stnlp fbXnt anã proaeut lD
rntorlor portl,oa d brdl oaþ r.. .o. a..
Dlrk r11à shoul.der f¡oelne erocalng the
e¡tcrlor car{,ngl Il¡er .,. ..r ..e ...Dlrk rlth ùql'ðor f¡¡olac qot croealng tho
antcrlor cgrlml l1æ¡ .ro ... j). .o.
r¡lp5
te"t
6
frt
!¡FÊ FÊF!t
(r)
t'f7 (¡) thontdon fascl¡o ucll dcvolo¡nô, rbn¡ul ¡nlo
rtùh üro frlnt nd,lsa llnea, yannnÊ l¡¡lc ¡nð
¡Irghtly notùteô .r' .o. .,. ..r r.. tFF
(b) 8ùouldlei f¡ecl¡o nl,nost obllterabd, rhoJ.e
t (¡)
(r)
5 (")
bl
9'8.
aurf¡co of lnaect 6en&, ðorgut ulth neûl'¡a
1llÊr tllrtlæt, vannua atroagþ ¡ottleû ..r IFIFIlt!ts Éth ¡bsul'ilcl frecl¡e erocatqg aatcllorgrrl¡gt l1"F¡ ,.. Ò.. ... ¡.. f r. ... tht
Dl¡k sl,th C¡oulclcr fa¡cl¡c not orcatngrntentor oarlngl l,j,re¡ ... . r. .. . o. . ¡Fft
f,v¡sh¡ aadl A,ô¡lÊ¡
I (¡) Domnr rltb derk shouldor !¡¡clac arË plte¡oô'l.¡n atri,¡n ... fr. ... rr. .r. ... 2
(È) Dor¡ur rlthouÈ û¡rk úou1ôcr farolao, rttù orrlthq¡t ¡nlo reûÍan atrlDG .. .r. ]?. rb. 6
2 (a) I¿tsnl pnomtal lsùe rlth rcll deyel'oped ¡nloaad ð¡rk boll¡ont¡X. Þanil¡ o.. ... . .. ... ll
(U) I¡tctr1 p¡oaotsl lobe rlthout lel1 dcvcl.oped
Få¡Ê a¡tl ûrrk horlænù¡l b¡¡ô¡ ..+ ... ... ,, (a)
(b)
tl (e)
(b)
Dl¡f rlth Soulder &acl¡ecerlul ll¡ca .. o t..
Dtsk rltù ahoultler feacl¡otcr.tor carlaal llneg ..r
Dl¡k rlth ùor¡.ldcr fa¡aLacqr!.ml 11æ¡ ö. o .. .
DLE rltl¡ sbouLôer f¡sslgcrntcrlon carl,nl Lt¡er
orooslng ¡atcrloraúa aaa aaa aaa
got olocalng rn-aaa aao aaa aaa
clæalng aatcr{,on
aaa oaa ta, aat
plþ croeolne
rao ata óaa aaa
t¡r¡ ¡¡rr)
fIg
,
lodt¡n etrl¡rc broaÀ, olosrF@lqrroû ... ü.r
Iadll¡n etrtpo D¡anil, rbltc or ¡sdpùFún .,,
tFtt*nttrbt
6 (.)
(D)
7 (.)
(b)
I (.)
(Þ)
?J9.
Iatcnl pronotcl lobe rlth lfEÞt t¡ü ü¡rÈeolouroû blda, mb-oeul¡p faaolec prcrcnt ...
tr¡trrrl proætal löc rlt¡hout lfgþt ¡nù ô¡¡tcojlouroô ùcaôa , ãrb-oqr¡n r frae !¡ e eb¡ent . . .
tlroul.ðcr feaeLao rcl,l dovclo¡n{l¡ prl€ a$æõ
l¡ot DttJ'd, geærrL\r ysll.or ... ... ..rSbo¿lüor faeclns ¡loorþ ð,evelopeü æ abont;ñol'e anrfacr gcnaralþ ô¡rk anð rcttbô,ôorü¡r r lth tro rcll' dbtolo¡ndt roðtrn l'tncs Ò.
Domr rlth *e f¡lnt reôlan llæs rlrtchôlvurjc potcrl,orþ .r. ..' oô. ... .r.
Iþr¡rrr rlthout ¡edt¡¡ ll¡cr ... ... ... ...
rurt
7
I
tFP"
Tryr3
LIr. (D) OnrCIü OS 8,îæ88
&c rtu& d lÈerltmc¡ of oolsrr ¡nttaru rrrrtrrtcü ih¡rng t¡Forb, 1957. lhr orlgl¡el garonta ¡crc oÞtstnd' fror S¡llorfc, Sonth Arratrallr, ¡¡ö perth, Uoct Au¡-tr¡tl¡' trh¡!'tb.r oo]"lcottep fr.f, re¡rtrouo loc¡lltl¡c fa ilGü
8q¡tb ffalor, Seth anaùmtrt¡ snô woot â.r¡otrclln rorc l¡trqo-ðuoed, lato t'he Þæriltag Drìogtt¡ &rlag cubrcquant yarrr.
Irr. (e) rErFns,
¡¡f rngt botrm ctaglc pnlrc rerc set up ln tùceaßøa rhlcb ;ere dlocerlbexil 1u rr. (Ë). tho¡e r€ro not rr-tiya slssetaful (ho clther to prereture ilestih of ths fer¡Ieor boosuso €g¡¡Ê ð1ð not nturro anil thcrcfolro thcgr rGnB not
f¡lô. Bceaucc retl,aga rGnr fnequenùþ unaucooaaf,ul, up to
5O'
thr¡c foral'o¡ rGr¡o ntod, to the oDË nlc thcaeraF poorlbhrAftcr thry bocc¡o gr¡ylðr these fe¡¡lar tcr€ plroed tn re¡n-ü¡tG cagcs for ovlposttlæ.
8æa after håtchrng, the flrct l,¡atar¡ rcre traar-forrcd to rearlrrg G8[F8r Cslour Battcma IGFE D€ooadlód,
lnltl¡I$ ùrfag tho eecoad, rnù thlrô fnatelo, althongb oD
toro oecaalona (brtng tbo f!.rst lnet¡r. Detr rcrc obtelæû,
on ùrbscquaat oceeslone ràlch colmtôeil rlth ¡outlæ oloan-tng of qgg..
IrI. (A) qEITBÎIC,AL aNALr$üü AF ffiE CqIpUR mTERnS
(1) IilEEBIEÀIûB DatÀ.- Dûtr o¡ €nlonr ¡rttarn lûcrlta¡ccrGr..¡ obtal'néü frc frtnat¡r-sq6 ont d tro bunÀ¡sü ¡nd torty-f lvo rntlagf . Forlf-[lltrô of tha ntlngp toFs Er¡ecaËúulbêerato of rùc¡rll'f$ qneeû by eæorclve tol¡nratulsa tothc loeuatc rcrc fou¡tù anô flf,th lnatar qn¡lhs" &¡É¡g a
hat rrvo la illlury, 1958, tbc rùuoonôltloacr fallsd tooporate rDô o egr toryosaürac rnoðc to SOoC ùofee thc û¡ultrr¡ oib¡o¡rvoil mdl tho ltrSbt¡ 1¡ tho c¡geo IGrrE erttohoil ofil.tron¡lly, rntlngc f¡llcil Èeorr¡¡e fulee dlêû Dcfone ovl-poeltlng or, lorqÊ ranoþ, bea¡u¡o nlee ôlcð prlor to oo¡nr-
fstlonr It ra¡ a¡pnrrcnt tb¡t lf ealults srrFvlyo thoÞ f,tntreots of ltfc tbqr uanell¡r rapsoùroc. ftcy do not appcar toDa ¡r rralL cdrrBtcdl oe q¡rlpbe to Gags ænd.ltlon¡ ¡nð lt ree¡s
thst tùe flrat fcr Qya after thê fl-ul nælù rre erltlclonsa 6or eôult Eurvlvll la a sonfl¡cô lpaoc.
.Il.
lh¡ nl¡cty-æe ntlqgf t¡¡rotrvcð tlrlrty-flvo ûl,f-ferad co¡bl¡ntlona of colour patteuna or n¡ttng t¡rper. ÞÞqnenoies of dlltfenent colser ¡nttomr obaerveô enoag theoffaprlng rnr EulsrlsÊü La rhblo 5. Ileta fron ôtîlsranterro¡ftês lnvolvlng hc ra¡a rott^ng typc üÊ¡fiB horogoneqrr a¡a
hcvc ùeen pooled. Aleo no ålffcRÊnEoa botroen racr¡lrooalcFoÊsoc or rlt'h rcoBcot to ¡ex rÊF6 obgcwad. Data froo 1ptltvlû¡¡I ntlngr orc l¡elu(bû r¡ thc aBpsnðlr l¡ raDro (11 r).
I¡ tablc 4, aæ glveq chl-rque¡e v¡lueo tectlng forheterogcnclty of aslour prttern frcquenolaa beÊrocn thc €ûFly
nyr¡¡ùf atagcs ¡¡d rilult¡ fro t;onty-alght ee¡nrato fanll1ag.tba¡re tsa ao hcterogrnel.ty tnülcatlng no üf,:tfereatl¡I ¡ortcl-tty vlth roepoat to eolour pattcrna oc€u,EnBô rbe¡ thc.loau¡t¡rctìE naa¡çfl fn tbo J¡Doretory. Goa¡cquentl,Ir f¡¡l\y ð¡ta lrFæIviag elthor ny4ùr or sôulte Dy b qseô f.n tattng rglcG-
rcnt rltl¡ ea þrpothcslo for the rnherltonco of aolær ¡ntto¡.u.
III. (at) (ff ) GüEIICa.L Easlßr- tyuo Dreoôtag atæk¡ fon
fer¡r aol'q¡r Fttornc üGFE obtalnoil. I¡¡ offsprlng rl¡oro ro-grogattoa for eolour Bettorn occullmô, the r¡tLoa rarlo
rpprorlmtrly clther 1¡1 or 1¡?¡l or 1¡I:l¡1. It 1¡ thorc-fo¡¡e cuggoatoû tbst, ælq¡r ¡nttenna -l.n $. &EE!g!!gIg arc
l¡herlted by four ellelie EGr¡@r f, f, { ena rt. a
tetrr¡-ellclle logr¡¡ rould gtvo nlse to tgn genotypea of rhtch
four are h,olo¡ygouå anû slx hetcrocygouË.
IattngTYD3
ttrtrrF¡rtt¡,tilüptFbh!ry
#r¡s'eÉ
frfr¡¡fft¡FxrÉßrtIBIfTIütr!¡¡l¡rIÊXÊ
I'npttÉü1lÛ
rnrhfrt¡n¡ln¡a¡ttF1t!ßrn¡l8
Fttlra¡trEhqdtttrrfuryr
a6. r8rhreFe?. rßttst'tte8. ¡prtr¡¡rreg. rßrtrxßIF
Io. tFsk¡fur11. ¡lnr&rryü
5â. FÊra'¡F33. fl!&rarË5lr. ra'4¡raDn
5.
a
I
2J,.
e¡tu
2.
9.
lr2o
5.
b.
ttfloHa
ofLngt
160
58
n1t5
3A
5tæ7
6r
at
lo?ilu
túT
3tt
168
E
nb5
5E
58
l$
gls
4e
ilral+6
I
t,
Ie
2
2
E
II5
b
1
2
tI2
I5
2
2
,
17
16
ñ
r5
e¡+
25
t7h
5
tL
l+
2
2
tta
t7
IL3
gI etu?
95
ô
æ
E
r6
2
2
1
5
I5
7
¡:1,
L'
9
r:t
9
9
I15
e
6
It
le
55
5
U+
I
7
52
159
E
,
r¡rr
r?
u
#
3
50
?ß
3r15
19
6
12
15
TL
19
7
22
{txL
1
I
lrt5'te
e8ll
ú
7e
rg
2
9
,
10
æ
s5t
U+
6
6
3
2
58
6ll
IO
3
t19
l}
taDaDqTü
(þnot¡æc orf Of,:leDrt[g
)of Ottt,slr!¡go
r60
¡4
lell
¡tl
It
at
tt.E+, t
,
¡o
r¡l120
tzt&rt5å
Lfrñtæ9
sttffwj53¡
lc¡ 6nttrr
¡
¡
tIIIII5
¡
¡
L
2
I
Il-1.
o.gto.oh
Or@
OoS
1,6o.so.&o
o.otO.&6
o.og
O'?5
O.€o.q2.25
(Ð1-Sqnnr
5t2
5hr
*5flt?5fr35ü
5fr55'B56r
#5tl+
6ta
6æJ
tro¡ dIattrI1
t2
!I2
2
2
IIIIt
D.D.
l.06o.0t0.o5
5.1É
5"bO
o.Lto.lgl.joo.ato.56
o.00
o.o5
o.05
o.7e
fFl-Sa¡m
52.
tbc phenotypea correapoülng to üo te¡¡ gsnoÈy¡rcl
üeaÊ dagorlboð ltr III. (s) " ftr ganot¡rpcs f¡¡f a¡¿ lH r¡cregnrðod re havtng tho ae¡c phanoty¡re altbægþ aEDg olb¡tbe ilark ane¡B rna paler Ln ff tù¡¡ rn I¡l¡. !þ latæalþof ¡rlgrontstle !.e æelþ nodLflod by cnvlp¡rent, andl þttaeaf lt le sn unrell¡br€ crttcrlo for ¡çcognlalng dtrtfepeat colour pettcrno - thoao arn ôletlngUtahcð role\r ùy ¡nt-tern d.lffo¡ences.
Oa the þrgotùcoir" thc foilJ'ortng retlrya 8rlê G!*
pected to ylelü offoprá.ng rhloh eegrregato ln oltber 1;1,l¡2¡1 on lrl,:l¡1 rrtfosr1. bnsygote ¡ hetosor¡lgote J 1¡l Grgo Frtt ¡ rËrr -)
&rS*tfDt8,. heÈerorygoto ¡ bete¡o¡ygotr + l¡ Z: t orgo rFft r trlft -+
*rFr¡+trfrt+t rht
,. betcrorygtotc r hcteroaygote + t¡I:I¡t 6ogr "ryt
r f'}n-.t åffçrtt+
*r+!+åF¡rttII.(ð) lrff ) AtrÀDrgrg oE DÀEl.- Oh.l-stwrs r¡lqcr tccûlng
thc agncat ùotreon Èlro ú¡e¡tuü fncqnonolc¡ n¡d tho¡o cr-pcotoü by tùc hy¡nthcL¡ ore gl,ven l,n Îable 5. Of thc üenty-tbroe typea of, ntlag, mutora t9 (I2 = E.7r t D.l) ¡Daf 55
(XE . Itrl.r, 5 m) ¡nc tÞ sfy ær îù1ô rhor r rlgalf teatûtrl¡tloo at thc 3É lcvü of probbllftr. lhÉ.,,for¡al
$ru*.å
ffi-ryAff Vr¡$r$ trEslHIe !m fæwr¡¡ EltrEg*TtrÛ+M*:IPB
tb
T
c
I30
12
Itr¡r5r?It
ÞltEt :Èn h-ttIIttItIII2
D-D.
o.qO'rú
t,5bor&0
o.*¡.€or.blo.o5
I.O6
5.43
o.taIrlÍ
E¡-9oaen
r9ú
æ
Itù
4tst5¡,,
5b
fi
t3
5
2
t5
I2
,
2
I
D-!.
t.Tt6.t46.oo
o.tilT62.t?r.ãbo.¡?
ut.55
2.ëo.0g
lf¡lp8dirra
3U.
atgulflcaæc of tbetc dlevlatlo¡a eannot Èe cTll.alncd¡ ft tlre
lltÞt of tbt ¡s¡-¡t 8nr fleanco of dffilaùLop 1E tÀû rcn¡lnl¡gtnont¡n oæ ratrng tUpcer tihy BhoüA probaDlJr aot ùa takÊa too
sor{oualy. the üuta oa tbs üole agßsc reaeoDsbty rcll ütththc nr¡ltlplc allel;le hfgetbsls.
rr¡" (al) (1r) Dorr[aüEE,- thc pbaotypao or rÊf, ttrÈ, rað
tbt Þer¡E la eopon a rcll ûlreloBeô, eertrsgt bêtrc@ Bal,e anû
afa¡e eol'orneü aEBêBe Irr tbê sGbo* hoooaygotc, f'iF, tb GoDF
tragt le slca-üÐ ro4¡ecô so thÂt tbc rhol'G body surfaac ls ro-latlve1y unlfìo¡¡ oxec¡rt for a lottled' apBoanasoo. 0øoty¡rea
hctenoaygor¡s for t¡e ¡F al'l'ele also have conø¡rlcrroua phanot¡r¡ros.
In othor rorrüa¡ eontrartLagpttcra¡ arc dmlnsnt ot¡ea fihc ¡ro-
latlrtly unlfo¡r rybf,dgo¡a paùtern lhe atleloo lÊ, fF "ø.trt rfff Þe rctomGd, to a¡ dorlænt-gËrî6t. þrrçr,r tho @fy
esoe rbere ômlaancG raE corplcta rae for ¡F gvsr IF. a¡ôtg
genot¡rpea hsterouygor¡G tlth ¡e¡¡¡cet to t'hc donl¡ant allclcstfê ts Doric cqrlotcly ðo¡l¡rent tb¡a ¡F *o¿ ft. lto or{or of,
ðollnnncr fon tàe fou¡r allolca san bc Fellrre¡eateû by De* f o
Ft > rF.
IIr. (ê) (v) rur.ErPr.E ar.I.EuBr vmBIIS cIégE Lr$f,AsB¡- lTo or
ro¡lg aoral'lcl-lc genc¡ nqy bcbare ae aultlptre al].e].er tn trbcrl.tancc Brodileal no rcconbtrnatlon Eatæen the¡ can bG ate-
taetËd.. For cloæly ]'lnhaal locl" (W to IF ¡recoablmtloar BV)
e large annÞer of offr¡rrtng rü¡lal proÈaÈly Þavê to be acoccd,
before ðoteotlag a reooublnant. Thcloforc¡ o¡¡l \rpothcala ofrultlpl'o Ell'cl1æ ðoca not c¡cl¡ôo t[c lroaslbltlty of elcac ,
f.1alag6" Eolçvopr frol tbê ôatsr tbt qpPcP l.lrlt of thc
lËI*"
try'
rc-fhU
¡t il¿
ßÜfü'6*
ofl .û4 tsf+q
"hct
't¡ECt Ërfi,¡f¡¡çor&
Eq5
gtf
l"Eg"t
srg
tr}É*
ErI ffi ¡qr rì¡rry srtrær G¡ to¡ ¡¡ttv¡ffio36.0 trßr mrflxmm¡ æ ¡Dfrl Ußün
"f''iÍffi'ìE
5b.
¡'Êcorbln¡tloa pÊræataæ rqy b oal.cul¡tô{l. Îhir 11¡lù lrr funstlon d tho n¡nDcr of offa¡rrtng anit rlll dcsreeso rÉ
larger ¡n¡ùcre arqÊ sr¡llaÊð, provldod no Feeo¡bltants aro
ûptoetcd,.
A É,¡lnr of th¡ca loct Ír nccccsarÌf to cgrlrtn thÊ
l,úorlt¡nal of oolsul ¡nttoroa by cloccly tlnkod 1ool. frcrceecr!,vo lgrblslnoæ (rDrt) ry Dc rø¡rreraatd gcnotyplælþ.e ffi . roat hoteæcygoter roulð bc 1¡ ropulslon ¡ünee,
oogo FlPt vonlô u" $*l . EhoFe 'po 1c tbc rcaorbln¡tLonperomtagc betrocn a and t, tho cqroatetl on of offrBning tntcre oú opt fror s repuleto ¡ùaac bcckoroes tould be:
æ.¡-¡æo¡ÞlnnaÍqatrt ¡ --Ð !P-trntFa! o
lcl¡tlvo Flogaooay:l¿
Il no ¡ocoôl¡l¡tr ræ ob¡aret 1¡ r¡r sffryrlng, tàcn tùoqppûr ggfi etlrtlûcnss ll¡lt for tbo ræorbln¡tlon pcrccntr6s
1r calanl¡t¡ô by Gquatrng tho fl,rst tcn of &s cr¡naolm el(e + p)n to o.o9 1.or (r-n)o r o.oj. oBpor rlrlt¡ for tàe
thrro regl,oas Èryo bcon c¡tlntd ¡nð rno gf,vcn t¡ lbblc 6.
IüL (o) ErVInOrIEtrEå,L rcDIFIcAlIor OF ptE[Orrpr
hc pbaoþ¡rlc cqrræclon of, gc¡oty¡¡c¡ 1r ôcter¡ücûp.ltfy Sr cuvlrmront, +nû any e¡rlrcrantrl cùelgu ny rcault
ry+ t
35.
ln ¡o'dllfLcstlon d f¡hc ¡ùcaot¡rpc. It 1¡ tbcrofon lrpo¡rta¡tto Iw the cffoot of dtrf,fcrc¡t cnvlronrcnta on ootr.mr ¡at-torn c¡preorloa and Écther dlfforcneos bstrean colqrD ¡nt-tcrn¡ a¡rs atllL oÞvf.sr¡s undor o¡treue envlrr¡nent¡,
frcy (fggh) oÈ¡orveð thnt 1or nan tonperrtunoa
(e6.7o0) ûnrlag ilcvelo¡ræat laetl to tùo.Bno&rctlon of Fûl¡-tlvoþ ¡lark lnd,lvtltuaLe, rhÊMo at hlgþ ton¡nraturo! (ft.goc)l-uðlvlclusls aro lrsh polcT. Ewever, hG dldl not rccord a4r
oUrnæc ln eg¡naraDGê of colour ¡¡¡ttera¡ c:cept rl,tb rcforcnce
to th¡ Bro&rctlon of grttsn Blgæntrâ.t 22-3l5oÛ qyrDh¡ sDð ¡ôuXtc ¡Fr notleaùlJr dla¡tor
tbnn ¡t t5o0. &c l¡alo¡oo t¡ (bü aolqr! 1a ¡oat nril¡ed on
thc hoall saù cbdolcar . AIao, tho eontr¡et betrrrcn lfgþt andl
ð¡rk eol'oureü aros¡ Lc oonstclcrnÞly rçdl¡seû dlue to ths fo¡¡cts.
becollng &¡tor. tho løon tcnpe¡rturo te tror€ f¡voqrsble forthe producti.oa d r blncf ¡rtgænt vhleh 1ß ilopoeltoô 1¡ tJro
cntlalo. flrla Dig¡e¡t h¡a not bcca ldenttflcd ohcnlælI1 hti¡ rogt llkaþ rclanln, a black plg¡e¡t connon\r found ln¡nll¡ls rnrl planta. It rill bo rofenroô to by tbla nnnc 1n
thc ren¡lnder of thls thegls. lrrcrsaeeg ln the amr¡t of
relsal¡ æke tbe lclcntlfletlon of aoDG col'qlr lnttern ¡ibeno-
ty¡rea dlffleult. At lq ten¡reraturûs, the arÊa l¡elôe tho
anterlor carl¡ql llnoa t¡ FrDt aDd Ery oftc¡ appear¡r lbrk¡1¡ ¡¡¡ù GaB€o, ü¡e¡c pbonoty¡ro3 cannot rlth ocrt¡lnty Dc dl¡-tlngulahed f¡ro¡ rbt ana tñXl roaBcattvrlü. ft¡ ¡ùcnoty¡rra
fi.
b¡vt tho gsncrel apBoars¡¡Ga of f&! hrt l¡ck t he notttlril y¡n-¡ua aad' tho fatnt, oodlrn lr¡oa oa the dorsun a ¡rs abto¡t.
¡, stuûy na ¡lso nail¡ of tbe effeat oa oolour Dot-tera aqrrecrlon of neerlng iniltvlduel¡ in tostrEtlon at 55oG.
rt r¡a ¡entloneù tn rr, (b) th¡t locuat¡ rc¡e aornll¡r æ¡rrdu¡ôer oond,ltlo¡e oonûucrvo to grcgerlouânosrÕ Îhe eolqr ptt-tcrn¡ of tihe ilttlclcnt genoty¡res r'seûôô Ln thla Fy ro¡¡e dgg-
erlbeet l-n rr¡.,("). I oeryn¡rlaon Detrson thc¡e prttcnr anô
tb¡ ¡nttoms of t¡dlvliù¡alc rcasod la tcol¡tt on gl,vcs rore ln-dls¡tlon of thc offect of gopulntlon ltcnoJ.ty on colour ¡ntternet¡rrelaLon. offeprln3t fr.:r gnegarioRe rnrents rre ¡ot ool*pfete,Iy tnnafo¡etÊel to phaae oo4ltarl¡ ;hqn ree¡rcd. la l¡otetf.on,but they ecrtrtn\r do not dleplrr gpgarloanær to l¡he r8!G
c-tcnt aø tåcry ðo rùen ¡seered. n¡dor arrcrðed eonttltf drletïo rlnngrcd and alnety-olÉt ftrst rnetar nyrphc
tclG tranaferrud. ore to oceJ¡ tr, r 1! teot tr¡be ¡a aoon aa thcSr
hatched. f,lhrJnr grma andl a d4y aupprenent of blan, eneeln ¡dyrsù tt!! u¡at r¡ fooö. Itc læuatr rere lncubetoð at tf0.h¡lt oonûltton¡ ln tbÊ tube¡ ¡¡e¡ru1tcð la Þavy mr{aliþ.Eæcvern alxt¡f-llr rôulta uoËrt obtalæô.
hdler thc aond,Ltløe ðeserlDed aÞove, ¡cLenta lcg¡adu¡lry leùaoil la æeceürlyc lastara, and l¡ eùrlt¡ lt lE
¡l¡oat oorploteþ obllteratod ercept for r thtn rlne elong thcl¡acr nrglne of the l"gtcrnl e¡Flnno. Alro, thc d¡rk sFrÊaa. ,on
rl¡i,ah rsl¡nln lr rupcrt¡poeed lrla ær¡aldopbly prl'er tbsn
f'l.
Dorgl. rn rht ¡aü rrFt Ldtvlilr¡ar¡ the iþr¡al agúaGc oftht hod rnð pronotul, ü¡L€h ana normgr ðerk-çolouroô cr-acBt fon s pslo ¡oôlan tìaeolr, ano pero and clooeþ reasrDrÊ
thr norual ¡ùenotypo of rtt, Arro, tùelr tq¡l¡¡ are ltght-corou¡¡eô e¡ la r4Ft. ho ð¡rk t¡aãa on thc lnto¡nr pronotar
ln-oe ¡re alrcst oblttcntcð. Thore le u,ttte cùoqgG ln theothor colou¡r ¡nttrlae, prearræDþ Deæuse r€lanln la not aa
prmtaent a oo¡atituent of th,or ec rn Btft snû FFFt.
Flvo d tbc tto bu¡drracl end nlneþ-elght locusts(z rtF raô j rort) dcrelopcdl grraoa plgnant rhlre bel4g rcarGd,
tn tbc tuÈec eolparoô ;lth only fqrr out of 25rtT rhleh rGFc
roarc{l tn arcrdell aondltlms. llleEe raa llttle roon for. rove-ront ln tbe tuþec and thc loeustg Felra al¡oat corplctefy !"n-
¡ctlve allrlf-og thclr develo¡rent. Rctrtlvcly lnnotlvc lr¡itlvl-åuara appss! to pnodueo gaÊÊn plgnent Dosa rcadtþ thon aotlveonot. fhc four Brreon fotus vhtcb r€tle rcsred 1n crwded, conð1-
tlono hacl lost om of thalr hfuaf lcgs 6erly ln t¡lrelr llfe cyelcanð voro thercfore Is¡s ectlvo tha¡ othpn locqats f's tbe Gsgoa.
III. (f ) EIEmIpsICaL SÎUDIES OF DÀBK ariD LIOHT CqIOURED aREAg
&e roøt strltsl,rg rÌllffereæGo arcng thc ûlfforcnteolour pattorno are ln tåe dtatrlbutlon of llght and ilnrtcolotrFeö areao oa Èhc lateral and. ôoncâ]' surfaeo¡ of tho hcad
aaü Bronotul. SeaÈloae of tbe tntegurcnt rcro rrnnl¡¡cd Êo ¡ca
rh¡t blstologlc¡I charyes, tf any, üor'e rosoolåtoaf rltb thcÀlffo¡er¡t,ly colq¡reð, ares. Ilsneveroe soctloris of tho üomut,
58.
dls& snd gen¡Ê re¡le e*sntJrôô f,¡u¡ inöivldusle of FtFt, tr¡na fltp graotyp.t.
Éf ¡ùeno{y¡rac h¡vo tro &rl-eol.oured ¡houlil¡rfgcel¡c rt th tholr l¡ncr narglnr Bnlrllel snd they aro ¡Gpa¡stoð
þ I braad., Gnoar.cqLøurcð ¡edllu I Èrlpc. In aectloer, ürc¡¡c
arc tro Blgrcatetlon ao¡cg, (r) ths cuttol.a rhloh fono the
outonost layor d thc tatogulcot, snA (t) the hypodc¡nls
rhlch ls locstsd æxt to the c¡oðcrnl¡. lbe hy¡roðer.rel. cel1s
oontal¡ ¡rulsFoüa brooroa rhlcù ÉJr or my aot Do plgæntoà.
tào¡o la thc d¡EÈ fesctrc ¡prÊs¡r rodl-Èroçn Gn noac rhorc¡athæc lD the nctllgn 3t!1Br e¡eÊ ¡s¡¡-plgæntsdl. The nnnban ofgranulea Ln the non-plgneatad cclls lc cqtlôcrabþ 1oee thrnl¡ tho Btgnantod" ecll¡, Iel¡nln la produocdl ln tho eutlaloovcrþtng thG dark rro¡c bnrt tr absent f,ror tåc 116ht alcaf.
Itc ¡¡f.n fcetqre of tho Fe¡ colou¡l pettom 1¡ ¡ac¡tongive ðoúolopænt ef frgbt oolou¡Fe€. (orangob¡ora) eF€a¡
on tho doresl ðurfacs. lhe ðark shouldc¡F fe¡atae a¡o oonflaeð
to tùo poøtor{.or roglon d the pronotul. Îhr hy¡rodc¡nnl ooll¡rrre plgneatcil tn bofù areas cnd sa ln F¡I¡ tboæ e¡rc fcrorgnanlee por oell. ln tàe lleht th¡D ln tJ¡e ller* Ercs¡ tho
EaF plgnat na¡r be preseat t¡ both ¡rlsaË çLt'Þ dLfforcat
eolouns Doleg prrûucct ür ûlff.nenoo¡ 1n coæcatr¿tlon d thoplgrenþ{f g¡uaulrc. lhø aolour of laol¡tcô greaulcs ta ydLlccIcl¡nl¡ Io proocat !¡ the srrtl,alo of thc ùdß BDTBBI¡
¡¡ rlrr tbe þandrcrnr eo1l¡ appoa¡r to Dc unlfonr¡r
Ð.
pfglontcd tù¡ÐrrÉhoutÒ lbclr col'our fs oonparrDlô rlth thc
d¡rk aFræt of fIF ¡nô F'lfn, Tracos of !e],Ênl¡ arc es¡Ëûcrcdt
throughout tbs eqtlGl¡!.
Àlthough oo fht !,ndlvtrtuela rotc e¡anlncü,, thc bll-tologleal ¡tudllo¡ a¡ggpot thst therç my bc poarlbþ oal¡r oæ
Èr¡tc plgroat lavolvcû ln t[e fo¡nntlon d the nlae ûtffcrcntcolonr patteras- 1ht6 Blgænt 1a locateð in granulea ln thcb¡rpoðemal cel.ls. l¡hc coatraat Þetrcon f&ht ¡nd d¡rk-'eolou¡ed
ttGas la provl,ôod by ôlfforent eonoeatrrtf.ona of grannler lnthc dtfferent an'æ¡, lbls eont¡¡at Ey b€ hprovcdl elthor þrÞcenoc of pignont ln thc llgbt areea or Èy thc rlsveloptent ofoutlcular æI¡nla ln tbo dsrÈ ¡rrna.
IE tt¡ü, rol¡n1¡ 1¡ aot cqnflnod to aa¡r ¡nrtlælrn¡cglon d tho eutlele rhere¡t ln othen gcaoty¡na lt la norrrþfound only 1¡ l¡hora partc of tho cntlolc rhlch qrcrltc tho nore
ðcneoþ plgnateô parts of the h¡rpodtcrrla. Uhe¡ rolanf.n Ls
plccat, thc¡e aref,r aBprr Dl¿ek Lnotc¡dl otr rlrrts Dlron. ftbes sJrÊod¡r baon et¡toal tùÊt tùc fomtion of æl¡nrÀ l¡ tbrouttcle vnnl,e¡ rlth anvlnon¡eate1 conûl,tlong. Écevon, thcbeclo eoro¡r pettcrna rhloh ere fo¡ncô ln tho h¡r¡roôonls srcrol¡ttveþ atablo oTsr s çlða n¡ngc of envl¡o¡octrts. llcvcrthæ
Iees, a dl,ogrec of Bbæotyple v¡rlaDi.flty of the colour ¡nttorna1¡ ¡aoureü bso¡use of the effect of envlrqrant oa tbc prodne-
tlon of nelenln. [h¡n selrnln le etthen aDsent or BrrceaÈ t¡ebu.aónnac, tbc vleu¡J' dlffereneos ùetneen thc eolour patterno
sfrÞ lcgc obvlo¡re tha¡ rhen 1t lc Bresent ln noðorate auentS.
4o.
TÍ. POFUtrAîIffi (M¡{ETICs
tcy (f9jù) Fø¡)oÉ6ö thrt oolour ¡nttern fnegua_clGs for $. teratnlfor+ rere nstatlvaþ oorstuÈ for thctbroe mJor gpograÈlc roglons rhfoh togothor !,opr€ccat tùctot¡l lree of ðlatrlbutlm oû the apoclee. Ëoroycr, tùcecflnallnga renê besoal o¡ n oollectlo¡r of only L7Z6 l¡ðlvlêr¡¡Isof rhlch 195 ço¡c the tot¡]' for tro of tbe reglono.
Dat¡ for tho rrelatlve froquonoy of coloun pattornal¡ s au¡Der of poBul,stt"one ;ere aorLected Detrecn ootober r.960
¡¡tl lersh 1961. roat of the d,st¡ ero fron po¡mlaÈions vhlahtGFe loeqteil l¡ tl¡e ocntral reetø¡n dlstrlot of [c Sqth lelcs.Blr ce¡rarstc po¡nrlstlont verce caryleil ;cahþ ôurl¡g the nyr¡ùelatagee rntl fo¡tnrsht\y durlng thc ¡dult etage. A].eor ¡noÊhcrfou¡r ¡rol¡uratlono rc¡r renpleû ûurlng the ¡dtult stagc oaþ,
IV. (a) ÉtArpt No rtcn{rc}rtse
l'b¡cc aaaBlrqg mtbodr rsne rrgoû. Fhet laet¡rrnyr¡ùa e¡s Ëlstlvcþ !.naatlve for thø flrst fw ôaye a¡ð thoyËFc¡y hop hlgb onorgh fror thc grou¡ð to be cenght by ercc¡l-lng wltiù c hcqil not. rt rsr fq¡nd that aûcquate eolprea oftlro¡c l¡dlvlih¡ers oould b€ obtrl.aodl by enctstng thor lnto rf¡soÌ. The tnltlal eeaploa fron tìh¡eo populntlonr as¡6 qþ-
t¡lnod r¡¡. thtr rry. rbc usc of the eqotlon ¡otbod, regulrct'ho ¡lgbtlng of n¡rr¡ihc prtor to oepturc anü courô poralbþflvour thc tetstng of lndlvlðrnl¡ rhleh rppcaroit ro¡rs conr¡rleuone th¡D others. Io rednco u¡rcoaaeloüa s€Iectloü of ¡nrtloqla¡,
l+1.
pbcnotypcs ilrrlag eau¡rllng a¡ tttelpü res rdle to capturo ILIqfuphe lrrocBeotlve of e¡l.eclea. Alao, Btnplrng vag donc o1rtl-tancousþ Dy ürree peraono ¡ @1 rhon tro had no knortcfuc of
nyryùaf cbaraatenLetlce enil aolorr pettcrna ln $. @lg!@.Âfter roet lndllvldlusla ln e po¡nlatlon had oonpl.e3ed thcfrflrst f,natar, a henð æt r¡a uscd for ealpllng, lhe prooe-
rh¡rs follcsd on al'l occestma raa to r¡lk o¡r ru! lnto a Èroe¡e
rlth the net held ¡¡ clocel.y ¡e pocalble to the gnounð. Itrs¡ not illffleult to eapturo large nqnÈcra of nyr¡ùa 1¡ t'hleyrgr Ecever., eôu1tc werro n¡reh ha¡{sr to oollcct unJ'eea thryÍeFe 1¡ a d,enco populntl@. the thlrd Errpl{ng tethoct ln+
volved. ualng e e¡gs attacb€d to the f¡ont of ¡ ê8F¡ 
rùclrr
DTIÊG
Trtt l
E
E
t'EITTæ
tIf!
ï'c
E.fç.ç
l'üE
*¡rdËùryqr
fo < f (.À'o
f'o ( a <g'olg'o<.il (r'o
t
8(ffiilI Otrlãilrs ryffi1 tmBa 8fa¡¡[frs tsrorldtrtffir 8ng¡üru Itrgtæ Ð ¡¡irümMsE ær ¡ßú
{lEft
42.
plottc¡t on ¡ np of Ncr Eqrttr Íaloa (¡æ Plnte J). (8oc
Bædle (fgrA) for botgnloatr noocacl¡tune uaod ln thc fol]'os-tng ilcsorlptlonr. )
F0P{IIAtIOS Ar¡ fro aol1 tc r¡ntl¡r losr r1th r¡thsr craLl, leoÞ
I¡tcð ¡Fma of con¡net ¡o11. A ahallorr cx¡ranolvo vatcrsou¡rro
F¡r¡ri elnng the eoutrhara cnô of thc tlt¡.lhcn hatohlng oomoæcô on Ootobcr 1, 1960 thr vego-
tstloa tea toetly DuæleÄlo, Ie4lc¡ro itentlouþt¡. ¡nô ðomntùusaoetse oÉ Stles arlatlslu¡lg. Thc ¡¡au¡I æðlc provXdoô IgFecn cover for the qn¡ihe u.Dtll ¡fuldovcnlcr ÈV üÈteh tl¡e ltb¡d ata¿. Th6 tnakgrounû coIæF of thc haüttat chragcd fro¡grsea rt hatohrry tlr to brorn wltbln al: reckg. Sf,tcr Dc-
osnbcr 19@r täe ¡nrenrrlal' greec gt1l¡a s¡rlstlglutlr g!Érü
vlgorotuly.Collsetlng reg üone ovôlr Ên ares of sbout trelvc rGlre!¡
POPULATIOIÍ E.- thls alte ha¡ reAL deflæel ovlpoaltton enÄ
food-ohelten hsÞlt¡tc. fbe eolJ' on the ovl¡noltlo ìabltatla aenð¡r and eou¡not. Iäant eBeclee fnclutlecl a fer poBlar
bor tnece, EEs¡alvotus por¡ul'lfoll¡, cq¡oh gaass, Gynodo¡ ô¡c-
ltlggr ¡¡ô le¡lo¡n l]qppyr Af¡emne ne¡le¡na.
frc fooû-gncl3er hablt¡t 1¡ on lcer g¡onnll th¡n trhs
ovlpoclËn att , Iù hrc bf¡ei" cel'f-nlchfng soll. &s olyplrnte t€¡to gal.ranlaed burn, Ee¡pta oul¡rqqcqurûl¡, and ¡ fcrplante of lltcbcll grn¡, &þþþ lêEplggg.
l rú 3 t Þ å É r 5 ! l, äF Ên
I{ r f ó Þ o T Þ t x t
TulLamore
fuandla
LN
Tran4wËe.<.s
'1
I:oak H
Narramint
9oo.C o
loaA o
o?oç,FR0uambonco
o(artnda
Wawq
Aù(.\\\
c\t-\Þ\S\.N
\\\
|loo,K
ßowaeÊ
TOCALITY SKETCH
ri
ì
NI
s.w
SCALE OF MTLES
'P- -o 'oÆ
ç\.\ù'(..
bared;Lrw
\ì.
o
Poo,G-/-õ
NN\
Toorawunah o
Curban
lr5.
À ¡¡r tngnsftlon¡l aone rc¡nnatoû the tlo h¡ì1-tttt. fbc ¡o1l t¡ thls rD6l va¡lles frol Èoattr oorBact to
rêlf-nlcùf.ng. IlrrÉ arlttu&" Atrl¡lex loptgcaroq¡, rrg tbe
onlV plent .p.ûlGs coloulrlng thc tr¡n¡ltlm EoDG¡
lhcn batchrñg at¡rtaif on Oetobcr 1, t96o, tho onfy
food on thc ovl¡rattLoa slÈc tao couch graac vtri.eh aovcreal ¡portloa of the groundl. Ieðlc, vhlsh res ¡br¡^trðant at tbo sltefor ¡npulattou A, rea abaenÈ. ñotulth;t¡¡d[ag tho arldl t¡)pe¡r-rncc of thle habltst, thø po¡rulstlon cu¡rvlvcd to the rü¡rltatrge. Eorelvor, ovan aftet ãunr6r nlna, tbers ual l,¡¡ûoquntc
fooô oa botù ovt'posl'tlon rnð foodl-+lrêLter h¡blt¡t¡ andl tàc
nJorlty of rdultc nlgætcd fnol tho a1to.
FOPUIÂIICË O.- Ibl¡ hbltåt ocoupleo lors th¡n tro eoreg of
oBGD eountr¡r ¡urrou.nÄod m three elôec þr rooðl"snö. tbe soü!¡ rostly srady ead con¡rsct a¡ecpt for ¡ nar¡eo; Eon¡o of bs-vlcr @1,1. the roodlardt 1¡ s Dor-tct¡h Q. poegJ,lfolte - 9rç-u+TlÊÊ teBidonùLol¡) eerocl¡tlon tlth lole stnnteô cyproto
plnor Cal]'ltrlg È9. Fg¡ture a¡rceloa tere Stlp¡ Elrcllltend Chlorl¡ cp.
-
Eatùl¡g GeæGrccd æ tÞtober 7, 196o. Sts hûbltot rupBortoð
a YGr? apcrcc ¡ropuLstlon.
POPIIIATfCIN De- I'he ovlpoaltlæ slto la st tha edgc of a eand¡r
riäEG rhleh eupporte E. æIl!918, E. ¡þ'þþ, rnd Crll'lÈrirg¡nqai, Psrture speolee pr:eaent lnal¡dodl Lrfrtlil¡ !p. r Ê.tloq
lpr aad. c.onurl g¡reros. frêre ls r t¡aaaltlon ¡onû rDout tro
h4.
hundroð lrr¡d¡ rlale oD the vestcrn elðe of the ovlpoeltlon
bsbltutr 8o11 Ln thl'c rqglæ ir corynct rltb patobæ of ¡¡lf-nl1ohütg roll la ôoplwtloDs. The trtd.Ábeltor h¡bit¡t hn¡
hocry, Þl¡el aoll. It 1¡ rcl'l gra¡eù r¡A thc only he¡rboceous
a¡recÍes le roþ-poltr OU¡p¡¡ Þlå'Erteh{ng conrcaeoô on Octotcr 1, 1960.
POPUIÂÎIü E.- lbe ovlposltLq ¡Lto hra oon¡not ¡oLl rhl,oä
lr ¡t thc e{!gc of a acaQr rldge. À Þo¡ - bûolc (å. pgpg$-
fotta - Ca¡qarln¡ f,mn¡rn4) rteoelgtloa i¡ foun¡l æ tho ¡ûnry
rldge. Chlorlg tnqeqte end 9!åE vrr.IrÈlll¡ a¡ro tbo prort^e-
ent glrasos ln tho ovlpoeLtloo baÞltot.
fl¡e fooü-abeltcr hebltat h¡g nunarous dlc¡rraeclo¡s Ê!tglþnleË. So11 tg Dltck cl{y. &c da,in¡nt herÈaocoua Bn)c-
clca 1¡ Ëllpg lltrtlslunla axec¡rt tD thc *gflgalao lhero rcpcct æ of Juæu¡ la f qrnd.
EetehlW coDnencstl oa Octotar 7, I9@.
POPttI.afIûl F.- Ehta ¡lùc 1¡ loaaüeô ln Esand nonkoryr eou¡try
r¡d, oocuplo. ¡ Glosucd por{lon of C,alfltrlg sl+uoe - EgSlEjSqtnlìcta eelrrDr D¡c aoll !¡ troo¡e a¡nt c¡ocpt fon patoù¡¡ ofeorBrot ¡otl. P¡¡tu¡c r¡naloc are tn¡u¡I grra¡oa crcept
Ghlorls tn¡¡ent¡ rhtoh eslo¡Lacs ¡ arûll. dlcBrccatoo.
É¡tchrrrg eorne&Geil on October I, I95O.
PoBulntlonc fror tü¡e nbove hobltatô rcFô rtudllcô 1n
dlôtall, I¡ råü1ülon cnotber four BoBulatlmc rGrG loaatorl anü
45.
oDG a¡rpla of edulta t¡Ë teEËn f,nou escÞ. lba ualn foeturpo¡
o,f thc hnbltato of thoce populatlons ¡Fts er¡¡narlaed tn lable 8.
IY. (s) CHaNGË It{ COIßm EAflBBN FAEqUEñg:r WIIü "IIßIlDle 9 chqs Èhc rel¡tlvc fr:guanotca of eolour ¡nl-
tem g€lotJrr¡o¡ for the a1¡ Bopulntlo¡¡ rhlcü rerc earplea atregulnr lnÈorrals ôurlng tbo f,lllt gercntlon, fbe d¡teE Grhlcà aanpler ;cllrÐ col.lected, n¡ne e:ErFrerced, ür uurbo¡u of ânye
tfter the d¡tc on rhlal¡ flrst ctgne of haùchtng rcre oÞ¡erreð
fsr the prrtloulnr ¡ropul¡tlon. Tbe ¡f.se of the ölffc¡re¡¡tearples are gl,ven 1n tlË e¡trerc rlghtåanÌI colu¡¡. gæ inði.-catlqa of the rqol¡tlvc dleneltloa of the allfferent popnl¡ttonc
le gl,ven þr the v¡rlatloa ln tlrc ncen oargl'o slss for ceah popu-
l¡tlo¡' trcererr Doprlntlo¡o c, D rnd B r6ar norlrè ar)art6 tb¡atbe dleta lnülo¡tc, rnð ¡oFrô tlæ r¡a rpèr¡t rr¡pllng theao pepr¡-
l¡tlons then others tn ordlcr to erBtn¡e eufftrolc¡¡t ¡r¡Ëbcr!.¡.
Qt of 01966 looctùa, brOOg teFe fenles. Bc¡ r¡gnot rçeordcü for f,t¡¡t lnctan Þoorucc srtorn¡l gcaltalla ar'o
not oùvLoug ¡t tttt¡ ategc. Io nl¡t¡la nnlfornlty 1¡ pre¡ent¡-tlo¡ of, ths d¡tan lt uåa saff¡le{l that the aex ratlo anong flretlmtcm la l¡l a¡dl tbot colour ¡ntterna are ölrtrlbuteil oqurlþ¡rcng Nalco ¡nd fenl,Êa. Erolud.lag flrst lnetano, tùc Bnopor-tlon of ferloa r¡E 5r5o8 qlt of 7r5fi trG. O.lr58 (8.tr. O.OOtt).
Colou¡r pattoru frcquenclee along r¡læ anð fonlca rore ¡otborogoaooue onð eFG tbcrGfore annþrocl re¡nratoþ.
&c ôata lndlcgte thrt l¡ t¡ho el: populetlon¡¡
FåHI¡E 8.
NABI!T CflAEACIERTSFICS OF FOPUL¡LITOTg
6rfrfAÞx
e
a
t
T
Pep¡ret18
F rllorfiÐ Bar¡plllE¡ oDe¡eiltm¡(bæsibû¡Rosðr
lþgþbo*alüa tlGt-ærr2l rfrüæaülc mGoon¡ñlcÍoo¡ancaráb Boaå.
IO f,. f,rütqæabarÄloû sod toΡü¡Ittl¡ ar g.I.d EærS¡hgmss¡orÅr
rûÌalfqf
lll.l?.6o
¡5.le.@
5O.12.6O
34. 5.61
IlatoSqftcð
Saoil¡r¡Sdlræt
Io ovt¡bsÞ1tal
Io oYl¡babltal
OulDoe1tlm EaüI'tatSo{l 'HL¡!t Spoel-
lerI
¡oattlærll
Ð.¡octtloai¡
tr¡arifrasl,:?-
9[l,or1r-tm¡oatrtrg.
@.
sbl.ùæb,ab1
t
b6.
(e) gaoty¡rca rf.th tho ¡lbouedHa rllc1o tf¡l yclo lrnorÂt hâtchfngr thelr total ¡rroçnrtlon rlrcþ e¡cscdeð ton ¡nrocnt of tho pc¡nretl.on enð eftor about cight rcoka it de-
ctlnsil to aùor¡t throe ¡nn eent,(D) tho proportlon of ¡rqblslpqF (f"FF) lærçgls6d gnûurtlyelcc¡rt ln poBulntlon c vbo¡ra tù feLL to e ll¡f.w¡ ¡fter aboet
th¡ree rocks aatl then l¡oreaaeü to epBrortlgtoLy ita orlgrrrrrveluc.
(c) thc ¡¡olrttve freguency of ff dcc¡æsod rherar Dlrt
"aa r&t olthcr ¡onlneil aonctrnt or ð,ooro¡¡eat in f,r¡gucnoy.
(ê) tbe rolstivc frequenol¡s of Flrt ana rbt cltÞcr l¡cre¡¡otor renlneü ¡taùloÐülr
N'. (û) CHAtrE IA (S¡{E ETBqIETCY WITH rIffiGolonr ¡>attcrn gcn€ frequenralea calculntcd f¡o¡ Êhe
ðrt¡ la feble 9 enc glvcn 1n t¡Èlc 1O. F¡IÊ rna ff ¡rc notôl¡tlqgulsbrbtc lhonot'ypf,G¡Dy ond therefore the gene f!Ê-quenalea of f¡ ¡¡¡ü FD cnnot be accu¡r¡toly öst€rnlreô f¡ull thcûrtr nale¡¡ rclntlçe geriotylrla BelËotlve v¡Iueo ¡nd tho t¡rcof ntfng ryetcr ¡rç k¡or¡. Ereycr, thle phecoùy¡n lrr lso-
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rtth the hctcrorygotoa. For oxanplo, lf Fr . o.5 an¿ f = oro1,
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Èaüs t¡¡ ff gËaotnlG
tbc lslatl"re frequ¡ncv of tl çag trcts than torr pcr
eent la e¡cþ sf t¡bel et¡ populatlons saÀ tn fact lt.ralcly cr-ccedøü ftvc per eont. IE nal populatloner tùo f:¡rcgucncy of
thlg atlelo g¡reûualfy alac¡eaæü to o[s to tlo Bor cGût aftc¡eþout cfeÈt lockl. Althg¡¡eþ tbG ifatg 1tû!,ætc that colcctlæ
me actl,ng asrlnct thl's 8ünG ûu¡'L¡ul Èb¡ aettve rtagoc of thG
f,l¡lst ggretlon¡ tÈcrc ¡nct bG eorultcf-aolcetlæ frrOur"Lng ltelthen ilur{ry tùC Ogg atqgS, or porhps torrarils t'hÊ låttcr ¡rart
of tbc sêeoæ, otÞrr1æ a latbr hl.gÞ mtatlon ¡qtc roultl Üo
rcqrrlred to nslntala thc gËac ffregucæy aafúore ncar {lb¡ oÞ
sGrÌcû lcvetr.
I:r tbc soqr¡c¡cy of rÊ la lSnorctd't tbtn tbc aû'lrrstcd'
¡ol.atlvs ftoquanelce of XÊ, ff aúÂ Ft rny ùo lsl¡rctentcð ô1æ
efar¡atlcatly þr a polnt rrltbl¡ aa egullato¡gl trlargLc ôucb
that ùhs Bcryæûlculå¡r ûlotanccs flFon thlr Pof,nt to tb throc
a16o¡ nepresent tüo gpnc ñoquoncleg. CbanSGB 1a gga¡ ßG-
{uenc¡y cåD tùcn Dc road,ll¡ ob¡erreù by tbc ø¡ratlal ¡¡l'¡¡gancût
of tba Belatr rttbln tbc tçlangtc. Îb s@ froqtrørrclos foltbe olx gqrulaüt on¡ ant lllu¡tratørl ta trÌrle tsauulr lD P¡,tt6 E.
Arong fqal'oe¡ ocecpt 1a pe¡ruLatlon Gr tùc prropor-
'tlon of lt m3 $clatlæty con¡ta¡t Ëorca¡ ff UrerCaacð rtthttne at tho otrBGûFE of IF. A olrll'a¡r treait Lc sùon by naloo
arooBt 1n poBrrtatlens  sûA B rbcrt Ft tlcæasoð tn flcqrææy
üurl¡g tùc pcrtoi!. tuanty-tæ to thllty.slx 6aye ftcr batcbtqg,
l.Gr üùan tùa raJerlty of ¡rlct üGtFô elt'l¡cæ fonu:tb cr flflhlattar. lbc potntc for botù aee¡Êc 1a populatlon ë llc otl å
Plrt t (r)
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IV. (c) EEI¡ATIvE TEEqENCIES æ cu¡[¡B aATLERN$ AxoITO Trts
DIEFtsRBTM IN8EÀ88
I¡ Df. (c) mrLql ehrngne ln tbc relattve fr.oquena¡r
ol aolor¡r pettcrnr vl"th tLm rÊls re¡lortccl. A& lu¡lortaat guæ-
tlon arlslng fro¡ thls reault la, ere the où¡enrcd, ehaagco dhc
to Htur¡I r¡lcatlon, eatl lf Eo, ars tho dllflercnt lnatare ruù-
Joot to ûf.ffe¡cat ¡eleetlve f,orcac?
E¡blc 11. ¡bor¡ l¡ho lclrtlvo æDot¡r¡)lc frlqueælcrfæ¡d f.n oaeb of thc al¡ Lnst¡r: for the alx ¡ppul¡tl(Ðro $b1-hr ebangor ln gonotyplc frequenolo¡ ¡re tnellceûcil ùv theso
üate rs thoae rlrea(y rlc¡or[bcü f"n IT. (c).Oo¿c fnoquancy ôEtô glrÊa ls I¡bIe 12 antt pl¡tc 9
¡lso ¡hw tl¡e ¡aæ ¡nttcrn a¡ th¡t dleoorltcd Ln IrÍ.(ù)''Is orilor to lsvætlgËtr tho netr¡rc d clrangae 1r
gcnoty¡lle frequoncl,cl, rn aml¡rslg r¡a oamlotl out troetlagtho colerr ¡nttorn frnqucnclec ¡¡ong tho lnsterË for e¡ch
ealple eo¡nnatc\y, lro. occh aal¡rlo fac IÌsrtlttoneð rlth r6s*pcct to cet, eolor¡! ¡nttera anü tnat¡¡:. tì¡o follmlng eDAþ-
et¡ ras pørfomod on d¡t¡ frsn po¡nrlatlon¡ A ladl B for tho
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POHüLAIIOII Ar- fbc total' na¡lrr¡r llloltùooô s(xuFc fo¡' IF-|F
hafô!) rrs poaltlvc lnÅloatlng êa orerrall tæreser la thc X'rçpontlon of thLe gæt¡pe dn¡tag ou¡¡ærrlve lnotasa. IùÊ tobt'ctfcat of thls lncraase rlttrrtn tùo eau¡rloa ras elgrtftaant(f3 - fu65r I D.F. ) an¿ tÞr.c llaa no rle¡tflcåDt à¡te¡egÊnÊltt ,
a¡Eg'tbr rrytltt. Slrt¡.ar ehangea 1¡ tÞeqææt rËrc æor.ìüÊü
*u¡ rPrF (tUtæ). IÐtF Ëüdl th¡æaúc¡o Þc cxpcctcû to tE.c!€etÊ ta rclatlve frcquoæy frou ùb flect ry4ràaf la.ta! totb sÀ¡¡lt rtag¡. þcarc¡¡ lbbl.c LL furl tbat tlÈo f,rcqucnoy
aotrntþ aþarce¡oaf¡ lÞ prcpon tlons of, I4f for a*eh l¡¡ta¡ laËacb of tbc sanploo aro glvm la ÎaÈlc l5r It ea¡ bc accn tbÂt,c¡cc¡rt flo¡¡ tùp sl'ctu eað font¡n.æüÊn ðay cs¡frl,aa¡ !¡ft tmrcaædtE Fc¡atlçe frcgucnry t¡ ausEtrgtvc Lastaa¡,. þrcvçr. tbê rol.s-
tlyc tïeqr¡sney of aat sno tnstar d,oocaaæd, ln æsoocclvc ee¡6r1olr
lÊlr ært of cil,hntlon cerrlû ÈG rGsl'tscd lf fDlr gmot¡pæ tttloat ¿ aclectttro illaaÊraa@p (fn¿fæte¿ blr tåc overctl ðocroa¡c lnrcl¡tfw SeeucnßV)r and, ls aðü,tttoa¡ tÞcy paaacû th¡orUþ tnc
ct¡cer¡Eilra ¿ers¡oB¡atal ctagpc peilettrclg fretcr thû tbrothor gwot¡rBoa. Be fa¡to¡r grsrth ratc csulû a@sorurt fæ tù¡
Srsdluel læra¿r¿ 1¡ tlogucnrsy lE q¡cecsslve lnotarc ñlGh ra¡oËrcnet ln eacb of, tbe eau¡rlac. Íltùln fibc to¡'tf-aerea day
earyrl'e¡ ths oo¡y eoryarlsoo le Þctilü€n tlogrcncle¡ !a ÎlfÈhand d.rf¡h ln¡târ¡, lbc aaryrllng rsthoü fo!. &!s occeslæ
(vlr. tb csgp ¡ctt¡sû) favs¡¡neü Èbß eap&.¡e of aù¡l,ta rat'Ds¡r
¡4rrr rlr
(rü¡slTEüEStoMrsM r.
TI BTfrffi
8.
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5.
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51.
tù¡¡r rynrths, anð. oonßåerently @ry ctght fl:eth tactar qùerGFrÊ obtelncû, gf uùleù thæo rËD{t #,
Ibc f¡ogcaæy of ¡Ffl l¡c¡¡eteô rlth rgs of LnÄ,lvt-
ðl¡¡ft rhomg 1t rloeræcoü ¡¡ thr qtac of fTft "ne
flft ìtr-pcetl¡oly. trorerrsr, tücse oùengæ ;oæ rrot algnlflænt ¡t &cflve IÐr oet l¡vcl"
Fot{IIATIffi t¡- åa for populatloà a, tÞo f¡ceucæy of fttdlcon¡oû rtùh lrrcmlng agt of l¡dlvf,tull¡. hsrr¡r, Íntht¡ G¡ro tÞor¡ l¡ no l¡tlontlm tù¡t FBts Þr¡ r rGhttr.tyblgþcr grcrth s¡te th¡a othon geuoty¡rcr. Both fFfD raÀ t+tlno¡¡¡mô rtgntftarntly üorae tfut ô¡c¡¡cÀ .' thc ebragc
not Èclns alenlftca* 1¡ thc cr.c of pl;t fonlæ*[¡turrl ¡rlcctLon l¡ Oro ¡ort flkrl,y erylrartlm
for ûbc ¡scgls¡lon rÈloh hoa Doan Èç¡ to ooqrr f,or ¡oæcol'qr ¡nttoro 6rætyBee. 8bG hologenofç üstilæn canplo1aô1oa3os tÞst thare rêFo ns ¡llf,fa¡iæGoE ln tbc r¡ta of oùl¡gc
ln grmtf¡p fnqceary DetreGa aauplce, 1.3. tho rel¡ùlra loloc-tlvo val¡æ¡ ter'o f,rlrly con¡tent rad, rc¡c th€ EaDê for tùc ûlf-forent ctagee of ûcrel.o¡noot*
¡ç. (f) PBopqsßIcË cf {EEEü TF0RIEi AIOIW üE COIÆUB p^mEÊil
GilqHTFEg
A. rsatt@dû la III.(¡) tÞ e¡trat of g!G.t¡ pLgrcnt
l¡ the lnteg¡rnt Ey llry f¡on ¡ treeo nm¡t rrsqålly looitcûo¡ l¡ho ¡netorlor portion d thq {11.k to ¡n rrt¡¡Êrô vher¡ tnÅl-vlôurlc sro eoplctctV gao@ cxac¡rt for s før ¡nll æg1on¡ of
52,
fibc Èody a¡Éacc. 8¡roai.ærs rclt¡ cl¡estfleô eeeorütag to tùrelttnt of grccn plgætr Eosercl, ln tbt"B itf.corraglo¡ aa l¡-rl,tvlûr¡ar. Ls eo¡stderaê gFeon ú ft ùomü at leaat a tnor sfgtFccD oslou!. &c plg!æt ll rroatrlcteû rl¡oct cntt¡,oLy tofcalree, altho-F g¡reæ Eel'oc ¡re foe'd n¡Ê\yr ttc pæ¡r,or-
tlone of grcca fcnalca t!(Eg tho dll:fforcot ooloqr pattoæ gôBo-
tfæeo for the er¡ po¡nrtetløs are gÍven lq l¡Þtc 16.
tto ¡nroætego of gæon fcnle¡ ln îilro ûrffcnautpo¡nlattom vn!1od f,ror r,8É r¡r Ë to ¡lmt 5# tn D* rFrrfcæloo æn¡letentfy L¡å tb lccrt pno¡nnÉloa d glm foræ.aDoût IoÉ or loso oú r¡Xû |nðlviöqal¡ rera grocn orc¡frt tE Drhare gFccr¡ fo¡nc oorprfecû bd of tf'tF ffnlo¡ anû g6$ d rrlfonlee l¡ tb¡ po¡nlrtlæo rprP r¡a rllt gææy¡rca h¡c ürcùlgÞat pro¡rc¡tlæ ú 8:rÊGB nùuotlrpc¿ fcll¡rcar Þ rrrt ærff rra¡netlva&r. 'lho inol,deecc c,f EIF¡cn for¡g mqg tùarolotr pattam 8¡Ðtrl¡æ 1¿ clearly aorrrcdon. A e I e Go¡l*
tr¡süGv t¡blø räcrtng tüe lmldaæo of grì$¡n ftrn¡ Ëetroouüre rtÐ gaæty¡n rna ¡m'F}! gsnofiy¡rar 1¡ grrrn t! Elb¡€ r?.ftl-rqrn¡rs for lndle¡rdcooe equala El.l rlt¡b onc tqneo offlcadon t'nÄlostl,g a ncgntive e¡soolatlon Þotneo tba l¡ofilcæcof gnocn fo¡¡e ¡ad, tbc rtF guoty¡re, tlbn uvlrountal æn-61t1æ¡ ¡¡FÊ aprrusntþ æat fbvormbl¡ fo¡r the pro&tlen oü
tbo grccn plgænt, gruan forn eøprloe a greater ¡lortiæ oftùr frrqucntr or rFrF lndrviö¡¡rg. For cnnplo. l¡ popul¡ttonD rbcre thô toteL proBoretlæ of g¡¡on fculoc r¡¡ lOÉr h6 oftù3 rtf fclcs yoaÊ gÊtcno
tnoPoErxoü oF 8rury rmrr_vïu0.uJg rt cor¡gR pånrüBr oE$oi'rg8tn4uErcl8tt .åJæüO rruAleg Ir FoputA,Etox8 r m 'üolour att Geno
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53-
¡ Ëntlert ln III.(o), the trncldtens¡ ú glrca
f,or¡a 1o greater when locuete e$e rqêard ln laolgtlæ 1¡ thcl¡boraùor¡¡ tban tlroa thry am rea¡oð unllc¡r orilüôå oond,ttlær,[csvon¡ Dopr¡f.etlou D, rf.tlb 50ß g'rcßn fcnlee, eB¡rearcð rtleaat sc dÊDae aE populatlæs C cad ts rltb I?t amf fOÉ Crccu
f¡nlce rer¡rGcSlvoþ. FoBulrtloa D ooæploü, tbe ts¡¡el,tloo¡l8oûG durl¡¡g tùo greaten part of lts rlornlopæaù. &ls r@r
h¡¡ bsæy, Golnct coil anÀ thero ars ilcproeslou l¡ rh1ôoooEr ¡oil;f..nlchrqg aoll. h tbo othpr hand,, tho bbLt¡t ftf¡y¡Bnc ln beth Bs¡¡ul.¡tlo¡c C aaô E b¡ð ladt æ11 rtth ¡æs¡nûy loes. It 1s ltl3ly tbst oû tb3 ho¡vlcr coIlc tlth tbelrgroeter çsl6¡-þolû1ag æ¡nælþ, r blgher roLetlva Èu¡lôlty ¡tgroud levcl 1¡ nlaÈ¡t¡rcd tba¡ on thc oa¡ldy solls. llb¡ hfghsç
htrlatlùJr æ¡r fevuur tho pr.oductlon oû gËen f,oru. AfthægÈ thrIeÞon¡to¡y *tuôle¡ a¡ggpst tùßt gfoon fì¡rua anc roro û¡cqucntly
protued n¡dar eouilltlms of, ls rEtho¡r th¡n hlgh ¡p¡nrl¡tlonilcnalty, otÞsr! faetors mo ¡leo ccrtqltrly lwolycô.
!y. (e) cqs[rB PATI$RN FREeUENcIßfr afOßC ADULIrS F'RO[ DITEEnËIÉ
POPTTIAlItrs
A¡ r¡ll r¡ tihe ¡l¡ ¡ppul¡tlon, A{, tàl€h rcrlt¡ary¡laû et ücgtrL¡r lntorval.a, another th¡as popuJ¡tl,æ¡, Ø, Å
¡nô J rarG relplcd üurlne tbo nilult otcgc of î¡ho fln¡t gWFrtlæ fo¡. thc ¡960-'61 Ena6a 8É8oao a¡s d!¡Ê¡ froc a&l3ttcro oùtrlaÊô dhltag tb ÊGo6nð genontlqn of, PoDlrl¡ttæ A r¡ùtho thlrar goaelrtlo of hguletl@ E. Qr oÈserrurl ¡nñer¡ of
iil¡.
t[. ðúferoat eolotrr ¡ntterne arcßg aônlts for the tca ¡n¡nrlatlona ano glven ln Trbl'c lE. &a looelltl{Ð eÐô ceolggtß¡).
ohnmctertstLes of tbo bnbl,t¡ts for tÞcao pø¡nlgtl,m¡ nl¡acn¡¡ar!.getl 1a fY. (ù).
&e ¡ltec rare ce¡eotc¿ on tho D¡et¡ of ûlffo!ìB¡¡oor
t¡ coll' tyDc bocruss soll i¡ ¡¡¡ lryort¡nt taator aþtcn1al¡euggetrtlon, a nå honsc the ¡16¡p..our1ænrent of loæta. s,cwl¡rooltlon rltca for ¡11 po¡nrlstlos ùÊat elthor m¡nct r¡nû
or canSr lool. Thc illffenant ¡ltæ uoro rl¡o claa¡lfl,ed ao-
oor€tn8 to shctb€r ot not bcaty, aolf-anlcùrng aoll t¡s ?rû-ad¡t¡
Îàc 6eta h¡vr tcea ¡nnly¡aû to te¡t rhcfrhcr lùs¡¡a
¡rto dlfilc¡enoce ln gnnotyplo fbequomls¡ fæ ¡ropulrtloo¡ frwceologlcrl¡V ilüClorcat lûtåc
I¡ bÞLt Ig. a sona¡y of tùru test¡ fer bgtc¡o-gcnrttg of colgur prttola froqnomi,c¡ ræ gfrunr In o¡d¡r totost 3or dfectr of esrl¡oarcntsl ûff,fGtom€r eotl,qg rü tbaa¡c tf,na of, tbo yet! sD aolour ¡attcrn fnguerelcr, tþ¡ ¡nÊly*
rl¡ rae perforlroô on alata for tbe flrst gcnolatlon on$r. ÇÈe¡¡o
lonc popul¡t1uo f, rnå À (eæs¡¡tl gcncxatfon) rerc rct tnûIEAcü
1¡ tho amþals,Ite htûer.ogrnctty c,hl-sqtretr for th¡ ¡tnc ¡ropntratlm¡
l¡ aleÞútoant both for nl,e¡ and fæIcs. lhl¡ laðlcrtoo tùßt
tbore r6rìc tllffenencc¡ !,¡ ælour ¡nttem fraquenclæ ele8 tbêLf,ferent popufstlos. &a colour Xnttcrn froquencto¡ rcn
ÎJIF¡¡, ref alæurgn pAgERr eE¡{orrpE t8$QûErcIES A¡OrO ADULr tEHfi¡Ëg
FOR ItI¡mnEm F0PUI¿AgIOtrg
Po6ntr-atloe
FatataIF
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çÊËIü r¡!Eg[g Foa EErEaog,EnErtr CItr sloun ptFrt*rDqutrclBg fioüc Dg*mEür popEfarlGs
(a) Boprlatlonc A, Br G, D, E, F, G, f, aað J¡
(r1)*qrGr
(b) PgÊetlous rlroec håbltst ßo1¡ ünpc ras oenü or ,ssnÊr ¡.o¡¡.( LCr llqFr .'tr B, C, I âffi t)
(r(rr)r¡rr
(¡) Po¡nlatlm¡ Ëocc håÞt tat eoll typt rar üoaW s.t¡ì'u¡¡nfng sotl aa wl.l, aa aanû oæ eudy l,ou (1"a. ¡lepoEr Er O a¡Nt Ë.)
(r(g)rare¡
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55.
horogeneona ¡tonlg DaIGB ¡nû fer¡Ica fo¡r thc fqr populrtlonr
(D, E, O ¡¡ð Ë) rhlcb occurrìcô 1¡ hrbttnt¡ rltb both lolltyBæ. Ëoleyer, l¡ thæo b¡bltata therc aGl:l-Et.ohllg sollta6 ebacnt, thc colour petücrn frequorclea rcre heterogonoous
fo¡r both Esr€tr
Plr¡t¡ rhLch oecur on ll'gbten aolle ere pr-ôollmatþ
ennu¡l'¡ rhoee rpeclfla ooryocltlon tlc¡rcnds to ¡ l.r¡Tc ertent on
aoll r¡ol¡turc end thorefore y¡rlsc ttth loonIlty. Pl¡nt ðca-
ai.ty ls ¡1go v¡rl.¡Dlc; for crnrple, ths sltc for popul¡tlon A
h¡ð ¡lnoat ¡ colglote plrnt coY€!, çhcroqe for populntlon B,
the nrJo! portlo¡ of the ço11 srrf¡oo slt GrPo¡eð. It 1¡
thereforG not unro¡tonbl.c to cr¡leet groeter v¡rl¡t1o¡ ln tbc
¡16¡pr-6¡yt"rsuont m llghtsr ¡olla rbleh lrsve fl¡rct¡r¡tlng popu*
l¡t1oæ of ¡nnu¡l Blnata ùhrn on heavlsr õoll8 vhleh h¡vc norc
¡trÈIe populetlon¡ -of, perennl¡l" plrnta.
Bchtlve EGtro frtquenaloa for *ô,ulta fror ell pc¡ru-
l¡tlon¡ lncluôtng A (reeonð gcncrotlon) ¡nô K nre glven Ln
l¡blo 2O. they ¡re rl¡o rrePnasented Snphlcrl\y Ln PI¡Èe 10'
Iy. (b) CoI"ouB nasßnn rnrqunrcIËñ Itr fHE SËCoülD qEfrEEArIoN
OF FOPIrIÁTIß{S â, AND B
Oolour ¡ntùern al¡tn fo¡r the eeconÀ gencretton of
popu!.rtloas A r¡ð 3 rerc obtalr¡ed' I{o¡¡€ of thc othcr four
I¡oputrtlom h¡d Broðueedl I aeconô goærrtlon by lStb Fcbnnry,
1961, rhen thr flel'ð etudles rerc torrl¡¡tod. fleoond gcn8Eìr-
tlon hrtcùlng 1n ¡npulntlona A ¡nd I cornenaod on or Juet
T¡E¡ 90
ærÆtn PASIEnü f:rffi x8EgærqtE8 ÂrcmaDttrlt8 II mFULÀErOtrS r t$ I
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¡p¡nlrtton¡ A to I'
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befone Dece¡ber lE, 1960. gerpl.ea of, n¡rrpha rerG obtglnsd
frur both ¡roBuLrtf.oas on Januer¡r 1O, f961 - there tro relpl,ca
rrc aelleð thc 25 <l¡y ¡enploc. AüuLtc rere eollcotod, f¡prboth populstloan or¡ üebnmriy p, f961 anô tlrcy co¡prf.ae thc
55 it¡y E¡s¡rlo¡. the eolour pettelrn fr"equenoles for thc tropopul¡tlons ¡FB glvcn Ln Teble 2S.
POPUIAÎION À.- tbe eolmr ¡nttern frequenelal aæag t¡lcs rnd,
frrrlcr tn tbc 2l d8y arnplc rerc horogeneorse fbcn thry ¡¡e
¡nolrd, tho totel froquonoLo¡ ¡g¡ccc ;f,th tihc or¡reeted fraquon-
clrÊ genereteal ù'y üe ¡dlql.t gr]üc frogrenclce ln tùc puavlour
gcnorratloa rsEurl.ng nnôor nttag (X2 . 7.L6 rlth 5 D.F.)
' Ih¡ proportlons oú tlhc dlffcmnt ln¡tarr l¡ boùh tho
25 ¡lAy aarylr rnð thc 26 il¡y rarplc fror tho fir¡t gonoratlon
rero eppræhntely Ggurlr Tborofore, thç age illctriÞutlon oû
1nôiv1du¡l¡ ln eeoh eeuBlo ls ooper¡blc. ñçqve¡r, thc oo1oer
¡nttern fr*quencle¡ 1n the tno carplca ten'B slgnl':flcantþ atlf-ferent Doth for nlsa and, femles (X2 - 15.49 rtth 5 D.D. fortol¡lag an¿ 12 - 19.b? tlth 6 D.E. for r¡ler). thc oolout Int-tora frequenolca aro4g eðult¡ ln fl¡rt anô ¡aeonô gcnoretlonr
e]'¡o dllfferoü s1g¡Íflcrntly. (For t'he 6O ttEy oenple fror ]'at
g€nr ¡nt 5J dey cerplc fror 2nô 6cn.r x,2 r lb.ãf rltb 6 D,s.
for fenlo¡ enô 12 - 2L.t6 rlth 6 D.P. for rrlGa) .
In tbblo 26 tre 8Évon åc colour pattern gcnG fPo-
gncnelca for the tro gsrBlee frorü¡o aecond. gcnerrtlon, nnð
tl¡o thc 6ene fncgucncloe for thc aorprrnble oalploa f,ro¡ thc
Ël S
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qâErü #GErE rüESrrEBCrEg Dm IHt SGOm ffiltEnÂrIOI ODFopul4trrqs t' tf,D t¡ @m rBEcuffiIEt rÍ !EcoaaEsrpomrre srÂfiËs Iil ffi Emsî Ga,xEI trü
Æts eI¡EI It tn û.c[Éfr80
oroot(o.oft)o.dto(o.os)o,oo7(o.oæ)'o.ol,6(oræt)
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¡r
il.
flr¡t gGærl31on. lte reletlye fircqucncy oú IF, rhleh LnF
creaEed fron O.5 to O.5 üu!'lng tha flrat ganeratton, dltà ætölffer algnLftcentþ fro¡ o.5 ln the üro crnpleo fro tha
aeconal generatlon. ttro frequency of fE ln æah eraple ras
le¡s tbån that ln the corroa¡lonöl4g aaopl,ee fno¡ f¡he flr¡tgenorntlon ¡lthot¡gh the dtfferonco rrg ¡ot olgnlfteant, tsov-
eyer, ea ln tbe ftrat gco*ratlon, thore rar e slgnl,flcrnt d,e-
oaoelo ln thc frogneæy of thle gont ùettcoo a¡rrphr1 raÀ ¡tultfcn¡Ica. 8be frcquonoy of ft atA not chango al,gatflæntþ fra1t¡ velne for adult¡ ln thc prevloua gcærntloa.
POPUI"ATIOH I¡.- ftc eoJ.our patteru frcquercles rrc4g nnlæ rné
finle¡ ln the 25 My aarple ü6ro not horcBorÊoua, e¡d mltherrgrceil rttb thc orBcotod froEnenclea ûcrlved fro¡ the ¡&rltgca6 f,requcælec for the Brerlæs generstloa.
l'bo 29 afsy end 5fi dby a¡rylcs frm the flr¡t gpnGnt-
tlon rGrìe eonpanÈle to tho 2] tlay eaù 55 alny oanples ln the
nge èlstrlbutlon of lndlvlôurla. Tbc aolo.ur patteru fnequen-
clêo ln both ganeratloas rer'Ê houogensous cxceBt ¡noqg ryrrphal
fcrelc¡. (X,2 . 51.19, 6 D.F. for nyrpbsl f,erelca¡ 12 * 8.5r
6 D.F. for nyr¡¡ù¡I ¡nlca '
Xa = 6.621 5 D.F. for ¡ih¡It f,mrl,ca;
12 * 5.)5¡ 5 D.F. for ¡rluLt rnl-eo) . lbe hctorogenclty ¡æng
tbe ¡yr¡¡b¡I fcnle¡ rÊc G¡uceð by ¡ rrt*her hlgh frequency ofIDSD rn¿ nplF gcnotypco ln the secoað genentlo¡¡.
Ihe coloqrr ¡nttem gene freguonolee ln caù of ttrro
¡seond geaeratloa eelpleô tgrrÊ€ reaao¡rbþ roLI rlt¡I¡ tbe gene
jÐ.
f,rcguonclea la the' aornccpoodf,qg flr¡t gencrrtlon aecplee .
Ewevcr, eDong fenles thsre la a ¡¡rkod dlaoro¡nac¡r 1n &cgcne frreguenclcc of rn one ¡t ut'ruon flrrt genorEtloa ¡aurtacnû gæonû gonomtlon q¡rr¡iht. lhls tføcneganey r¡s drrc rr¡gpþto thc hlgh floquency of tbe # an¿ FtF gcnoty¡rea solf.eoteö,
1¡ thc 25 W arlplc.
IY. (t) CoI.oIIn PATËnN FEtsqUEHGIEg Iñ xA.TOa, tnæTÀIg'Ic AnßA$
tlro catlæ aollcctlo¡ of S. ternlå¡l,fe¡r en rùloh Kryrof95h stuillce uGnE b¡seð plus mrbeoquent eild,ltlons uE, to Jeautry"
f96f hr¡ nc Èeen el.rcalfled ¡lth roe¡lcct to aolor¡r ¡ntterngcnot¡rpe by the nuthor. thoso a¡rccfrcar yerrc obtalneil o'rcr a
Borloð of tuenl¡r-;tve yern durlag thl,ab ti¡p rrnoet the cntlredf.strl,br¡tlon¡l rlnrtßc of C, ternl.lfç+r rna ranplet. fhe rl¡Ër
for thc et:r eo¡non ælor¡r ¡ntterrn gGnotyr)€a h¡ve boon glor¡r)cô
lnto geognphlc¡l ¡Fc¡a ad rnc pæoenteô Lu tsDre 21.
Tho ôet¡ fo¡r rlluo¡nrl¡¡ô (nrffu¡g Dorae) aro almstentùeþ fro¡ on6 Eaûr)ro of rn qreFrlnterlug populatlm nGrF
llil,ærrcn, oolleeÈed la 1956. Drts for thc other negtonc rrofnoo eanpleo of v¡nioua ¡lgea obt¡l¡ed fru oyGD ni,nety loc¡Ii-tleg. Tbc ¡oet co4rrebe¡stve olleetlor¡a rc¡llg f¡ro¡ Nel $onthleles. rhlg stete ¡¡3 sub*dLv!,dloô into four regions on ürs
b¡aia of el1naÈ1e LnôlGrÊr¡ The al¡t¡ f¡.or colleotto¡a rlthlacrsh noglon te¡pe pooreil ana thelr tot¡r oolour ¡nttern fre-gueacles re¡ls teatsð for beterogenotty. lhe hoterrgenel.ty
€hl-teunre rÊE æt algnlflcent 1¡ elther tor (x2 = 9.lr rlth
!!¡Ðtr8 ,Zl,
æI¡IE FA-r$qT @OTTEE NEQUETC¡EATOIO ADÛI,I8 I¡T}T DTATSEË
crc@.[PEIC IßeIOtg
æ|EAI, €r
Darl'lng Dcnrtrc)IIIsésII6I
S@ùÞlrc¡t)
S.f.
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lsu 8o¡tJr wa¡rfIrtæ 196¡
trsr gæth watc I196r g
RæIOü
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oe?
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59.
12 D.F" fon fcnlcg ¡r¡ð XZ - 16.9 çlth 12 D.F. fo¡r l¡l.ca).tl¡e il¡ta ln trbtr'o 2I for trer Sqrth Ualcg (ffSf) ¡nd
the aoutb-re¡torn race (1961) te¡r@ oùt¡i.aed, þy tho qthor lnthe oourso of f1e1d eüudlæ. the foruer laI,reeente the totalfrequencf,es for ¡ðr¡lts elræd¡r dllscusssd lt¡ llf. (g). Althqgþ
tho ennplcr rhlù aorprlee tbe Hcr South W¡Læ (fgef) aorlo¡
ÍGrr ùorn to be hotcrogcacoüa ;lth reapcot to oolour ¡nttorafncqucncy (aeotlon If. (S) ), thcy hwo ùoen pooleð for c¡sc of
presentstlo¡ ¡¡ô. for oor¡larleoa vlth the rect of t¡bc (bür.
A üert fol hotarogsnelty uong aolqrr BettarRs fro¡the ôlffereat reglono r¡s perfona6 on the tl¡te ercludllng tbo
scrleÈ for Ëer South lalea (1961). thl-¡qunrG fon heteroBcmltr
rra clgnlflenat for fomLoe (f - 61.$ r1tù 17 D.F, ) but not
for ¡¡lcE (I,2 . 2I.o5 ritb I5 D.F. ). fbon trhc rl¡t¡ fon ¡nloe
are ¡rooleð, tbey a¡qo founð not to ùc horogenoera rlth thc ôaùr
for Nec 8æth Wrloc (f9û) mlæ (¡2 - 121.8 tlth t D'F.).lhc aolsr¡r ¡nttern gone frequencle¡ rhlch rcrro c¡I-
oulateü fron the ð¡t¡ tn lable 2l are gtren ln T¡ÞIe 22 tú,ùhey å¡rÊ reprleoontsð grrphlo¡Ily ln Plete 11. In tho oû¡thr
roatem race, tÀc frequeæy oú f t¡t tlgnlflcantly grorter
ln tho 196I colloetlon thrn La the collectf.ons prlon to 1961.
he r¡Jorlty of the s1rco[onr ln f,bo ¡ouü-reatonn !åsG (pnlor
f96f) vena eeptureû befo¡re 1955. thorefore, the l¡oneas€ t"n
f,rcqueæy of fF nlst bave occ¡¡rred oTGt e perlod ol ¡bout
olgþteen yesr¡. Os the otbr hanõ", tùc Hcr
S,4NF¡ Ëær4tm FâÍEEBtr @rfE ffB4rElrclBg AFre
åDE"$g taofl uIrËmErr cE[x¡8.Âpûc rBÊrots
gtlô (a.ævu)grlû (s.r.)ti#f' (Prc
x. .ûJEftr(1961)
;.g.t (prsr drefl) g
r.s.r (1961) dg
Rg¡I0[
s.¿39È.o@
o.Joüþ.rgt
IFa
Eeletln Gffic Eìremru
o.h5äb )ùãîO.$S'O8o.5¡pfu"oleg"!ftftb,ü&
'¡to.Q5O3o,oE
o.gttb.o8t
#
PXATT TT
Oclonr pattorn BrÐ fneqmælc¡ a¡oog ELû anû fcual¡rfor êlil¡rouû ¡oogrnxùto qiloc.
tra%ol
n
,v*tu /9é/ o,tt41 /96/ atu PP/oß /96/ r
I
Itr/ fl
ft
JFA
6o.
Sqrth W¡loc dctr ruggeata that tn thlg regloa, Fl ûecreaeoA
algntfleently ovGn rBBroxlmtoþ tÞo BaDG l¡eri.oô.
rv.(J) EIEEGS rF DI9FEBSTOI aND rlnrÊAtlor oN COI.OTE pasßn[
rxEgrlEtcIBS
Dqrlng lt¡ llfe rycIø, $. þrqt.q+ferr ls qften e¡-poaeil to æologlaelþ dlvenro eavlno¡¡eats aa sffor{eaf ùy cyi-poeltlon anû fooô chelËen Þbltetr. SoF qf thc a¡rr¡rba n,¡r
algBercc frc the ovf.posltlon ette nnü cor¡rlote.tbolr tbvol.o¡r
nont tn the food ¡hclter hnDltrt. ry ¡tulying oolour ¡nttørufrreguenaler Êlelt¡neoarry 1¡ Þoth envlron¡enÈ1, !.t ry be
poartÈlc to ðetenLæ rÞothcr or nd {llepcrolon of, ¡¡yr¡fu 1¡
r¡ndo¡ rlth rcsBcat to colqrlr ¡nttom. Í¡ttIorell (1958)
al¡aeil thãt ln 4lrtoq þÈtul.¡Tl¡. fihare L¡ r rrkd ¡refornnooby rol¡aLc forn¡ for d¡rt bckgrcraåa rhcn l¡¡itlag rbers¡a
tho mn-ml¡¡lo¡ p¡,ofor 1lEÈt-eo[Ioercd bctsgrouadr. Suoù retudy n¡r alao l¡tlleate lf the relstlvo ¡oloatlve rrlucs re¡Fe
tbe Bsle ltr both cnylromeat¡.lbo ¡ro¡ occupleð Þ popnllatfon B oonsictcd, of r¡
svlpotl,tloa b¡blt¡t rtth erndy EOll ¡nd a foo(þsX¡clter hrÞlt¡tr1tù blecl, ¡¡lf-nl,oùtng rolf. tryrÈt st¡rteð dlcperrelqg
f¡lot the ovt¡noltlon eltc to the food-sbclter darrng üc thlrd¡nd fourtlr L¡at¡r. Eeuples rer<r aolleotoû fro¡ each h¡Èltsttrenty-cøYìcn ¡að thlrty-fmr al¡ya ¡fter hntahlng. Eh6 colq¡r
¡Ëttern frcquenelca fo¡r tÌ¡e¿e aenplee aro glven l,a Table 2J.
lhe colq¡r rratteru frequeaciæ ta the tro møpleo ærleotsal
OOT¡UR PÂSEEßlr FBEAUBTCIES ATOüO ffiTfFtrg Ig !NæIæCT¡ETï! EÁHFtr¡ES srOT EOIE fT$ OTìLPOSIÍIOtr
ÁrD rcOD-gHEIffiR IABITAî9 Ot POFIIULTIOT I
SAXPT.Et¡t¡frr , 6lær Pattcrn'Ocnobrc
lÐtrtLFïÊ ¡4tt ¡¡tF rpr! ìprt flF frt rirt2T Aa¡r
ff{11
'r'bI ,
5lr1
15Lr
flT9
!,t!o
t?19
n32
I7
1t5ra6
,rl
-È
,Ito¡5
tr5dt
5r5s.
hrr,6
60L2
l.tIgl'/101
rl
I --
-2
¡l,
toxt
to1e
?3'
t2A
ân
hrÉr
II -
F2I
2'E
Irtn lltú
5tu 39?J
It'm
l8fiU¡Ê
6r.
on thc trcnt¡r-eeceath dr¡r vono honogoncoue (XP r 5.ll vlth
5 D.F. for fcmloai Í2 * f.] rl,th 5 D.F. for nl¡e). It roulûtborefore ¡pBear thst nyEpho rlleperee et rcnôor vlth reo¡net tooolosr pattera. [oücvor, fto tbo oenplca oolleetsd on fihe
tùlr*y-fqrth ðl¡rr thore raa I sLgnlllcalt ôlffcrencc 1¡ co.Lq¡r
Intüorn frequeaclea betroon tbe tro øavl¡romaats (X2 = L5.59
fo¡r fe¡¡l€r, 12 . L[.5 for ualæ, e¡cù rltb 5 D.F.). l]he¡ the
aarp]'oc IGDE ôt¡l¡.ð on the trenty-scvoath il4lr thc'ro uoFG Fo-
l¡tlveLy fcr ¡yr¡rhg ln tho foodl sbe]'ter bblt¡t buü til¡cre t¡.! Ictenge Ëend of ther novlng aeroûr tho trnnaitlonnt rono¡ ly tn.thlrty-f@Fth d¡fr tbe ayn¡rhå h¡d bceone ü,l,at¡rlÈutcd ov6r Ilergc ¡sÊa of fihc f,ood-¡lrelter h¡Dltrt. Iü aeeua roEt llto\yth¡t tho dtffer¡ancc 1¡ eoloqr ¡nttern frequeneles Þctnccn the
tro aenplee eollectrü on thle occ¡¡lon r¡o thc rasqlt of åtf-fe¡rent aoLectlve forceo o¡reretlng ln the tro envlromênts.
It r¡¡ rontlom<l ln If. (Þ) tbst grlvanfaodl hrrr,h¡sl¡ oulßouecu¡pl¡. ¡ndl ¡ lcu c¡nol¡ene of llltqhcll gr..err,
4streÞÌ¡ l¡pr¡accn, sero tho only pl¡¡ts gr*lng 1¡ the food.-
rbe lten brbttat. Io¡t of tha nyr¡ùc rhlch nlgretøil to thl¡aDEs ¡ust h¡ve ülcd fnon food Crortagc Èec¡use on tù¡e forty-ff'fth ðry and, on aubacqueat renpllng d¡tee lt r¡e not ¡naalbleÈo obt¡ln cnough lnðlvldlueLc tor n rellable eanplo.
tolq¡r ¡nttorn geæ froquenofec for &e ernplcr ô-t¡tneil fro¡ ths tro dlf,ferent h¡bltatr ere glven ln teÈlÉ fl+
taô rrs Fel,rloaanteil ellngnamtlcal\r ln P1¡tc 12.
æ4louffit
¡¡oTîTdoûl¡o
'*l'*rqEE
tptI
IIBD
lrSED
rÉ
L¿
ôptp
r¡tP
¡æ
qË
LZ
æt(bg
qEf'ottl'oçld'gat6f0
6tt'oEtE'€
lñ,'aT38.0
ílAÏêTTV
t.f'o Eü.O
ågQ"o066'o
ffi'o ú?'o?[l'o 006'o
¡f
oú"o@'os6u.o¡s'o
o6lE'ogú'o6Træ¿
taoo
tË
r IotfiEU¡dOt m f¡iÉT;Ef,grEEAImF-AOqf Cf,v mriItSOdLûO gú EtrOn
m'f Srrldlm8 {¡{fi¡fnffircC 0a¡ nI gfü¡f,toür 8lttffmbffif Exm g$Jrd wI@
|F^EMU
PIAE ¡IAofer ¡ntt*rn EeE f¡FcEn€Est¡s ln tno asr¡ftcrr Dott
fær tb evlDo¡ltfo¡ ¡¡¡I f,æal¡d¡ilt¡r brDltttl'. r orrtDctttlæ bÈ1t¡tL r ltæ hrtltrt.
e¿.'â?
oódo¿9
f'
f'
fn
27days
tn
34da3ø
JFI
y/
^oad]
ød.
a
ob?e/
ó8.
I¡ pegnfåtlor ?r r l¡qf¡ ¡lcrtlo eú thr ¡dntttrtsrntct fpr th¡ Lsblbt ¡r r .loorot Elllo Sræfn rhl&tlna dbt la.il u roæt¡l &¡t rD r"büÐ 1So, rcül trt¡n btùfær rlgFltlrg ¡nå aon-rlFtrtl-ug loauctr. lsr 116 oectrlmtùc colmr ¡rttcra frcquauols ro¡e borqcncæc b.trrcr tÀ: trcreryrler (tor 9-II.úg¡ l0 * ó.! rltà 5 D.D. ¡¡A flot lf.XI.úO1
t' . 5.8t tlth 6 D.t ). frlr rt88prt tùrt tbc¡t lr uo üift-f¡rntl¡l rleÐtrtlou rlth sor¡ræt to col.qr ¡nttcra.
61.
IY. (r) DI]ECUgEIü
lbo eolqr Xrettar-? fragueælee anqg rgl'es snÀ fe11æ ln tÐa aeprrrtG earyt,es frrr populatlonc a to F rcr.tfroquentþ hetenogrnGCl!¡ Fo,r popuhtron .À, hcrsver, ürcyrcrro honogcnGouâ ln rL[ erce¡lt tho ?6-ð¡y crryre. ar¡o tbcfncquenalc¡ 1¡ the flncr arrylos fro¡ ereh po¡rulntlon rGrG
honoganGotrt crccpt for G ¡nð E Èc¡c tbe eerp]'e¡ verc too ¡¡¡11for ane\r¡ls. rbego fr¡nr cruplee re¡¡s corpnlaodl rld.y dcdnlta. tho hctô¡oganelty eould reæIt lf nnlca ¡nd femlosh¡d ðlffarc¡¡t gomt¡E)te ¡oloctlyo vsl¡¡o¡. rf thle rere 8€,
then greater dlfforaneac lq colo¡r ¡ntÈern freguenclee ùE-
trccn tho sc¡s¡ rqrlð Þo ox¡netcd ¡Éorig ¡du1te than n¡oag
qylphe. lbts ras aot obocwed. For nyr¡iha, the rel¡tlvcge.mty¡rlc fnoqucncle¡ or rDr¡ an rlrt rora gencrar\y greeter
l¡ ferrec tban ta nlcs fror tbe sE auple. tb¡ l¡clilenceof groca forna Ls hlglrer ¡EaE ferslee of elthe¡r of, theaa geno-
typea than of eagr other colo¡n patterr goæty¡c, If ths prc-aGnGG of grcen Blgpcnt ln fe¡aler Lnprovec tlrelr adaptatlori,
rhtch æy Þe tloc ca¡a ¡nrtlcursrly o!¡ c gaÊen baetsgrænd, thcn
tha gemþ¡tlc aelcctlve vsluc ;æ¡rð ùc ex¡roatodl to bo hlgher
for fe¡al.eg tùan for nle¡. lÌrc grccn ptg¡qrt uoulð bsve to bc
ðoleterlous fn tðult fom1e3 to ¡coonnt for thc dlfforenoc Ln
tneque.æy of theee genot¡rpoa botnsen tJ¡e ftfth end alxth lnatara.Dttfcre¡Bca ln tùe rel¡ttve fregucneloc of colqrn
¡ntteraa betrecn the ee¡ea uerc gneater çltbln lnst¡m th¡n
6lr¡
rlthl¡ ar4llca. Fo! po¡nr.atloà À, e'rthouglr the frogeensle¡ln the salpler rÉrle horqcneqls, they reno not hoægor¡eqr3
rlthlr¡ erch lnstrr. If tlrs gcnotyBlc oelectlvo yrluoc arto
thc 6ånt 1n both aetGa fihen guoh a dlffe¡ronoc rLthln lnataraf.c not eur¡rrÍalng beeauae fenef.os üevelop rt a ¡lorer r¡tcthan nleao
&e aÙreagao 1n nelstlve frequency of thc illfferantcolær pattcrrrc durtng tl¡e fl¡rst generetlon wGnE rather otul-1¡r tn eaeh of tho populntlo¡¡s, a to F, eoepù c. The eyellacheagc ln gcne freguonelee rihLeh sene noaorded, for popul¡ttonG auggcrta thot the gcnot6r¡rtc ¡erectlve vrluec vena not ooa-¡t¡ut ' Oolqrr ¡nttenra rhLoh we¡Fe elttrer hetercrygq¡a or hore-sygonre for tàe F¡ ¡llolo ;ono soloctcð agrtnst la tlre cl: popu-
L¡tlo¡s. Eæcyer, thf,c gcæ mat Þe fevoureð by eerectlon rtEoB etage oÈhelrl¡e ltc frcgucneJ/ cq¡ld nst bc ¡¡tntalnorlerccpt by r vGqtr hlgh rutrtl,on ¡stc. ttc rÊ rrlalc rrJr h¡ycmrlv¡I v¡Iue either &ætq l¡tcr gcncrrrtlono oF 1n the agE
atage" rt couLil erco tc favo¡¡neil by grrotlo relpetron.[he l¡o¡e¡ae ln freguoncy of the hororygote FrFF ln-
illcrtes thrt thlE color pattoru bce a ¡oleetf,úe a<lrentogc
durlng thc flmt gencratlo¡¡. ?o explEln tbls lnare¡ao ln f!c-quercJr o¡e rr¡at coaslaler not only tho cnvlronreat for thl.¡ E!¡rL
ttauler generetlon tut nlso that l,n vhlct¡ the prevlous grnêrn-
tl,on vaa FEsn€ð. Tbese tro goneratlons rere ee¡nreteð ln ttæby at least fl,ve ¡onth¡ ilunlng rhleh the 6gg8 ovo¡r-tlntareð,
65.
tb,e æologlcel. chcnctcFlstlo¡ of the h¡bltst! rt tbe¡c tuo
cllffcrent tlro¡ of thc yerD roul'd Èe eltffcront, rnrtloululyrltb Fcg¡rû to t4reraturc, bn¡td"lty enð veget¡t1on. It laalso Xlo¡slDlo th¡t tàc ¡nccstors of ¡o¡e of the po¡uletlo¡¡E rerrlnl8rant¡ fror geognaphlcalþ ðlffereot h¡bltsts. tbe geno
frcqucnoy of rF ¡üoqg tùre ¡ù¡lt ¡naeotoro ¡ust have beon oon-
aldcrab\y l'cer tågn smag ¡ð¡¡lta of tlrr flnst goneratlon.
Âfter hetehlng of the flraÊ gcneretlon coumaceil la octobcr
1950, tbanc r¡8 ¡ perlorl of ton reaka üurlrg üb!.€b no !¡lüfrI1oosunrcd. In thit perloð, soll nolstura raa gËNù¡aIlV itc¡llchdfed drarly tcnperoturrra l¡orelscd. the pacturc planta ürtûtc¡¡t preeent at ùl¡c ttpe of hetehlng t@r(a rlnþ ¡nm¡l r¡roolca
¡nd the¡e hað slmst colpleteå theln g.nwth. î¡e anbaegucnt
dleth of tho¡e planto ro¡ulteð la a aùrortngo of green fooå ¡nô
a cbeng€ ln fùo Þnakgmnd, colour of the b¡b!.tqtl. å1ro, tiho
arei of bare petebeø of ro11 luarcasoô conefderabþ. fn otherworås, durlng tho ftrst generatlon oneh bsbltet Èeesne 1Þoreeslng\y ôrler enð LÈa baotsgrurnð colour boeeæ rar.rtlrel¡rropê unlfo¡.a. ftro nrþIel+q.s (FoFr) ooLq¡r ¡nttern 1s ep¡nr-
ently Letter aêrpted th¡n oüber colqr¡r ¡ntterna to thls Èlprt
of envÍronæft. ft la ualforr\y Dncn rlth black mttllag aadl
lt aerteln\y apn)6rËe to bo 1oa¡ oonoBlouous tù¡n othe¡r oolq¡rIntte¡r¡a çhoa on Èoekg¡rouncls auch ea de¡d. ¡rtnnta anð cr¡loeoô
rFeåB of Eo1l. tÏ¡ FrFF g.ætype rq¡Iü ¡ost rl,lsely bave ¡,,Eelootlve eðventngc Ln auelr ¡¡ c¡rvlroucnt agalnct thc ¡ctlon
66"
of predntors. It ls sl¡o 1fþ\y thst lnctlvtdualo rlth thl¡aolq¡r ¡nttasn gætJrrrc aro ph¡rclolqgtoaLly bctter rdnptd torlSbatrna ôqy oodr.tlo¡s th¡¡ arç rct oth¡r genoty¡nr. Eh¡tn¡r utllIae tho arrl,l¡blo ¡olstupo Drrê cffleLentþ or ¡rcrhrpeth¡,y rr¡r Þo bcttsr cqulppeð to su¡ryivc 1n the abscnce of sa ,
adequatc oupply of groen fooû. Rr¡btzov (lgjj) reoord,eð th¡ttba .gfÞlg@Eg ælær pettern ln Ghgr_thlgpup rlpoFqFlætn¡vae reratlvcly ælr.E fncgucnt f.n itqy th¡u ln he¡ldl h¡blt¡t¡.Doecrlptlo¡g of thlo coloor pattorn auggoct tJret lta ap¡ne!¡aGo
la rlnlla¡r to tnc FPFa colqr ¡nttern tn c. temlnLfers; hw-õ¡er, lt n¡r roll hnve c dtffcrcnt gonctLeel b¡al"a.
Durlng tbe aecoad, gonoratlon relnfgl'l rer adequrte anô
alr!!6r-8rorlng Blnntr rðp6 abu¡¡lont l,n noet of fiho habltate . trn
thls gcnerrt!.oa, tho frcquoncy or rrtr Ln populati.on e rllcl aot
ah*nge eppncclrbþ fron lts vofne for aðuLte la tàe flrat gGÃ6F-
et1on.
AltttouÊÞ the eolqrr pattenn frequer¡cl,ee aaoag aclults
fron ôlffere¡t ¡¡opuratlone varled, consld.erabrr, lt sea fqlnÀthet they dtd not dlffer af,gntflcently 1¡ tJroee poBul,atlons ürlchoacuBled hcbttnta riheno Þof¡h aolf-mlcùr1r¡g and eoryaet eolL¡ e¡¡ê
prcaent. Iheee hebltatr corri@apond to the outbreak costregrhlch f,e5r (1*5) ûesorlb€ô. Ëæevor, in hnblt¡ta vbsrc aelf-mrlohlng eoll le ab.ent, lt çae founô tlËt po¡rulatlona rryr h¡votllffercnt oolstrr pnttera frequencl,eo, It ças auggeotodr thst lntheoe habltets tbo anvircnænt le ære vrrlablo than rn hsbi-t¡ts rhor--o aelf-rulehlag aolI ta prcacnt.
67.
Ho d¿te sers ott¡lneô on thê effect of preilatlon oa
col.our pattern frequcnctes. Eqever, tihê capture of rgrnphe
Èy other lnvertebrste anlmala ras obseryed on ceverel oeca-
elons. Theso pnedrtors reae Bfufy aplders" Pe3@ocharlð
ïasps and AclJ.lÅ .f,Llea. fte vork of Gar.rlok (1959) oa tbo
food anö fccðlag habltr of tro qrecl@ of lbl¡ (&rortrorrç
ar¡lqlcoltta and, !. noÞeq) uggecta tJrat these bfrds ne¡r bc
ln¡nrtent pnedlrtora of 9" lefqlnlfeE. Dun1ng the fle1cl
etudlea, lÈlE toFB founil fccôfng ln only om locall,ty. 9. þ¡-¡lnlferu rtld npt ocotr! on thle aito; hcever, a apoclca ofPorelytran rra roasoneDl¡r aùuadnnt.
Althorgh vlsuel aol'ootlon Þy pnedators n¡y pl¡y a
¡srt ln r¡lntelntry tùe poþnonplrten, tt ls Ukely th¡t lrhJr-
slologfeel eeleetton lc rcre lr¡nrtrnt.
68,
Y OEI{ETAL D¡TSü8gEra
- 'l['ho €ol@D lnttc¡n I]ofyællilrlar l¡ $. û¡nl4tf¡tel¡ æut¡olreô try fq¡r rllclrc gclrGo. A poþnorarhl,an lavalv-lng rt¡lI¡r oolotrr petÈorns tra fou!ê l¡ otben grreaboppcr
opoclca rhleå ¡ro tr¡ono¡lcally ¡tl¡tcû to @þ;lgg@,(x€yi 195h). rt l,¡ thcreforr ltrrr.y t¡h¡t tbc ¡rolyror¡Èlart¡ ¡n o1ô one rnô tt n¡r harc c¡latsdl l¡ the ¡noeetorc ofthogo proaent ilry qrcetcs. Pù¡¡c v¡nf¡tloa prubaÞ\y b¡¡ a
rcFe reeont ortgln bocauac 1t 1r f6-d t'n onþ tro of fùo
olghü apoolce of anatrplgotoo, ¡ll of rhloh erc ¡rolyro¡ilùlcfor colour patÈorn (Eey, l95b). rt ¡lao oceurr lD Gþ+ttotrcltsg,rt ls æt knern i,f ¡lhnac vrrfstloa hns bsô eryr efleet on thccolqrr petùorn pol'ylor¡rhlan, Eæever, cor¡sldcrlag thc nrtoðôlfferoæcs {t ¡rh¡rololory end ÈGhvlour Þetncan lnillvldtualaof pbEao Froserl+ rndl Bhsec colltqfl¡ (üvarov, IgAE; f,Gyr fgj0;Ëcnnc{¡7r 1956; Euntcr-ironosr f958), lt rq¡Ldl mt be ærlrtetnglf tbç celoctlve r¡luee for the dllÊfc¡ront oolorr¡ ¡nttcru gcDo-
tyBes rer€ altereð eor¡¡ld.arallg rG a rscult of tbe itcrelopæntof phace v¡rl¡tlon. A ¡tuilü of oolqn pattern polyror2hl¡¡ lnboth gregarl,ous ¡nrl ¡oripÍIregart,ca aBecles f,¡o¡ tho æle hrÈtr-
tet ny lnd.la¡to lf thc edrptl.ve elgnlfleanos ú st'ntulnr oolqrBattorns ls tlrø aarc for tÀo illffsrorû epoelet.
All of tlro po¡nrlatlons atuclleit rÊre fou¡il 3o Þo poþ-noryhls f,or the for¡r colour pettern g€no6o [Èe fterÅ stualas
Lnülcateal thf,t the colq¡r ¡nttoraa 16ro suDþct to ôtfforo¡t
6%
aclootlvo foroe¡. It on¡mt bc lúcræil f¡¡or tùc (bt¡ üct¡hcrthc poþnorphl,er ls tr¡allcnt or blnnoGð. Eorcvcr, lt rocüunlrteþ th¡t urItlple alloloc rould, bc !,¡ ¡ t¡gnalcat poþ-rcr¡rhlsn u¡Io¡1. t¡ht pol.¡r¡o¡Èln r¡c prevloq¡þ brllncod,.I¡¡tcdl cÞngoc ln scleeÈlve valnaa oould upset the
cqulllÈrl¡r¡ a¡el tha poþnorghlu ooulô bceon tr¡a¡lcnt foroDË oF noFs 0f thO sllol€s. DÊtr f¡ol ¡ m¡bcr of sueoo¡¡lvogcaeratlont åaE ncecaaery to ôceldlo thls polnt. For ultlBtrcalrelea ln c selectlvely boLenocð ¡pl¡r¡or.¡ñlar, tùc necesarlrr
eonôltlo¡¡ for ¡ cteblc- oqnlllbrtur rogu!.re thrt no hetcroty-goto bo lcsg f1t th¡n Èoth thc recosl¡toû holosygoteo (ùcn,1955; Ktnlr, Lïfrt lanôc1, 19t9). It 1¡ th¡rcfotr€ Dooglhls
to hrve ¡ b¡lrrpcd poþro¡phlal tlthqrt sLI botcrorygotea aùç-lng over{orLnrcg. Slrc equlllbrlu¡ ænilltloaË ¡atule rrnðo¡natlng and sonotrnt acloctlve y¡lnea, ALao, angr effeet ih¡e
to clthe¡ç mtatlon or nigraÈlm t¡ lgnorcd. Pur{l¡er ctudloo
shoulal lndlsate lf the averegc sêl'cotlve val,uea f,or tho dlf-fcra¡t geaoty¡roe eatlslþ tho cor¡dltlona for ¡ st¡ÞIo ogqlll-brlu¡.
AnlnLs eueh re grotras l'ocr¡cta (trrbæra ¡nil StcÈÈfna,
f95O sað sthcr rorhrn), lsnd en¡ll¡ (C"fa and thoppar{, 1950),
flsh (oordon ¡na oordon, r95o) a¡d Þstt1cs (f"¡, r9b9) al,l' b¡vc
Ín eooron c nrber of eouplqroua colour Betterna rhleh sFt eoÞpletoþ tloalnaat to a Breval,cat, Lo¡e conø¡rleuoue pettorn¡ &!sl¡ttc¡l Inttera b¡¡ becn asLLGô ¡ iunlvoreel reoc¡alyor. Inlsry of thcsc crnuploa thc n¡tant gËrrÊB ¡re at dlffeFürt, Èut
7O.
olosoly llnbd lool. Eoræar, lD $. tcp¡laifcre thc ¡nl¡rrroryhler la eont¡ollcd by sllclle gcnes andl Íp ont prttcrnna¡r bo regnrrilodl ae Èctag prcvaleat, Íhc ¡tblglml? ¡nttorn(pof"), altlroqþ æt nnl,veranl,\y ruceae lvc" te al¡lls¡r to thotullverrsl. rccaaslveü ¡nttoru ln tl¡c other pol¡fnor¡hlola ù¡r
Dcl,ry tho le¡¡t complcuoua of thc colour g¡tto¡na. AlDg,rcalls
tf¡r¡l 1o eøplctefv itmfn¡t to IgÞSlgEg rbrcog Ëoth nlsÞvlrs¡tr (rFxD) ad, -trllln¡rtr (Fbf) ar lncouBlctcþ llo¡lm¡G
to lt. If, d¡¡Éns tho øvolutlon d tlolrme, tùore reË ¡ ri-l¡¡¡tlon oú sol'oetlo favurrl¡g noôlfleatlo¡ of hctenorygottr,
t'hcn eorpletc dorlnsnoc r¡y ¡¡ot rosult. tlrls ebnngo ln ccþc-tloa ooulÀ rccnlt eltÞr fron ¡ rrþð üee¡eaeo ln the ¡nrber
of preð¡toro or lf the hetoresygotc¡ poatocæå aorc pbyslolo-
gloel' eclvoatege ovGr tho ðoal¡rat honoaygotosr If thc polyær-
pblar rcre nclntalDßô entl¡rcþ tV tJ¡e aalsetlve ¡otlon of pra-
d¡tore and, lf pradlatæg bocane )¡l¡Fo, thea tùe ntent goær rqúilôcorenae ln frequeney opaeas thoy lneroaaað vlrblltty l¡ Ëoüt
other ralr tho ohe¡Uw !.a geao frrequcnqr thlch æ.cur¡red ilurlng
thc ftnst h¡If of thc l96o.Gf 86eüon arÊ un]'l¡e\y to b¡ve pe-
sultodl fro¡ thc actton of Bredator¡ ¡Io¡o. It h¡s alreotly
be¡n auggeatoô th¡t phyalologloal ssleetlon ln c mBlitþ chr¡g-
lng envlro¡¡ent ray bove Dccn neaponclble for a lerge ¡nrt ofthose chaqgea.
fhe EÈudlo¡ to ô¡to heve revelod r nuÈcr of proÙ-
Iers vhl.cù requlro furtber lnveetlgetloa bcf,orc tho cvoluttopa¡y algntfla¡noe of colo{rr patternc Ln thfs a¡leof,oe booole¡
ll.
slo¡r- FlGld ttËðlea thærrgbøt ¡ mücr of ðlffo¡e¡t ¡rtoðúot¡ld, t"slic¡ts rbÊthel or ¡ot tbæe oolmr lnùtaru frtsùutPG f¡vourcdl Èy ¡rloctlq ib¡tag thc flr¡t goærrtlon rlrtrlD.t thclr aðvaategc for tbc rc¡llnûol of tbc aor¡onr Ího
lrportaær of prcdrtæe, ¡nrtlculrrþ tho lÞla. l¡ r¡latrl¡¡-t¡e tbc polnoqibl¡r ral"l algo bo lnvctlg¡toil. A rtury ottbc cffeot of ütffcrcú anylnonrent¡ on gsndyfrfc fqueaelrlla eo¡nratc poBulrtlo¡r roxroi l¡ l¡Ëor¡tor.:r clrgos rJr l,nal-eatc tf goro coleur ¡¡¡ttom gmt¡reo aro Dottcr ailrpteô ¡l\¡r-atologl,cally t'hü othcra, sd, lf ao, tùe Dlstc for tùc rôepta-
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¿l{f
BIEil,IOGüAPw
Albrocht, F. O., X. lerdLe¡r and R. E. DleekLth, L959,
Iaternal controt. of ovarlo]'e ¡¡urbêr l¡ the
prog€ny of the nlgratouy Loouet. Naturø,
Ionü. t8h¡ IO5 - 1Ol¡.
Bcadtle, N.C.l., l9l+8, n&e vegctatlon erril ¡nstureo of wcsterÐ
Ner South Wal.es wtth epocl,ol refeFercG tosoll eroslou.n 281 pp. (Governncnt Prlnter¡
$ydney. )
Ëorgerandn J., 1958r Folynorphlese ehroEoEorlquc üans uno
populaülsn ðo N.cuoblue eylveatrle (cryf].ofôse)
C. B. Aæð. SeL., Parlo t fu6t 35?:8 - Jl.Ce ln, A. J. andl P. lÍ. $hop¡¡a¡d, L9Ðr ðelectlm i.n the poþ-
ær¡Èrle 1arñ enalln Cemea ng+orq]J'g. Heredltyn
hr 275 - 294.
Lg52t Tl,e effecte of nntu¡ral aeloatLon on
DodV aolour ln türe 1anð snaf,l, 9gjeea ÃÊnoF-
g}þ. Horedlty" 6u ?J7 - 25L.
Garr!.ck, 8., 1959, lho fooü aad feed,lng heblts of tbe gtran-
ncokcð lbla, ttrqa4lg¡als 9¡å3þ9$1$ and
tbs drlte lble $,, nolluca, lD Austrslla'C.S.I.B.O. wlld Llfe Êeeærth" b: 6y92"
Gnelghton, X., anð TV.B,.B. ßobeÉaon, 19b1, Ocnøtlo stuÖloc
ou GhorÈ4l¡pua lc4Flccqlq. J. Eored,.,
322 359 - Ir1.
Flatrer, R. å., 19Jo, llre wolutlon of ðo¡lnancc tn ccrtaln¡toþnor¡ghte apaolee . AEor. Nst., 6h: frS -¡106.
L9r9, Seleetlve forcea la vlld ¡rcBulatlonoof FanaüottlT Êc¡qTue. AD¡. gugên. , 9t
1O9 - LZ1.
Fot{, E. 8., 19¡fO, Poþrorghtsn snô taxoDou¡Jro In Tha non
syatomtloa. 3d," Huxley, Londont O.U.P.
Ford, S. B. and, B. A. Fleher, 19h7r Îhe epræù of e gôtæ ln¡atu¡lel conðltlons ln a eotroqy of the Doth,
Penarle elonlaqlå. Ee¡:.oð1tyr 1¡ U3 - L74.
@ndon, ä., anð f. Glordon, 195Or Colour ¡ntterna and genc
froguonclc ln mt¡rral Bopulatlons of a
platyflah. Bercðlty¡ h¡ 61 - 7J.
Eancock, J. L., 1916, Plnk katyitldte and, tt¡a lüerltance ofplnts eolouretlon, ht. Neve, fiz 70 - 82.
Eo1t, S. 8., I9r8, the effeot of nate¡rnal ags on tbe mnf,fcg-
tatlou otr a ¡rolydactyl gene 1n n1ce. Arrtn.
Eugenlca, 1l+: 144 - L51.
Ernte¡-Jonoa, Ph. ¡ 1958, IsÞo¡atory atuôtcg on thE l¡herltaaccof ghaoe gbrsct€rB fn loeuste. Antl-Locuet
Brl].otln 2t, 52 pp.
Xcnnoily, ü. S., L956¡ Ph^Eeo trensfor¡at1on ln losr¡st btologr.B1o1. Rey. ¡ },l: \9 - 57O.
fottlæcllr E.B.D.¡ 1955, Se1cctloû GrIlGr"LDcrts oa t¡dh¡t¡rlal¡clnnlon ln the laplåoptcra. ñerçdlltyr gz
321 * h2.1956r .A naer¡,no oú lnvectfuntlons otr tbc cro*
lutlon of nel'anls¡ ta the Leplctoptere. Proe.
Êqy. 8oe. Isnilon Ëorr B, Il¡5t 297 - þ5.1958e &e Lnpontencc of ¡lcroe¡vlron¡nent toevol'utlonåDy tnenåg ln Lepldoptene. Thq
Ëntonol.ogte t, 91¡ 2& - 221+.
f,€Ír X.If.t., 1915, flre geaeml ecologlcel chancùerletlae of
the outÈ¡¡cak arieas and outbr€k yeatc of the
auatmllan pl"agpe locuet (Gtrorto_lçS¡tqs !gÞ¡intfara tTalk.). Corn. $c1. Inrh¡etr. 8€a.
&,:.1., No, 186¡ L?J pp.
1950, A erltlque on tho lihsso tbøory dIoeusts. Quarù. Rêv. Bl,o1. 252 365 - bO?.
l95lr, rlhc tarononyr pùrsEesr. antl dlsûrltutl,on
of the gsncre Chortolcetes Bn¡a¡. and Austrel-gg@. Uv. (Or{Uoptera¡Àcr1d1ónø)i 237 pp.
(C.s. LR.o, r oenÞerrn. )
Ílnura, I., 1956, h¡loa for teatlag aÈabXllty of e aeloetlvo
¡nþmorphlan. PpoG. U. 8. Hat. Aead. So1.,
het 5Ñ - 5t+o.
KlnEr R. Lç ¡ 1958r rnheri.Êa¡oe of ne¡.saÍsn ta ths g¡sgûoppêFr
clanopl'us dtlffereattallq. ÂFG¡p* Nat., 572
80 (mper to Oemtlee SocLoty of areri,aa).I.arls, E. 8., eadl B. cÏoha, Lg57, 8tuð1e¡ on pgrlpl¡neta
ererLeers. fI InÈeæhango hetercaygoslty Ln
lsoletedl populstlon3r Horedlttyn 1l: Ll - ZZ.
Lorontln, B. C. enal tr.ü.D. tfhlto, 1960, Iaterectlon betreen
l¡rverslon Bolynort¡blene of, two chrouoÉÞæ Fulrgtn the 6raeclroppan, lbr"bg gfSIES.
Evolutlon, IIr:' 116 - 29.
ranüeI, S.P.IL 1959, &o ateÞrllty of o mltlple alrerle a¡raten.
Ecreðl.ty, I]s 289 - 3O2.
Naùq¡¡e, 8. 8., r91h, $tudle¡ of l¡herlta¡¡ae in onthoptere r.Psratet_tls torenrrE. iÍ, Ocætlee J: f4f - X7O.
.i l9?8, Haneockra etud.løa of lÈenltanee 1n griÊen
r¡r¡d, Dr nk f,aty-¿1¿e, Å-ubyloegFypl¡s sbloÃstfo]'ic
Do Gleer, Ert. I{emo, lrO¡ 1l+ - 16.
: . . : I;929t tàe genettæ of the fettlglôao (grouee
LocuoÈe). B!.bl. $oaet. , 5t 27 - ldt.labqlrf, B. K., enå F. H. StebÞl¡a, 195Or Oytogcaetlas of the
grqrro loeurt, AeoÈ.tottl¡ eun¡S¡ephqlue Han-
cock. feeh. h11, knsag Agrlc. 8rr¡r, 8Èn.,
67t I - 117.
orcn, A.B.(}' , L953, B¡lerpedl polyaerBhLen of a nltlBte allerLcserles. Pnoe. gt 9th Int. Congr. Clenetf,een
Belnglon ltely. (In Caryologla, suppl. tovol. 6¡ 121¡CI - l2ltlr 19Sr. )
Br¡ùtso'v¡ I. A.¡ L9r5, Phaee yerf¡tt@ l¡¡ ¡¡6¡-6¡rsrmlng gmgs-
hoBpero. Bul1. Snt. Res. , 26: 499 - 5%.É5ansoae, F. Tf ., anå L. Ia Oour., L93% [he genetlse of BrlIEE-
ho¡lperc Glrorthlpurg paralle1us. J. Oenet,,
þt lr15 - 4?'2.
$heppanil¡ P. I., I951r .A guantltetlve atu{y of tuo popu¡.atio¡s
of tihe æth. _EEQA¡1g 4onlnrla. teredltyr 5¡
5¡.9 - t8.1952r ^å, aote oD non*tando¡ mtlng tra tbo notb,
Pap¡¡fs, ðoFln¡ln. HerdftÍr 6: 239 - 43.
1961, Bqs aontr{,br¡tlo¡e to poBulrtlon gô¡tË-
tlcs reoultlng fro¡ ttro ¡ tuù of thc Le¡rtdo¡p
ter¡. Adv. ln Oenet., IO¡ 165 - 2L2.
SJoateôt¡ Y. ) 1935, Bevlslon rle¡r auetrellsohßn .torlülodcen.
2. Honog¡ephle. [. Bvonaka Votenats Ak¡å.
Eandl. (5), Ljz I - 19L
Snrn, D. C., 1956r rlocustc antt graaahoppcrå ln Soti¡ Ar¡¡trnl:Lar
Dept. Agrte. S. Aust, hll. ldrO.
Îan, G. C., lSt9, 8ca¡oml wrlctlons ln colour Inttorns 1¡
Eaqlp+la çryaLt1a,. Proe. 8th Int, Congr.
Oeret" Hcreðltae BupB. VoI., ff9 - 670.
Uverov, B. P., I928r oloausts and. ê¡rasaho¡lpere.il 35?- pp.
(connom. Inst. Ent.r Londoa).
Uvarov, B.P. (contô.)
fgtt, flrß trlïrc lFhrlæhlnt of thc subfantly
Pnnphaglnaa, ard tls l¡CcrrelaËlon¡ of thc
acrlellcl mbfaallf.es (Orthoptera ) 'lFanÐ. B. Båt. Soc- Iond' 95¡ ¡ - f2.
Yonontsovah/, P. A¡, 1928, Oa tùo queatlon of homlogotlE
neagco of colo¡rr varf¡tlon ln Ac¡rldltðee (ID E
Bueolaa). hll. OnenÈurg Fl. P¡¡ot. gùe.t
1r 27 - ,9.fahrlnn, J, 195br E¡perlcatb' 1O: Ll6 - f ,
tThlte, I.J.D., 1954, Antnat eytologr and eçolutton. 2nd' cô.
C¡qbrltlge Unlv* Preas, En8Èand,-
1955, AilaBtlve cbronosonal polynonü¡lru ln
an Australlon grasahopuêFr Evolutlonr 1O¡
2gg - ,Lt.1958r Bætrlptlone ou reconÈl.nsJloo ln graee-
hopBer ¡pBul¡t Lom arú s poelea. C oldl Eprüg
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