“ copyright © allyn & bacon 2007 personality: vive la difference!

28
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Personality: Vive la Difference!

Upload: julianna-cori-mccormick

Post on 19-Dec-2015

226 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Personality: Vive la Difference!

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Personality:Vive la Difference!

Page 2: “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Personality: Vive la Difference!

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

How would you define personality

• Describe your best friend’s personality

Page 3: “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Personality: Vive la Difference!

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Some questions that are addressed in the study of personality

• Are you born with a certain personality or is your personality learned?

• Is your behavior governed by conscious thoughts or by motives that you may not be conscious of?

• Does your personality stay constant or does it change in different situations?

• Are people basically good or basically bad?• Is your early history more important to the formation of

your personality or is your recent history more important?

• What is a “healthy” personality?

Page 4: “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Personality: Vive la Difference!

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

The book’s definition of Personality

A set of behavioral, emotional, and cognitive tendencies that people display over time and across situations

Page 5: “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Personality: Vive la Difference!

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

What is a theory of personality

• An explanation of how we got the personalities that we have.

• A theory that addresses many of the questions that I raised in the first slide.

Page 6: “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Personality: Vive la Difference!

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Freud’s theory: Assumptions

• Determinism– Major forces: Sex drive and aggressive drive– People basically bad and must strive to

overcome bad instincts.

Page 7: “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Personality: Vive la Difference!

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Freud: Consciousness

• Conscious level– Normal awareness

• Preconscious level– Easily brought to

consciousness

• Unconscious level– Hidden thoughts

and desires

Page 8: “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Personality: Vive la Difference!

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Freud: Structural Model

• The id– Unconscious level– Present at birth– Home to sexual and aggressive drive– Governed by the pleasure principle– Think Homer Simpson

Page 9: “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Personality: Vive la Difference!

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Freud: Structural Model

• The superego– Preconscious and unconscious levels– Develops in childhood– Home to morality and conscience– Governed by the ego ideal– Think Ned Flanders

Page 10: “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Personality: Vive la Difference!

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Freud: Structural Model

• The ego– Conscious, preconscious, and unconscious

levels– Develops in childhood (before superego)– Acts as a referee between id and superego– Governed by the reality principle– Think Lisa Simpson or maybe Marge

Page 11: “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Personality: Vive la Difference!

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Freud: Personality Development

• We must pass through psychosexual stages successfully– Each stage focuses on how we receive

pleasure

• Failure to pass through a stage leads to fixation– In times of stress, we regress to that stage

Page 12: “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Personality: Vive la Difference!

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Freud: Psychosexual Stages

• Oral stage (birth to 1 year)

• Anal stage (1 to 3 years)

• Phallic stage (3 to 6 years)– Oedipus and Electra complexes

• Latency period (6 to puberty)

• Genital stage (puberty onward)

Page 13: “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Personality: Vive la Difference!

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Freud: Defense Mechanisms

Unconscious attempts prevent unacceptable thoughts from reaching conscious awareness– Denial– Intellectualization– Projection– Rationalization– Reaction formation– Repression– Sublimation– Undoing

Page 14: “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Personality: Vive la Difference!

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

DEFENSE DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE

denial arguing against an anxiety provoking stimuli by stating it doesn't exist

denying that your physician's diagnosis of cancer is correct and seeking a second opinion

displacement taking out impulses on a less threatening target

slamming a door instead of hitting as person, yelling at your spouse after an argument with your boss

intellectualization avoiding unacceptable emotions by focusing on the intellectual aspects

focusing on the details of a funeral as opposed to the sadness and grief

projection placing unacceptable impulses in yourself onto someone else

when losing an argument, you state "You're just Stupid;" homophobia

Page 15: “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Personality: Vive la Difference!

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

rationalization supplying a logical or rational reason as opposed to the real reason

stating that you were fired because you didn't kiss up the the boss, when the real reason was your poor performance

reaction formation taking the opposite belief because the true belief causes anxiety

having a bias against a particular race or culture and then embracing that race or culture to the extreme

regression returning to a previous stage of development

sitting in a corner and crying after hearing bad news; throwing a temper tantrum when you don't get your way

Page 16: “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Personality: Vive la Difference!

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

repression pulling into the unconscious

forgetting sexual abuse from your childhood due to the trauma and anxiety

sublimation acting out unacceptable impulses in a socially acceptable way

sublimating your aggressive impulses toward a career as a boxer; becoming a surgeon because of your desire to cut; lifting weights to release 'pent up' energy

suppression pushing into the unconscious

trying to forget something that causes you anxiety

Page 17: “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Personality: Vive la Difference!

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Freud’s Followers

• Carl Jung– Collective unconscious– Archetypes

• Alfred Adler– Strive for superiority– Inferiority complex

• Karen Horney– Basic anxiety– Privilege envy (not penis envy)

Page 18: “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Personality: Vive la Difference!

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Critiques of Freud

• Not scientific– Hard to test

• Too broad – Claims are hard to falsify

• Based on limited sample– Female patients– Upper class– 19th-century Vienna

Page 19: “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Personality: Vive la Difference!

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Humanistic Theories

• Humanists focus on people’s positive aspects: their innate goodness, creativity, and free will

• Reaction to Freud’s emphasis on…– Hedonic tendencies– Unconscious basis of behavior

Page 20: “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Personality: Vive la Difference!

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Humanistic Theories

• Abraham Maslow– Hierarchy of needs– Self-actualization

• Carl Rogers– Unconditional positive

regard

• Criticisms– Difficult to test– Idealistic view

Page 21: “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Personality: Vive la Difference!

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Is there really such a thing as a personality?

Shyness? With your friends? Classmates? Teachers?

Honesty? Would you return change found in the phone

machine? Would you steal from a store?

Page 22: “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Personality: Vive la Difference!

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Personality:Traits or Situations?

• Trait view– We think and behave consistently across

situations

• Situationist view– Our thoughts and behaviors change with

the situation

• Interactionist view– Both traits and situations affect thoughts

and behavior

Page 23: “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Personality: Vive la Difference!

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Trait Theories: The Big Five

ExtraversionWithdrawn Outgoing

NeuroticismStable Unstable

AgreeablenessLow High

ConscientiousnessUndependable Dependable

Openness to experienceClosed Open

Page 24: “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Personality: Vive la Difference!

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Trait Theories: Eysenck’sThree-Factor Model

ExtraversionWithdrawn Outgoing

NeuroticismStable Unstable

Psychoticism/NonconformityLow High

Page 25: “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Personality: Vive la Difference!

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Measuring Personality:Interviews and Observation

• Interviews– Structured set of questions (can be modified)– Focuses on specific thoughts and behaviors– Hard to generalize beyond interview

• Observation– Focuses on behaviors, not thoughts– Works best if judge knows participant

Page 26: “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Personality: Vive la Difference!

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Measuring Personality:Inventories

• Questionnaires (paper or computer)

• Produce a personality profile

• Easy to score and statistically analyze

• Social desirability

Page 27: “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Personality: Vive la Difference!

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Measuring Personality: Projective Tests

• Include Rorschach and TAT

• Concerns about validity and reliability

What do you see?

Page 28: “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Personality: Vive la Difference!

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Myers-Briggs

• http://www.personalitytest.net/types/index.htm