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MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART NATIONAL BUREAU or STANDARDS-J953-A NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS-J953-A

dEFERENCE UO NOT LOAN

lnterrelations of Methods of

WEED CONTROL and

PASTURE MANAGEMENJ -at Lincoln Nebr

gtshya ~ Q ll i

1949-55 ~ c I tshy

() ~ J tl o - Technical Bulletin No 1180- i lt) I

U S Depclrtment of Agriculture

in cooperation with the

Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station

CONTENTS

Pag

Introduction 1

Review of literature 2 Th~ pasture weed problem 2 Causes of degeneration 3 Means of improvement 3

Pasture management 3 Mowing 4 Use of herbicides 5 Reseeding 6

Materials and methods 6

Results 9

Weed populations as aFfected by treatments 9

Perennial weeds 11

Annual weeds 25 Grasses as aFfected by treatments 26

Grasses in undisturbed plots 29

Grasses in plowed and reseeded olots 32 Forage as aFfected by treatments 35

Forage consumed 35 Aftermath 38

Production of vegetration as affected by treatment 40 Summary 44 Literature cited 45 Appendix 47

Washington D C Issued April 1958

--------~-~---------

Ear sule by the SupcrintOlllrn~ of nOClllllrnis 1 S GOCrllllJrlli Jr1nling OJlice WashIngton 25 D Cbull Price25 cents

dEFERENCE UO NOT LOAN

lnterrelations of Methods of

WEED CONTROL and

PASTURE MANAGEMENJ -at Lincoln Nebr

gtshya ~ Q ll i

1949-55 ~ c I tshy

() ~ J tl o - Technical Bulletin No 1180- i lt) I

U S Depclrtment of Agriculture

in cooperation with the

Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station

CONTENTS

Pag

Introduction 1

Review of literature 2 Th~ pasture weed problem 2 Causes of degeneration 3 Means of improvement 3

Pasture management 3 Mowing 4 Use of herbicides 5 Reseeding 6

Materials and methods 6

Results 9

Weed populations as aFfected by treatments 9

Perennial weeds 11

Annual weeds 25 Grasses as aFfected by treatments 26

Grasses in undisturbed plots 29

Grasses in plowed and reseeded olots 32 Forage as aFfected by treatments 35

Forage consumed 35 Aftermath 38

Production of vegetration as affected by treatment 40 Summary 44 Literature cited 45 Appendix 47

Washington D C Issued April 1958

--------~-~---------

Ear sule by the SupcrintOlllrn~ of nOClllllrnis 1 S GOCrllllJrlli Jr1nling OJlice WashIngton 25 D Cbull Price25 cents

CONTENTS

Pag

Introduction 1

Review of literature 2 Th~ pasture weed problem 2 Causes of degeneration 3 Means of improvement 3

Pasture management 3 Mowing 4 Use of herbicides 5 Reseeding 6

Materials and methods 6

Results 9

Weed populations as aFfected by treatments 9

Perennial weeds 11

Annual weeds 25 Grasses as aFfected by treatments 26

Grasses in undisturbed plots 29

Grasses in plowed and reseeded olots 32 Forage as aFfected by treatments 35

Forage consumed 35 Aftermath 38

Production of vegetration as affected by treatment 40 Summary 44 Literature cited 45 Appendix 47

Washington D C Issued April 1958

--------~-~---------

Ear sule by the SupcrintOlllrn~ of nOClllllrnis 1 S GOCrllllJrlli Jr1nling OJlice WashIngton 25 D Cbull Price25 cents

bullbull

Interrelations of Methods of Weed control and Pasture Management

at Lincoln Nebr 1949-55 1

By DLY3O~ L KLr~C~IAN and 1[ K rTCCAHlY llgrmwmEsls Crop8 Research Division AgriCliltural Research Servtce ~

INTRODUCTION

Yeecls ill pnstllles use moistllle nutrients and light that might produce forage SPCc1(S of high(l Yalue -ltUthough weeds when eaten may contribute to the diet of livestock nevertheless plants classilled as eeds are usunJly undesirable fo1 lHUnelOUS reasons ~1any are low in prochlcLivity uncl pnlatabilit)T and are not readily eaten liY livestock Some eeds caUSe lwclesirable flayors in dair)T products and others are poisonous or cause mechanical injUlY to the grazing animals In addition mMT of the eeds ure annual plants greatly affected b seasonal aclrelsities that result in wide fluctuation in PlocuctioJl from Season to season

Ayailable estimates of the losses due to -eeds indicate that the losses are great fUmostall pastllles have some weeds and a higb percentage haye serious weed and h1us11 infestations Tbe magnitude of this problem is appttrellt 11eo j t is considered that over a billion neres or more than 50 percent of the hmd area in the United States is grazed by lh-~stock nnd about three-foUlths of this is classified as open pastUle The Cnitcd StaGes DepnJtment of Agriculture has estimated (Ilat 240 million acres of these range nncl pasture lands flJe se1iousl~~ infested with eeds and brusll About 15 percent of the open pastmeland is plmmble and suitable for conversion to imploved pasture Improemen t of -egetative composition on the other 85 pel(llt is mo1 difficult

Information is nvailabl to til fmmer about llllthods for mainshytfliniug grasslands jll a pJoclu(th~ and rClMive]v wced(rle eonclition Neyertheless 11l1ny pastuJes are weedy and IlJocluce (ollsiderably less thfln twir potential amount in pnlaLnble forage These weedy pastures llted atLention so thnt tlt CH11 be JlhUllld to a moreproductiYe stnte

1 Coopernthc im(ltigltliol1s of the Crops HesCltlch Didsion Agricultuml RelC1lrh H(IIiCl tTnitccl Rtate Department o( AgriculLllre alld the Nebraska AgliculturllJ Expcllll1(llt HLaUon

q2 ArkllowlcclgOl(llt ltrc cltlP to Armiddotthur HorDung who fUJllihed ihe land ltl~d

to graduatc nRsi~tlnt l[(-llc R Teel Dale r Bolullont und Milo L Cox who helped with the experiment

1

Many paslmes HJe w(Pcly largCl lW(a11Se of mismanageQlm t PlOPPl managemelt OJt011 yould JCetif the dCgradation that has taken plaee It is also gellCuUy tNogniztcl llta t su(h iQlplovtQlen t would bC slow unless a((ompon[p( h ([Hcien wppel eontrol tINLshylJlPnts 2fO-jng 101 WP((] (ontrol m8 1)[(1 widlt] J((oml1HnclP(1 for w(pel pustUlPS nnd hos jJOYld drt( Iiy( Oil nu 115 (Id SIWliP8

TIuLl good stHllds of foragl plan IS Wl1l )11n Ilag(d would largely takt (nl( or tilt wlCd plobl(tn hn8 IOllg bl(1l [(((])(t( In d(g(nPftllp 1)OStUIP8 IPSCNlillf to n[np(ec 8jWcllS will ghp rt1pid 1((0 nr 01

producti Vl tupnei t 111( mpid rptultl to high prod LId iyi t nssociuhcl with intlodu((d Slwcils Bnd itli (olltlol o[ (pels will usuull jus(ifY thC eost

SpIHi nf i til 2 4~d iell loroph(noxll(plic uei[ (2 4--D) IH1 Ih)t hlln plllet i(Clt1 widll in pns( 1llPS Hnd s(Iltlom has h(ltl COmjJfl t(d din(th with mowing B((uus( 24- D htls IPYoluLioniz(d w(pd (ontlo1 pruetic(s in miltl oth(I (IOPS it ns thou~ht impoltnnt tlnt tonllol by 24-D should he enluntetl in lOlllpnrison itl [hlt 11lltllOds nOImnll lNOJ)lJllIIHlPd i p t11oi n~ nnd [(w(d in Thl (xpc rinH 11 I L(pollltd hCr(in HS plnnlJltd lo giyl infolmntioll nhout litC (frlds of l(( (onlrol lllntnlliS and gluzing llU111ngCllHllt plH(lic(s ll[lOIl (glln[l( compositioll HIlltl forn~p [lOclllClioll in tt w((d~ pnslllt(

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The Pasture Weed Problem ((ordin 10 Frolik alld Frolik (1-3) ill 111 (ontill1101lS (lost grazshy

ing s(YlId~ Y(tlktllld llll tnll gflSS(S ill ptlstllt(~ ill ehrnskn S1Hh illLlodu((d SP(ClCS as Klllucky hhllgnlss ltId hill dOnr -I gltldushyaU Cplltlt(d Ill( lnll grnssCs bullls) drollght ill tltl 1)H)s killPd out mu(h grllss hich in lurll gny( lbl ((ds till opportlillit LoiIHI(tS(rnpi(ll~ As tl t(sult tlllll (Il I bOllSllHls of (Id lliisiglttly tl((S or pastllt(lnllds ill (llltlSku ( U) III tbl Illighholing tnLt or Jnnsns th( C(d [llobl(lIl as nlso prlsCllL jnsl un SlllCYS (1(

tllndl in 02 (tlsns (oUllli( ill hieb Di pnstuIlS (ll (xnmill(d ill H12R From t lHsl SlInl GItlrlcfipld (14middot) lound lbtll 03 ptlslUIts pn llllo IIOllllnl in ltItnsiIY or gttlss(s tllld 2114 pCnlllL of lilt Y(glshylillion pl(fHnt (ollsisted or (((h ((llttling lo 1lt1lt1(1 (I(J most glnsslnllds ill Oldnro[l]u lSI)((iull in til( (llltral SlltiOll (Il illshytlsttd b )(tllllinl rngw(((l Ill lh Iln middoti 1 illr(sltd pnSLUl( LI( w(((1 ](du((cl gltlSS Y[llds riO IHIClll Lnl mort

Duritlg thl (tllS IO) to H)~l (1(1 ulld ]TtlllSlll (23) mHdl tl UlYC- of PflSllUP llds ill 41 lnlgP PlslllllS in tlH Tnt( Ptiri( ll shygion of CtLstlLn lhltllku (stlIn JOll and pUllS or rOlll tldjoitlillg lnt(s Th( loud lluTllIHl of p(d sp((i(s Ol(lIITin~ ill th( s(Plnl t1)(8 of ptlstUll inll(tsld with lkllliolnLion of [ltl pnslm( Illluni Ing((ld i10 tlwl(d twd gUlll((d l11pnssld nil otIlll pl(ils ill ltt llUnll) of [ltlstllt(S ill whi(h llllY ol(urlpd n ((lt1 of primol itllshyporlnIH( Iroll(d o((lllrld ill ri of th( jmiddotl pl)slllt(s tlld was filst ot sNond ill illlporlnIHl in lR HoutY Y(rynin ns of [1ril1tUI 01 sc(ondul) imporlnlll( in 1~ of 41 ])nslur(s Ull(t nlulltnl rngw(lr 0( shy

(lUTPd jll O plsL1II(S P(tllIlinl rugwl(d s Il(ot(kd ill 21 pusshy

a Italic 1I1I1IHI in IHlnl1th 1([( (0 LittlltulP (illd p middotlii 4 COUlI1l011 lH111(~ will I) 1I~l1 tlllollgllout tIll hllllltin -gt([(lllifil lllLllll~ with

tlulholitit~ tU( ~hOll ill ttl( IIp[J(lIdix p 47 bull

2

tures C(ltain of th( annllal grassrs that r(gulRrl- occUlTed only in thE 10w(1 glnd( pnstUJ(l lt1( thl((tln down- bJom( (111 hgrnss IittIe wild barll squiITCltuil stllId dJops(((1 Hlld ]gtO(JyglIss ]lt011gts thaI inCIPHSld Ul1tilI lttlWY gJtllling nn ytlJJo pluirj( snglt

bull hoJlldmilbnld llluny-(lO(lpd US(~I dnisy iI(abul1r groulldshy(hl1 S1l1ootlt gold(lllod lid]) TllllnsLtnl IWllljl SllOW-OIl-th(-JJlOUllshytaill hull IlJistll (i21 nlHI lwylltlf tilistl (122)

Causes of Degeneration

Glttsslallds d((PIioltlip ns u lp~lIl( of llJisllHllltlgllllPll1 (l 4) rhclI (x(lssin IPlllOlll of (op growth is (OJttillupd ylHI tf(] lt11 (IJ( deshysirnbll ])i1stUi( pLnn(s UI( gnullltllly llimilHtlld by s(lrnl(ioll llnd aI( SUIFiPC1)lJlU J(plu(ld by w(pds (ii Jf 12) ] Il (lJuill sludi(s (011shy

d uclCd ly iUdous (2 slallds of tilsi rnlJJp ngltn IiOIl 011 plots dip peel lttch 2 ((ks II II hight of J1 illchl PI( nltHOHI (JirnilHlt(d by ~ Y(HIS of slICIt (nulm(lll YPilll Hlld HnllsC1l (~2) found that lif1I til( d(sjlltlbl( plallts Pl( (lwwly gllIz(d n (ollid(nlblp IlUJllshy

Iwl or 1OlIgtS (1( pi I I]( Illl ilpl lIlllll11 hy to(k 01 gnl IIPd 0 SPIllj Ilg1y lltnt IIHY (1( little nfl(c(d Till (Id profitCd by tl1l IPtluccd (Ollllwtitioll 111lt1 ill(ICtIS(rI in 11ll11l1ll1 ulld stntul( ~It(n (ltc Iwti[ hluls(lms lI( pr(slllt IiiI oftIll nlmost (x(]udld titl inshyasi()n or ((lt1 wltC1l I h( hlucSI(IllS PIC pnkpllld Ulullulg(h 1(_

plncld by blwmiddotpuss tlt( llltntJl(( or illYtuling wp(rJs nlS ltlllll~r (llsiJ ll((Olllplish((i JI WU 111(11 lhut IhC 1lgICds iIOIlPllti nnd n host of oth( s(H(ils thrind Up

111 additioll 10 illjlllmiddotY of dlsilllhl( s1)(gt(i(s by onJglHzing JHuclt ~II llls killpd by drought wltilil ill tUlJl gun liJl lld oJ)])ollullit to illCJ(tls( ]lpidly L2 31

lit jou Jgt((P]o1l (1) found t Itll (() 1I11l11l1l ((rly g]tls(S C1hshy]HSS tl1 d I hn(tl 11 [llc]()Cd (0 Ilsici(lJt1J1 ill (I I C (((Jllll Ylnl Oil

IWtU]lS glllzld ollly ill tlt( sprillg lind rnlL Th(s( ulld nthPl ((d p(ci( ilH](t1(d ill lillllldll](( n tltI (XI)(IinH1l1 (ollliuuP(1 So impo]lnnt dmngl (n oiJs(ICd ill til( bo(ul1iClll (oJ1lpositioll of pastil] Ulld(] lttodCInll (oluillllOUS gIHlling dUling thiH S11111 Plliod

Thl lldll(Cd (()Yll dll 10 (os( ~rallil1g (ol11hil1(d with (xposing of thl Hod hy tlit ll(nlli oj (Illain ipp(ips lllold liglil ltl (1]( oil sUJJucP to h( gTlutl iJ1llHSld (7 l) Ll un Il(ognizpd light ns n m1iol ~rtl(I()Jill (OllllOllillg (OI1l()(t itioll Lighl [lIld shntJp uJ1((((d sPld g(Imillluioll ltIS 11111 lS gJ()wing (llnnts lInd SOIlH s(pel did not glllllil1tltp 1Il1hs (hlJl nl ndlCJlIU(( liglJt intCmit1 ]ol(o(r the dllISPI Ill( pnSlllll (hl 10PI thp unint o H(ldlingH Light nt thl glOUlld sllfn(( ulso lIHOlllHglci thl PI(lld of S[OlollifCroll sp((ifs Ullt thost with ludlow ruolstdks

Means of Improvement

Pasture Management

Umss is In(JIld llnd plds tlll (UlhCd hy sltrh pradil( as wnltl CollstJnlliol1 projlPl glning illtlllity IOtnliona] gtuzing (inwl) mowing nnd t hl 1ddiliol1 of Ii PC 1Il1d JlItiliIlP] wltlJ( Il((tipd (119)

Plall( SUl(piioll folloll[ llg ld u(pd (OlI 1](11 ()Jl(oulng~d by

bull (llldull (OIl(IoJlpd grUII[lIg ad nUlIpH mpidh LlIUld more dpsinLhl( species in pllslul(s dl(n~ rpp(h itan Ilot iillllltspd too gJPittly In

3

Kansas Anderson (6) reported that the prairie dominan ts recovered rapidly under protection and these species spread by vegetative means as well as by IUlL-mal reseeding to reoccupy the ground lost by depletion of vegetution Stuclies by Aldous (4) indicated that food reserves of protected oj lightly grazed blucstem glusses were lestOlwl about the midclle of June From tbis time Llntil the dose of the grazing season the clopping of foliage was less htumfni than oO1]ie1 bull

caver and CIeu1P II Is (21 p 1(5) stall In brilliing nboul Ilat urnl recovery 011 the ]tlngl tspleiully in tIl( mix((J prtlirie tl1 first Jleedis compllte rest [or a YlUl 01 so OJ It [(its 11 8hurp r(detioll in tJl( munbf 01 eat-tIl jn order to Islorp th(middot eompetitiYC hnlunep This pelmits the gn1ssPs agnin to ndu(( dIe forbs to tIllir proppl positioll of subordination lind Ih(Il to udjusL th( (om(wtition l)(tW(ell tlHJl1shysElns in sueh a way as Lo ]lpslnbJish thc mied eon] 01 mid n lid short grltssls In ~lblnskt Vpnnr (23) Joulld tlwt th( d(sinlhlp grass speeies l1lndp phlHOHWllul rteopry in 4 ~middotP(jIS of pro [p(1 iOIl of n PtlstwP that had nCY(r bl(ll gnatlv or(~rgrnz(d but wIliCh ]md b((11 s(riously injured by drought The busaI d(l1sit of Jilt( bLu(sttI1l il(nt1SCd 375 l)(leent big blu(sitm ~(i2 J)lI((l1t sidp-oa1s grnmtl 41~ (WI((lIt

snml dropseed 137 ()([(l lit hill bIu(grass d((lns(d Dl P(](middotlII1 Rough ]WIl Ilyrovni Purshs plantaill nlltl dnisyflPabum (1( 01( (hid Jorbs in ] 037 hu1 n1l dNllnS(lci gO ()(I((llt or 1l10l b H140 COllshy

Y(ls(I~~ nUllly-Jlolrfd 18[(1 find 8mooth goldlluod illcJ(lspd 4~() nlld 111 pltlelut rps()(c(iwI~ b~middotlH40

Ae(ording to AneleIson (Ii) 011(middot( n natiy( pust urp WItS nl1o(d (0

dtt(IiolilLp its I(slorntion us n long and (ostly p1oelSS ortell ill shyYoh-ing YN1rs 01 proLP(tion flOlll grllzing ulld tl grelll denl of lldiolls labor in w(pel eontrol Tlw nbul1dull(( of C(dsin mum rundown pnstulls J1ltlde tlip pradienti()11 of t1l( orthllsS pgdnlicn nil first stcp in lhp irnpro(mlnt of lLLis bnd TIU dtsirab]rgt foragl plaills Plt ]PS[OlltltI in n miniJlumkllglh 01 tilll( by l(IIH1ill~ tll( l(ds 01

brush Aldolls () sinwd thnt grazillg plactins UJl ill1propd pnslull should pelmit J()nl~( pltlilts iollwk( suflici(llt top grotll to O((UP

(]U ground nfi(r till wpptls tll( (ItttiifiI[(d

Mowing Allnual nnd hi(lIninl W((tis til( (on(rollNI most PtLsily by kpppillg

them frolll sNdill~ Ae(~olllill~ to Frolik tlld FIolik (11 it) (oJl(rol WflS lllOSt diEdiv( w11(11 lllllWillg was dOll at tlw tillw ((ds (ft

bpginning Lo bJosom SOJlH oJ Ow Jnore yigor0118 pnsturl WPltlS alld h[ush-pspPtlnl1y buekbJush ulld iroJped --(1( abk t) eOlllplt( with bhlPstelll n lid other pnJntnblp pnst Lire plnnts ((11 wlwJ( (middotOll shy

s(rvutic or ligh t grnzing wus prtl( Li ttd ~Joing of P(lJlllinl ((lt1

species was most efJpcti( w11Ln it WtlS dOIlE at the 10 ]Joint in l1wil orgnnie food rpsPJvPS as npol(pd by Aldous (middotnmiddot

In 1928 Grt1ndJitld (1) find Aldous (3) working iIHlpCndplltly ill Knnsns ejptlnnined lhE PiJfei sol dntts of mowi 11~ on 1001 j(spryps of ilOllp((l hoary Ylrvai 11 nnd stiIf-ltt(( goldllllOd Grilnd(icld (1) found thaL hOtlry Y(JTi1ill roots eontnil1lcL the kast lllOlllt of lotnJ embohydrntes wlJ(n (U1 hi liP H (enrlv bud stngl) i c 2 cpks (lrliPI thttll the clntt itt whieh (ulLin~ TlsuHpd in grNltlst ]ldllction of stnlHL June 23 Fo) slifJ-tnnd gold(luJocl July 7 (inte Yl~(lt1ljY() was tIll jow point [or to1n1 (~llbohyd]nt(s dlich wtlsnso 2 w(Cks eurlilJ than tbedntc of gntltest reduction oJ stnnc HOWPYfI the difJplEIl(ps

4

betweeJl the eflCctiYC)1Css of culLing jn 10dueing stand on these elates were very small The low point 101 ilonwE(d as JU]~T 7 (cady bud) Similnrly Aldous (3) found that (n1bohvdrates of y0lnlin roots deshycreaSNl until LIlt phnts -Prt jn flo(1 nfi(IfU-d illC depl(l((l supply

bull -as gl1ltiuftlly )Cstolpd until tIlt pneL of 1]1( SPitSOll li( ulso found that t11( 10(st food )(1gttI(S of iroJ)w((d O(cuIlpd Oll Iuly Hi (bud stngl) nnd llw[ this wnf the dnt( whifh gw( t11p grllli(slnduetion ill numb(l of stems tll( folloing YPUt JrOlll llJo-ing III J n35 Aldous (~) stutes JllJtiJPl that all til( (xp(llim(lltll work with JWlbnCNHls

hlond-J(llXPci PttstwP plUllls ill(licakd tlli1t til( JO pnint of UlIil Jood ltS(lT(S US jusl 1)(1OJP tIllt first JlO(1S npIWtU(tL

In Oklnho mH J)1owingriuJillg Ju Ill for t () swC(ssip VP(US dl(eshytinly e01l1101lpltI Hand 8ugpl)JllSIJa bUl llH)illg to eontJ()1 pp1tnnin1 Jug((ds IlB1l0t wry (fr(((in (1(J)- In Jississippi mowing at I(~U [U j ntlt1nlJs (OJl1 JollPd 44 ])(1Nn t of thp -ppdsu

Use of Herbicides

Tn Onat Brilnin jpmplpllllll (20)101( tlUl tl(1(J1nin[ w((ds (ould bp eontrollptl by plHIlOXYtlcPlit 1 (id (HPNillly il1 tUCus wJwJ( pp1JllnnPllt gnlss eoulltl llOt 1)( ]l[owtmiddot(1 PpJ(ll11inl wppds (1t Y(J~ trOll bItHome Uw 1110S[ importllJt Ytrt sJ)(ti(8 of blltLpJCUP docks ptnllllini IHttl( ragwolt rush undo (lPCVing t histk

~tlldi(s (()JldllC1Pd Igty COJnPlills lud Gll1lwm (1) on tllllo11Jltnill nwudo- ill nOltlHlsttJll CulifoHlin shoW(cI that plaiJltnilllluf butttlshy(UP is SlIs((pl ibit to 24~middotD PIOltI uttion of J))Pudo y(~tlntiOll waH il)clpnspcl tillt([oJd in tit( S((OI1lt1 V(tU nft(J th( 1lSP oj 24--D Xn1iyl ItlSSPS iJ)(I(nspd ill (tellsity HIld i(middot](t eOIlCllltPllth- with dlcletlses of ~-((ds sllse(ptiblt to 24--1) bull

III u 3-yplt11 eoopl1I1tiv(i st vd j 11 Iississippi JJlJTis 7 lPpOlt(d tlltl t tJw liSP of 2middot4-J) ullill( nt llll nl(( of thrtmiddot(~foll1lhs pOllud per HJP Itd u((d ((ds and by lpJloi ng (om Iwti t iOll jJtIlll it[Cd gntlliy in~ ()(ils((1 onlg( )idds By ~(pt(llJl)(] of th( sP(ond )(11 ((lt115 had b((11 Jptiue(d from (ji)() 10 1 J)(I S([UHn )tlrd GrUSH pllllts had iJlshyt]tllstd from ~5 to 100 and Ipgulntmiddots hndil](letls(d from ]0 to no pCl sqUlIC YHld 111( 2 l-D middot011 t loJi((1 tnl(pd hOllP8(t (ussiu prinuos( n lltl SIl(PZ(W(((l TIl( htJhi(itiJ did JlO Ii njl1J( tIl( glnss(s 01 (middottl1lSl

signifi(uni ltlnmng( [0 JCglU1ltS (ItsJwdpzn -hillt donI und bluek Jlwdie) Lnl(~5pring npplittltiolls gll( tIl( blst J(suJis

In Xorth Carolina spJHying with 24-D at ruts rangillg from 0 to 2 pounds ])(1 Hcn ill Aprjl JUJlt and August ]950 lwdllo Sigllifj(lllt tfflClR Oil thp iiJl[d yield OI bo tn llienl eomposit ion of t LnciiDO eloHlshyol(ha1dgJfLSS sWI1ld iu April 1n31 (1)) lIowenl ~O dnys foUowing tr(ldl1)(nt t11( growth nnd igor oJ Ltdino dont YHH ]pdu((d I1(rp

24-1) tIs npplipd Ilt riltes high(rUUlll pound ill April 1 pound ill JUlll ~2 POlllltl ill August llnd potIlHl ill Ottolwl

Eld(l (10) JlpollCd thnllnutllHllt of Pll(gtlll1iLi 1agwl(d with 24~-J) at t Lu Conlgnle ]-gtn3lw( Flltili t HlHPtll(h Stat ion j 11 oklall 0 rlla j 11shy

INlsld glass unci lesppd(Zll plodultlion [Il(dold Oil tn o(lglil7lmiddotcl

j lcIlAJX ]~ II nnd -AYGI D A KIGHT-YEAH sr~I~IAHY III RESIJIIS lW (UtAZ1XO ]JJmrXG AXD OTJIKlt HASca JMPHllI~mXJ llIIDIBS ox 1111 S()G~lH 1m JLAINS EXPElU~IJlAIJ HAXGK r H -iouth Great IJiain Field -ita -iemiHllll Rpt [20] pp H149 [pjoccs~cd)

6ILuuus C_ CIm~l[CALS COiJHOL WEIDH IX JAHTlUJ r~ DlVt Agr Jillleo ~ew Release 978-52 1uy 5 ] 932 [Procesiecl)

bull 7 See footnote G_

5

-----

pasture Trenlmrni of ragHtcl -ith oJ1r-jwlJ to thrr(-fou1ths pound 24-D per 11(1lt when rag-(ltd wns 4 to G indlR l1igh gave n good kill its pll as wnlJol of )))[ll1middot otlwl 11oubl(sOJlH broud-k(t(d w((ds It -as possibleto kill Hl( middot(Nls wJ)(( ](spt(]lzn was growinp wjlllOul etlusing Slvrr( injuJylo t)w 1spl(kztl AIRo ill Oklnhomn ~Idl-aill (tnt Savngp amp found OIl( nppli(t)tioll of 24-D 10 saglthlush iJl llaY ](- bull sultltd ill 50 10 GO J)(J((Jlt JIl(lellsed (tlllying (middotnpn(ilmiddot of lung(lalld fwd 70 to 75 Pll(lnl il)llnSld (ulthgt gnill pel (1(

R~seeding

Ac(orcii JIg to FlWJjllJUIl n nd G Ill btl (18) s(d i Ilg 01 l(guJ]Hf jJl Win WPlty paslurls ill Wi-onsin was undlllnklll without plowing up exisling grusws This llWtllOd ns dlsigllnll( us 1(llO-utiOI1 III 30 past UllS (nl)Yu Ild ill H)34 n nd H))) l1I ragllds ])llmiddotuikd uI nn anJugl rnl( or 4middot23200 IWI UCTt IIt( l(llOntliolls 1(ltIu(pd tt11H

S57 PIl(llll ) JI))7 In 10 pnslul(s whlIt h()I(~(lds pl(yuikd al Illl nYNug( ]tlt( of 3Hi207 JW1 [l(J( J[IIltHIImiddotioll ndlJ((d Ib(llI 921 pnttIII

TIl( first 2 OJ 3 pus une lllouliolJ su(h InHIIlHlIt wns n dl(tiwin (()Illollil~ (lds but UIlll1 dUlatioll or Sl(b IWlpfils wns ((])(lId(1I I 011 mn l1glrial Irn trnl111 (()

At tlllt lniltd Sintts Soull(1Il Gnal PInills Field Stntioll ootishywurd Okla ~ldlnlill llld Snnlgp fOlllld Ibnl l(Imiddot (1I1l or lhl stnshytiolls I() ltSll(N pns(lllIS (lll nhltllldollld (roplnlll Ims mppoll(d ll1()1e (u lI( and pl()ducd 2 to 4 tillls as llluch 1gt1(1 P(I n(I( IS wpll shytlltumgpc ltlllgt

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A middot((1middot nfl Ii yt pusllll( ns SIIPCl (d 101 t his in (st i1u linn TIll paslun hi(h is npproximntll lOuJ(S ill siz( is 1cwatpltl S lIIills outh of LilHolll 1gt1 OIl n PnWIltI sill day Ionm soil of lIJod(lnlphshyrolling topogluphy Ill( ptlsluJl hnd 110 (ldtuln1 II(ntJlIllIt oj nnmiddot killd prior to tll( ttudY tlld iIIZilli 1St Iwd b((11 11II(lu[( to henmiddot

TJw main ((d spl(ils ill llll Plslllt (11 illll1((d fills bOl1ls(1 houl ltIninlI1ull-f1oelld Hsllr ulllluu1 rn~((d iwin (II (s nud thr(~llJ Tht pri il(ipill d(siru bl( gltss l)((i(s PI(SI1l till I Ill pnst u( Tn KtlltU(middot hlu(grnss witlt slttlllltd stHlllls 01 siltll-oats glamu HfUle c1rops((d tllld lig bJuls(Jll

llleiudtd ill lltl major lxptriuu111 (1( ltigII I Wlpel (01 l1ol tJ(Q lshymPllts middothidl (ould 1)( clnsifi(d illto foul groups ns follows () 0 tnQlu1lnl (211ll0illg (1) spnlyillg with 24-1) nllt (4) plowing und ](s(lding to gIHHSlS HupplJI(llllcf witlt 21-1) 1I(ulmlllt flIP lt1shylnils of Itwl tJlulnHul (1( tIS follows 1fffllmfl( ~~ ~~wW

1 (hl( no Ittltlpnl PIt tlppJil11 2 owpd ill JUIH Inl()winlt Iwihl durillg- (hI Jil~t PtlSOI1 was ahout I~

inllll-lt hfll)lftlt 1ll1)ill~ 11l~hl was applodlllll[ty 312 inew1 1hl June da(l of Itl(nrinlt (1l1mlly o((~lIltld Oil JllllP J5 pll~ 01 IllillU I OJ 2 clay nnd til( Ill)pd middot(llat ion wttllt nlllJ(d to lil 1111(1( it fl11

a loPcl ill (~rI1 July within J Ot 2 day of Jllly I Till INllIIiqltllt ill mOllil WPIP illl ltnllI( 1lt foJ the Jltll( du(l

ri f(( fooluute 5

bull 6

lrcllmeltl SUo rcutllllllt

il The isopopyl aull buLyl (gtslpl of 24-D at ] pound acid pquhalfn( per

bull jj(e was applied in Jllnc TIl(gt dates of application cadI ~(lCOillcided Ijih Ihe claps of mowing The 24~D was applied jn wate diluent at ] 0 gallOlls of pray plI (tel( with it tnl(tol-llloulI[d SPtIpr The pray boom m~ spt at about 20 ill(hpllt ahop llll taIlt pgcLalion

5 OJJ(poulld of 24-J) isopropyl alld but (tel pCI aere wt applied in pari Iuly Tlw application tPchniqllP~ wcp -ilJ1ila to tho~l deieriiJcd for JUllC fhp datI of appli(atiou eoineidp(1 with the early Jul~ dalplltof Illowing

(i -ppricd to jlJ terllwdia( ( lh(algla~ 7 I-iPCdpd to IJr()Jll(gras~

8 Cp(ckd to a It1J1Jl-s(lls()n gra mixtllp Ill( JJlixtllJC (OJljtpc] of 7 pOlJlJcb of big blup~l(Jll 2 p(lIIlHlS of and loypgra- middotljJ(JlIIHl of sHehshygra and J pOUIHJ of blll( gmmn (pel ptr Hen

TIl St(JI)(ltl plPpn rnt iOIl 1OJ t h( n1gt0 I-HCcI (d grasslS (ll(nt J))(11 ts G 7 nnd 8) was initiatld ill 0((01)(1 HJ49 lwl1 tlH lund wus plo(([ (0 tl d(pth of 4 il1(il(IS TIl( soil lllS 111011((1 to li( rough through tJc inlaquoI nlld on lar(11 O 1DiHl thll soil wus (horoughly dishd alld t l(IHI(d (a Dunham tnln((I hicJ is similu lo n lltL rolan 110( pull (ltI blckn Id us lIsld) to gi q it Ji nn S((- IJltd (Il ~I ar( It ~] iJrolUltglnss alld i1ltltrnwdiulC wllPulgrnss Wtn dlillpd fit tlll 11t( of 15 poullds ()(r fl(J( illtot Iwir ns()(((in plots llld ag-nill t l(tHI(d (0 illSIlI( l horougli (o-(rng-p of tlll s((d and io liln kC t 11( s((d 1Hc JimHl

011 ~Iny J7 1050 lht plots 011 wllich th(l wurll1-sCtlson grnssmixlulc Ill lo Ill s(d(d W(rt ngnill doubl(-riiskld alld lrlndd iust l)(Ifon till s(((liJJg Tilt Itlrm-s(uson grass(s Cn hroud(tlSt by hHlld alHI (rencl(d All thl S(pri(d grnss(s CI( (Hot(ct(d from grnzilg for Ihe full JOri(] SlttlSOIl Thp lool-s(asoll g1llSS plots (1( sprapd witll OIHshylourll1 POLJIH[ of 24-]) (slaquogtr ()(I I (T( TulIC S HlijO for (011(101 of brondshy1(1 pc (((s ill tlH s((I(IIillg grass(s Th(1 wunll-SCHSOIl grnss plots PI( Jllopc Oil Tulmiddot 21 flijO illslC1d oJ Iwing sprny(I(L 111(I(lft(lr nil 111( sl((kd plots (J( giNI 24-1) (st(l1 w((d lt011(101 (nntJlHllls of Oll(-Inlf poulld PPI n(n ill J ~l)l nlld I poulld plr tl(l( allllllnIIUI(Ishya((r

Till plots 101 (11( (pc (onlrol llltJl)llIts PI( W J((( wid( tllld no f(( ]Ollg TIt( (XjWriJ)HII( (ollsis[(d of Jour rtplicutioll4 of (lH1t t 1(lllllWul llITlng(( ill n nUiciomiz(d blo(k d(sigll

Tit (I( (n tllll( Il(ls of j)WIIUgtJl)(llt thn( (J()ss(d tIllt (Id (01shy

lrollJ(nluHII(S 1111 (n as foIIos (1) GInzc as USLl1I as llt(1 1111])(1 lIs(d his pns( ui( (contilluOIiS glnzillg ) (2) c(r(IT(d nnd fol1shyionnlJ gTIlZd lIlld r~ I prot(([(c hom glnzillg TIt(sl gltlZilig mfl IlngI1H1l ( (nn (llwllls w(n sll()(rim(losd Oil tit (prcollllol llPIl11HIHs ill Sillll JJlnllll(r as to gin n split-plot c(sigll wilh uiJulli( lrlntnHlIts ill strips (8) rilh tit two gluzillg ill(lIsi(i(s niJo( tll( lUUI11g(IlI(llt s(Iips (1( JO() Jp( wid( Ii(Ilu4 I It( stlip pro(p(tld

bull

frOIll glazillg us 30 Jl(( wiei Gltlzillg in iJw fnIIlHrS ptstllll oJ (iO 1(I(S uSlIIII- stur(Ccl (ndiJI

~Ilv and ls (IOll1iIlU(( thlOugll til SIUllJll(r wilh l~ to 20 (illtl( Inngingill ng( frow I (1J old (0 JIllltUJ( (OilS TJI(I (d(s (IP Ilot (otllll((l Durillg I O)()ulld I 0) I 2 lionl(s (Jt IIlso gnlz(d in (hi pnstul( Thcgt 1CII((I IS )PlJlov(ld from ill dpfITPd-lud-rotntioll1lJyshygrlz((1 porlioll oJ tIl( pnstlll flIIH 1) ltr-It -(Ill I lllrl Lhis porlioll WIS mnlwgltrI 1 hrolightlJ S(SOI t () JuY()rtJtp H IIll-spnso 1 glass(s Jo(tltiOlllll gluzillg Us IH((gtSSllIY (0 (llol((t tit ~((d(d plots from nlnls YlIPIl i( tlS d[CrlllillCd tJllt Ill( plots oj ImiddottllJll-SttlSOll

Hil3S-riS--2 7

grnss llllxture had been suffieiently utilized for n giell g1nzing pe1iod lh( ilrCil wns ngnjn ]cJltn(~ecl to (xclultl( the stork Again nt th( (Jl(1 of the S0nson bebn(11 S0ptllllbpl 1 fnel ] 5 stock -P1C pxeluded from the deferred-nn(l-lolntionnllv-grilzpd pollion of tb( pns111]( TIl( ]jyestoek were lemowd fJom th( pns1Iu( at clatps varying from Octob(J 1 to )oypml)(r ] 5 dpwllding 011 tb0 grazing conditions 101 bull

the ypfU Tilp stnl)(l of wepel forbB ns tletllminpd h~T (ounting tlU lllImh(] of

stems of (11(11 Blwli(sin fi( l)(Jmnl(J)t 2- gtlt 4-1001 snmplr ulpns IWI

plot (lwh stnSOJl (loJ)(s of irollw((ld tl1d fals( )01l(s(t (Ir (olll1trc in ] 9BO nnd ] 03] thClltH(j st(ms (j( ((ulll(d SilJ(p 111()( W(ll

lh1( mnnn(])1(IIlt 11(II11(l1ts and fOlll t(plietllioJ)s l tolal 01 sixishysnmplrs 2 X 4 f(I(j ill tlJPtl nI( (()1lllild for (nell ((el conirol tJPutmrnt

Tlw dplIsity of gruss sp((ilS WMl dd(lilIitll(l h- n moCi(jp(1 1il1(shyinip](lptloll JIlPthodu Th( blsnl O((middotlIJTlIj(P oj sppcips IS Jlot(d in (tl(l SQ1WIlt (Pill illlrtlJ dOllg 01 2 rnwlornly o(d((l I-Jnei(1 lilHS PPl plot n lotn] of 4X ]jIHS J)(I I1InlIngPIlH1I1-tl(ainwllt find 144 lilHSJOIl(tt (ont)oltl(nt]Hnt (12 lilH plr plot 4Jlpli(ltiolIs 3 grnzi Ilg mlIlug()lllJ) b J

ConBumption nnd production of plwi mn1l1ial ViiS d(middottcrmiJJ(d h~ (ng(s n ltIlts(]11)(lt1 hT KlillgmHn liIPs and lott (f(i) OJ( englt ij X 5 jltpt in MPH IS o(tlt(l ni Iandom ill (nell glllz(d plot HoshyltY(r tht siz( oJth( snmpip elipJwd wns 4 ~lt 4 f((t Th( clippeltl Y(g(shy(ntiOll WlS lWlld-spalnl((I l11tO 3 (ompolHllis ])psirnbll gnlSS(S w(pel gornSSB nlld w(pd hllgts El(ll lsinltlii(luoJlr hagg(d l1iwj(It OPIl-tllipd unci (Ijgh(d ill gltlllS Tbe IJllOllnt 01 phllt llmtl]inl was (olculnpd to POlIIHls of lt11 mnltp1 J)(I ll(ll SilHP 111( eng(d tlnc 111lcngpd stlmpl( 1lS p( s(((I(ltI silllilnr Ht titlt )(goiIlJling of (Ieh grling J)(riod lhe dilJpl(ll( in tlH Ci1hl of tJlP plnl1 mnterinl ill (1)( t YO lJlUS IS ISS1I111lt(I io 1H thp lllH)Ulli of ngttitlion OllSlIJ)lP(l Tot plodudioll wa dltpll11ill(c hy nddillg thl nmOllnls eonslIJll(d ill (l(h grazing pirind wilh 11]( llJllOllJl oj IJi(]umth ](Inljlling nt Ih( 1lsl ltlallt oJ (lipping

A RIlId~r SlIpphl1l111l io (lIl d((OIiHc nlJo( compaling pjgbl dnleR of JlJoiug wiLh (iglllltiil [(s 01 sp])lyillg ~A--]) wHsillitillc ill ]050 This (X IWli1lHllt n split-plot dlsign ill 1111( Iltpli(ltjolls had dttt(s of tJ(tinH1l1 nwin plols lnt [I(atnHllts IS slIl)plol Jll( 11(llllll(IIS ill J(l- ~ )D-f()ot plolsT W(j( IS JoJos

] )fo((l 2 SpJny((I witlt 1 POlIIHI 4D ioplopyl lllltl )1111 (sl(Isl)()

11(]( bull

~ SPIl~pt ilh 1 pmlllll 24 D unil( ])(1 (I 4 (lIid

Tlt( 11(1[n1lI1t ltIlls W(( J1IIH ii JUI( ]2 f1l1l( 1) hllH 2(i July ~ July 17 July ~1 nnd Igus[ 14 TIltJlHlltS (j( nppli(d on OJ JHnr tll( SIHCifi(l dut(s ill (nell of th( y(ars lOBO-54 Th( abOT( (XI)(linwnt wns ](PNIkd ill In nltljoilling n(tl and LI(n1111llHl (10 nppli(d (lI(1l of tJl( ylturs JUii 1~51 ~OilS Oll stIIHls of ilonT(pd W(le tnkln (tlell spling 1)([01( lhut (lIts w(leI eont]ol tllntmlnls w(( npplilltl

9 CONAJ~D E C THE EjIl~ltrl OF JJ~U OJ Ct71TlSG os YJJ-rD ASD llOlANICAL COMPOSITION OF lRAIRfE HAY IX SOrlHEASTERX poundJRASKA 1953 [Unpubshylished doctors thesis Copy OIl file ill Texas A amp -1 College College tltationle

8

RESULTS

Weed Populations as Affected by Treatments

bull The datu on the effects of trentments UpOIl weed populations were collected in JUJle 1953 befole the 1953 weed control treatments were made Therefore they represent the lesidulll cffeCfs of treatments apshyplied ill 1950 1951 and 1952

The best eOIl t101 of perennial eeds resulted in the plots that were p]oved 1 sCeded to glflSSeS and given supphmental 24-D treatments (fig 1) The control of perenninJs mnged from 89 to 94 percent in the

TREATMENTS

CHECK MOWED

June

July

24-0 J u n e _~===

July -=-==- INTERMEDIA TE WEEDS WHEATGRASS [J Annual

BROMEGRASS 1--== bull Perennial

WARM-SEASON GRASS MIXTURE

I--------_L_ 1_~_L

800 1200 PLANT STEMS (40 square feet)

FJrnn 1 (f(gt(( of I((d contloJ (nutllwnt llpOU JPlllgl llum)pJ of tho IJlJlll3J lud j)(gtIIulJiaJ bload-hlIV(d lld Itl middot10 CJualt feet ill JUIlO J953 followitlg troalshylllluts ill J)50 1)5J and 1952

plots mnde 11]) of in(cl1necli)p whentgll1ss hroJ1llgrnss nnd n warmshysCnson grnss mix un The 24-]) trentmlnts wpre ncxt in eflectiYcness in l(ducillg stnnds of l(1llllnillJs The JUliO nnclTu]y 2A-D tlcntm(nts Jldwld stall ds G5 nod 72 peJ((Jl t ]CS1(1(tiwly Th esC pC[ccn tngcs flrc (onsielclfIbl higher thnll till ~8 and 33 plJccnt rcductions that 1(s1l1 tNl from Jno-ing

j 1JlHml w(1(cl populntiolls wltre nflcc(rcl 11 treatments in much tJ(

saIne nngtl the 1W1middot(l1l1i[l1 cpelsThp mnin difr(lIIlCC was thllt mowshyillg- ill lul also gnmiddotc satisinctory control of ulll1unl bloncl-]ewed wpeds

Photogmphs of unlJenteci (hecks of this cxplLiment nre shown in Jiguj( 2 efl(gtClS of InHtments upon weed populations in August 1953

bull nle shown in Jigul(s ~ to 7

2loing while giying only slight Lo modernte reductions in stands of weeds always gave immediate improvement in appearance of the plots (figs 3 and 4) This apparent improvement was largely trmposhy

9

RESULTS

Weed Populations as Affected by Treatments

bull The datu on the effects of trentments UpOIl weed populations were collected in JUJle 1953 befole the 1953 weed control treatments were made Therefore they represent the lesidulll cffeCfs of treatments apshyplied ill 1950 1951 and 1952

The best eOIl t101 of perennial eeds resulted in the plots that were p]oved 1 sCeded to glflSSeS and given supphmental 24-D treatments (fig 1) The control of perenninJs mnged from 89 to 94 percent in the

TREATMENTS

CHECK MOWED

June

July

24-0 J u n e _~===

July -=-==- INTERMEDIA TE WEEDS WHEATGRASS [J Annual

BROMEGRASS 1--== bull Perennial

WARM-SEASON GRASS MIXTURE

I--------_L_ 1_~_L

800 1200 PLANT STEMS (40 square feet)

FJrnn 1 (f(gt(( of I((d contloJ (nutllwnt llpOU JPlllgl llum)pJ of tho IJlJlll3J lud j)(gtIIulJiaJ bload-hlIV(d lld Itl middot10 CJualt feet ill JUIlO J953 followitlg troalshylllluts ill J)50 1)5J and 1952

plots mnde 11]) of in(cl1necli)p whentgll1ss hroJ1llgrnss nnd n warmshysCnson grnss mix un The 24-]) trentmlnts wpre ncxt in eflectiYcness in l(ducillg stnnds of l(1llllnillJs The JUliO nnclTu]y 2A-D tlcntm(nts Jldwld stall ds G5 nod 72 peJ((Jl t ]CS1(1(tiwly Th esC pC[ccn tngcs flrc (onsielclfIbl higher thnll till ~8 and 33 plJccnt rcductions that 1(s1l1 tNl from Jno-ing

j 1JlHml w(1(cl populntiolls wltre nflcc(rcl 11 treatments in much tJ(

saIne nngtl the 1W1middot(l1l1i[l1 cpelsThp mnin difr(lIIlCC was thllt mowshyillg- ill lul also gnmiddotc satisinctory control of ulll1unl bloncl-]ewed wpeds

Photogmphs of unlJenteci (hecks of this cxplLiment nre shown in Jiguj( 2 efl(gtClS of InHtments upon weed populations in August 1953

bull nle shown in Jigul(s ~ to 7

2loing while giying only slight Lo modernte reductions in stands of weeds always gave immediate improvement in appearance of the plots (figs 3 and 4) This apparent improvement was largely trmposhy

9

bull

FIIIIF I 1IIIIII(d lltlk ill 1(1111 j)()(lillil 1llI)aill irollllId rlI(lqrJ HlId flb hoi djoillilll 1101 III 1111 right had ~I I) 111lIIPllIl ill JUII( [011 y(lr~ Ild I h plol 10 Illlt 111 lIa- 1iId ill J Illy U 11111 h] 1I1111lIld 11jlk plot with irlllll(ld Iill _I)ll plant a- tall n~ I illlllt Iud Iltill _lIwll1 (d J)lI-it) of irolnl(( i 11 alll tl1al1 tIllt a(111 o[ th (hI plol lhll(olrapllld 111111 S II

1lI n 1idll((t hy IPIHnrnll(1 oi 1111 plo[ 1111 1lt1 (HI pliol 10

(1(III1I(IlI III (H()Ili of 11IlI(I]tillnilllnll 1lIOIllh 01 I(It lH 11101(

plofll( lIf(JlllllWillf Till l j) (1(nlltllIII )21( 1( IHpid illll()Pshy

bull

bull

F](lJI-t plot 1110((1 ill JIIII( 101 I y(al~ lhollg1i llil plot look(d 1111shy

tinly dllIl1 of IIPIlb tilln Ya~ ()nl~lI11I()(IIlt( ntI1liolli1l stllnd of 1J(1llIl1illl I(((b 1lgr)11 h of IrPllb 1I1l lIIon Jllofl1~( ill ~(l~OIl~ of 110111111 ntillft11 1Iio(oglIphld lIglIst 0 IU

nHllt ill apP(tUaIH( b((llIS( lllallY or (it( plan(s j(mniIHd S(llldinl (itOllglt ill a s(ull(ld lOlllli(ioll I I ll( (1 1) 1))1 ar[(I 4 nuls [lpalll(Jl( lilK( plots 11Id itllfllOI(d Jlllwh ill Pl(lllUI((( (figs j and (j) and 11101( grass (0(1 1lIll11ilHd titnn ill [liP plOls lhal (1( nJo(c1 Tilt plo(s plo(d llld I(dve [0 ldlpt(d gJnss(s alld ginn suppl(shy111(1I(t 24middot1) ll(n( 1Il(nts had n good 10(1 or d(siltlldl glnss(s ill uddishylion 10 good ((d (olltlOl tfig I)

Perennial Weeds

Ironweed

Sllnd oj iIOIlId [1( signilienntl ldti(ld 1) tli ((d (0111101

11(I[Il)(llt illt 111( (XIpplionoJ moing ill Iul ((nlll( I J Tit( 2-1-1) 1I(lIIlIlllls gun (ollsidllIhl gllat(I s[llId I(duetiolls (11111 (It( moshyillg tl(I(lJPI(S litnl is2A i) Ippli(d ill lulIl lltrlluly gnll o und Iii IHI(Pllt Ipdllltlion JPsl)(((inII flOlll no tllntJIl1I1 Ilill til( Illowing I(sltltd in llld IjHI(1111 J(dlllttiollS Jlll till slt))( lt1alts Ill( plots lital (1( llm(d (((jpd to glass(s nlld ginlI suppJ(lll(lItnl 24-D tlltIltPllts itnd rlOIH JS to ))1)(1((111 (out 101 or ilOIlW(llti 111 tilis (ojJ(lill](1I1 it 111S ill(11 O)-lIPt Ilwl plowillg nlol( Ili1 nlJllosl llilllshyill n (Id j 0 II Pld

bull 11

bull

FI HI 1 plo( 11I()d ill ady lilly 101 I Ial- IOlillC gill illllllldial illlI lIO1111 I IlJI ill npparalul or I I plOI hilI l(llially IlIII- IlIWIIIIly 1(1 Ill Iaml of PI(lllli[ 1ld- [IHlolapllld lIgll-1 )- ]DjL

rr B LE 1 I rOil 11 I nlttl I JI J 1 Jrf 1Ii tIlrnmiddotf( d I) 11 (j nlflf ru I Jf (1 lUI IIIflo

tlurl fJI1lIla IlIllitfl Itlt lit io(middoto(lI (JI

--JlI- I 11111111 ifpt if 1r

fJI1l ~jJiHft

ItIflJII11 IIOlllimiddot1j PlIfl Itmiddotd

I idId 1n 1d J 1 I Ijud llfld~ ~ J

11lj

(jk 10111 Itlll( lI1Wtll llJl 21 J)hIHtmiddotmiddot ~ IlJlIl~ lultrUIIdlatl IwIlfI lh o1l1tC[a~ Ltnl-la~OH jit ~-t

llm 1~I 1iI J~ J f Wmiddot h ~ bullbull 0 u- ~

Iflll

Hil ~ 1bull bull I~ bull

fd II 1

il 11middot tlfi~

I

I l~

~ II 1 ( I I -p

~ j7 II

~I awlud Inut ill lilt 11tatnwuf 1I11a1 l I It

bull Plulll p (11IIlhr1 hlon (llInllt ~ 1I 111111111111-- 1 tpJdll ( rtalld tIl Ifill lHd lIld lI1 I)UrtI(IIltmiddot frllm (lH(k IClIIlicalll al 1111 111 lt III IPll 111l11i17I1I (1 ILl J-pllllflt hi

PItH~ Itmiddottmiddottmiddotd ill o-prillL 01 1ltJlI -llppljmiddottll4lll~lll~ -plttd itlr 1 ~bull mil J jllIlIud III t 1) 11-1 1111 1111 nospld lpl~ til lUMIO IKI1 Ild 11~ WIpl ilt HIt ill 1 til tllIllfllnt ~PII 111 11 III 1IJfI ~middotl~middot jll lUiIJJ

itnudaxd Ifol of fhlmiddot Hhm-jlll 11IIUlllttitlif -

bull 12

bull

FIcnn 5 plol plll~Id lilh I ~I) ill ltlll fur I tll~ Tb ~al(lmiddotrd lulld of WItb rll1aillill~ t~ 1I11l-111 fal h(l~It IIHllfl)rapl)(d tIlht X 1Jj

bull Flld Ith Ii plu giI1l t-~Il 1(1(11111111 ill Iarl JIIII for I al~ I 1llllIIia I

I(d~ [lIi(ill~ 1111 1II()~IIl falI IitllllmiddotImiddotI alngtll II ft irlIl(lti tnd l Idl ptllll uf palllII -I lIt()I()glaphIlII~IH Ill

13

bull

Jt J HI - trtu-middot4it I lIIll htlitr~ lbl ~ ilj Id ttII IIlUt ~ 1111111 1 d lw t tmiddotIWitl~td Iti lw fldOlllli tll-d t~ If qd t] tilt bull

~I~ lt11llmiddot~tmiddotd t1d Tlr~l1lrldt ftlfd 1fI tIt tl J middot h~lCmiddothrllqtld pntmiddotttd t~l)lJj lmiddotfn h ~ f t br f delftl rntn ( middotd PkTHfq1iwd 1 1 11

(iI11Iltl IIWltlIiPliI ][lillltI ill n IO pnpttintillil (lr im1(Ic ill Iw Pllllllnl i1(l1~ ILnn ill 1 p(lt~ llIId H~ l1IIII IlnIIIlhi

dillrlltlT il Itlll 1l11IIulh ilIi1ilHlil IltllrntllOIi III 1] 011shy

trill rfaIIPfII nli I1tl11I11lll1t1 11 1 11111 1llililulit

npplIIII lalllmiddot I TIll rbll1 ~ltlld r 11) bull III plI IImiddotI dllrllol trl1l1lI

HI ht)11 lor lid (If II I ar~ Ill 1iplrllll1l1 tul ll2 Iltilntl Illllt ill jq11 11 lakl 1111 all Id 1111111111 II4nlllllllI (1

qlplilri ~Id 11 1111 tltlll ~tllllll 1 lillIlIId dlrllllll Iii] 1lldimiddotIllh

appIHd IllI 2- 11 illgt t)IIIlI~t Iar Ill 1I1111IIIL III

1111111- 1Iill)I hud 1 11 ~1JlHI dlJlillll Hltd 1 I) 1111shy111111-- Il11h Itd lrddlllPl nld IL pIllIl a pllPlllHllllJi Inl middot dlll ~I I~~ middot11I1J1al d III pI 111 til IpllI 1 Ill irl1l1 Id III I IlII 11 lit 11111111 11 1111lt Iilllwrlltillr- dll Ilti

ll1l1t[d tltld f~l)1 Il 1 I) lllilli lld l 11 JIlt -2 Wtllil

II11IilIl fill lw IIll Ind 11111 dall~ 11IIIh 11 tlill a[I( lUIId Ill 1- ilol nlld I ~L Ii ]rltmiddot~Imiddot IIIngt IIhlulIlld til -11middot1middot1 appJlIiltHIIl (If 1 I)

Thl [llllli IIilll~ 1lJnlllld lIL 1l1lIlI III Ifllr 1[(IImiddotd 11

IlIIt 11111111111 III lJlJ1 I Ilirill 1middotmiddotlInmiddot1t TIHlIl-o- for din rmiddotliflll[ lmiddot lIlt ])111 11middot 1wlllII111 tpllrJmiddotd 1llIIill aw[ I I1l1 nmiddotprtmiddotd lllltmiddot1 a(I ifll 1111111 11)1 ddrlII11t~ ill 11middot llll~ IIIIlill

111 lui lI-I If 1 11 1111 I 11middot 1111 Ill

bull 14

bull

F](lJI-t plot 1110((1 ill JIIII( 101 I y(al~ lhollg1i llil plot look(d 1111shy

tinly dllIl1 of IIPIlb tilln Ya~ ()nl~lI11I()(IIlt( ntI1liolli1l stllnd of 1J(1llIl1illl I(((b 1lgr)11 h of IrPllb 1I1l lIIon Jllofl1~( ill ~(l~OIl~ of 110111111 ntillft11 1Iio(oglIphld lIglIst 0 IU

nHllt ill apP(tUaIH( b((llIS( lllallY or (it( plan(s j(mniIHd S(llldinl (itOllglt ill a s(ull(ld lOlllli(ioll I I ll( (1 1) 1))1 ar[(I 4 nuls [lpalll(Jl( lilK( plots 11Id itllfllOI(d Jlllwh ill Pl(lllUI((( (figs j and (j) and 11101( grass (0(1 1lIll11ilHd titnn ill [liP plOls lhal (1( nJo(c1 Tilt plo(s plo(d llld I(dve [0 ldlpt(d gJnss(s alld ginn suppl(shy111(1I(t 24middot1) ll(n( 1Il(nts had n good 10(1 or d(siltlldl glnss(s ill uddishylion 10 good ((d (olltlOl tfig I)

Perennial Weeds

Ironweed

Sllnd oj iIOIlId [1( signilienntl ldti(ld 1) tli ((d (0111101

11(I[Il)(llt illt 111( (XIpplionoJ moing ill Iul ((nlll( I J Tit( 2-1-1) 1I(lIIlIlllls gun (ollsidllIhl gllat(I s[llId I(duetiolls (11111 (It( moshyillg tl(I(lJPI(S litnl is2A i) Ippli(d ill lulIl lltrlluly gnll o und Iii IHI(Pllt Ipdllltlion JPsl)(((inII flOlll no tllntJIl1I1 Ilill til( Illowing I(sltltd in llld IjHI(1111 J(dlllttiollS Jlll till slt))( lt1alts Ill( plots lital (1( llm(d (((jpd to glass(s nlld ginlI suppJ(lll(lItnl 24-D tlltIltPllts itnd rlOIH JS to ))1)(1((111 (out 101 or ilOIlW(llti 111 tilis (ojJ(lill](1I1 it 111S ill(11 O)-lIPt Ilwl plowillg nlol( Ili1 nlJllosl llilllshyill n (Id j 0 II Pld

bull 11

bull

FI HI 1 plo( 11I()d ill ady lilly 101 I Ial- IOlillC gill illllllldial illlI lIO1111 I IlJI ill npparalul or I I plOI hilI l(llially IlIII- IlIWIIIIly 1(1 Ill Iaml of PI(lllli[ 1ld- [IHlolapllld lIgll-1 )- ]DjL

rr B LE 1 I rOil 11 I nlttl I JI J 1 Jrf 1Ii tIlrnmiddotf( d I) 11 (j nlflf ru I Jf (1 lUI IIIflo

tlurl fJI1lIla IlIllitfl Itlt lit io(middoto(lI (JI

--JlI- I 11111111 ifpt if 1r

fJI1l ~jJiHft

ItIflJII11 IIOlllimiddot1j PlIfl Itmiddotd

I idId 1n 1d J 1 I Ijud llfld~ ~ J

11lj

(jk 10111 Itlll( lI1Wtll llJl 21 J)hIHtmiddotmiddot ~ IlJlIl~ lultrUIIdlatl IwIlfI lh o1l1tC[a~ Ltnl-la~OH jit ~-t

llm 1~I 1iI J~ J f Wmiddot h ~ bullbull 0 u- ~

Iflll

Hil ~ 1bull bull I~ bull

fd II 1

il 11middot tlfi~

I

I l~

~ II 1 ( I I -p

~ j7 II

~I awlud Inut ill lilt 11tatnwuf 1I11a1 l I It

bull Plulll p (11IIlhr1 hlon (llInllt ~ 1I 111111111111-- 1 tpJdll ( rtalld tIl Ifill lHd lIld lI1 I)UrtI(IIltmiddot frllm (lH(k IClIIlicalll al 1111 111 lt III IPll 111l11i17I1I (1 ILl J-pllllflt hi

PItH~ Itmiddottmiddottmiddotd ill o-prillL 01 1ltJlI -llppljmiddottll4lll~lll~ -plttd itlr 1 ~bull mil J jllIlIud III t 1) 11-1 1111 1111 nospld lpl~ til lUMIO IKI1 Ild 11~ WIpl ilt HIt ill 1 til tllIllfllnt ~PII 111 11 III 1IJfI ~middotl~middot jll lUiIJJ

itnudaxd Ifol of fhlmiddot Hhm-jlll 11IIUlllttitlif -

bull 12

bull

FIcnn 5 plol plll~Id lilh I ~I) ill ltlll fur I tll~ Tb ~al(lmiddotrd lulld of WItb rll1aillill~ t~ 1I11l-111 fal h(l~It IIHllfl)rapl)(d tIlht X 1Jj

bull Flld Ith Ii plu giI1l t-~Il 1(1(11111111 ill Iarl JIIII for I al~ I 1llllIIia I

I(d~ [lIi(ill~ 1111 1II()~IIl falI IitllllmiddotImiddotI alngtll II ft irlIl(lti tnd l Idl ptllll uf palllII -I lIt()I()glaphIlII~IH Ill

13

bull

Jt J HI - trtu-middot4it I lIIll htlitr~ lbl ~ ilj Id ttII IIlUt ~ 1111111 1 d lw t tmiddotIWitl~td Iti lw fldOlllli tll-d t~ If qd t] tilt bull

~I~ lt11llmiddot~tmiddotd t1d Tlr~l1lrldt ftlfd 1fI tIt tl J middot h~lCmiddothrllqtld pntmiddotttd t~l)lJj lmiddotfn h ~ f t br f delftl rntn ( middotd PkTHfq1iwd 1 1 11

(iI11Iltl IIWltlIiPliI ][lillltI ill n IO pnpttintillil (lr im1(Ic ill Iw Pllllllnl i1(l1~ ILnn ill 1 p(lt~ llIId H~ l1IIII IlnIIIlhi

dillrlltlT il Itlll 1l11IIulh ilIi1ilHlil IltllrntllOIi III 1] 011shy

trill rfaIIPfII nli I1tl11I11lll1t1 11 1 11111 1llililulit

npplIIII lalllmiddot I TIll rbll1 ~ltlld r 11) bull III plI IImiddotI dllrllol trl1l1lI

HI ht)11 lor lid (If II I ar~ Ill 1iplrllll1l1 tul ll2 Iltilntl Illllt ill jq11 11 lakl 1111 all Id 1111111111 II4nlllllllI (1

qlplilri ~Id 11 1111 tltlll ~tllllll 1 lillIlIId dlrllllll Iii] 1lldimiddotIllh

appIHd IllI 2- 11 illgt t)IIIlI~t Iar Ill 1I1111IIIL III

1111111- 1Iill)I hud 1 11 ~1JlHI dlJlillll Hltd 1 I) 1111shy111111-- Il11h Itd lrddlllPl nld IL pIllIl a pllPlllHllllJi Inl middot dlll ~I I~~ middot11I1J1al d III pI 111 til IpllI 1 Ill irl1l1 Id III I IlII 11 lit 11111111 11 1111lt Iilllwrlltillr- dll Ilti

ll1l1t[d tltld f~l)1 Il 1 I) lllilli lld l 11 JIlt -2 Wtllil

II11IilIl fill lw IIll Ind 11111 dall~ 11IIIh 11 tlill a[I( lUIId Ill 1- ilol nlld I ~L Ii ]rltmiddot~Imiddot IIIngt IIhlulIlld til -11middot1middot1 appJlIiltHIIl (If 1 I)

Thl [llllli IIilll~ 1lJnlllld lIL 1l1lIlI III Ifllr 1[(IImiddotd 11

IlIIt 11111111111 III lJlJ1 I Ilirill 1middotmiddotlInmiddot1t TIHlIl-o- for din rmiddotliflll[ lmiddot lIlt ])111 11middot 1wlllII111 tpllrJmiddotd 1llIIill aw[ I I1l1 nmiddotprtmiddotd lllltmiddot1 a(I ifll 1111111 11)1 ddrlII11t~ ill 11middot llll~ IIIIlill

111 lui lI-I If 1 11 1111 I 11middot 1111 Ill

bull 14

bull

FI HI 1 plo( 11I()d ill ady lilly 101 I Ial- IOlillC gill illllllldial illlI lIO1111 I IlJI ill npparalul or I I plOI hilI l(llially IlIII- IlIWIIIIly 1(1 Ill Iaml of PI(lllli[ 1ld- [IHlolapllld lIgll-1 )- ]DjL

rr B LE 1 I rOil 11 I nlttl I JI J 1 Jrf 1Ii tIlrnmiddotf( d I) 11 (j nlflf ru I Jf (1 lUI IIIflo

tlurl fJI1lIla IlIllitfl Itlt lit io(middoto(lI (JI

--JlI- I 11111111 ifpt if 1r

fJI1l ~jJiHft

ItIflJII11 IIOlllimiddot1j PlIfl Itmiddotd

I idId 1n 1d J 1 I Ijud llfld~ ~ J

11lj

(jk 10111 Itlll( lI1Wtll llJl 21 J)hIHtmiddotmiddot ~ IlJlIl~ lultrUIIdlatl IwIlfI lh o1l1tC[a~ Ltnl-la~OH jit ~-t

llm 1~I 1iI J~ J f Wmiddot h ~ bullbull 0 u- ~

Iflll

Hil ~ 1bull bull I~ bull

fd II 1

il 11middot tlfi~

I

I l~

~ II 1 ( I I -p

~ j7 II

~I awlud Inut ill lilt 11tatnwuf 1I11a1 l I It

bull Plulll p (11IIlhr1 hlon (llInllt ~ 1I 111111111111-- 1 tpJdll ( rtalld tIl Ifill lHd lIld lI1 I)UrtI(IIltmiddot frllm (lH(k IClIIlicalll al 1111 111 lt III IPll 111l11i17I1I (1 ILl J-pllllflt hi

PItH~ Itmiddottmiddottmiddotd ill o-prillL 01 1ltJlI -llppljmiddottll4lll~lll~ -plttd itlr 1 ~bull mil J jllIlIud III t 1) 11-1 1111 1111 nospld lpl~ til lUMIO IKI1 Ild 11~ WIpl ilt HIt ill 1 til tllIllfllnt ~PII 111 11 III 1IJfI ~middotl~middot jll lUiIJJ

itnudaxd Ifol of fhlmiddot Hhm-jlll 11IIUlllttitlif -

bull 12

bull

FIcnn 5 plol plll~Id lilh I ~I) ill ltlll fur I tll~ Tb ~al(lmiddotrd lulld of WItb rll1aillill~ t~ 1I11l-111 fal h(l~It IIHllfl)rapl)(d tIlht X 1Jj

bull Flld Ith Ii plu giI1l t-~Il 1(1(11111111 ill Iarl JIIII for I al~ I 1llllIIia I

I(d~ [lIi(ill~ 1111 1II()~IIl falI IitllllmiddotImiddotI alngtll II ft irlIl(lti tnd l Idl ptllll uf palllII -I lIt()I()glaphIlII~IH Ill

13

bull

Jt J HI - trtu-middot4it I lIIll htlitr~ lbl ~ ilj Id ttII IIlUt ~ 1111111 1 d lw t tmiddotIWitl~td Iti lw fldOlllli tll-d t~ If qd t] tilt bull

~I~ lt11llmiddot~tmiddotd t1d Tlr~l1lrldt ftlfd 1fI tIt tl J middot h~lCmiddothrllqtld pntmiddotttd t~l)lJj lmiddotfn h ~ f t br f delftl rntn ( middotd PkTHfq1iwd 1 1 11

(iI11Iltl IIWltlIiPliI ][lillltI ill n IO pnpttintillil (lr im1(Ic ill Iw Pllllllnl i1(l1~ ILnn ill 1 p(lt~ llIId H~ l1IIII IlnIIIlhi

dillrlltlT il Itlll 1l11IIulh ilIi1ilHlil IltllrntllOIi III 1] 011shy

trill rfaIIPfII nli I1tl11I11lll1t1 11 1 11111 1llililulit

npplIIII lalllmiddot I TIll rbll1 ~ltlld r 11) bull III plI IImiddotI dllrllol trl1l1lI

HI ht)11 lor lid (If II I ar~ Ill 1iplrllll1l1 tul ll2 Iltilntl Illllt ill jq11 11 lakl 1111 all Id 1111111111 II4nlllllllI (1

qlplilri ~Id 11 1111 tltlll ~tllllll 1 lillIlIId dlrllllll Iii] 1lldimiddotIllh

appIHd IllI 2- 11 illgt t)IIIlI~t Iar Ill 1I1111IIIL III

1111111- 1Iill)I hud 1 11 ~1JlHI dlJlillll Hltd 1 I) 1111shy111111-- Il11h Itd lrddlllPl nld IL pIllIl a pllPlllHllllJi Inl middot dlll ~I I~~ middot11I1J1al d III pI 111 til IpllI 1 Ill irl1l1 Id III I IlII 11 lit 11111111 11 1111lt Iilllwrlltillr- dll Ilti

ll1l1t[d tltld f~l)1 Il 1 I) lllilli lld l 11 JIlt -2 Wtllil

II11IilIl fill lw IIll Ind 11111 dall~ 11IIIh 11 tlill a[I( lUIId Ill 1- ilol nlld I ~L Ii ]rltmiddot~Imiddot IIIngt IIhlulIlld til -11middot1middot1 appJlIiltHIIl (If 1 I)

Thl [llllli IIilll~ 1lJnlllld lIL 1l1lIlI III Ifllr 1[(IImiddotd 11

IlIIt 11111111111 III lJlJ1 I Ilirill 1middotmiddotlInmiddot1t TIHlIl-o- for din rmiddotliflll[ lmiddot lIlt ])111 11middot 1wlllII111 tpllrJmiddotd 1llIIill aw[ I I1l1 nmiddotprtmiddotd lllltmiddot1 a(I ifll 1111111 11)1 ddrlII11t~ ill 11middot llll~ IIIIlill

111 lui lI-I If 1 11 1111 I 11middot 1111 Ill

bull 14

bull

FIcnn 5 plol plll~Id lilh I ~I) ill ltlll fur I tll~ Tb ~al(lmiddotrd lulld of WItb rll1aillill~ t~ 1I11l-111 fal h(l~It IIHllfl)rapl)(d tIlht X 1Jj

bull Flld Ith Ii plu giI1l t-~Il 1(1(11111111 ill Iarl JIIII for I al~ I 1llllIIia I

I(d~ [lIi(ill~ 1111 1II()~IIl falI IitllllmiddotImiddotI alngtll II ft irlIl(lti tnd l Idl ptllll uf palllII -I lIt()I()glaphIlII~IH Ill

13

bull

Jt J HI - trtu-middot4it I lIIll htlitr~ lbl ~ ilj Id ttII IIlUt ~ 1111111 1 d lw t tmiddotIWitl~td Iti lw fldOlllli tll-d t~ If qd t] tilt bull

~I~ lt11llmiddot~tmiddotd t1d Tlr~l1lrldt ftlfd 1fI tIt tl J middot h~lCmiddothrllqtld pntmiddotttd t~l)lJj lmiddotfn h ~ f t br f delftl rntn ( middotd PkTHfq1iwd 1 1 11

(iI11Iltl IIWltlIiPliI ][lillltI ill n IO pnpttintillil (lr im1(Ic ill Iw Pllllllnl i1(l1~ ILnn ill 1 p(lt~ llIId H~ l1IIII IlnIIIlhi

dillrlltlT il Itlll 1l11IIulh ilIi1ilHlil IltllrntllOIi III 1] 011shy

trill rfaIIPfII nli I1tl11I11lll1t1 11 1 11111 1llililulit

npplIIII lalllmiddot I TIll rbll1 ~ltlld r 11) bull III plI IImiddotI dllrllol trl1l1lI

HI ht)11 lor lid (If II I ar~ Ill 1iplrllll1l1 tul ll2 Iltilntl Illllt ill jq11 11 lakl 1111 all Id 1111111111 II4nlllllllI (1

qlplilri ~Id 11 1111 tltlll ~tllllll 1 lillIlIId dlrllllll Iii] 1lldimiddotIllh

appIHd IllI 2- 11 illgt t)IIIlI~t Iar Ill 1I1111IIIL III

1111111- 1Iill)I hud 1 11 ~1JlHI dlJlillll Hltd 1 I) 1111shy111111-- Il11h Itd lrddlllPl nld IL pIllIl a pllPlllHllllJi Inl middot dlll ~I I~~ middot11I1J1al d III pI 111 til IpllI 1 Ill irl1l1 Id III I IlII 11 lit 11111111 11 1111lt Iilllwrlltillr- dll Ilti

ll1l1t[d tltld f~l)1 Il 1 I) lllilli lld l 11 JIlt -2 Wtllil

II11IilIl fill lw IIll Ind 11111 dall~ 11IIIh 11 tlill a[I( lUIId Ill 1- ilol nlld I ~L Ii ]rltmiddot~Imiddot IIIngt IIhlulIlld til -11middot1middot1 appJlIiltHIIl (If 1 I)

Thl [llllli IIilll~ 1lJnlllld lIL 1l1lIlI III Ifllr 1[(IImiddotd 11

IlIIt 11111111111 III lJlJ1 I Ilirill 1middotmiddotlInmiddot1t TIHlIl-o- for din rmiddotliflll[ lmiddot lIlt ])111 11middot 1wlllII111 tpllrJmiddotd 1llIIill aw[ I I1l1 nmiddotprtmiddotd lllltmiddot1 a(I ifll 1111111 11)1 ddrlII11t~ ill 11middot llll~ IIIIlill

111 lui lI-I If 1 11 1111 I 11middot 1111 Ill

bull 14

bull

Jt J HI - trtu-middot4it I lIIll htlitr~ lbl ~ ilj Id ttII IIlUt ~ 1111111 1 d lw t tmiddotIWitl~td Iti lw fldOlllli tll-d t~ If qd t] tilt bull

~I~ lt11llmiddot~tmiddotd t1d Tlr~l1lrldt ftlfd 1fI tIt tl J middot h~lCmiddothrllqtld pntmiddotttd t~l)lJj lmiddotfn h ~ f t br f delftl rntn ( middotd PkTHfq1iwd 1 1 11

(iI11Iltl IIWltlIiPliI ][lillltI ill n IO pnpttintillil (lr im1(Ic ill Iw Pllllllnl i1(l1~ ILnn ill 1 p(lt~ llIId H~ l1IIII IlnIIIlhi

dillrlltlT il Itlll 1l11IIulh ilIi1ilHlil IltllrntllOIi III 1] 011shy

trill rfaIIPfII nli I1tl11I11lll1t1 11 1 11111 1llililulit

npplIIII lalllmiddot I TIll rbll1 ~ltlld r 11) bull III plI IImiddotI dllrllol trl1l1lI

HI ht)11 lor lid (If II I ar~ Ill 1iplrllll1l1 tul ll2 Iltilntl Illllt ill jq11 11 lakl 1111 all Id 1111111111 II4nlllllllI (1

qlplilri ~Id 11 1111 tltlll ~tllllll 1 lillIlIId dlrllllll Iii] 1lldimiddotIllh

appIHd IllI 2- 11 illgt t)IIIlI~t Iar Ill 1I1111IIIL III

1111111- 1Iill)I hud 1 11 ~1JlHI dlJlillll Hltd 1 I) 1111shy111111-- Il11h Itd lrddlllPl nld IL pIllIl a pllPlllHllllJi Inl middot dlll ~I I~~ middot11I1J1al d III pI 111 til IpllI 1 Ill irl1l1 Id III I IlII 11 lit 11111111 11 1111lt Iilllwrlltillr- dll Ilti

ll1l1t[d tltld f~l)1 Il 1 I) lllilli lld l 11 JIlt -2 Wtllil

II11IilIl fill lw IIll Ind 11111 dall~ 11IIIh 11 tlill a[I( lUIId Ill 1- ilol nlld I ~L Ii ]rltmiddot~Imiddot IIIngt IIhlulIlld til -11middot1middot1 appJlIiltHIIl (If 1 I)

Thl [llllli IIilll~ 1lJnlllld lIL 1l1lIlI III Ifllr 1[(IImiddotd 11

IlIIt 11111111111 III lJlJ1 I Ilirill 1middotmiddotlInmiddot1t TIHlIl-o- for din rmiddotliflll[ lmiddot lIlt ])111 11middot 1wlllII111 tpllrJmiddotd 1llIIill aw[ I I1l1 nmiddotprtmiddotd lllltmiddot1 a(I ifll 1111111 11)1 ddrlII11t~ ill 11middot llll~ IIIIlill

111 lui lI-I If 1 11 1111 I 11middot 1111 Ill

bull 14

--- -----------

TABLE 2-Ilolwcecl Trends in slands as affected by lccccl cOlltrol treatmer-ts Lincoln Sebr 1950-55

Irollwcd [lOPUlILioIlSiS pgtrC~lltnes of check I iIl-shy

bull ---- ------~--- _-- ------shy

19 1~1 1952 19Jj 195-1 1055

(hlck_ 100 HXI HIO 100 100 10(1Mowed Juu t ~7 73 17 nofrowcd Julybull IlSH II 11142+-D JUllt _ gtoiH 1

03 hil 1142i 2I-DJuly ~ 2 o~ 24 lIltrrmt(Unte whentgrass ___ Ij~ ~

1 IIHromegrlSS n3 1 IIWurm-3S011 gnlSlS __ 11

HI -1 1 0

I P~rcem3g(S cHCllhit((l from all Hctlml Cltlt1tlt In Jlln~ each Yltlr of pbnt $UIllS in Btl pernlltUntl~middot oCtlte(1nrc1$ A flrugfl nUfnlt~r~ of steIllS In 41 Sflu~rc Iett for thl Clw(~k Wire 2271i I-tG and 100 rcsplctlvcbt in1952 1053 19middot1 aud 1lJ5J

)Iowjn~ and SPlllyillg with romlUh1tion~ (ester and i1mine salts) of 24-]) at 1 pound P(l acre (In compared for 8 elates starting the iirst wttk in JUll( fig 8) (urns ilre an fLYPlnge of 2 experiments-one initiated in HlijO tit( othp1 in 1951-and tlct1ted each rCiLr thereafter )Iowing Oll Tulll Hl Iw ginlll leduetions of 3G percent in stands

c z lt VI 24-D Amine z 40 gtshy

z o ~ - Mowing v =gt 20----- - I w c ~ ------~-Do middot-__-l

o-j----~----~------~--a---~______~~__~__~J 5 12 19 26 3 17 3 I 14

JUNE JULY AUGUST DATE OF TREATMENT

lIGlIU H-P(I(Pllttll( 1(hHiiOll ill Btand of irollw(pd as nff(etpd hr dlltp of mowilll( or ~plllying wit h ~l-l) (1111 rl[Hp$(-nr an 1Iprnj of dab from 2 (xlwrirnllll lOll Irplttd aUlIllally H)jO-il til( otb(r Ulllllltlly 1951-5middot1) nt Lincoln Xtllr DatIL tllkPlI ill JlIlr 19ii5 )pfoJ( 19ij ttpltuwnt

mOings on the w((k b(lfo1l Ot itflpl June 19 being only slightly less effectiYe The JUllE ij dute gHn only 18 pElc(ni lwluction and all tht litter dntes gaw 14 pelC(lllt or Jess reduetiollof titr1(l

bull AnnUiLl npplirl1tions of 24-D estcl giYC 81 to 92 percent reductioll

of stand for the first 7 ~hltmiddotps nnel Wlls G5 p(lc~n t ill plots gi Cll midshy

15

August treatments (ftg S) A fe of the iudiyidu11 plots showed no iroIlweed left The amdlC salt fotmulnlion gfiTC sligh tly less leduction of stond ot oll d(tes

The 24-D tlcntments WtIp dislil1etl- slJjJPliol to mowing in reshyducing stands oJ 11011(((1 S ev(rth (1(S8 lb r op t imuJll dnt(s of SPlLyillg tended to (oilltide with the optimulll diltes lor mowing

As indicated 24-]) was ((fettiy( ill controlling ilollweed but it clid not quickly elimiuaLe thpound plilllts Jlom t1w PltstUlt Tillspmying [tllested the tplmi lIilJ growth of tlw plallts bu t t he plunts nOll1ULlIy remaincd [11iy( for n 10llg timC Oftlll the plants l(tainpd their leaves for the J(st or thr SrllSOJl nlld J[1ngcd in (oloJfltion fJom clnrk glNU to purplish Soml rn(8 tUll1cd b1ow1I tlnd (10])1)(lt1 from the plants III figlllc 9 is showll n normal plnnt ill (lglUP ] 0 tL SlUyjnu of four nllJlUill splnyings ill Ntrl July nlld ill figllll 11 n SU1TiYor of four spmylngs lnne1e nlnunLI ill fult

FIG1J1U 9-lrOllw((d pliLnt of ttbolli uormal sirp willi 3-1 s[(m 11lId 3~ inchp tnll in HJ53 Lllholgh in en~oll of IlullIllll rllillfall I lIllit pitLllb ufttll lIWled middotJ8 jnclHs inl)(ight Phologltlphlld August il 1)35

False Soneset ]inlse bOHeseL WllS t)bnost diminated by plowing lWei secding grasses

rhCgt1l supplmllcllfiod with tl1iJlltnts of 24-)) (tahle a) All other illiLLltHUts rxcepting 24-D ippliod ill July gtwe unsnlisfacLory eOIl trot The 24-]) npplied j n Juty gaY( 57 ])(I(en t lPcuetion in stllnd Gnlzing miUll1gell1PJlt Jllld slight dlpd upon stnnds of foise bonesP(t ]hclc Wlr0 less ])lnnts in Ue jJlotpdNl plots than in thee

16

bull

1-1(1111 In n ir(llll((c plallt that ha 1IIi t I Yltlr 1[11111111111 wilh ~I-n appliprI lrly inltlly (1Itli 1111 TIJllliutilrnlllh hI cmiddotl c11l1l thl Ilnl 11111shytllIt1i Idug 11I1 t t h pia III lw- IPltlUitltrI grl(Il 111lI1 ura pllld 1Ilut i 10-3

plot or tltt ntltlI (10 lIn7illl illltlli(i( IIOIIpPI 111( difl(IIIl(P (r( 1( thnll litl )-PIIC(llt 1((middot1 or plOl)nhilily (illllI ) Ihl illl(IWlioll or glU7illg Illtlllng(ll11llt 1I(Pc ((llltllll tllnllllllll silllifiullI (UPfl(~lltlis Inl)ll 21)

13 CiltllH( HI 1111 h(liulliIW or tltl tSIHIinllllt ill 10)(1 till (and of fnls hOllp(( ill III( dltck 1(1( low(I tlHlIl ill nil titt o(I(I plot itnhl( middotId I1](s( dirl(ICI)[I amollg 11(illltlits 11111 statiti(nlk illIifictllt al litt l-pcI((llt IIII orlltOlHlliility tIPPPlldi (uhll ~)i [11 11)1 111( slul1d o Ial(middot 011((1 ill 11]( illllllllldinl( wJluIIIns hOIlPIIUS nlld IIUIIll-Ui()1l Irni mix( lIl( plot 1(11 llclu(pcI IIJOIP thtlll ll) P(I((Ilt uluili IlHli(ly hI til( plollilll oplluli()lI IjIII)1 illuyilll witlt ~middotI I) ill palI 11111 nlS III( lilly olllll tnlltlllllIt (11111 uPPlocmiddotlHmiddotd stlifn((ol1 (olltlOl 1IltltolIIt pltyilll ill hlllP IUld nlso 1lsItllld ill Ildll(liolis ()r 1llId liS (()lllPHIld to (IHh( or I I I-l() HI ll) hotlt ltIntI or -plnyilll lind liIlI i1)(lIlt i() PtI(PII[ l(ltill(lioll ill s( alld or [ltii sJl((itmiddots

Hoary Vervain

bull

JIOII nITlIill II ((lllllllOll pHSlIIl ICIe1 lltld I(middotss litHIl olllmiddot-llUlr I Ill ttlild dtllst or inls(middotIHlII(s(t nllrlll lllllil OIlI-rOlIltl tltnt or i1011 w(middotd ill this pnllill II nUtlw(1 IPPloxiIlWtlI OIl stlIllIll1 sqlltlll root ill tltl plols of Iltc (ltpck ((Hill 1 -iIH( Ihl lallds or IIOII YtIIlill (1( JIlod(Il t (middot1 cI(IISP II lid wi tit (pin iymiddotI It igll ll rill hili I y Il1 0 [ of

17

bull

I I 11 I I 11 d pl I- tt 1- ~middot1Imiddoti ~ It~ tItlrl~~l f ) 11) 11 I t1 1gt [bull j ~ 1

fl t i i 1 bull I t( ~ it f

I

tr d i ) I rc ~I

-~ I r I If

tmiddott i I

tmiddot tmiddot 1 e gt-J Il t tI

II hI

I ~ bull lt bull ~ I ft1 y -i It I -1bullbull I I IIJ ~

I I ~ 1 ) I llt- I

I I ~ i ill 1

bull 18

T-IBLE 4--False boneset Trends in stands as affected by 1ceed control trealrnenls Lpoundncoln Nebr 195D-55

Fuls blIl(S~t populations us Jl(rt~lltnge of check 1 ill shylJ(utrnlut

bull J950 1951 J952 1951]953 1955

Clwckbullbull gt JOO 100 100 laO lOa 10011 owed Junp J73 127 JOG 87 98 HIliowcd Tillybull 100 82 120 8U 80 JIlJIlI I JOIl 05 JOa I 10~ l3

2t4-]) Jun~__ ~ 2t4-DJl1J)-~_____ ~ JOU 04 ll4 ~a 51 2llIntcrl[)cdinr4 wJlelig-ra$s_~ II JO InllromegnlSs

yen

5 0 n middot1 0 31nrrnmiddotSNlSoU gJ11SSlS __ 0 3 J 11 5

I ---~- --_---

~-___

1 Jelc(ntngc~ cnlcuhltcd from lin actullI tOunt in Tune cnel YCnr of plum st~rns in lID p(rmUlwllLly loemed UlPUS A nragl numocr of stCIIlS ju 40 SqUilll flCt fol tJw ChlCk were 5J i7 lOa llnd ()lIf nsPllctivrly i11195219~3 1954 lIud J055

TAI1LI 5-Hoary lITIan 81ands tn June 1958 a~ affercd by ((ced IWIirollreaimenis and grazilI Ilanomiddotacmnl Lincoln Sebr

~teU1s jn 40 squnre foet for grazing munugcruUIlL 1_

Trent mlllt Derencd f Protected

Grazed I and rotnmiddot rrom AcllIge as usual tionull~ i grazing i

grfized

XUIIher lYumOu YumtJer SumberClwckbullbullbullbull ~(i 11 12 37lowud IUIHmiddot III Jl ~ 2ll-Jowecl Julr 14 n 2 72t ltl-I) JUfll _ 2 1 1 1021-]) July ]7- 1 0 6InHfnwdiuw WIlltHglUSS j middot1 0 JODrOIlHgrass 2~ _ O 0 ) 3urlll-stl~OJl grossllS 2~ 3U 1 12 -~------- shy

Imiddotirage (Ol mOllugclIlen( bullbullbullbull 3middot1 II --~-----Staudard PlIor of the trllltnl(ul IlIean bull JS 18 JS JJ

--~------- -~--~----------- --~----------1 llanls wpre tOunted bfori CllITlnl ycar lrenlmlls wen applied Jr(aled in 1950 1951 und 1952

DHfprenco [01Il clllck~ -=siguHicnllt Ht the ~HWICCJ1L len JiJots rts(lded in Sllling of lU50 SUppllUlNltnlly sprnycd willl ~It 2t and I pOllud or 24-1) ester plr acre

SPCI iIrly iu J950 1951 nud JU5~ (lSCCJlt thut mowing was substltllLud rOl spmy in warm5(1I5QB grassltsIII 11150)

3 Slnndllnl (lTOr of Lhe mrulis for m(tuugclll(lIt=S

the trentmentis ere not signiilcantlr difJerentJrom the check hoshyever there were some appnrent trends All trentmen ts exceptmowing in JulIe reduced the stand (38 percent or more

bull

In 1950 tll( initinJ stnnds of hoary VPITain were equnl to or greater thnn those of the eil(ck (tahle (3) Good reductions of stand W(~le obtniuecl by 1951 in the plots thut Wlre Jllon~cl in Jul)~ and in the plots reetiving 24-]) tlentments HoWlY(l in the plots plowed und s(((10d to grasses stands of honIT YPITnin were inT in excess of the check ~rost of these plants were seedlings that had gemulluLed folloring the plowing and seecling JUtbough all seeded plots had more J10mT YCrvain tlwn the eheck in 1951 the lllunber in the wtlrmshyseason grass mixtme ns three times that found hl the cool-senson grasses It will be recnlled thnt in 1950 see(liings of in termediate wheatglass and bromegmss W(~lC sprnyed with one-fOlUth pOUlld 24-D estel while the warm-season grass mixture was mowed instead of being splHyed Altlwugh detaiJed datu nrc not nvnilnble it is nssmned thut the 11011) wryuin sCldlingsin 1950 were killed by the

19

bull

I I 11 I I 11 d pl I- tt 1- ~middot1Imiddoti ~ It~ tItlrl~~l f ) 11) 11 I t1 1gt [bull j ~ 1

fl t i i 1 bull I t( ~ it f

I

tr d i ) I rc ~I

-~ I r I If

tmiddott i I

tmiddot tmiddot 1 e gt-J Il t tI

II hI

I ~ bull lt bull ~ I ft1 y -i It I -1bullbull I I IIJ ~

I I ~ 1 ) I llt- I

I I ~ i ill 1

bull 18

T-IBLE 4--False boneset Trends in stands as affected by 1ceed control trealrnenls Lpoundncoln Nebr 195D-55

Fuls blIl(S~t populations us Jl(rt~lltnge of check 1 ill shylJ(utrnlut

bull J950 1951 J952 1951]953 1955

Clwckbullbull gt JOO 100 100 laO lOa 10011 owed Junp J73 127 JOG 87 98 HIliowcd Tillybull 100 82 120 8U 80 JIlJIlI I JOIl 05 JOa I 10~ l3

2t4-]) Jun~__ ~ 2t4-DJl1J)-~_____ ~ JOU 04 ll4 ~a 51 2llIntcrl[)cdinr4 wJlelig-ra$s_~ II JO InllromegnlSs

yen

5 0 n middot1 0 31nrrnmiddotSNlSoU gJ11SSlS __ 0 3 J 11 5

I ---~- --_---

~-___

1 Jelc(ntngc~ cnlcuhltcd from lin actullI tOunt in Tune cnel YCnr of plum st~rns in lID p(rmUlwllLly loemed UlPUS A nragl numocr of stCIIlS ju 40 SqUilll flCt fol tJw ChlCk were 5J i7 lOa llnd ()lIf nsPllctivrly i11195219~3 1954 lIud J055

TAI1LI 5-Hoary lITIan 81ands tn June 1958 a~ affercd by ((ced IWIirollreaimenis and grazilI Ilanomiddotacmnl Lincoln Sebr

~teU1s jn 40 squnre foet for grazing munugcruUIlL 1_

Trent mlllt Derencd f Protected

Grazed I and rotnmiddot rrom AcllIge as usual tionull~ i grazing i

grfized

XUIIher lYumOu YumtJer SumberClwckbullbullbullbull ~(i 11 12 37lowud IUIHmiddot III Jl ~ 2ll-Jowecl Julr 14 n 2 72t ltl-I) JUfll _ 2 1 1 1021-]) July ]7- 1 0 6InHfnwdiuw WIlltHglUSS j middot1 0 JODrOIlHgrass 2~ _ O 0 ) 3urlll-stl~OJl grossllS 2~ 3U 1 12 -~------- shy

Imiddotirage (Ol mOllugclIlen( bullbullbullbull 3middot1 II --~-----Staudard PlIor of the trllltnl(ul IlIean bull JS 18 JS JJ

--~------- -~--~----------- --~----------1 llanls wpre tOunted bfori CllITlnl ycar lrenlmlls wen applied Jr(aled in 1950 1951 und 1952

DHfprenco [01Il clllck~ -=siguHicnllt Ht the ~HWICCJ1L len JiJots rts(lded in Sllling of lU50 SUppllUlNltnlly sprnycd willl ~It 2t and I pOllud or 24-1) ester plr acre

SPCI iIrly iu J950 1951 nud JU5~ (lSCCJlt thut mowing was substltllLud rOl spmy in warm5(1I5QB grassltsIII 11150)

3 Slnndllnl (lTOr of Lhe mrulis for m(tuugclll(lIt=S

the trentmentis ere not signiilcantlr difJerentJrom the check hoshyever there were some appnrent trends All trentmen ts exceptmowing in JulIe reduced the stand (38 percent or more

bull

In 1950 tll( initinJ stnnds of hoary VPITain were equnl to or greater thnn those of the eil(ck (tahle (3) Good reductions of stand W(~le obtniuecl by 1951 in the plots thut Wlre Jllon~cl in Jul)~ and in the plots reetiving 24-]) tlentments HoWlY(l in the plots plowed und s(((10d to grasses stands of honIT YPITnin were inT in excess of the check ~rost of these plants were seedlings that had gemulluLed folloring the plowing and seecling JUtbough all seeded plots had more J10mT YCrvain tlwn the eheck in 1951 the lllunber in the wtlrmshyseason grass mixtme ns three times that found hl the cool-senson grasses It will be recnlled thnt in 1950 see(liings of in termediate wheatglass and bromegmss W(~lC sprnyed with one-fOlUth pOUlld 24-D estel while the warm-season grass mixture was mowed instead of being splHyed Altlwugh detaiJed datu nrc not nvnilnble it is nssmned thut the 11011) wryuin sCldlingsin 1950 were killed by the

19

T-IBLE 4--False boneset Trends in stands as affected by 1ceed control trealrnenls Lpoundncoln Nebr 195D-55

Fuls blIl(S~t populations us Jl(rt~lltnge of check 1 ill shylJ(utrnlut

bull J950 1951 J952 1951]953 1955

Clwckbullbull gt JOO 100 100 laO lOa 10011 owed Junp J73 127 JOG 87 98 HIliowcd Tillybull 100 82 120 8U 80 JIlJIlI I JOIl 05 JOa I 10~ l3

2t4-]) Jun~__ ~ 2t4-DJl1J)-~_____ ~ JOU 04 ll4 ~a 51 2llIntcrl[)cdinr4 wJlelig-ra$s_~ II JO InllromegnlSs

yen

5 0 n middot1 0 31nrrnmiddotSNlSoU gJ11SSlS __ 0 3 J 11 5

I ---~- --_---

~-___

1 Jelc(ntngc~ cnlcuhltcd from lin actullI tOunt in Tune cnel YCnr of plum st~rns in lID p(rmUlwllLly loemed UlPUS A nragl numocr of stCIIlS ju 40 SqUilll flCt fol tJw ChlCk were 5J i7 lOa llnd ()lIf nsPllctivrly i11195219~3 1954 lIud J055

TAI1LI 5-Hoary lITIan 81ands tn June 1958 a~ affercd by ((ced IWIirollreaimenis and grazilI Ilanomiddotacmnl Lincoln Sebr

~teU1s jn 40 squnre foet for grazing munugcruUIlL 1_

Trent mlllt Derencd f Protected

Grazed I and rotnmiddot rrom AcllIge as usual tionull~ i grazing i

grfized

XUIIher lYumOu YumtJer SumberClwckbullbullbullbull ~(i 11 12 37lowud IUIHmiddot III Jl ~ 2ll-Jowecl Julr 14 n 2 72t ltl-I) JUfll _ 2 1 1 1021-]) July ]7- 1 0 6InHfnwdiuw WIlltHglUSS j middot1 0 JODrOIlHgrass 2~ _ O 0 ) 3urlll-stl~OJl grossllS 2~ 3U 1 12 -~------- shy

Imiddotirage (Ol mOllugclIlen( bullbullbullbull 3middot1 II --~-----Staudard PlIor of the trllltnl(ul IlIean bull JS 18 JS JJ

--~------- -~--~----------- --~----------1 llanls wpre tOunted bfori CllITlnl ycar lrenlmlls wen applied Jr(aled in 1950 1951 und 1952

DHfprenco [01Il clllck~ -=siguHicnllt Ht the ~HWICCJ1L len JiJots rts(lded in Sllling of lU50 SUppllUlNltnlly sprnycd willl ~It 2t and I pOllud or 24-1) ester plr acre

SPCI iIrly iu J950 1951 nud JU5~ (lSCCJlt thut mowing was substltllLud rOl spmy in warm5(1I5QB grassltsIII 11150)

3 Slnndllnl (lTOr of Lhe mrulis for m(tuugclll(lIt=S

the trentmentis ere not signiilcantlr difJerentJrom the check hoshyever there were some appnrent trends All trentmen ts exceptmowing in JulIe reduced the stand (38 percent or more

bull

In 1950 tll( initinJ stnnds of hoary VPITain were equnl to or greater thnn those of the eil(ck (tahle (3) Good reductions of stand W(~le obtniuecl by 1951 in the plots thut Wlre Jllon~cl in Jul)~ and in the plots reetiving 24-]) tlentments HoWlY(l in the plots plowed und s(((10d to grasses stands of honIT YPITnin were inT in excess of the check ~rost of these plants were seedlings that had gemulluLed folloring the plowing and seecling JUtbough all seeded plots had more J10mT YCrvain tlwn the eheck in 1951 the lllunber in the wtlrmshyseason grass mixtme ns three times that found hl the cool-senson grasses It will be recnlled thnt in 1950 see(liings of in termediate wheatglass and bromegmss W(~lC sprnyed with one-fOlUth pOUlld 24-D estel while the warm-season grass mixture was mowed instead of being splHyed Altlwugh detaiJed datu nrc not nvnilnble it is nssmned thut the 11011) wryuin sCldlingsin 1950 were killed by the

19

spray in thC (001-sCu80n glUSSCS but the mowing tJC1LIllCnt did not elilllinatC tllEse sPEltllings in the wUJm-sCuson gtilSS mL(tUI( The 1951 spruy t1(lltmCnts with 24-D hnd (Iirnillatld this cliiTCJtntinl by 1952 when g1eat )((uetions ill ShUltiS oJ houry vP1yain wpre lyident in ull of the sCeded plots

Many-flowered Aster bullIany-Jowpllc ustCl plunts in th( Lllltllntld pustWl j)ots uyeragCd about two stllUS ])C1 squuJ( foot XU ttH w(eel control tJCulments gan signjfjrullt 1pdulioll oJ stunels (tahl( 7) Aft(l u single ~middotlurs treatment uU treatll1CIl ts (x((pt mowing (tablC 8) guve bCl tN tban 80 percent cOlltrol AftlJ 2 YltllS till 24-D tJeatnHnls (liminutld m01e thun 94 ]J(l((nt of tlil astr plnnts und aftpr 4 ~([lIS (omplCtp control1(slIlt(lt Jlso (ompl(C cOlltrol nmiddotulted ill the plots plowld

TAlL1~ (i-loary nlroill TI(It~ in OIIlN (I (11)(1([ bllllC((l Imro IrralIIfnllt LillloII X(br jll))-iifi

Jloan (lormiddot~11n ]wHllaiiollgtu lllmiddotI(middotlmiddotnlut(middot o[cmiddotheek t hI shy

HIi ttl1 ]~)2 ItJ5a JUmiddotI 1155

]()()JlIII ](JO IXI 1011 HillC1W(k I) Jll 70 75 11HIli[oWlc1JUIlt 1~(I 0 7U HI i~ 1middot1~Jnwlltl July - UIII 21 ~r - lJ (I21~middotj)1 Jutt1 bull

Iill -50 21 iii 117 142~middot-J) bull bullJuly

111 2[ ~ ~ IIlnanu(fllnlfl JIP~ ~IIiS~

I~(J 20 ~ k II 13roU1rttr1~

~Imiddot~I 3~ ~1 II l1rnlmiddot~(Utl lTaltse-

1 P(rClnta~(s (akulatt~(l from nil tlPIlHlI (middotnUlll nf plant (NllS in 10 perulluwntly 10Cttld arrus (middotrupe llurnt)(lr of ~t(lrn~ in 10 qmu( (lt1t (IJr lhe (iltck Wl~( fi 201 O a7 l and i f(lt(W(tinly ill 19501111)1 1152 ]9[~it HJ5~lt and Wii

LllJ~E 7- -J1auy-11oll(Ifri lINIT Sl(lnd~ ill flltt 19J (IS aOclrd by l1(t cOILrol 111(([111111 (I lid Iazrn IIHrlla(IlIIi Ill Lincon (VI

~lfms iii 40 tqunfe feet for ~rl(ill IUUIIlllJllll t 1middotmiddot_

])pf(tJn1tl Potc(ted huwd unci rolUshy from A n~ntJ(1 us usual liOlltllly grnzhiJ

JIHit (i

~middotu1lLIJ( r SUJllIImiddotr Slwba Yumf)(T l Im Sil Hi

(Iw~k 17 110middotmiddot 37 Umiddotmiddot

h)wc June 2fo-II WmiddotgtIowcd July J Ii ~ 2middotmiddot 21-1gt JUlie

II IImiddot

]id 1) it24-1) lui) _

lI nmiddot II 11 Int(rll1lflhltf~ WlHlUI=

0- n II 0 Br()ll)tllltlS~ flmiddotII Il 0rurmmiddotS(middotu5C)Il vn1Sit~

]0IU 2

11H JmiddotIJot

PJnnts Wpoundll(i C()ullt(ld h(lfof(l (urlpur ~middottlmmiddot tnnlnwllt ln nppliNi Trlutcd in W5U IWl nlld I Uti DlITclcnca from Chlclt middot=~ijIJUitunt umiddott tlw fJ-PlJCCltl lell~ middotmiddot~ilniti(nllt nt tllI~ tmiddotpe-nlllt Ilyet

~ 1lols c~ccdd ill til( ~JlIillJ of JIIoO ~UpplllllUllr spmrcd with I 1u U1(] I pOUlld of 24middot]) cstr peracre respcclhc1r il1)U50 11IS1 Ulld lim (ex(tpt thnt 11l0wing wus subotttuwd rOI SplU~ 111 wnrrumiddotseusou glt1sses III JU50) bull

~tlUldnld erJOI of till menus rOl Innnag(mcnt=S

bull 20

T_-BLl- 8--Jfally~1ollred asif) TreTldil in slands a~ ajTerled by weed ronlrol treatshymenis Lincoin Xebr_ 195(j-ij5

(any-no ~re( u~t~r (lO(gtullltion~n~ percellta~e of (hfrk iushyTngtltm~ll _ _r__~__lt_

~----- - ~ ~ -

bull lqro IH~l 1U2 lU)3 l~H)1 J055

- ~------~-

Che~k_ 11~1 HlO JI~1 JI)(J 100 100 ~[owerJ lUllpound Ii ~l all If 7shy)owed July _ 12 if~ middot1 311 ~Il ~721-1gt June bull __ _ 112 I 1 1 () 0 24-n )ul)- _ 21- 1 I n (J Interlll~datP whcngra- _ II I () 0 II Ilnlrnctmslt () () ( tl rnrn1seust)[1 ~Ia~~~lo~ ~ () a n I) II

t Pen~eltn~es cnl~unieltl frout nn a(tll11 rUlIU ( pllnt ~tPIlln I~ Plgtrmau~lItI)- ]orated anII~ ACr3C llulUbprnr$lllnl~ in 4t) ~qu1re r(wr [nr tlw chp~k were JOt 00 01 S ~tlt turf ~Vt rt(~peNin~Ir Iu lltJflO HjJ 1952 13 195-1 and Jjij

and s((d(r to gIU$SPS_ Jt took 3 )Cfirs of mowinl to redu(e thC stands 134 nJld 70 pelCpn t nspp(t 1(1) fOr tilC JUIH tllld Jd) dnLCsof mowing Grazilll manngPllHn t t lliLLnun ts hoPY(r did no t aplwl1r to nffect th stand of this -ppd nor was the iJtlru(lioll of trftllll(nt X mnnngeshyJlHnt signifi(ullt (tnbIt 25)_

Yarrow

Th stnnd of ynrlo was spnrsp hU-illgnll ayeragE of 1 plant pel 2 squurCftpt ill tlw 111C(1 (tnhll 9) SOl1H d((n~fisCi1l stand of )IUTOW

JpsuJttd in plolS Lnitpd with 24-]) ill Tulle and jn plots speded to brolllPgmss Th( 24-1) jlJ Jul~- was 1(ss pSrNtin TIl( mowjng tr(atmIlIt and Wt1r111-SIfLson gritss mixture gfiYl 110 Ipductioll in tand

Grazing mnnagtl1ICJlt significulltJ)- nfl((i(d slands of ynJTO- with ill( j)jOllttPd plots hndng till Pnst 1IUmillI of phUltS In the plots that -CI( J(s((dpd and glnpd ns HSUU] J)1u(h of U]C soil surf[we us hnn find proyili((l nn ()((11111 t si Ll for g(rmjnntioll of till yarrow SPNt This big difTelllHp did not occur on thC nutive plots JI(re tll sod -ns lot oplJlld h t1l( hlBY gnlzing Th( (iifJpJClltinl rCsponse of ynJto to tn1tllHllt nlHI gruzill J1lIlll)gplllent was not siguificant (nppCIHlix tublt 24)

t till bpgillllin of till (~lHlillHnt in 1950 nil plots IX((pt those Jl1ow(d ill Juh Jmd consiltPlt)hh- Jllo)e YaITO UU1n did the (heek 1)lot8 (lnbiP 16) JtlIough tllls( dif](J(jHfs ()( imprp(iablp they W(IP not stlltistilfliJy significnnt (npllClldix Ulhh 25) BC[lus( of this diJTlI(rH in originu1 stnnd 50n)( trEfltCd plots gUYC g)CutPr reducshytion Ill stHnds of ynITO- thilll WIS indicl[((] ilJ tilC (011l]HIIisons (middot0 tiw ch(ck ill 1953 For instHI)(P till plots sprHntl in Tune sturi(cl jth JUG IWJ((llt oj th(middot sUl11 o( th (Iwck in 1950 l)lId I11l figwCs hnn~ d(()(HS(middotd ill Sll((ldillg nnIS_ 11 till plots plow(ld nnd sCedNI to grnsss (plus 24-1)) Imd l(ss )UIIO tlll)1l thl dll(k in 1951 tlllhough n glndunl illcJ(tlsl II yHIIO stands hnd o(lulJCd ill til( J(s(l~kd plots from] 95] to ] 955 s illdicnmiddotd ilboY much of tlmt inr)Cas( lHtd (01UC on the plols g)ilZld [lS usunl TillS plots hud Iwpl1 gnlz(d to less thH-1l I-inch jHigilt du)ing 1951nll( till (HrS following Htnnd counts JfPIsfllt(d s((dling plil1ts 1S (11 ns (stublishcd plants in this pXjJ(rinl(gtJ) t

bull 21

TABLE 9-Yarrow Btands in June 1953 as aDeeted by Weed control treatments a1ld grazing managemen Lincolll lYebr

St~nlS [n 40 square feeL for grazingmanugeluent 1shy

lreutment Deferred Jrotectl1dl

Grazed und rotnl froIll Average as usual tionull) grazing

grazl~d bull ----------------------------- shy

iNumber 1 Numbr )Yumber ISumber Checkbullbullbullbullbullbullbull ___ __ j 21 24 ] 21 1owed JUIIC_ __ 45- 0 19 lS Mowed Jllly_ __ _ bull____ bull I 20 32 10 2324-D Julte~ __ __ ~~ _____ I middot-1 Jq I-t - - I24-]) Jul)- __ _ __ 1 ll I 5 II I 10 Intermediate wheatnlSS J2 s J HBrolllcgrass 2 ~ _ _~ ~ ~ ~~ _ __ I ] a 2 I 7 arm-season grasses __ ~ i aU ~ l I 28

~ 2~--- 3~--8-i ~~~

Standard crror uf the trcutmcnt mCllu __ r~~~=Iocl=-ol=~m=IC=-~

t lluots w~re counted before current years treatments wcn upplJcd Treated in 1)50 1lSI and 1952 DiTereIlts from check = sl~niflclnt at the 5IWrt(nl lemiddotcl

2 PJotsflseedcd In spring of Jl50 sUPl1lcmQlIlally spnlYld IIll h ~i -i alld plJIld of 24-0 ester per acre resp~tmiddott1elyln 1950 1051 tlnd 1152 (except lob mowing wassubslitlltcd ft gt1)J1IY in IIMmseaSOIl russcs lu 1950)

bull SUlndurd error of the JIleans for IJIIllmgcUlcnt= 3

TABLg ]O-YarrOll Treuds in 81alld~ as aDmiddotelled by 11Ce( control reatmens Dincolll (ebr 1950-55

)urIO- p)p111tltiol1s as plrc(tltugls of (heck I jn -shy

]150 1151 lH52 H15J JlI54 195 bull____------ shy --~-- -----~-- -~~ ----~-

Cbcck 100 100 100 100 100 100 l~owed June _ _ ~OU 271 2ll 18J 243 2J3 1lowcd July bullbull JOU i 2110 I 213 Hli 71 lllO 24-]) Junc _ lOU JIll) 4R I 13 I OJ ~4-]) July_ __ 150 157 I U2 47 43 100 Intermediute whcutgl1lss 57 i 2a 07 243 133 llromcgruss _0 ---t 14 21 3J tlj 67 _

0 IlrIDmiddotseason gl1lsscs 29 i 75 113 257 233

I Pprc0utICS elleullltcd from IIduul couni of hUtt stems ill GO plmllll(lIti)OloCIIWd IInIIS Aertljltc l1ulnlxr ufsie illS itL 40 square IClt for till ehetk wenll i 21 I null 3 n)splcthlI~~J inlH50 Hl51 H)621 1953 1954 lIld 19~5

Perennial Ragweed and GroundcheTTY

Stands middotof pe](ll nialll1gweed were qui te unevon and localized in this e~periment Because of the unevenness of stand coneiusions cannot be drawn but certain observntiolls were lnade In this eqgteriment perennial ragweed was not well controlled by splltyingalthough many workers 1U have observed thnt perennial lagweed is easily killed with 24-D There wus a slight dOWJlwnld tr(ud ill sLands in aU plots treatedwith 24-]) but changes in stund were lJot sigllificnnt

Only sparse stands of groulldchelr)- were pres en t in these experishymental plots but tbe weed was quite ul1iformlydistTibuted The three plots thnt were plowed and reseeded had stands signiiicnntly lower than the cheek The mowed plots had less groundchcrlY than

10 l(UNGTIIAN D I ANNUAf HgIOUl NOXI01S wmw CONTHor lIWIECJ 1HYISION OP CJlUJAI CROPS AN]) DlSgIS]S Jj UJU~A l OJ JIIN1 ]N DUSlH Y SOllS AND AGHICULTUHIT l~NGINRgllNG IN COOlEllAIJON TlH NJ~BRASKA AGIlICULshy~UIAL l~Xllm]lIJoJNT SlAJlON LINCOLN NJIlH 143 pp 195] [Plocelsed]

l1cIJNMN E n and SAYIGg 1) A cOXrnOI 0 ItAN(I BRUSH AND ggDS

US South GI(atPluius Field Stu WooclnlfCi Oklu 9 pp HJi9 [Processed] bull 22

the eheck but not sigllificantly so whereas the 24-D treatments Wlle

inefieetiyc in eontJolling groundchrrry Although groundche(ry was resistant to 24-D trcahnent and although tillt stand iutensities werf

bull low it was thought importal1t to follow the performilJJee of this weed to see jf it might possibly increase in stund with th( decrcase in stands of other w(eds susceptihle to 24-D A (I(llld of (his kind was evident in 1953 anel grolU1dcllEITV increasld in 1954 to n point here 11lfll1ugeshymen t and trefltmcnl JllNtll squUI(s were hoth highly significlLn t III 1955 til( ITEalment X managEll1(lnt l1lNUl sqUUI(l was also lJighly signifienn t

Dandelion

The stands of dundelioll iJl 1950 WEre qUIt vnriabh but tllis was ]Jot of grlat COJlc(rJl witll It spleips such ns ltIundclion which seeds proliiicnJJy and is widllr dis6emiJ)a 1ld hy Hwans of its lll-d(yploped ]JllPpUS The information eOllC(lJ1 ing dandelion stunels is of pmtieulal illtllCst h(cluse of the tlrOJl(OllS (oJ)elusiollS thitt might be drawn from th e dita in tuhIe 1 L

TAll]g lJ -])alldcioll Sill lid in J Unt j)j3 a~ 01]((1( bll zceeci conlroltreaiments tlnd (tm zilla flWIW(lrmllll Linloill X cbr

Plant ill ltin SqH~dmiddott [ll-l [1)1 grazing mfiJl3lpshyu](ut 1

JlorTN JlOiNl(d Ora7NJ and rotamiddot fnUl l Av(r~ge

1$ u~ual li(~lIaJlr grH7ing grulNl

SUl1der umber Xu mbff SIIIII)CrC]l(ck bull 112 5S 15 I 6)Mowd JuuP i95~ j45i H 105 3UJMowed July ~U3 lUll in l 17S-24-J) lUllo bullbull Hlo Ij 51 107 2~t-J) ~Julr4 _ a5U f II i 131l Jnt~rInNlht( wtlt~ltgf~~gt2 us 3 t25 41 Bromegr~ss 1 in ~l ) 34 ~tlrnlmiddotsluson ~nlFs(gtI2~ 1Ii7 13 20 93

A H~nlg for lIIalla~~IUJlt 3_ 2~O ]fS 3U

~wlldaJd (tTlt or tlw tnnLIJ1fllt nlll~l 5b

1 Plmts ~nl (~OUllt(lrl lwCorl) (lUIpnt )plrs tillllll(ntl Wllrf npplild~ Tnlltmiddotu il11950 )fil und 1052tj)ilfprtlJ)C( fr(IJn llwck middot=~I1JljJkal1t ~It thl15middotpl(middot(middotltt 1((11 Jlt~iluik~Ult at thi l~l)lrelltt 1lIJ

PltsltsPluru in spring- d JUiiIJ stlppllIlentlly ~lmlYltl wit h) bullbull 2 and I WId uf~4middotJ) lstlrprr Uefl f(SPtctlv(lrJ in JU50 lU5J anu lUf (1~ClmiddotPt thlt llluwillV -1~ Uhslittllld fIll ~play 1u WilllnmiddotSCjsou ~111SSl~ n 11511)

t-lltltlunrd Iror or Ihe IJIt1US roJ lIItlnuglnlllJt ~ 1

Tltp ((11(1 toWtlld iJl(JPHSpd slnllls of dnuddioll ilHOUgJI Ihp )(1113

oJ) lllOW(d pl()[~ jll l1ti~ lXIHlinWlll j prolwbl JlIiUhlp )Jowing 1(dl1((d lllP mllOullt or lOr OJ) [h(~( plo[~ PI(]I (Hl untlthufi shuding wus 1l8 of tl ado jn Climinnting Ill dlnltidioll s(Pcllillgs on 1lIO(d plots thall Oil nUlny of tIl( otlwJ lilo[s HnwPYPl stalHlsof dandelion iIJ 6pra)lcl pJo[~ un not n Jdinh( illdi(ution of the (f1p(s oj 24-D on Olis w(((I siJl(( llO ptpd IJt prod lI(PII 011 UIl or IllP sprn~n)d plots from (h( limp Ul( (xJWIiJlHlll wa~ jni[inlld allel p most of til( plnnts (ou[p(l 0)) sjJ1IlYtt1 plo(p 11( s((Uing plants Also dnndpli()JI pinnls jll plo[s III (11( tiJlJ( or sprnyillg jUI 24-D W(I(

limost nll llfldi(il tcd b UH spru- [lltl tlllPll( (Il(h eur but sillet n rtudy se(d soun( WlH- iJnllldint(i adjll(JlI 10 UI(Sl 24-D t(tllld

bull plots of olll aD-foot width nJnplr s((lt1 JIIllstbtl 1)((11 dies(millnterl

23

----

into the plots from the h01d(1s To (onduck thut 24-D treutment us not elfptliH 011 dnlHl(lioJl would h( subject lo (ritieism The 24-D hus killPtl (slnblislHtl pltlllS UI(l )J(lnl( s((middottl procludiol1 und til( trpnlllHnl of n wholemiddot pusimc wOllld undoubted] )(sul1 in ill( mnj or porl iOJ1 of it S()()I1 1)((omillg (SSCT tidl~ 1n( of clunc1vlioll Ill onl possiblp sOWcp of -lp(l 1lJldpJ sucll conditioJls -oulcllJ( from bull t11( gtoldp1s

As tilt llsulls PI( nol lypical of (btntlioll (onlro1 lhut wOlild 1)( ohl~dIH(l ill prlltlicnl Hppli(ulioll tlIp ltlaIn 101 slands of r[nndtlioll W(1( lot illdultill in figml I Imt thtT art fllOwn wilh 0111p1 PClClllliul 1[gt(ls ill tllgt]( 12 TIll illtlusion of dntn 101 lulld(middotlious hus changed tlip pillu( or WPld (olltlOl hr lltHtJlHllls (OlJfidprnhl- jnl111 lhnl shown ill riglll 1 Till lP(tllltiolls in (aJlcls of 0111([ plIPJlllitll w(pds by ll)()wiu lmel 1)((11 l(pl((11 by bout (gt(J1I11 IllJ1l11gtptl of dlllH[(jioll 1)Ow((I th (Inlld(ioll~ (1( n JlllJ(it IPss s(lioll- plobJ(m IhlllJ (1(

lllt1I1Y of tb( w(pcls tiid (1( nmiddot(llH(1 ill tlllllcl til LJH irt p11c( Cltllldljioll WPS l pnlalnblp S[W(il U1Hl rPiish((l b li-ltlod~ llnd ill tIll (()]J(l Ilk(( j( did not grow as tnll llild fllI1islJ tis JludJ slncll tS U( of tI1l othpr ni spI(ils

T Bll l~ Ill JlIgt ll11illi I()ul-llfumiddott tnol SIII1I ilt lllllf 1))$ Illlt IllTllInl I WIr clJlllm (IIlIWI Js 1111 11ll~ilt1 1II1111fIIJllIII jillCOill 11

~ttll1 ill If -j1Iarfl fNt rimiddotr razIW U1~tn~lll31t - shy

1pr~JT(ld Prot((hd (J1lltll tlHl rottgt frolll _ (Ia~~ll

1Ionall- Tal111 tf ~ rl7Ili

T UmiddotU1J

YumuT SlImlJf Ymfr YllJ)t1hr rlllq 121bull Nll middotliOelt(k -- liT ~ii fIlS

VtWl1 JUlW hgt- ill~ 2~H middotl~nIowld July_ 111 liTmiddot 11 2aH

21-J)1 Juw~ pI 111 jl 2i(l24-1 I July 11 ltifl~ gtfr 7~

WI) jR 0 fi2HJH~(ilJll ~dhtf Whllim ~ Hlonl tlri~ J irgtlf lJ~ t- 2middot Hiya ltlmiddot middotasoll rr s~~- bull

-~

~Sli 11 Na~P for InanltlJUllt middotno

tiT 07 el 07~lnndarll (Tnr IJf Ow IntU1HH mmiddotw_

1 ]gtlm~s WNt (tlUn~ld I)(for I IT(1l I ~tarmiddot tr atUln~ Wtlfl lpplilti jllJ-rc1 in HliO l~ljl lud IHij2 JJUTN(nrt flltJu (hfmiddot(k jI-ihUilflU at the pIn tIt llvl lt ilnifkant at th(ll~lllJ(PlIt ld

ci Plnt~ rrt(lfd In ~pr itl~ 01 I~I( ~llpll~ l11nt llh ~Jravpd wit 1 t I U1d 1 IHHutd of 11- J) l-ter PH llltl n~J1((tinl) III l~t~lnf 1) md ln~ ~t(pt thaI 11l)iI1 iI~ -ut)ol it utmiddotl fH lJrl~ ill tllll-(aiOJ g-ru~S(l in 11

lt ~taJ1fhrllrrf)r f~r trw nl HI r Ir mmiddotl~lu~Ul 11k -- l

All Species Th( SllnlllltlriZll Iion in lllgth 12 shows lw I yh(J) all SlH(i(s oj J)(I(II shy

ninl blotlCl~lcn pl ((d~ PI( collsi(klld (oglthll lllp grazi IlgshylHllllng(lHllll lfld ()U stnnds (l( ignilicll11t TIll glnz((I-~I--lJllal mUllaglILll1 lt1ld1O sltIlIS J](1 40 qllnrt ]pt dpflrp(l-fllltl shyloln(ionuii gmz(d 2~1i Sltll tJltl ])(rmnlll1l1Iy ])1o[((t((1 11ii sttlllS Whlll individuul IHlIllnild sJlI(ils (I( (middotollidtIld onl- yurrow hnd s(ul)d thul W(I( sini rkall 11 (ldll([ hy llltUHlgIlH1t1 (uPP(IHlix luhh 2~J 111( in1(ltldioll of tl(atJl1()l1 X llulllnptll11nl oi nl1])(JIlshyninl spllhs WtlS 1lot silt jl i(al Sigllifilllll t

bull 24

----

into the plots from the h01d(1s To (onduck thut 24-D treutment us not elfptliH 011 dnlHl(lioJl would h( subject lo (ritieism The 24-D hus killPtl (slnblislHtl pltlllS UI(l )J(lnl( s((middottl procludiol1 und til( trpnlllHnl of n wholemiddot pusimc wOllld undoubted] )(sul1 in ill( mnj or porl iOJ1 of it S()()I1 1)((omillg (SSCT tidl~ 1n( of clunc1vlioll Ill onl possiblp sOWcp of -lp(l 1lJldpJ sucll conditioJls -oulcllJ( from bull t11( gtoldp1s

As tilt llsulls PI( nol lypical of (btntlioll (onlro1 lhut wOlild 1)( ohl~dIH(l ill prlltlicnl Hppli(ulioll tlIp ltlaIn 101 slands of r[nndtlioll W(1( lot illdultill in figml I Imt thtT art fllOwn wilh 0111p1 PClClllliul 1[gt(ls ill tllgt]( 12 TIll illtlusion of dntn 101 lulld(middotlious hus changed tlip pillu( or WPld (olltlOl hr lltHtJlHllls (OlJfidprnhl- jnl111 lhnl shown ill riglll 1 Till lP(tllltiolls in (aJlcls of 0111([ plIPJlllitll w(pds by ll)()wiu lmel 1)((11 l(pl((11 by bout (gt(J1I11 IllJ1l11gtptl of dlllH[(jioll 1)Ow((I th (Inlld(ioll~ (1( n JlllJ(it IPss s(lioll- plobJ(m IhlllJ (1(

lllt1I1Y of tb( w(pcls tiid (1( nmiddot(llH(1 ill tlllllcl til LJH irt p11c( Cltllldljioll WPS l pnlalnblp S[W(il U1Hl rPiish((l b li-ltlod~ llnd ill tIll (()]J(l Ilk(( j( did not grow as tnll llild fllI1islJ tis JludJ slncll tS U( of tI1l othpr ni spI(ils

T Bll l~ Ill JlIgt ll11illi I()ul-llfumiddott tnol SIII1I ilt lllllf 1))$ Illlt IllTllInl I WIr clJlllm (IIlIWI Js 1111 11ll~ilt1 1II1111fIIJllIII jillCOill 11

~ttll1 ill If -j1Iarfl fNt rimiddotr razIW U1~tn~lll31t - shy

1pr~JT(ld Prot((hd (J1lltll tlHl rottgt frolll _ (Ia~~ll

1Ionall- Tal111 tf ~ rl7Ili

T UmiddotU1J

YumuT SlImlJf Ymfr YllJ)t1hr rlllq 121bull Nll middotliOelt(k -- liT ~ii fIlS

VtWl1 JUlW hgt- ill~ 2~H middotl~nIowld July_ 111 liTmiddot 11 2aH

21-J)1 Juw~ pI 111 jl 2i(l24-1 I July 11 ltifl~ gtfr 7~

WI) jR 0 fi2HJH~(ilJll ~dhtf Whllim ~ Hlonl tlri~ J irgtlf lJ~ t- 2middot Hiya ltlmiddot middotasoll rr s~~- bull

-~

~Sli 11 Na~P for InanltlJUllt middotno

tiT 07 el 07~lnndarll (Tnr IJf Ow IntU1HH mmiddotw_

1 ]gtlm~s WNt (tlUn~ld I)(for I IT(1l I ~tarmiddot tr atUln~ Wtlfl lpplilti jllJ-rc1 in HliO l~ljl lud IHij2 JJUTN(nrt flltJu (hfmiddot(k jI-ihUilflU at the pIn tIt llvl lt ilnifkant at th(ll~lllJ(PlIt ld

ci Plnt~ rrt(lfd In ~pr itl~ 01 I~I( ~llpll~ l11nt llh ~Jravpd wit 1 t I U1d 1 IHHutd of 11- J) l-ter PH llltl n~J1((tinl) III l~t~lnf 1) md ln~ ~t(pt thaI 11l)iI1 iI~ -ut)ol it utmiddotl fH lJrl~ ill tllll-(aiOJ g-ru~S(l in 11

lt ~taJ1fhrllrrf)r f~r trw nl HI r Ir mmiddotl~lu~Ul 11k -- l

All Species Th( SllnlllltlriZll Iion in lllgth 12 shows lw I yh(J) all SlH(i(s oj J)(I(II shy

ninl blotlCl~lcn pl ((d~ PI( collsi(klld (oglthll lllp grazi IlgshylHllllng(lHllll lfld ()U stnnds (l( ignilicll11t TIll glnz((I-~I--lJllal mUllaglILll1 lt1ld1O sltIlIS J](1 40 qllnrt ]pt dpflrp(l-fllltl shyloln(ionuii gmz(d 2~1i Sltll tJltl ])(rmnlll1l1Iy ])1o[((t((1 11ii sttlllS Whlll individuul IHlIllnild sJlI(ils (I( (middotollidtIld onl- yurrow hnd s(ul)d thul W(I( sini rkall 11 (ldll([ hy llltUHlgIlH1t1 (uPP(IHlix luhh 2~J 111( in1(ltldioll of tl(atJl1()l1 X llulllnptll11nl oi nl1])(JIlshyninl spllhs WtlS 1lot silt jl i(al Sigllifilllll t

bull 24

Annual Weeds Annual Ragweed

Alll1uulllgwled -WilS by fur the lllOSt p1lvaknt of til annual -PNl

bull spe(ies found in this pnstUL( IPhpn -(1( ROO nnnunllngwced phnts in 40 square fed in the chelt[ un nYeruglt of 20 plants per sql(are foot (table 1~) The stand (onl1(s were tak(H (llT1 in June and s(((ishyling plants WllP ull (olltlL Xo douht mlln) of till see(Hings in stands of this ([tnsity did not SlllTivt to malure pluuts E-Cll so g1enJ lHunhlls of plants (lid grow to matulity Stands of ragweed YHlitl from plot to plot ill l allti for lhis lCaoll dilfpl(I)(lS bdl(u tJPtt tnH1J ts -(IP ])ot st n tisticllll- significtln t

TAIlrg 13-Jnlllla[ Ulgured Slandsin fun 19S ((~ olFrclld by weed conbol [rraUmllls lfl grazing 1I1(tn~lq(Jnelll Lincoln Xlbr

JJll11t~ in 4f) SlUtrt f(lf1 flj) AIlillg InlIllge~ mont I

Defellltl i lnlerlell(nl7(d flndIta- II frl-ln j A~nlge ~S usual tionalh~ glitzing I

vtw~ltl i l

~Yllmher ~Yll1flljfrChIdL __ _ 701 800)Iowed Juttf _~~~ _-lt~~ bull __ ~_~ __ ~~ __ bull lU 5 3H5 30

IJwll1JuJ~-_ bullbull ____ bull __ __ ___ _ 24-D Juno __ bullbull ___ ___ __ __ __ bull bull 23 34721-J) Juh ___ _ _ ____ _ a73 lSIlalelJll dint~ whentglns ~ ______bull __ 1i)1 2USHrornumgts2 __ ~ __ _ ~ 251 I 15narm-sNlsoll grasses 1 _~~ __ 26

~- -- ~---~------Acloge fQr manuglillimt l_~_ __ middot10 r ~ L ______ _

_~~~_-~~_7=- =~-=----~

-l(f1ltlarrl erroroftbc trelltmmt m11l __ _ 223

I PIllIlis wpre uowlted before cwpni YlUIS tr2atllllJl(~ were npplied lIluted in lI50 1951 lind 1952 Di1rErence [mm ehErk =signiliC-ant at the i~perC(lllt lly(gtl =~imiHeallt at the 1percPlll1en~1

bull Plots Ieseedcj ill ~priJl1( of IUS) supplmnllinlly Ilrareri with )-112 nnd 1 pound of 2 1middot1) e~ter per ncre respectIYll]Y ju1950 H13ls and HJ52 (exccpt that lll1win7 US substituted (01 ~PIUY In warm-SN1SOll grasses ~ro~

3 Stanuard Clrol of the lll~all~ for mUllagfnl~nt=47

In 1952 nIl till tnatnwnls (X((pt tll( plots 1110(lt1 ill fum nud t1w plots of jn tclmcdinle -h(fttgnl8S hnd gJlnt1)- Itdu((-d stllllds of HlllllUll IUg-(gt(L (tn)1p 14) T11( Snml tI)(L is obs(lvah in HliJ3 with tl]() tX(CptiOlJ tbat illi(lmeliatt hputgmfP nlso gay( good ]Nluctiol1i of Iagw(((l 111( lllucliou in 8llIlds of rugwped Illust hun 1)((11 caused hy n lpduclioll ir sped supply sillcp -(1ltls W(ln COUllt((1 b(]on tlw ltllIll 11 1 -(urs in fll1(1l ts Wl a pplipd nlld all J(sidual (11(((s of (1](111 ishy(uls npplie(L in ])J(yiOllS nan would lHl C 1gt((11 dhfipnt((L The indishycation thnl (uri)- mOillg ill(llllspd stand of ul1l11lal mgwP(d wus (011shyfirmp] h- lipId OhSPIVHiolls 1owing n t Ihn L (ad- ltLa tlt fOUJ1d LIl( Jngw(((l SP((Uillg-4 in till ~~ to 4~jpnJ 4tnglt ulld sllolt PJlolIgll to be misscd hI lhl tick]p bul TIll mowing tllll t(lT(J llS n li)lJ1tion (utting H-lJel plorno(lti g-Jowth of thl uuilUnl tlgwpd

Spming -illl ~4-D u( (itb(] ltlutl gl( ~mtisfl([ol control or lllJllllnllHg-W(ld fol the gTowillg S(USOll

Snow-on-fhe-Mountain

Snow-oll-the-DlOU1lt nin anotheJ mUllwl we(d wus ideJy present in

bull the pnstUle studied witltl1 G-y(nl uVlltlge stnnd in the eliee1 plots of 18 pJnnts ill 40 sqLHl1e feet (footnote 1 Inhle li) owingtrcatmentgtgt

2S

TABIE ] 4-flnnuallmiddotagweed Trendsin stands as affected by weed contrcll1eatments Lincoln Nebr 1950-55

I Annual mgreel populations as IlQrcentagcs oC cllcck I inshyrlltatmcnt

J950 1n5J i 1952 I 1951 I IfiM 1955

Check ___ _ ---- JOO -~t--J-OI--I-OO-------IO-O 1owcdJW1~bullbullbull ____ laquo laquo 79 141 82 112 180 I 216 MowcdJuhmiddot JOI 5] 21 41 n7 584-D C 109 lSI 42 middot13 OS 1624-D irgmiddot~middot~~~~=~ lj _357[ (() j

I ~l~l jl I 3](2)IntermedIate wheaLgrtlSS__ ~~- ~-)f ~ ) I BrolllegrtlSS~~~~~~~ __ ~ _____ -~ -----_~~~ 23pound1 ~6 20 25 I 1 middotunllmiddotsCtlSOIlrsscs bullbull i 135 i H 3 i 8 5

------~-------- ___-----_ -- I PrrcClllngcs cllclilaicd frolll nn actual COllnt of plant SIlaquollS In (i0 pCllllanclltly localelt1 rcns A (mgt)

number of SIems in 10 squnre feet (or the check 11(11 89 147 1019 SOD 159 1Il1l HI resll(ctivcIJ III 1950 1051 1952 J953 19M lll(l J955

were indlective with this weeel In fnet plots mowrcl in JUlle gnve an illCletlSC in stund inlllost yelLIS Tlt( 24-D treatments gwe good reshyductions in stnncl of snow-on-the-mountain with the exception of ] 953 tmel 1954 when reductions Wero slight No sred lIns been produced sincc 1950 in the plots trented witli 24-D because all SlOW-on-tte ILoUlltfLin plants wore killed hy ea(h yeals spJilying treatments

Marestail and Wild Hemp

[nrestail (or horscccd) WitS SptlJsely present ill thjs exporirrent It is 11 weed thnt vas leblively tolerant to 24-D For this reasolJ datiL for this minor spceies (10 maintained separately in order to dcshytpet whether it tloncl of increased stands 1l1jght 0(CUl as oLllN bloadshylenved weeds decreased as it result of 24-D spmying These trends arc not yet npparont

Vild hemp stands were so spurse and variable that the data were not reliablo Hoovor it was observed thnt 24-D wus eflective in controlling this weed

I AHI 15~Snoll-oll-lhe-Ilo1tntaill Trends in slands as aJ)eeled bll weed control treatments Lincoln Ncbr 1950-55

bull __ ________ bullbull~-~___ _____ 4-- ______ __ ___ _- -_shy~_~ ~ _~ ~ rpl(utmcni i Snow~on~tl1C-11Ioul1tail1 us reJC(llIt nl-(S o[ check 1 in-~

I-~ -shy

~-~--~-~~---~-~--j-~~~~--~~~-~~_~IImiddot~~ Check __ __ 100 100 I 1001 JOO IO) 100

R~~~~~l~~l~~ 1 m i J~~ I ~~ 1 J~~ 2~~ ~~ ~4-J) Tun~__ __ l 150 1 5-11 18 72 104 28 24-D JlIly_ 80 I 5-1 I middot10 I 72 (ia 43 Intermedlnte whentf(rflss 1~ 5 4 7 1-1

Wg~f~~~~oIiglUSscs~ ~~~~ ~j ill I yenI J~ ____~____________ I bull__ ____~_~_______

1 P(rccnlngcs culculllled frOI1l nn lIctllal count of pJallt siems in (iO PlI1Il11111IILly lucated arlas AVcl1gu llUlUlJQI ()f stems in -10 SqLHuol fCl fol tlu check Wel(1 H 24 17 2lj 27 nnd 7 J(spectlvcly hI 1050 HJ5l 1052 195 1IlM 011111051

Grasses as Affected by Treatments

Where weeds Wetl controlled increased baslLl density of stnnc1s of the desimblc gtnsses resulted (fig 12) The data shown in 1igtlre 12 were based upon 144 line tlanseels designed to measure bnslll density of the diffcnl1lt glllsscs in eneh of th( weed control tlcatmeuls In the

26

TREATMENTS

CHECK

MOWED June

Julymiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 24-0

June middotmiddot middot bullbullbullbullbullIElIbullbullbullbullbullEEZ] July middot middotmiddotmiddot

INTERMEDIATE WHEATGRASS

BROMEGRASS

WARM-SEASON GRASS MIXTURE

20 25 BASAL DENSITY (percent)

FIGCRE 12-Percentage of basal dltliiity of grases in Tune Hl53 as affected by weed control tre1ttment

first five treatments the clesirnble grasses WEre primarily bluegrass with scattered stands of side-oats gnunil big blu(stem Iwd sand dropshyseed In Ute last tluee tltatrnents plots were seeclld to gmsses 011 plowed lueas Here the basal-density percentages ma- be misleading since most of the dominant gmsses (Ie of the iLlger coarser types that natmally hlle l(latinlv low(r bilsal-densitv nLlues for a satisshyfactory stand E-en so thebasal dellsity of the desirable grasses in the warm-season gmss mixture was grenter tiuLI1 tlUlt of the check

The bilsn[ clensity of the weed glllsses decreas(([ where the basal density of the desimble grasses increased (fig 12) Apparently the inclensed stands of desirable glllsses associated with weed control gave more (ompetition to the w(ed gmsses tlmn did the brolLd-lenxed weeds that were eliminated

In table 16 is shon the bnSill density of grnsses ns affeeted both by grazing management trentrnents and by weed control treatments With the desirahle grasses there was it dowlllrd trel1d in bnsal density from the grazed-us-usual to the prolcctecl-l1llUllLgement tlelltmerlts AU the reUSOllS fot this trend nrc not knowu It has bee~l obserred however tlllLt bluegrass has lL mOle densc sod under moderi1te to dose grazing tluLll it does if not graz(d n t lLU Since bluegrass was the dominant grass in these first fin tr(~atments this might partially exshyplain the trend fOlUld

With inttlmccliate wheMgrnss the ttcnd Wils in the opposite direcshytion with poor stands on the grazed-us-usunl portion of the plots and better sttulds on the deferINI-IUld-rotatiollnlly-gmzec plots The best SbUlds of intcrmediMc -hltLtgrllss c--1sted in lhc protected meas (table 16)

gt 27

bull bull

~ GIl

TAIlJg lOmiddotmiddotmiddotT3(1bull~(ll density of frosSIs in T1I1lC 19513 (r~ areced by ll1lil (on1ol treatments and grazing 1I1nn(lgcmcnl 1))arl1ces Llncollll Nebr

nll~1 Illnslly of

lrllluwnt D(Sllllhl~ WIlSStS rllll gltlSSllS Ioh grnssrs

~---~ -jshy II ( Alril~t f II ( AnJHt-ll A

-~ t~---

Pentn iarrilL 1)(rcIul irrr1ll nrclll lmmiddotcul ereIll I rrelll lfre(1I1 Ieflil Jrrctlll Perrell1111 t 7 5 G1l IR HI lsal Iil(hrlk 1t8 U lUi 111

OIlNI bullbullll1l1l 1ltl 120 11 - 12 1 JO ~ - 22 20 10 U J i la II I 151 1 7 L 1 a -l 2middot11 21 5 H (i ~U [I()II~( 1111)middot 211a IIS J1l Hi 7 middot10

11 112 111 middotIH 2 l 25 amiddot 220 IS2 107 IIIn2I-D Tnlll (111011(0 bullbullbull 1- lon la - H5 HmiddotI 5middot1 55 l - middot10 204 11)2 182 JII321- D Jul) (I pOUII(1 1 S S 117 10 HI - 1middot1 U il 2middot11 122 12 I 161Intlrmedlllll whciltgrnss 1111 k a If)(j lUl Il i 1middot1 L I 17 21 I II i II tI 1UBnl1l1lgTlss 3 bull

1511 Is a I) Hl Ii a 115 I 1 middot1 2i1 a 24 SilO8 1S 0Ynlll1~~lnson gnssls 3~ __

H1l 121 ~Il in r 2 21i _ 210 17ij middotN51--middot-~~middotA(lrngl fol J1nntwnwnl I

I0~ =-~~~T=~middot~~=~2() r 20 j- 11l ~ 1)- l3 1 18 18Rtmthnl ~ITOI Of tlw tt1atnwnt nWill1 18

1 InlItn1lIIls IIpplld III 1U50 ilnd 1IlIIIIIully thImiddotfI(llIbull 1)ItTtrentlnl mll1ng~nl(n 1111(11lt(5 nrross whhmiddoth th ~lII lIl ml trfltnl(nl S 1 (lhltmiddot1 11111 tiS fnllnlls A= ~11middott1 IS IIsUlII for IIII ftlrllllrs 11$11( Ih=~n1lIg d~fITl IIllt1

IIIII 15 rotutonallr gl1l1( IIntil glpICnlllr I tJ I Hlld C=cJlllpltr jllf)llIlIoJ (mill )1I~III~ 1 nS(IlI graSSIs ptIIllNI ill Ihl sprIng lIf 11)5) (prnrN for I seaSIl 111lt1 21-llllpplll( I I11I111 11 )t llllmlllllIIIUd t 1111111 III Illi2tllld 111111111111) thrrllIf1lr (mOWing

slIbstllutl fl)r24-D In l)~O on WllrlllS(1I~111 11118518) 1 Sinndnlu crnHSor tlw nH~tns rur IIlnlUgttnenLs I Jlslnlhhl gn~~l~=(tf Wttd lfI1ISSflS= 13 dud 1)11 gnls$($=IJK

TREATMENTS

CHECK

MOWED June

Julymiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 24-0

June middotmiddot middot bullbullbullbullbullIElIbullbullbullbullbullEEZ] July middot middotmiddotmiddot

INTERMEDIATE WHEATGRASS

BROMEGRASS

WARM-SEASON GRASS MIXTURE

20 25 BASAL DENSITY (percent)

FIGCRE 12-Percentage of basal dltliiity of grases in Tune Hl53 as affected by weed control tre1ttment

first five treatments the clesirnble grasses WEre primarily bluegrass with scattered stands of side-oats gnunil big blu(stem Iwd sand dropshyseed In Ute last tluee tltatrnents plots were seeclld to gmsses 011 plowed lueas Here the basal-density percentages ma- be misleading since most of the dominant gmsses (Ie of the iLlger coarser types that natmally hlle l(latinlv low(r bilsal-densitv nLlues for a satisshyfactory stand E-en so thebasal dellsity of the desirable grasses in the warm-season gmss mixture was grenter tiuLI1 tlUlt of the check

The bilsn[ clensity of the weed glllsses decreas(([ where the basal density of the desimble grasses increased (fig 12) Apparently the inclensed stands of desirable glllsses associated with weed control gave more (ompetition to the w(ed gmsses tlmn did the brolLd-lenxed weeds that were eliminated

In table 16 is shon the bnSill density of grnsses ns affeeted both by grazing management trentrnents and by weed control treatments With the desirahle grasses there was it dowlllrd trel1d in bnsal density from the grazed-us-usual to the prolcctecl-l1llUllLgement tlelltmerlts AU the reUSOllS fot this trend nrc not knowu It has bee~l obserred however tlllLt bluegrass has lL mOle densc sod under moderi1te to dose grazing tluLll it does if not graz(d n t lLU Since bluegrass was the dominant grass in these first fin tr(~atments this might partially exshyplain the trend fOlUld

With inttlmccliate wheMgrnss the ttcnd Wils in the opposite direcshytion with poor stands on the grazed-us-usunl portion of the plots and better sttulds on the deferINI-IUld-rotatiollnlly-gmzec plots The best SbUlds of intcrmediMc -hltLtgrllss c--1sted in lhc protected meas (table 16)

gt 27

bull bull

~ GIl

TAIlJg lOmiddotmiddotmiddotT3(1bull~(ll density of frosSIs in T1I1lC 19513 (r~ areced by ll1lil (on1ol treatments and grazing 1I1nn(lgcmcnl 1))arl1ces Llncollll Nebr

nll~1 Illnslly of

lrllluwnt D(Sllllhl~ WIlSStS rllll gltlSSllS Ioh grnssrs

~---~ -jshy II ( Alril~t f II ( AnJHt-ll A

-~ t~---

Pentn iarrilL 1)(rcIul irrr1ll nrclll lmmiddotcul ereIll I rrelll lfre(1I1 Ieflil Jrrctlll Perrell1111 t 7 5 G1l IR HI lsal Iil(hrlk 1t8 U lUi 111

OIlNI bullbullll1l1l 1ltl 120 11 - 12 1 JO ~ - 22 20 10 U J i la II I 151 1 7 L 1 a -l 2middot11 21 5 H (i ~U [I()II~( 1111)middot 211a IIS J1l Hi 7 middot10

11 112 111 middotIH 2 l 25 amiddot 220 IS2 107 IIIn2I-D Tnlll (111011(0 bullbullbull 1- lon la - H5 HmiddotI 5middot1 55 l - middot10 204 11)2 182 JII321- D Jul) (I pOUII(1 1 S S 117 10 HI - 1middot1 U il 2middot11 122 12 I 161Intlrmedlllll whciltgrnss 1111 k a If)(j lUl Il i 1middot1 L I 17 21 I II i II tI 1UBnl1l1lgTlss 3 bull

1511 Is a I) Hl Ii a 115 I 1 middot1 2i1 a 24 SilO8 1S 0Ynlll1~~lnson gnssls 3~ __

H1l 121 ~Il in r 2 21i _ 210 17ij middotN51--middot-~~middotA(lrngl fol J1nntwnwnl I

I0~ =-~~~T=~middot~~=~2() r 20 j- 11l ~ 1)- l3 1 18 18Rtmthnl ~ITOI Of tlw tt1atnwnt nWill1 18

1 InlItn1lIIls IIpplld III 1U50 ilnd 1IlIIIIIully thImiddotfI(llIbull 1)ItTtrentlnl mll1ng~nl(n 1111(11lt(5 nrross whhmiddoth th ~lII lIl ml trfltnl(nl S 1 (lhltmiddot1 11111 tiS fnllnlls A= ~11middott1 IS IIsUlII for IIII ftlrllllrs 11$11( Ih=~n1lIg d~fITl IIllt1

IIIII 15 rotutonallr gl1l1( IIntil glpICnlllr I tJ I Hlld C=cJlllpltr jllf)llIlIoJ (mill )1I~III~ 1 nS(IlI graSSIs ptIIllNI ill Ihl sprIng lIf 11)5) (prnrN for I seaSIl 111lt1 21-llllpplll( I I11I111 11 )t llllmlllllIIIUd t 1111111 III Illi2tllld 111111111111) thrrllIf1lr (mOWing

slIbstllutl fl)r24-D In l)~O on WllrlllS(1I~111 11118518) 1 Sinndnlu crnHSor tlw nH~tns rur IIlnlUgttnenLs I Jlslnlhhl gn~~l~=(tf Wttd lfI1ISSflS= 13 dud 1)11 gnls$($=IJK

bull bull

~ GIl

TAIlJg lOmiddotmiddotmiddotT3(1bull~(ll density of frosSIs in T1I1lC 19513 (r~ areced by ll1lil (on1ol treatments and grazing 1I1nn(lgcmcnl 1))arl1ces Llncollll Nebr

nll~1 Illnslly of

lrllluwnt D(Sllllhl~ WIlSStS rllll gltlSSllS Ioh grnssrs

~---~ -jshy II ( Alril~t f II ( AnJHt-ll A

-~ t~---

Pentn iarrilL 1)(rcIul irrr1ll nrclll lmmiddotcul ereIll I rrelll lfre(1I1 Ieflil Jrrctlll Perrell1111 t 7 5 G1l IR HI lsal Iil(hrlk 1t8 U lUi 111

OIlNI bullbullll1l1l 1ltl 120 11 - 12 1 JO ~ - 22 20 10 U J i la II I 151 1 7 L 1 a -l 2middot11 21 5 H (i ~U [I()II~( 1111)middot 211a IIS J1l Hi 7 middot10

11 112 111 middotIH 2 l 25 amiddot 220 IS2 107 IIIn2I-D Tnlll (111011(0 bullbullbull 1- lon la - H5 HmiddotI 5middot1 55 l - middot10 204 11)2 182 JII321- D Jul) (I pOUII(1 1 S S 117 10 HI - 1middot1 U il 2middot11 122 12 I 161Intlrmedlllll whciltgrnss 1111 k a If)(j lUl Il i 1middot1 L I 17 21 I II i II tI 1UBnl1l1lgTlss 3 bull

1511 Is a I) Hl Ii a 115 I 1 middot1 2i1 a 24 SilO8 1S 0Ynlll1~~lnson gnssls 3~ __

H1l 121 ~Il in r 2 21i _ 210 17ij middotN51--middot-~~middotA(lrngl fol J1nntwnwnl I

I0~ =-~~~T=~middot~~=~2() r 20 j- 11l ~ 1)- l3 1 18 18Rtmthnl ~ITOI Of tlw tt1atnwnt nWill1 18

1 InlItn1lIIls IIpplld III 1U50 ilnd 1IlIIIIIully thImiddotfI(llIbull 1)ItTtrentlnl mll1ng~nl(n 1111(11lt(5 nrross whhmiddoth th ~lII lIl ml trfltnl(nl S 1 (lhltmiddot1 11111 tiS fnllnlls A= ~11middott1 IS IIsUlII for IIII ftlrllllrs 11$11( Ih=~n1lIg d~fITl IIllt1

IIIII 15 rotutonallr gl1l1( IIntil glpICnlllr I tJ I Hlld C=cJlllpltr jllf)llIlIoJ (mill )1I~III~ 1 nS(IlI graSSIs ptIIllNI ill Ihl sprIng lIf 11)5) (prnrN for I seaSIl 111lt1 21-llllpplll( I I11I111 11 )t llllmlllllIIIUd t 1111111 III Illi2tllld 111111111111) thrrllIf1lr (mOWing

slIbstllutl fl)r24-D In l)~O on WllrlllS(1I~111 11118518) 1 Sinndnlu crnHSor tlw nH~tns rur IIlnlUgttnenLs I Jlslnlhhl gn~~l~=(tf Wttd lfI1ISSflS= 13 dud 1)11 gnls$($=IJK

Rurplisil1lly ~ood stnncis or blOIlHgrnss pplsist(d ((11 iu the gmzelt-ns-llsunl plots DUlin tiL( lime siJl(e lhe IIlzing wns slnrlld in ]95] hlonH~lIlss hilS ]WYPl JlildHd II h(i~h t 11tllttI thnn 3 iWlles

bull imel usuillly it WllS ~lIlz(d 10 fl h(i~1t( of l(s than 1 inh fol (iICIt of titt full sensons 1$)31 and I1t(I(fl([(J lnfoltnnlioll ns to how Jou~ this ~JIISS (1111 1)( Illilinlllilled uudll tile S((Il OIIIIllZill~ plllltliCCd is not ylt It nlilahl( ill I his sludymiddot

The WI1IIll-SPliSOll IIU-- mixtulP nlso 1H1lilltniJlld 1(llli(I good stands 1I11d(I tlt(1 glHZtd-ll-~ISUIII manll~(IlHIIt allholl~h not so Iood flS OIl I Itl d(flII(ltI-1I nd-IO( II IlonnU)-~Illz(d plolS

TI1lt busnl d(nsil~ of llH wlld ~IHSS( IpJltild to Il( hi~h(sl on lhe glized-lls-t1sunl plots wlt(IP 1 Itt husaL dlnsit) fol d(lsirll hl( ~JilSS(S wus nlso hi~h(SI lntltJ III( THOI( intellsi ( gluziJlI pnlCt iJ( lite nmounl of ~loul1d (OPIlt lIlS r(d ll(pd nJI()in~ I Itt st(dlill~- of nllHllli (ltd gllI-S(- 10 Iw(oll1P (lsI H blislt(d 11101( 1(lIdiiY

rollli hllsnl ltlClIsi t y () I ~IH-StS in I li was r(IIn t ilIy lo (173 IWIshy(Pill) liS (OUlpulpd (0 III( PI((ltdi Ill ltIIIS III lJii(] III( nlnl~(I (oInt lHtsnl d(11ity ws 101 1)(I((lIl ill H))I ~UI p(I(pIII ill IH52 2R4 1)PJ(llI r

TIH hllSll1 d(115il~ of lltt ltlpsilnhlp glHSSPS hn- fllllllWlfd 1($s wilh YPlltS lltlUI 111t ((d ~IHSS(S 11]( dlsilnbI( ~llISS(IS Itn( (IIltild to implomiddotp Oil tiJl lint in sod willi n(j IgtpI((1l1 husn (PllsiIY or dlsinlhh ~tnss(s in HliO J31) 1)(11((11 filllli I I iG 1(I((l1I t in I)i)~ alld l() J)(I((II ( in I )) Tit LIS till hnsHI dllIsi ty of IIIP d(sil1 hi ~Inssls in 1I)i) was I i) PII((nl or (11111 found ill H)iiO

Stands of wld ~IIISPS PI(I d((idldl 101111 ill 1Di8 llmll ill Ilny of (1]( p(iols (IIIS This WIlS 1I 1 0StlI hp(nUNpound or Illp S(I(I dlollllIt cOllditions tlllollllI Int( AUlusl SlpltIllI)(I Ocloiwl nud inlo (lIrll~ i()(Ill1lwl of H)i)2 wlticll illtd 0(1 111 111(1 p(d hlOlJllfIlSS s(tdlinls Ihllt hnt 1(Imi11ntCd (IIIlillill (hI 11111 111-0 till S(I(lI(1 dlouf111 COIlshy

dilions dUlill~ (It(llillt splill~ Hlld SUlllll1 or 1liiIpltucpd lilt IIUllllwt or III 1((IIWII N((ldlill~S I luI W(I( nhl( I () IH(om pst n Igtlisllld

Grasses in Undisturbed Plots

Desirable Grasses

III tnbll 17 111( ~lIo1l Ilip hn-IlImiddotdplI-ilmiddot IW((Onl 1l~(0 or rOlll dlsillhll ~1l1-SlS in 111(0 lllldisluligtld-sod plols or tl( (XI)(lill(I11 JIJltu(middotk~middot hlultgTIISS 11111lt1( liP IIH Illnjol porlioll or till d(sinlbll SPl(ilS ll 1lIHlPd (0 bl 11 Olld bI II il1(I(Hsld ~111Zill~ pllSSlIll or 111( ~nIZlc-Il-shyUSlIlII PIHlicl 11)(1( WIIS lil1l ltlill(I(Il(( in 11IIsni cplsily l)1t((n (lIl nlhl1 t 0 ~IIlZill~ Illnln~(I1(11 plnftic(s

Sidl-ont ~InnUl lIlc(c to 1)( rnnlJ(d by L11l d(rlII(d-IInd-loltlshyIiOllldJy-~InZ(c nlld tit PIOI ((INI-1ll11l11l1(1lH1l t PIIl(1 i((s Wi t 1I SHJlcl dlops((d no (ollsit(111 tl(l1( ns~()(inlld litll 1ll1I1l111(I1lnl was ObS(IT(d

Bi~ hlllfsll1ll wns SllIlls(ly p1Ps(1I1 in lllp txp(lin l l11tnl plots Sill( i is 0111 or llt l dornillu-1I1 SllP(i(s of tll( HItII lll( (11((1 or rnOllble llllUlIll(IlWnt upon ilS lIbilil lo 1lphU( K(111 lI(k hltJ(I~I ill lite )e1Is 10 10110 wiJl 1)( 111[(11(lt1 (LostI To dnl (I hi~ hltltsl (Ill hns iH(I(lIs(ld sli~lIlly hut Illp difllIPlwlS -1I01l HIl nOl sllltisti(nll)r Si~lifi(llIt The SIHllcis of bi~ hlu(slplll 111lt1 d(IllIdtd to -u(1t II tow d(lIsit)middot 1(1(1 in this pn~llll(l lwolP till (lXIlllilll(lll IIIIS sllIltld (02 IWJ(Pllt) 111I11 11 IOIl~ 1)(liod or tinw will llllltl()lIht((II~ hp IIl(lS~nfy

bdoJ( i I (II 11 n~nill h((OIlH II domi nun I sp(cils ((11 UJltipr IgtlOt((1 iOll

29

--

The lnte of recovcry of big blucstcm was neeeiemLcci by wced control treatments tU1der plotected conditions It has becn observed that big blucSlClll dmnps were larger and the plimls more vigorous in protected plots given weed eOlltlOl trenJmcnts In August 1952 big bluestem clumps in proteeted plots sprnyed with 24-D in Junc WC1C estimated to be from 18 to 24 iu(hes in basal diLUllttr whik the basal diameter of the plants in the cheek IHJJg(d from G to ] 2 inches In fignr( 13 is shown n big blu(stpUl dump ill i~ plot thnt lULd been protected lWld tleat0d witLI 24-D in June for 4 yenrs D(lailed measurements of indiyid un plnnts W(I( not nUtd0 i OldjT InCI1SUlements of lhe plitnts eontrihuliou to thpound YPgltil(iY0 (ompositioJl of plots as it whole w(n made Wi tit such mellsur(m(llts thp Ul(lellSe of the desirablE native gruss(s 11S slow nnd did lIOt npplol1h lit( JigulPs givEu by W(ilYl1 and Hnnsen (23) who iJldiltutNI thnt hig bltf(IStPlH incleas((l )(j2 IWletut WhNl PIotldpd flom gmzuIg and sidt-oats grumn incrells(d 41 a pCI(en Daln Jot indiid ual plnn Is might approndl thost of reav( Itlul JlnnstIl TIt( sparsity of plnllts pr(pnts ((11 111lgPt iJl(IPllS(S ill indjid lItti pin]1l sizt rrom IU1-Ulg nppIPr-illbl( erf(d UpOIl hasal-dlllsity IHc(lltng( ill the plots us 1

whoI (tnblP J7)

Weed Grosses

Tilt igtlIsnl-(lpllgtity IWIclnlllgl- or till mogtt pl(I-nl(11i wt((l gmssts and glllsslil(1 planttl Hn shown in lnblp lH Th( stnIlcls of ilnIluiti b10mlgt pr(dominnntJyhail- CiHs in till (Iwci plots 1( highl1

TABI~ 17middot~middot-Bas(tl drll~itl of ((wirabir 1iI(I~~ 1)IiC~ in II lie 9)] IS ajfcrird by weed lonlrolrmlllfllls I Inri Uru=iII1WIIIIIClHnl pra(icc-t2 Lilcolll (ur

Basal dloSHy of

BI~ bhl~sttm

I B ( Avtmge A II ( A n~lUgo

Pucelit Iera III Peru Itt I~frrlnt Puaut lt1rreut PCr(llll lerrel1l Check ILi ~~ Il (I 1115 II II ~ (12 02 ~loWl)dtJliJte 112 10 t 1011 ILlgt 1 middot1 1I 2 ~IOWl(I July III - 14 middot1 11 - 1ii 1 11 1 24-1) ~JUIW Ill II II I l~ OJ JI2 1 2 2 21-1gt J~ly 12b la1I I Ii 12~ L2 2 9 S

Crngc for mannJltII1(1Jlt 3 -Ill Ilfj II 3 01 3

Stnlldnrd error or th~ lrltolnltnl nH~nn M L7 17 Lj LI 6 5 5 2

~~nnd drOllseNt ~-- - --shy

111 (Ill U3 II a 02 111 ()3 02 ~[owedoJ UlW 4 IIl ti I 2 2Check )

MONI bull Iuly 1 11 h bullbull 2 1 middot1 1 2-1-0 JUJu1 - 5 111 12 1 f) 5 n Il 2(~1) Jllly bull 1 middot1 t 1 J Ii 1

A crngl for manngtlI1lut 1 I 12 bullbull 2 I ~~ -

Standllnl ~rr()r of the InlllHlI1lI UIlUl bull a 1 1 J 1 1 1

~ -----___ _- ~- I Irlulrnents Itpp1i~d III UlaO tllld nnnllnllr Ihlr~llft(Imiddot2 Illtferentll1l IIltillngII1(nt pnHtices neros which lhe cld control prlllmiddottielS xtllIdh were tiS rOllows

A~Ortl1(l( us IISlIn ror lh rllrlllerS IltlSlUrl ll=gru1jll~ dlrrr~d 1111111 JlIn~ 1 rOlllinntlll~ gru1cd IIntii S()plcrnb(middotr 1 to 15 ~lnd C=cOll1uhl( prol(gt(liotl rrollt Arozing

Ih~ Slnlldllrl (110[1 ror IIlllnngllllntS un UllIIgrllSSlt= 11 big blllcSlcrn =lI2 sldeOllls grnma=O2 lind 511Ud rlrnpslccI=(II

bull

bull 30

bull

J ) III I Iil lltlIllI jIIIIj lit Ibullbull illIa[ il -il 1 Jhl~ra- ltl 11 1~ llnt ~ill 21 II Ijtllllfid 1I1 arl rlll fflr I al- alld prI( frllI f t1I 1gt1 fort H fal IntfWlf PhotlltlaplHd I1lJ t ~ 1~Ii)

Iltw III plot-- 11lh tilt I Id lOIIJollttl Ihlmiddotlllp lnlld or linin Itmiddot 11( rOlllld OIl 1111 plot- llJlltd ill (11)( Ioillg hull Irlh iIllil(d lilt Pllldllliollllr linldt pd nlllltJllg1i 11111 I In II lilli Jill 101 Ilpllllllllll 1lIlItrnl

Illlt rm--likmiddot II d- lllllllty -hlldN PIIIt- IIt II lilPitld IIIHJIIIIII III IlIw[ -Idr IWI nlld 111-1middot- II (I g1IIIIPlr Ilil h 1111 gll- 11IInll_1 Ill olliI flll1I1 11 lIIltriiJlIpd lillI 10 fhl HIrillh1 flllllI HIIII 1111 III 10 pdnlahilil th(middot 1IHImiddotIIIImiddot1l illtllIti(d i1l till

I (middot(middotd 11I--(- -lalld- III tllI P[(I (11 nld gT(III illflll(IIfltI 1) lmiddoti111C1 Ild 10111111 1llutllllill- or -llIzirtg lllIllt1gIlI(III pmlllI(-

IIII(lI II 1tlldlt If) Ill prl-IIII ill 1Int(I dllt-it ill IIII lnl(d-H 1I-llt1 plll~ nlll ill 1(n~1 [(Ihl ill lil prollmiddot(middotImiddotrl ploh TIItI( Uh dll

l 11~hlllj(TH-I rtIIIlJlltti iii plol of Imllt dIIt-orplIiliill1 I11i 1111 1111 ill

1111 Illlal Ill 1111 1 (Id -PIIjp- 1- 1Illllui III lIIp-1 rllllj Oil thl I]III- Tlwl In- it dllIIIl1rd 1Ilid III pt ramiddot -1I1It Ijo II I Ihl gnlllmiddotd-ll-o-II-llld 1l1lllaI11II111 1lllIltlil t hI dtflIId-u wl-ro n I iOlllllyshynllld pl()t- til til proIlt llll1shy

11 HIL I) IlJ I j I_ 1 lto-IUPJ 1 1IJ I tIL 1 1 tcuI) Il---f ~ (~ lip dlq q- i I Ijlqhljtfd lillmiddotOrmiddot lIlt (UP 1111Iift- (11 HI 1(1 11 IlfltlIh

bull 31

T-IBLE IS-Basal density of the less cle~1rable grass species ~nd grasslike weeds ilL June 1953 as affected by 1vcecl control treat-ments I and grazwgmanagcment prac~ tices2 Lincoln Nebr

11115111 d~nSitr ofshy

lr~ltnwnt AmuHlI hrollltS ~Illrcetlwlt

B c B shy_-_-

Perullt Purent PurrlIt Pcr~elll PerceIIl lJerUH( Peruu( Percent 01 ) - 4 b 10 nl U nl n1

Ilt1od rnl1~ bullbullbullbullbull _ i 4 A 10 I I Check bull

i i bullbull J

U l[owld Jul) 2~ tfi 111 J I ~ 2

2-t 1J JUll(a bull _ ~ 1~ 1 r i O l 13 (I i

4 I S 2~4- J) ~hllr 2 i 31 lUI H 9 Ii 2 n

0-AeOlW ror ItlfUm~(nWllt i 2n 2U I 0

Wl1(unlf(lJ of tlu InI1lllI mcnn k 1(1 j J

Totnl ~Is~ltk~ (((1 IIId n~d IrlS5tS

(he~k 111 n J 0 1 1 II n J u 51 ~rONI JUJl(l U ll L~ shy] f) 5 12

iLuwl(Jluly 2 j 1 ~ )- - III 1-1 -of

24-11JuI1l 2 I 1 42 23 25 tn V 23 lti middotIl JUlrbullbull a I Ib

N11f~ (qr uttUlufWUlpnt I 1 J 2 as a1 2a al =--~-=---~-----

8ttlllhrd error or thl trrutllllllt I I I I~ 18 18 1GUlNUL

__----gt _______H ___ _ _ bull shy~__ _---gt- ~ -------~--~~ -----~ ~-- I rt~ui lIIenls uppUd III 111011 lnd flllIlUlIlv t1wrlIrt~r ViJ[[t(ntb nUlll~[lIhnt PI1INiC($ ocwis I hitll ttl weed control pn1etklts lxlilldd weI liS foilHIS

A=(lnlzd liS lISUlI) ful th[ [rlll[rs PlIstllt B=(I1I1[lIft dlfelreu unt[( June 15 tOtltionnlly gru7ed unm 8liJ)tNnber 1 to 15 Hnd C=complttf- proltlo (tt()1l fnull ~rtl1in~

IlnUIlI hrolll($ Wte prlUolllillllllt Iy 1)111) ch(~s with II $PIIrSlt stlllid of downy bromebull J ~JI[gt swndflrd (lTorS of till UlPUlIS for ~lUU)U~(middotUJllllt nrc Jlury htss=On thr~tlnO3rS]~nd~rc~middotI)CnlS=

01 nnd total of 3 (tty sl~(IlSla ~ Gnlsllke ~d~ WIn Jln~lollillnlltly til~n(lr rnltrnS with s[lnrs~ stand or oth~r 5(dges nnd rush~s

Grasses in Plowed and Reseeded Plots

imootlt Bromegrass

111( lwsnl d(llsity or tlH ~Lns(s foulld in tht s((middotdld plots i showll in Inbl( Hl Tlw ~Ilal(sl hnsltl dpllsily of blOllHiuss was in lilt pIOshytprlpd tlr(as and Ih( knsl ill thol-ll Hlpas ~]nz(d flS usual PlI(]J(shyhss i Jll()(l(ln (ply good SlillHI oJ blom(~rns- W(LS mili nlailwd len on tlip gllzpd-UHIunl plot BIOI1lPglUSS tollLlllpd tWPlgrnzing witb 1(S5 j nj u 1 1I UI Ili II tlllJlwd in tt whentgluSl-l Ho((I 1(11 t lIeky bJu(gtass WiLsb(~ilnilll to tIHIOtlCi1 illto tilt ptIIZ(d-HHIBtwl bronwshyglns plots iInd WII- almost (qunl to bloml~luss in tHIS)1 d(ll1sit- Otb(I dlsirnbll ~Ins( primtllily saud dIOPSNd lmd iLlso il(Ieus(I(l in lhl blomeglilss

The Lotn bnsnl dlnsit)- fOL W(lmiddotel glHs~ws ill UlC gntz(ltI-as-lIs11iLI plots of broU1(gnlss was itinlost lq 1Ii11 to till rombitlNL btlsnl citllsit) of blOlllPgliLSS iwd l~(lltll(kr blulgrass but ((e ~mssts wen I1luelt less io the ddltIl(d-alld-lo[nLionllUy-glnz(~d plots Only n sllltlH Illlount (x1sLed ill lite plo[edtd IU(IL or the w(led glllsses lHliry chess WI1S leil1liydv minor ((n in lllt gLuzet-ns-usual plots Howshy(YCI nUmiddot(~eil1l had j Uild(ld tlwse plot s genltmU T It mlS nlso 1he most important WllII gmss ill [h olhll 10 grllzing ml1llngltlllent

32 bullbull

bull

J ) III I Iil lltlIllI jIIIIj lit Ibullbull illIa[ il -il 1 Jhl~ra- ltl 11 1~ llnt ~ill 21 II Ijtllllfid 1I1 arl rlll fflr I al- alld prI( frllI f t1I 1gt1 fort H fal IntfWlf PhotlltlaplHd I1lJ t ~ 1~Ii)

Iltw III plot-- 11lh tilt I Id lOIIJollttl Ihlmiddotlllp lnlld or linin Itmiddot 11( rOlllld OIl 1111 plot- llJlltd ill (11)( Ioillg hull Irlh iIllil(d lilt Pllldllliollllr linldt pd nlllltJllg1i 11111 I In II lilli Jill 101 Ilpllllllllll 1lIlItrnl

Illlt rm--likmiddot II d- lllllllty -hlldN PIIIt- IIt II lilPitld IIIHJIIIIII III IlIw[ -Idr IWI nlld 111-1middot- II (I g1IIIIPlr Ilil h 1111 gll- 11IInll_1 Ill olliI flll1I1 11 lIIltriiJlIpd lillI 10 fhl HIrillh1 flllllI HIIII 1111 III 10 pdnlahilil th(middot 1IHImiddotIIIImiddot1l illtllIti(d i1l till

I (middot(middotd 11I--(- -lalld- III tllI P[(I (11 nld gT(III illflll(IIfltI 1) lmiddoti111C1 Ild 10111111 1llutllllill- or -llIzirtg lllIllt1gIlI(III pmlllI(-

IIII(lI II 1tlldlt If) Ill prl-IIII ill 1Int(I dllt-it ill IIII lnl(d-H 1I-llt1 plll~ nlll ill 1(n~1 [(Ihl ill lil prollmiddot(middotImiddotrl ploh TIItI( Uh dll

l 11~hlllj(TH-I rtIIIlJlltti iii plol of Imllt dIIt-orplIiliill1 I11i 1111 1111 ill

1111 Illlal Ill 1111 1 (Id -PIIjp- 1- 1Illllui III lIIp-1 rllllj Oil thl I]III- Tlwl In- it dllIIIl1rd 1Ilid III pt ramiddot -1I1It Ijo II I Ihl gnlllmiddotd-ll-o-II-llld 1l1lllaI11II111 1lllIltlil t hI dtflIId-u wl-ro n I iOlllllyshynllld pl()t- til til proIlt llll1shy

11 HIL I) IlJ I j I_ 1 lto-IUPJ 1 1IJ I tIL 1 1 tcuI) Il---f ~ (~ lip dlq q- i I Ijlqhljtfd lillmiddotOrmiddot lIlt (UP 1111Iift- (11 HI 1(1 11 IlfltlIh

bull 31

T-IBLE IS-Basal density of the less cle~1rable grass species ~nd grasslike weeds ilL June 1953 as affected by 1vcecl control treat-ments I and grazwgmanagcment prac~ tices2 Lincoln Nebr

11115111 d~nSitr ofshy

lr~ltnwnt AmuHlI hrollltS ~Illrcetlwlt

B c B shy_-_-

Perullt Purent PurrlIt Pcr~elll PerceIIl lJerUH( Peruu( Percent 01 ) - 4 b 10 nl U nl n1

Ilt1od rnl1~ bullbullbullbullbull _ i 4 A 10 I I Check bull

i i bullbull J

U l[owld Jul) 2~ tfi 111 J I ~ 2

2-t 1J JUll(a bull _ ~ 1~ 1 r i O l 13 (I i

4 I S 2~4- J) ~hllr 2 i 31 lUI H 9 Ii 2 n

0-AeOlW ror ItlfUm~(nWllt i 2n 2U I 0

Wl1(unlf(lJ of tlu InI1lllI mcnn k 1(1 j J

Totnl ~Is~ltk~ (((1 IIId n~d IrlS5tS

(he~k 111 n J 0 1 1 II n J u 51 ~rONI JUJl(l U ll L~ shy] f) 5 12

iLuwl(Jluly 2 j 1 ~ )- - III 1-1 -of

24-11JuI1l 2 I 1 42 23 25 tn V 23 lti middotIl JUlrbullbull a I Ib

N11f~ (qr uttUlufWUlpnt I 1 J 2 as a1 2a al =--~-=---~-----

8ttlllhrd error or thl trrutllllllt I I I I~ 18 18 1GUlNUL

__----gt _______H ___ _ _ bull shy~__ _---gt- ~ -------~--~~ -----~ ~-- I rt~ui lIIenls uppUd III 111011 lnd flllIlUlIlv t1wrlIrt~r ViJ[[t(ntb nUlll~[lIhnt PI1INiC($ ocwis I hitll ttl weed control pn1etklts lxlilldd weI liS foilHIS

A=(lnlzd liS lISUlI) ful th[ [rlll[rs PlIstllt B=(I1I1[lIft dlfelreu unt[( June 15 tOtltionnlly gru7ed unm 8liJ)tNnber 1 to 15 Hnd C=complttf- proltlo (tt()1l fnull ~rtl1in~

IlnUIlI hrolll($ Wte prlUolllillllllt Iy 1)111) ch(~s with II $PIIrSlt stlllid of downy bromebull J ~JI[gt swndflrd (lTorS of till UlPUlIS for ~lUU)U~(middotUJllllt nrc Jlury htss=On thr~tlnO3rS]~nd~rc~middotI)CnlS=

01 nnd total of 3 (tty sl~(IlSla ~ Gnlsllke ~d~ WIn Jln~lollillnlltly til~n(lr rnltrnS with s[lnrs~ stand or oth~r 5(dges nnd rush~s

Grasses in Plowed and Reseeded Plots

imootlt Bromegrass

111( lwsnl d(llsity or tlH ~Lns(s foulld in tht s((middotdld plots i showll in Inbl( Hl Tlw ~Ilal(sl hnsltl dpllsily of blOllHiuss was in lilt pIOshytprlpd tlr(as and Ih( knsl ill thol-ll Hlpas ~]nz(d flS usual PlI(]J(shyhss i Jll()(l(ln (ply good SlillHI oJ blom(~rns- W(LS mili nlailwd len on tlip gllzpd-UHIunl plot BIOI1lPglUSS tollLlllpd tWPlgrnzing witb 1(S5 j nj u 1 1I UI Ili II tlllJlwd in tt whentgluSl-l Ho((I 1(11 t lIeky bJu(gtass WiLsb(~ilnilll to tIHIOtlCi1 illto tilt ptIIZ(d-HHIBtwl bronwshyglns plots iInd WII- almost (qunl to bloml~luss in tHIS)1 d(ll1sit- Otb(I dlsirnbll ~Ins( primtllily saud dIOPSNd lmd iLlso il(Ieus(I(l in lhl blomeglilss

The Lotn bnsnl dlnsit)- fOL W(lmiddotel glHs~ws ill UlC gntz(ltI-as-lIs11iLI plots of broU1(gnlss was itinlost lq 1Ii11 to till rombitlNL btlsnl citllsit) of blOlllPgliLSS iwd l~(lltll(kr blulgrass but ((e ~mssts wen I1luelt less io the ddltIl(d-alld-lo[nLionllUy-glnz(~d plots Only n sllltlH Illlount (x1sLed ill lite plo[edtd IU(IL or the w(led glllsses lHliry chess WI1S leil1liydv minor ((n in lllt gLuzet-ns-usual plots Howshy(YCI nUmiddot(~eil1l had j Uild(ld tlwse plot s genltmU T It mlS nlso 1he most important WllII gmss ill [h olhll 10 grllzing ml1llngltlllent

32 bullbull

T-IBLE IS-Basal density of the less cle~1rable grass species ~nd grasslike weeds ilL June 1953 as affected by 1vcecl control treat-ments I and grazwgmanagcment prac~ tices2 Lincoln Nebr

11115111 d~nSitr ofshy

lr~ltnwnt AmuHlI hrollltS ~Illrcetlwlt

B c B shy_-_-

Perullt Purent PurrlIt Pcr~elll PerceIIl lJerUH( Peruu( Percent 01 ) - 4 b 10 nl U nl n1

Ilt1od rnl1~ bullbullbullbullbull _ i 4 A 10 I I Check bull

i i bullbull J

U l[owld Jul) 2~ tfi 111 J I ~ 2

2-t 1J JUll(a bull _ ~ 1~ 1 r i O l 13 (I i

4 I S 2~4- J) ~hllr 2 i 31 lUI H 9 Ii 2 n

0-AeOlW ror ItlfUm~(nWllt i 2n 2U I 0

Wl1(unlf(lJ of tlu InI1lllI mcnn k 1(1 j J

Totnl ~Is~ltk~ (((1 IIId n~d IrlS5tS

(he~k 111 n J 0 1 1 II n J u 51 ~rONI JUJl(l U ll L~ shy] f) 5 12

iLuwl(Jluly 2 j 1 ~ )- - III 1-1 -of

24-11JuI1l 2 I 1 42 23 25 tn V 23 lti middotIl JUlrbullbull a I Ib

N11f~ (qr uttUlufWUlpnt I 1 J 2 as a1 2a al =--~-=---~-----

8ttlllhrd error or thl trrutllllllt I I I I~ 18 18 1GUlNUL

__----gt _______H ___ _ _ bull shy~__ _---gt- ~ -------~--~~ -----~ ~-- I rt~ui lIIenls uppUd III 111011 lnd flllIlUlIlv t1wrlIrt~r ViJ[[t(ntb nUlll~[lIhnt PI1INiC($ ocwis I hitll ttl weed control pn1etklts lxlilldd weI liS foilHIS

A=(lnlzd liS lISUlI) ful th[ [rlll[rs PlIstllt B=(I1I1[lIft dlfelreu unt[( June 15 tOtltionnlly gru7ed unm 8liJ)tNnber 1 to 15 Hnd C=complttf- proltlo (tt()1l fnull ~rtl1in~

IlnUIlI hrolll($ Wte prlUolllillllllt Iy 1)111) ch(~s with II $PIIrSlt stlllid of downy bromebull J ~JI[gt swndflrd (lTorS of till UlPUlIS for ~lUU)U~(middotUJllllt nrc Jlury htss=On thr~tlnO3rS]~nd~rc~middotI)CnlS=

01 nnd total of 3 (tty sl~(IlSla ~ Gnlsllke ~d~ WIn Jln~lollillnlltly til~n(lr rnltrnS with s[lnrs~ stand or oth~r 5(dges nnd rush~s

Grasses in Plowed and Reseeded Plots

imootlt Bromegrass

111( lwsnl d(llsity or tlH ~Lns(s foulld in tht s((middotdld plots i showll in Inbl( Hl Tlw ~Ilal(sl hnsltl dpllsily of blOllHiuss was in lilt pIOshytprlpd tlr(as and Ih( knsl ill thol-ll Hlpas ~]nz(d flS usual PlI(]J(shyhss i Jll()(l(ln (ply good SlillHI oJ blom(~rns- W(LS mili nlailwd len on tlip gllzpd-UHIunl plot BIOI1lPglUSS tollLlllpd tWPlgrnzing witb 1(S5 j nj u 1 1I UI Ili II tlllJlwd in tt whentgluSl-l Ho((I 1(11 t lIeky bJu(gtass WiLsb(~ilnilll to tIHIOtlCi1 illto tilt ptIIZ(d-HHIBtwl bronwshyglns plots iInd WII- almost (qunl to bloml~luss in tHIS)1 d(ll1sit- Otb(I dlsirnbll ~Ins( primtllily saud dIOPSNd lmd iLlso il(Ieus(I(l in lhl blomeglilss

The Lotn bnsnl dlnsit)- fOL W(lmiddotel glHs~ws ill UlC gntz(ltI-as-lIs11iLI plots of broU1(gnlss was itinlost lq 1Ii11 to till rombitlNL btlsnl citllsit) of blOlllPgliLSS iwd l~(lltll(kr blulgrass but ((e ~mssts wen I1luelt less io the ddltIl(d-alld-lo[nLionllUy-glnz(~d plots Only n sllltlH Illlount (x1sLed ill lite plo[edtd IU(IL or the w(led glllsses lHliry chess WI1S leil1liydv minor ((n in lllt gLuzet-ns-usual plots Howshy(YCI nUmiddot(~eil1l had j Uild(ld tlwse plot s genltmU T It mlS nlso 1he most important WllII gmss ill [h olhll 10 grllzing ml1llngltlllent

32 bullbull

~ocTj ~-c ~

d-i-i ~ ti

bull middotC-CI~-I_c

~1~ __

-~e-t-~ ~ 0-

~ d- -~ ~

~

~el-e --I ~dti 0

-1- 0 ~11r~

=gt -I -

t_

~ C J

~ j

c

t==r j dl 0

=~ Jshy

=i ci

33

practices for bromegrass Other weed grasses found were the foxtails bllrnrard grass and crabgruss They folloed the same general uends as threeawn

IntermeJiate Wlteatllass

The abov-e discussion of grusses in the hrompgrass plots as related bull to grazing managem(l1t applips iu geneTul to intrlmcdiate wheatgrass (table 19) THere nrc two importnnt exC(ptioJ1s The stunct of intermecliate whenlgrass uncl(( th( grnz(d-ns-usunl managrDlrut Wt1S llluc-h poorer than waS broJ)egmss Also the irwnsioll of Kentucky bluegrass wus 11101( (xtmiddotpl)siYe in the ddeJTed-nnd-rot ntiollnJly-graztd plots of in (Jllltdin Ie w]ualgmss Se(ondly nssO(iatpd with the POO1CJ stands of inlrlJlwdinle hentgrnss nstht gllilLPr illennse of threenwn ill thp grazed-as-usunl plots Ollwrwis( the IrPlldgt (rt ypry similnr to lhosl of tllt blOIIHgnuis plots

I t should 1)( poin tpd ou t tJUlt til ddelT(d-n nd-Jolat ionn Ily-grazld plots in LItis ltx(HriJlwnl (1( milIHlgN to fuYor the WlrJll-SPflSOIl glnssls nnci thus th( bpst utilizll tioll oj cooI-sPilson gnlssls WitS not pos~blp By tll( lime liytstoek wpn turtHd intI) till plots 1um 15 broJllPgrllss wns in full lItad nlHl illllrJllldintl w]utllgmss WtlS in tltl hoot stngl O(IlPlulh- t1l( wurm-s(us(1t grilS(S W 10 to J(j inc]l(s lnlL Hillcl Jins[o(ktpl1dld to (Oll((n(ntt( OIl tlH w((dI s((d(d plots llt$tri([p(L periods oJ grnzing (Je np((ssul [0 j)n(nt oprshygruzlllg in Ih( unas ((J(ITpoundd 1lId rot nt iOllii U~ gltlztd Hplc gmzing wus (uljustrd to lnk( Ilhout two-thirds of tIll Jorng( from tIu ilmshyseason gnlss plots (iig 8 I Thisis nlit Ue gpller utilization thnn is SOUl(liJll(S lC(Ol1l111tIHL(d for (onsprntlin gnlzing pmetiel 80 fill these plots huxl tojpltlhd such gntzing PJtlc(iCP withoul nppncinbh1

deLeriolH tion

WarmmiddotSeason Mixture

The fOUl gmss(s s((dld in the wann-season mixturt inclucllcl big blutstltl11 and switehgms$ two of the Itlll-guss typ( silnt Jongmss n mid-gmss ill1cL bl Ul gramt a sholl-gmss t[)( Tlws Spt(ips jpspol1cled difl(J(1I t~uly to tlIp gmzi Ilg Jlln~H1g(lllmiddotlnts prudi(((~ und the trpnds Wlr (1tlllllt P III though In SOIllt ll1stu 1 ((S not SUI tJstl(~tll y signiiiennt (titbit HI)middot -

Big blu(sl(1u hild n stnnd of 22 1)(1((1It bnsnl (jpnsit in the spring of 1951 bdoll al1 grazing hod oc(urnd nud it hm b((n mnintninNI at thaL PPlClltngl ill the gmzed-us-usun) plols dpspitt U)( S((1( oYergrnzing J-Jocw lllp gr(nlpst btlsnJ dllIsity lS fouud in lhe protpctld nll~us w]Wlt it hild in(J(tllwd to 44 P(j(l11 t

The stMds of s~it(hg1nss had dtdilltcl slightly b 1953 Thl blst stand whidl itS 53 prJClul wus mninluilHd ill tllt defplTlc1-ilndshyrOlullonnlly-gmzed plots Agni 11 n surprisinglmiddot good slnnd 41 1)(1shycpnt WilS mitintninld uuclll lllP gmzcd-ns-uswtl mnnng(uH~nt In the protected illPUS it density of 34 ]Jere(nt WitS found The diJf(JshyPlWPS in stnncl pre Jl0t slnlisti(nlly signifiennt

Bllnd loyegrnss had n 04 1)(1Cel1( sLnnd in 1951 hOCWJ it hnd 1l1mo~L clislli()IWUIed b 1953 from lllt protpcted IUP15 in which only 02 ptleenfibnsnl dlusit Je1l1ninpcL ~ltJso it lwd d(1(linec to 12 peJshyCPl1t in thlgmzecl-ns-usunl plots buthnd Illnintnillpd ldtlthplr good SLt1Jlds 42 pPJCPI1l in the dCfprrpd-t1 nd-Join tioHilUy-gmzpcl nren In the lalter arens some se(d YUS produ(pd (1I(h ylitl nnd Inter in lhp StitSOll groLlJld conr was J(clu(cd by tltp grnzillg This uudoubtedly bull 34

practices for bromegrass Other weed grasses found were the foxtails bllrnrard grass and crabgruss They folloed the same general uends as threeawn

IntermeJiate Wlteatllass

The abov-e discussion of grusses in the hrompgrass plots as related bull to grazing managem(l1t applips iu geneTul to intrlmcdiate wheatgrass (table 19) THere nrc two importnnt exC(ptioJ1s The stunct of intermecliate whenlgrass uncl(( th( grnz(d-ns-usunl managrDlrut Wt1S llluc-h poorer than waS broJ)egmss Also the irwnsioll of Kentucky bluegrass wus 11101( (xtmiddotpl)siYe in the ddeJTed-nnd-rot ntiollnJly-graztd plots of in (Jllltdin Ie w]ualgmss Se(ondly nssO(iatpd with the POO1CJ stands of inlrlJlwdinle hentgrnss nstht gllilLPr illennse of threenwn ill thp grazed-as-usunl plots Ollwrwis( the IrPlldgt (rt ypry similnr to lhosl of tllt blOIIHgnuis plots

I t should 1)( poin tpd ou t tJUlt til ddelT(d-n nd-Jolat ionn Ily-grazld plots in LItis ltx(HriJlwnl (1( milIHlgN to fuYor the WlrJll-SPflSOIl glnssls nnci thus th( bpst utilizll tioll oj cooI-sPilson gnlssls WitS not pos~blp By tll( lime liytstoek wpn turtHd intI) till plots 1um 15 broJllPgrllss wns in full lItad nlHl illllrJllldintl w]utllgmss WtlS in tltl hoot stngl O(IlPlulh- t1l( wurm-s(us(1t grilS(S W 10 to J(j inc]l(s lnlL Hillcl Jins[o(ktpl1dld to (Oll((n(ntt( OIl tlH w((dI s((d(d plots llt$tri([p(L periods oJ grnzing (Je np((ssul [0 j)n(nt oprshygruzlllg in Ih( unas ((J(ITpoundd 1lId rot nt iOllii U~ gltlztd Hplc gmzing wus (uljustrd to lnk( Ilhout two-thirds of tIll Jorng( from tIu ilmshyseason gnlss plots (iig 8 I Thisis nlit Ue gpller utilization thnn is SOUl(liJll(S lC(Ol1l111tIHL(d for (onsprntlin gnlzing pmetiel 80 fill these plots huxl tojpltlhd such gntzing PJtlc(iCP withoul nppncinbh1

deLeriolH tion

WarmmiddotSeason Mixture

The fOUl gmss(s s((dld in the wann-season mixturt inclucllcl big blutstltl11 and switehgms$ two of the Itlll-guss typ( silnt Jongmss n mid-gmss ill1cL bl Ul gramt a sholl-gmss t[)( Tlws Spt(ips jpspol1cled difl(J(1I t~uly to tlIp gmzi Ilg Jlln~H1g(lllmiddotlnts prudi(((~ und the trpnds Wlr (1tlllllt P III though In SOIllt ll1stu 1 ((S not SUI tJstl(~tll y signiiiennt (titbit HI)middot -

Big blu(sl(1u hild n stnnd of 22 1)(1((1It bnsnl (jpnsit in the spring of 1951 bdoll al1 grazing hod oc(urnd nud it hm b((n mnintninNI at thaL PPlClltngl ill the gmzed-us-usun) plols dpspitt U)( S((1( oYergrnzing J-Jocw lllp gr(nlpst btlsnJ dllIsity lS fouud in lhe protpctld nll~us w]Wlt it hild in(J(tllwd to 44 P(j(l11 t

The stMds of s~it(hg1nss had dtdilltcl slightly b 1953 Thl blst stand whidl itS 53 prJClul wus mninluilHd ill tllt defplTlc1-ilndshyrOlullonnlly-gmzed plots Agni 11 n surprisinglmiddot good slnnd 41 1)(1shycpnt WilS mitintninld uuclll lllP gmzcd-ns-uswtl mnnng(uH~nt In the protected illPUS it density of 34 ]Jere(nt WitS found The diJf(JshyPlWPS in stnncl pre Jl0t slnlisti(nlly signifiennt

Bllnd loyegrnss had n 04 1)(1Cel1( sLnnd in 1951 hOCWJ it hnd 1l1mo~L clislli()IWUIed b 1953 from lllt protpcted IUP15 in which only 02 ptleenfibnsnl dlusit Je1l1ninpcL ~ltJso it lwd d(1(linec to 12 peJshyCPl1t in thlgmzecl-ns-usunl plots buthnd Illnintnillpd ldtlthplr good SLt1Jlds 42 pPJCPI1l in the dCfprrpd-t1 nd-Join tioHilUy-gmzpcl nren In the lalter arens some se(d YUS produ(pd (1I(h ylitl nnd Inter in lhp StitSOll groLlJld conr was J(clu(cd by tltp grnzillg This uudoubtedly bull 34

nllow(d Ill slrdJingf to h( (slnblisJI((1 (n(1l (111 ~lIdl s((dlillgs W(J( IIot(d ill Ih( SlIIT(S 1)]l1d(middot ill JUIH Also II fp dumps of slllld JO(glUlS Itll Yl 1gt((0111( sl nbl isll(diJl lh( adjll ((11 t iJrOl](glllSS plols

Blu(gt gltlJUU dHlost mnillinill(d its basal dellsity jn till gllliwd-Ilsshy

bull lIsunl plolgt from J951 to J05)22 P(J(PIlI to 21 J(J(Il j(spe(tj(J lllclpl Iht ollllJ JJHllHlgPJllCJII pltwti((s il dldiJHd with only 03 1)(1_ ((Ill J(IHlliuil1g ill Ihe J)Iolpettt IlIPU UIHJ J ~ 1)(((111 ill 11t( ddpJJpdshyIlIHI-rotlltiolwlly-glnwd 1l1(H Thl tldkl grnss(s IH1l 1Il1glilz(d OJ JigJlll gnlzld ulmost (liJl1illul~d this short gllSS

] 11 [JH WUIIl1-SpllSOIl glitSS 111lXt( Ihl totnl bnlnl dlllSlly 01 w((d gnlSS(S lS sOIlHtnl j(middotss ill tltl plots gnlzpd tIS usutl I hUll fol brollHshygllSS OJ inlplIllCdililp 1l(lgItISS 11(11 gnlzld 1- usunl (tllbl( H)) III thl dlfllJ(d-llld-JOluliollldly-glllzpd plots tllP oppositp was tnll with lIlosl (pd gIHSS(S o((UIIillg ill 1h( IIIIlHHIS0l1 glSS mixllllP hpl( th( plols (11 PlO((c[ld thy (1( nil Hboul (qud

Of Iltl ((d grass t(JIt IlIli] (1llSS llllldp UPl ](111 i (Iy millol PUlt ill 1Il( gnlzld-ns-usLllI plots or t hl 1l1Jm-SlaS)1l Jllixf un b((UllHC

lI11dpJ (Io~p glllZill~ hiliI (hlsS (lydll((d lilll( S((ltI III tirl d(f(IIIltIshyHlld-lo(lltlollHlly-gllPc plOls IIIII (ir(ss PIOdll(pd tll1 nbundlll(( of sped 1llld imJ(tlsld flolll ()4 IWJ((111 msnl (jpnsity ill H)I)I to gt4 IWl(lllt in 1l5L Till gllZillgllIlp ill till S(ISOIl lpcllI((d till Ipgltutin (OCI und thl hiliI dlps sC(dlillgs 11(1( llbl( to bp(OIlH (sllllJlisir(cl ill Ih( full Ilnil cJl(SS did 1101 ill(IPI1Sl to tIl( saUll (llllt III the plots tllnt W(II Plolt(I(d 11(1( hail (Il(s IIld tllc SlIlJ( OppOlt IIllily 101 wld jlloductioll but liD foliag( was ((1ll0(c by gllZillg

ThlPClII1I ill(IP1Spd ill Ihp gllpd-ts-uslIul Illld I hp ckfplI(ld-nlldshylOIUliolwlly-gnl(lI plo(sof til( lIIIl-S(ISOIl mixtulC but by In5 hnd disHPPtIU(c ill I h( PJot((tId plots HOp(I I hI irwJ(ns( of t hlell11 ill lhl gn1zlciplots of 1llm-SIlOIl gnlSSlR wus Ilot so gl(ul Its ill Ihl (ool-s(lls01l glISS plOls Th( 01 Ill lIJl-SltIlS011 Ipc gllSIS mlt( lip prillllllily of foxtails blIllHd gniSS and (Iubgllss folIo IlPllels silllilnl to tIl( 11llII

Forage as Affected by Treatments Forage Consumed

III lilP pJ(((dillg s((lioIlS Ih( lf1((ls of 1I(ntlll(lIts UpOIl ((d (0111 Ill I Inri tl1l (hang(s ill pgltltin (OfllpositiOIl oJ till gIHSSCO 110 lplaUd to tllHtlllCllts IltlP (111 SIIOIIl ~Il ltqunll iIllIH)Jtllll 1ll1Sshy

111( oJ lf1t(liwll(so oJ I((d (OJlllol nllt gltlzill IlllIlJlY(Jlllllt tll1tshyJ))(lIts is 1I1(il dl((t IIpon t11( fOIIg( plodu((d bot Illl~ nllullll IIllcl ill quulitybull In (iiul( 14 lll sho11 tll( ((I((ls oJ I( (olltlOl (I(nl shy1ll(llls lIpOIl tIl( IlIl1mlllls oJ fOlHg (ntlll by (1([1(1

11 I((d (011(101 UpnlJll(lIts iW(HpcI tl]( fllllOllllt of (gClnlioll (OlSlIIllPcI (tubll 20) With ((d (olltlol IlIlfJillalnbh ((ltls (1( glpltl ndu((c1 illld th( dlllsit of dpsilllhlf gltlSS(S 110 ill(Iftls(c1 Jlwkillg sllfh tll(IIS mol( Illtllli( to tll( glHzillg (lIll

(OJ]lllUllplioll or (g(tnlioll iIlCI(us(d most 101 th( dCsillbl( Jollgl SI)((i(s Oil plols plo(d Hlld slt(d(d to tl1( tldllpfld gl1SS(S ((lIbl( 20) pplp(iublC IIHI(11S( ill (OIlSUlllpUOIl of (pd gIUSs( 1115 nlso llsso(illtpcl jth ill(I(IlS(S ill IJIOltd-I(II(ltI ((d (0111101

Ill( (OIlSlIfllptioll oJ blOlld-lpu(d I((ds lllild (ollsid(lllbh Tht 1(IISt l1l1011lItS I(I~( COIlSllll11d ill plots of 1111(( I I(nt III (II I JlltCIshy

bull IlwdilIp 1tltHIglISS IIJlltgIlSS Illld o1JIIl(c1 with 4 J) ill July(lnblp 20)

3S

TREATMENTS

CHECK bull Desirable forage

MOWEDJune ~ Weed grasses

~ Broad-leaved bullJuly middotmiddot middot weeds

24-D June bull

Julymiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot

INTERMEDIATE WHEATGRASS

BROMEGRASS

WARM-SEASON GRASS MIXTURE _ L 1

1000 2000 3000 DRY MATTER PER ACRE (pounds)

FII(]o 11 Efr(1 of W(middotpi l(JlII(I)1 IrallllllIl~ IIpOIl upra)l j1U1llllb of dry mulll plr U(l aiIll by (1111( l1ft ~

()JJsidlltlhly mor( Ioltl)( wt- (ukpl1 froJ]] til gnlzpd-IgtHI-llnl plot- tlwil from tlH ccmiddotf(middotIJpd-lllld-Iollliollnlly-gnlZmiddott plot- (1)((illll ill thp iiIS fi( t)(tl(jJllnlS (tllbll 20) rlli- dilltI(1I1inl us Iil](h hp Jpstilt of th(middot J(dILc((1 tlJl10tlll( of tiJlI( tlilt (h( dpfpITPd-lintishyrotutiollnlly-grnztd Ul~tli WIIt lXj)()s(lti(o grazing HpJ gruzillg - nol 1)(Jmittld ulltillull Igt lilt (hJ ollly 1or Iimilld timps (0 I1l(nnl OPIwuzing of tIll sd(middotd plot- fhp high (o]1-umptioll Oil till -llptild

plots in tl]( ddIITltl-III1t-ro(lliollulh-ruz(middotd IIPU- ill spill or thp ~hort gnlzillg tilll( IIUS iargph bp(ul- slocmiddotk 1llld(d to (O)I((n(ltl((

on lli s((laquo(pd plots (OIlSlJllptiol of Jorllgl Oil til( plot JHlvillg W(pel (ontlol nsill(I(n-pd 10 2ii2 jJPI(PI( of til ([wek ill Ill gnlz(dshya--usuI1 plots lnd up to n~ jH[((lIt of diP (hp(k ill tIl( dprlIT(d-lllldshy10 tUtiOllll IIY-Tll zpci Ill (l [

The gruZld-tlHlSlLtI I mil lIug(llH1I1 of his st lIdy is ItI irIy typicnl of i Ii( (ollliIlUOlS grttzilJ~ nUlllllgJlUllt p1t(ti(Id 1gt lllllll) JurJIlPI_ lIlt(I [Ili-grnzing lIulIIIglm(lll Jorag( H(11l t25 tnd 11 Ptl((IIt Jnor( ill plots mow(d ill )UI1( uml )uly nsJ)(cti(Y tlwll ill [J(

un(nllt(d plot- COlltrol of ((ds by spraying was mOJ( atnnlshytngpous jll(]Ptls(S oJ fi~ tlllt ii2 JHImiddot((1l1 of forag-( (( lntpn j(lj)((shy

[i nI 011 plots Sl)llnd ill J tllll UIld JIIly ItS (OJlljHlrec wi t h tll( 11 ninll [(ltl plots Forug( (( (n on t hl splnnd pIo s ts n jlr((11 t grlttttJ thon Oll Jlwpd plots

The gr(tl [tst ill(rpus(s in fonlgl (OJlS1UlHU ](slt(lt1 Jrolll plots plowpd 1((((1lt0lt1 llld gi(ll iUppPJIHllll 24---1) trpulnllllls (tlth Y(i1r for lld (olltlOl (lnbll 20) Yhl1l gruzillg 18 lot rpsl ricted forilge (H [Pj)middotus 2)~ n I ilnd 224 ])(l((1l t of t lit Ull trlntttl plots )pspldiy(]r for plots oJ hroHtgn$s illtelJlwdiul( wlJ(nlgrilss umi ltrJll-s(uRon grnssps 11)( Il1gl1 (olJsulllpliou IiguHs on tJese plots bull

36

bull bull TAIII 20 bOlflOt (OIlWIIIIri 8-11111 (I(I(J amollniN (~r tirabh III~~ IHIItbullbull 11lnl IIIIX WtilS lIlrdiolb~ IIlId lolallll(lcloil)l tllt~1I l~

nIIfeld by 1(ld Illllrlll mdluul (1I1d JzhO 111 IIlO(I( IIcllllllmiI(W illllllo XJr 7lJi I fi~

1)1~ nll1l II Ill 11 (n((l1 fill plols 1

Ill~bahlf ~la~s gt-P(middotItmiddot~ WNt -wx I-p(tf(~T ImIJ1WlIl Wlt1 rOll Io[nl Y(g(ltltlOIi

Illrm1 I Ihmiddotrlll(j I1)rllINI flll-tl jllld loH~ 1)0[1( I Y(r~ig( CirrHtl 1I)(1 min 11Ujt l 1111I1tlt1 1I111OInmiddot ()UI~(I tlJflUmiddotd tlnl rolli- AvrrnrQ H H~t1al 11lIallr n~ nSlwl 1I0l1allr aSllMlfll til)nnlly i fiR oSlInl Iionalll Jrlll IIWr ~n11fd 1ll1l7e I

I(wlitl lanml ImiddotjallorIf lMllidf(hllok bull illl a1~ Ioltmt 1 Jollllds Pouwlt Ijolnll~ JoullI1 lalltlll raquo011111 Pclll11t1middotII~I 1~11 2H7lowrtl bull 11111( 770 j~1i

al~ 131 au 110 121 02middot1 1121~lIll d Inl) lilla

fir aali 201 i )-1 Jlti 415 1liIlIlmiddotmiddot 1 HiP 11 middot105hilli IliH 1lU24middot I) JUl1l~ w 71 1-11 fi~ 2ili 1Inlill k5- 711 U2-tt 2-111 j middotjl I 1Il0 1 12~middot2middot1 Il )ulgt H~middot Illigt illt H~I ](1 2 H~ 12(1 17tHjmiddotIU itl nHi~lnl~nllllIat h[atjr~ ~2 I~ HlI l ()II1101-middot 1 U~IJ t IO~ I 1 (OS11111- 1 710 PUIl-imiddot llrongrn~ 1111H lll al iWnh

1~i7H 1 ~- 2~nwmiddot 2t Stmiddotmiddottil f) 1 t1~ til ltIuamiddotmiddot lUi HI I))r~lrJllSNlS0n JUlll~ - 1 jHimiddotmiddot 07tH 1 UHO 2 201middotmiddot ~ 77amiddot1bullbull (II 1111 hili lJt J7I 2[(l ~U2middotmiddot lH2middot t 2 057middot wrmw 10[ II1l11WIWlIllUt bull 1057 ~1Iii 111111 ~ts middot1~li IH IH 1111 2[12 t2fll 1 [~1I 1vaO

Blalltlmlllror nC till tl(lIm~nl lJWlI1 lj~ Il~ Ha 132 112 111 Il~ 112 va U5 65 ~a1 ]ltlrnIH~r(llll dltck =l~ntO(mlf nt tIjjllj(ll1 111 illllltl1Ilt Ih HIlwnt 101

PInts Irsedo1Il1 prill of J~5U ~IIIIII1IWnlllll) IIlll) t I nil lmiddoti 1~ amI I 111111 ue 2I11(I 1(1 11 rcllI(middot((I) 111 lW(I HIl 0)111 19i2 pxpt 11l()lnf( r~~ Stl hSllillltdIt) pro lug nil wnIIlHWa~()H gl~(j(~ In HJfitH

Co)

were 11 little surpnsmg in light of the continuous and StYele OVe1shygrnzing that had oeclIlrcd eneh of the ~ )eal8 of grazing

Totnl forage cOllsumed was scpnraL(d illto three (ompollelll purts Desirtthle grasses weed grasses a1ld weed forbs C01lsUJnptioll of desirable grasses wns Bot significantly different among the averages of mowed plots alld the check (table 20) Plots sprayed with 24-D bull gllye significant increnses in consumptiolJ aud thr seeded plots gav( highly significant increases TIl( three SPelled-grass treatments (Y(11

under the senre overgmzillg of tIlt gmz(d-as-usual pra(tiee ur(rnged a consumption of d(silllble gnLss(s two to UIIt( tiJlHs that of the check plot Bplw((n the grazillg managPllHnt treatmPllls th( (onslimptioJl of desimbl( sj)((i(s did not difi(J gnlltly

The amount of fomge fUlIlish(d b till w((middotd grassps in this pastu]f wus Sllrprising (tnblp 20) Thpl( was 81 j)tJ(pnt ns tnueh wp((1 glnssrs as d(sirtLble gmss(s Pil(en in UH plots giV(ll gruzpd-ils-usunl JUlUlag(Il1(nt In U( first fiy( tr(atlll(nis IllI)S of (lIP wpcd grnss(s eonsumed W(]( hllir hess (itd- ill th( spring and hSSN itmOlln(s of young threel1wll later ill the Slnsoll III the s((d(d plots laIg( quuntilits of Jhlprawn foxluils and hnlllynrd grass w(n PU((II Sin(e erfLbgrass mitk up n Iduti vpl slllull purt of thr population of wppd grasses jl did 1l0( cOllllihut( gnittly ill fomg( (0 IIslIJ1l((1 itlthough it wns J(Hlily (Iattll wJell j)nstllt Jhnpawn jlih normally (011shysid(rld ullpnlutnbk WitS pulpit ill largp (juHntitips 011 thp s((I(Iltd plots wh(J(~ it was continuousl gmzd to lllights of to 2 in(hps

A slIlullpr qUtlntity of the w((d grassIs wns (U(PII in lhe dpfpl](dshyand-rotitlionally-glnz(d plots purtly I)((ws( of the shorl time of pXPOSUlp to gmzing hut principally b((aus( hp w(pel grussps WPI

allowed to grow Iwyolld tlHir pullLtnblP stag(ls of growth lwfollt gmzing was stalud ill tiJ( late sprillg (tabl 20) fllll of thes( wted gmss sptci(s if nllow(d 1middot0 glow h(vond till eurl vlgettltiv( stng(s wer( not ](Iish(d by linstock

The w((d forbs nmdr up n smnH )WIC(llltugp of th( totnl fomge (ollsUJll((I (nH lhough nppn(inbk amoull(s W(ltl (at(n (ttlblc 20) Jhcdifl(lPI1((s 1gtptn(11 tnnllllPlIts and 11]( rh((kin the nmoullt of w((d forbs eOllsulllfd wel( not sigllifi(Hllt Del nilId dntn us to which s)w(i(s of the lpd fOlbs wPle (ntpll nl( not avaiJabl( hut S0111( obSprYHtiolls pn mnd( 110Ilw((d nnd InJs(l bOlwsd wele neypr glHzpd ill ti)(S( pnslul(s usuall- Che milkwe(ds W(Ir avoidrd but the~ w(]p grnzed ill 1951 BOitly (Iuin wus usunll 11Voided but O((IISioIlUJly smull portiolls of pliLllts W(I( (litten (ollsidtInhlt qualllities of rngw(((1 w(rp glIIZtd though noL j(ndily (i1llll Dnlldeshyliolls wh(]( J)](s(ll1l Wfll jJlllatnbh nlId r(ndily ea((11

Aftermath The nfL(lmnth 011 plots nl lIJ( (lid of n glllzing StnSOIl was imporlnnL

0111 illsofal as it nfl((j((1 111( vigor and production of plnllts ill -ltlUI

that foHo(d ftplmatl dnta llso glLn~ indi(ntioll of tll( d(g](( of ulilizMion (tnbk 21) All ppd (011 (]ol (nntnHnt plots regardless of grnzing mnnltgPJlltlIl pradie(d gaT( Iow(r totnlalllounts of nf((I-Illath thnn WitS pnsPllt 011 tllP ched plots In tilt check plots n tug( portion of Ow ufLermnth WllS (omposed of hroad-INIpd w(edl Till lenst amounts of nJtrlll1nth wer found in tllP sttdpd plots gruzed as usunl fhp mowNI plots also had (ollsidembly 10wPI itmounts of ufLplmnth ns (ompnlpd to w((( (0111101 tl(nLnlPllts with 24-D nnd Lh(~ ph(l(k bull 38

bull bull TAIII 20 bOlflOt (OIlWIIIIri 8-11111 (I(I(J amollniN (~r tirabh III~~ IHIItbullbull 11lnl IIIIX WtilS lIlrdiolb~ IIlId lolallll(lcloil)l tllt~1I l~

nIIfeld by 1(ld Illllrlll mdluul (1I1d JzhO 111 IIlO(I( IIcllllllmiI(W illllllo XJr 7lJi I fi~

1)1~ nll1l II Ill 11 (n((l1 fill plols 1

Ill~bahlf ~la~s gt-P(middotItmiddot~ WNt -wx I-p(tf(~T ImIJ1WlIl Wlt1 rOll Io[nl Y(g(ltltlOIi

Illrm1 I Ihmiddotrlll(j I1)rllINI flll-tl jllld loH~ 1)0[1( I Y(r~ig( CirrHtl 1I)(1 min 11Ujt l 1111I1tlt1 1I111OInmiddot ()UI~(I tlJflUmiddotd tlnl rolli- AvrrnrQ H H~t1al 11lIallr n~ nSlwl 1I0l1allr aSllMlfll til)nnlly i fiR oSlInl Iionalll Jrlll IIWr ~n11fd 1ll1l7e I

I(wlitl lanml ImiddotjallorIf lMllidf(hllok bull illl a1~ Ioltmt 1 Jollllds Pouwlt Ijolnll~ JoullI1 lalltlll raquo011111 Pclll11t1middotII~I 1~11 2H7lowrtl bull 11111( 770 j~1i

al~ 131 au 110 121 02middot1 1121~lIll d Inl) lilla

fir aali 201 i )-1 Jlti 415 1liIlIlmiddotmiddot 1 HiP 11 middot105hilli IliH 1lU24middot I) JUl1l~ w 71 1-11 fi~ 2ili 1Inlill k5- 711 U2-tt 2-111 j middotjl I 1Il0 1 12~middot2middot1 Il )ulgt H~middot Illigt illt H~I ](1 2 H~ 12(1 17tHjmiddotIU itl nHi~lnl~nllllIat h[atjr~ ~2 I~ HlI l ()II1101-middot 1 U~IJ t IO~ I 1 (OS11111- 1 710 PUIl-imiddot llrongrn~ 1111H lll al iWnh

1~i7H 1 ~- 2~nwmiddot 2t Stmiddotmiddottil f) 1 t1~ til ltIuamiddotmiddot lUi HI I))r~lrJllSNlS0n JUlll~ - 1 jHimiddotmiddot 07tH 1 UHO 2 201middotmiddot ~ 77amiddot1bullbull (II 1111 hili lJt J7I 2[(l ~U2middotmiddot lH2middot t 2 057middot wrmw 10[ II1l11WIWlIllUt bull 1057 ~1Iii 111111 ~ts middot1~li IH IH 1111 2[12 t2fll 1 [~1I 1vaO

Blalltlmlllror nC till tl(lIm~nl lJWlI1 lj~ Il~ Ha 132 112 111 Il~ 112 va U5 65 ~a1 ]ltlrnIH~r(llll dltck =l~ntO(mlf nt tIjjllj(ll1 111 illllltl1Ilt Ih HIlwnt 101

PInts Irsedo1Il1 prill of J~5U ~IIIIII1IWnlllll) IIlll) t I nil lmiddoti 1~ amI I 111111 ue 2I11(I 1(1 11 rcllI(middot((I) 111 lW(I HIl 0)111 19i2 pxpt 11l()lnf( r~~ Stl hSllillltdIt) pro lug nil wnIIlHWa~()H gl~(j(~ In HJfitH

Co)

were 11 little surpnsmg in light of the continuous and StYele OVe1shygrnzing that had oeclIlrcd eneh of the ~ )eal8 of grazing

Totnl forage cOllsumed was scpnraL(d illto three (ompollelll purts Desirtthle grasses weed grasses a1ld weed forbs C01lsUJnptioll of desirable grasses wns Bot significantly different among the averages of mowed plots alld the check (table 20) Plots sprayed with 24-D bull gllye significant increnses in consumptiolJ aud thr seeded plots gav( highly significant increases TIl( three SPelled-grass treatments (Y(11

under the senre overgmzillg of tIlt gmz(d-as-usual pra(tiee ur(rnged a consumption of d(silllble gnLss(s two to UIIt( tiJlHs that of the check plot Bplw((n the grazillg managPllHnt treatmPllls th( (onslimptioJl of desimbl( sj)((i(s did not difi(J gnlltly

The amount of fomge fUlIlish(d b till w((middotd grassps in this pastu]f wus Sllrprising (tnblp 20) Thpl( was 81 j)tJ(pnt ns tnueh wp((1 glnssrs as d(sirtLble gmss(s Pil(en in UH plots giV(ll gruzpd-ils-usunl JUlUlag(Il1(nt In U( first fiy( tr(atlll(nis IllI)S of (lIP wpcd grnss(s eonsumed W(]( hllir hess (itd- ill th( spring and hSSN itmOlln(s of young threel1wll later ill the Slnsoll III the s((d(d plots laIg( quuntilits of Jhlprawn foxluils and hnlllynrd grass w(n PU((II Sin(e erfLbgrass mitk up n Iduti vpl slllull purt of thr population of wppd grasses jl did 1l0( cOllllihut( gnittly ill fomg( (0 IIslIJ1l((1 itlthough it wns J(Hlily (Iattll wJell j)nstllt Jhnpawn jlih normally (011shysid(rld ullpnlutnbk WitS pulpit ill largp (juHntitips 011 thp s((I(Iltd plots wh(J(~ it was continuousl gmzd to lllights of to 2 in(hps

A slIlullpr qUtlntity of the w((d grassIs wns (U(PII in lhe dpfpl](dshyand-rotitlionally-glnz(d plots purtly I)((ws( of the shorl time of pXPOSUlp to gmzing hut principally b((aus( hp w(pel grussps WPI

allowed to grow Iwyolld tlHir pullLtnblP stag(ls of growth lwfollt gmzing was stalud ill tiJ( late sprillg (tabl 20) fllll of thes( wted gmss sptci(s if nllow(d 1middot0 glow h(vond till eurl vlgettltiv( stng(s wer( not ](Iish(d by linstock

The w((d forbs nmdr up n smnH )WIC(llltugp of th( totnl fomge (ollsUJll((I (nH lhough nppn(inbk amoull(s W(ltl (at(n (ttlblc 20) Jhcdifl(lPI1((s 1gtptn(11 tnnllllPlIts and 11]( rh((kin the nmoullt of w((d forbs eOllsulllfd wel( not sigllifi(Hllt Del nilId dntn us to which s)w(i(s of the lpd fOlbs wPle (ntpll nl( not avaiJabl( hut S0111( obSprYHtiolls pn mnd( 110Ilw((d nnd InJs(l bOlwsd wele neypr glHzpd ill ti)(S( pnslul(s usuall- Che milkwe(ds W(Ir avoidrd but the~ w(]p grnzed ill 1951 BOitly (Iuin wus usunll 11Voided but O((IISioIlUJly smull portiolls of pliLllts W(I( (litten (ollsidtInhlt qualllities of rngw(((1 w(rp glIIZtd though noL j(ndily (i1llll Dnlldeshyliolls wh(]( J)](s(ll1l Wfll jJlllatnbh nlId r(ndily ea((11

Aftermath The nfL(lmnth 011 plots nl lIJ( (lid of n glllzing StnSOIl was imporlnnL

0111 illsofal as it nfl((j((1 111( vigor and production of plnllts ill -ltlUI

that foHo(d ftplmatl dnta llso glLn~ indi(ntioll of tll( d(g](( of ulilizMion (tnbk 21) All ppd (011 (]ol (nntnHnt plots regardless of grnzing mnnltgPJlltlIl pradie(d gaT( Iow(r totnlalllounts of nf((I-Illath thnn WitS pnsPllt 011 tllP ched plots In tilt check plots n tug( portion of Ow ufLermnth WllS (omposed of hroad-INIpd w(edl Till lenst amounts of nJtrlll1nth wer found in tllP sttdpd plots gruzed as usunl fhp mowNI plots also had (ollsidembly 10wPI itmounts of ufLplmnth ns (ompnlpd to w((( (0111101 tl(nLnlPllts with 24-D nnd Lh(~ ph(l(k bull 38

were 11 little surpnsmg in light of the continuous and StYele OVe1shygrnzing that had oeclIlrcd eneh of the ~ )eal8 of grazing

Totnl forage cOllsumed was scpnraL(d illto three (ompollelll purts Desirtthle grasses weed grasses a1ld weed forbs C01lsUJnptioll of desirable grasses wns Bot significantly different among the averages of mowed plots alld the check (table 20) Plots sprayed with 24-D bull gllye significant increnses in consumptiolJ aud thr seeded plots gav( highly significant increases TIl( three SPelled-grass treatments (Y(11

under the senre overgmzillg of tIlt gmz(d-as-usual pra(tiee ur(rnged a consumption of d(silllble gnLss(s two to UIIt( tiJlHs that of the check plot Bplw((n the grazillg managPllHnt treatmPllls th( (onslimptioJl of desimbl( sj)((i(s did not difi(J gnlltly

The amount of fomge fUlIlish(d b till w((middotd grassps in this pastu]f wus Sllrprising (tnblp 20) Thpl( was 81 j)tJ(pnt ns tnueh wp((1 glnssrs as d(sirtLble gmss(s Pil(en in UH plots giV(ll gruzpd-ils-usunl JUlUlag(Il1(nt In U( first fiy( tr(atlll(nis IllI)S of (lIP wpcd grnss(s eonsumed W(]( hllir hess (itd- ill th( spring and hSSN itmOlln(s of young threel1wll later ill the Slnsoll III the s((d(d plots laIg( quuntilits of Jhlprawn foxluils and hnlllynrd grass w(n PU((II Sin(e erfLbgrass mitk up n Iduti vpl slllull purt of thr population of wppd grasses jl did 1l0( cOllllihut( gnittly ill fomg( (0 IIslIJ1l((1 itlthough it wns J(Hlily (Iattll wJell j)nstllt Jhnpawn jlih normally (011shysid(rld ullpnlutnbk WitS pulpit ill largp (juHntitips 011 thp s((I(Iltd plots wh(J(~ it was continuousl gmzd to lllights of to 2 in(hps

A slIlullpr qUtlntity of the w((d grassIs wns (U(PII in lhe dpfpl](dshyand-rotitlionally-glnz(d plots purtly I)((ws( of the shorl time of pXPOSUlp to gmzing hut principally b((aus( hp w(pel grussps WPI

allowed to grow Iwyolld tlHir pullLtnblP stag(ls of growth lwfollt gmzing was stalud ill tiJ( late sprillg (tabl 20) fllll of thes( wted gmss sptci(s if nllow(d 1middot0 glow h(vond till eurl vlgettltiv( stng(s wer( not ](Iish(d by linstock

The w((d forbs nmdr up n smnH )WIC(llltugp of th( totnl fomge (ollsUJll((I (nH lhough nppn(inbk amoull(s W(ltl (at(n (ttlblc 20) Jhcdifl(lPI1((s 1gtptn(11 tnnllllPlIts and 11]( rh((kin the nmoullt of w((d forbs eOllsulllfd wel( not sigllifi(Hllt Del nilId dntn us to which s)w(i(s of the lpd fOlbs wPle (ntpll nl( not avaiJabl( hut S0111( obSprYHtiolls pn mnd( 110Ilw((d nnd InJs(l bOlwsd wele neypr glHzpd ill ti)(S( pnslul(s usuall- Che milkwe(ds W(Ir avoidrd but the~ w(]p grnzed ill 1951 BOitly (Iuin wus usunll 11Voided but O((IISioIlUJly smull portiolls of pliLllts W(I( (litten (ollsidtInhlt qualllities of rngw(((1 w(rp glIIZtd though noL j(ndily (i1llll Dnlldeshyliolls wh(]( J)](s(ll1l Wfll jJlllatnbh nlId r(ndily ea((11

Aftermath The nfL(lmnth 011 plots nl lIJ( (lid of n glllzing StnSOIl was imporlnnL

0111 illsofal as it nfl((j((1 111( vigor and production of plnllts ill -ltlUI

that foHo(d ftplmatl dnta llso glLn~ indi(ntioll of tll( d(g](( of ulilizMion (tnbk 21) All ppd (011 (]ol (nntnHnt plots regardless of grnzing mnnltgPJlltlIl pradie(d gaT( Iow(r totnlalllounts of nf((I-Illath thnn WitS pnsPllt 011 tllP ched plots In tilt check plots n tug( portion of Ow ufLermnth WllS (omposed of hroad-INIpd w(edl Till lenst amounts of nJtrlll1nth wer found in tllP sttdpd plots gruzed as usunl fhp mowNI plots also had (ollsidembly 10wPI itmounts of ufLplmnth ns (ompnlpd to w((( (0111101 tl(nLnlPllts with 24-D nnd Lh(~ ph(l(k bull 38

bullbull I

lATl1E 21~~AJernl(lth -yeal (lvel(L(fP ([mollnl~ 0 rlcsiloJ( (ra~~ 87)(cies 1Ned (fIOSS spIcies wl(llolbs and loial vcelaUon jemailina at the lIui of the (Ilazill season (Is afFercd by weed (onllol and Ilr(lzilly manayelllent Ji1lldicfS Liuroin Nen 1951-53

-~ - ~-----

Dry matlt PCI aclt afllnai h on plots - -----~-~-~------------------------

J)~sinll)ll gn~s sp(ri~s ~prmiddotd grflSs SI)Pci~s WCld rorhS 1otal (gelation lI(lflmpnt

--T-~~-I---i----r~~-I-------- I ])(rlI------1 DCrITCd I (lral(( i tlnd IOla- A(111(( Ornll lind rota- I ([111(1 I (lrIl7NI and rOla- Arag I Oralel lIud rokl- A cragG

n~ usual I tolltlily ns USIlII tlonal) I as nsunl tionally as usual tiolltII~ grn7((1 f i razed lralld I gl1lld

--- --J---- __I bull-- ~- ~- - -- - _____J ---- -_-- -----t--middot--~i----1-----1----

POIIUS Pnutld1 POll11ds 1017([ POIl1IdY I POlllds POl1([J I Pnrl1[s t POlllds 1 pOllndS PmJnrbr (h~ckoo _ 4un OSI j 740 lIo middot01 i 170r 2273 10UO 2520 30oR 3089 rlordhB1t~_~_ 2U H27t 4flJ 217 aw n50middot oS 84Ull15() l l 475middotmiddot lHS )10middotpdJuly~__ 40n 75 )01 16H middottln ~lSu 5014 r 511middotmiddot 1000 1699 It S93 24-DJll1W _ 1048 1120 l2aSt- 505 t177 3~middot1middotmiddot 225 I 404-- r 2137 2331 22~42-DJII~middot _ - H02 i 1294 10gt8 55H GnU 17middot 027 Ol l8Hfgt I 2rW 222~ )rtterm(l~InttWl1lutgrnss 2~_ 15 t I 2U t (Hi 7-ia 7i~ HW- l~u) 200 i 840 bullmiddot 2 t 329H 1580 RIOllwgrnss___ _ 107 I J HI r2S 105 111 HI IOl 82 1 311 lIH5 98)~nnll-S(lfl~OIl gra5itlS~ 1 142 1_ _ 1072 i n07 ll~ f)() 1]+ __ J~~_~_ ~ _~ ~l __~~~~~-~~~_ 9a5

A n~lngr for mnnngrnwllt t 1iO l 1 niO i if) 347 [K)(i 58n 1middot1f) i 1277 I 2 lOG 1721

Stnnlt1nld 101 o[ lh( tr~nln nt 111(111 IC-~~t ~~l~~T-~~~-- 173 173 171 ==~2-=I~-m= =-179 I 12G= t ~_J-_-________~__ _~~I

t Dif)(nnet from chl~ck =signlflcmt I- th( i~Iwl(ent l((il ~=$ignificntt nl tilt 1-IWI(lnt 1lt(1 2 Plots rlstlltild in splinp of 1050 ~lJpph~JJllntllly sprlypl with h ~ allel1 pound of 214-1) lstrl Pfll )(gtr( rCspN-ttnly ill I0iO Hi51 nnd lOi2 (tX(gt(gtPI thlt mowing- was sull-o

stitnted fol ~prnying on WmnH(lUSOTl gTll-~N in Hlifl)

14

The amount of aftQrmath of desirable glasses was more important than total aftermath and considerably different trends were evident (table 21) When the two grazing management treatments were averaged together the plots given 24-D treatments had the gleutest amounts of desirable gntSS8S left as aftermtth and the ]l)wed pJots the least amounts When the management treatments wen considered bull separately the least amounts of desirable species aftermath were I

found in the seeded plots grazed ns usual In these less than 8 percent of the total production of desirable grasses (see table 22) was left in the plots us aftermath (table 21) In the same seecled treatments given deferred and lotatiomtl grazing there was 34 to 53 percent of the total production of the desirable grasses left as aftermath The greatest relative amolUlts of aftellnaLh of the desirable grasses were in the plots sprayed with 24-D

Data for aftermiddotmnlh of weeel grasses am of little vtlue other Lhltll to indicnte the nmonnt of muleh t11n( (Ilesl gmsses contributed nt the end of the Seitson (tnble 21) The amounls of nflollnath of wlcd grasses on the various woed control treatments did not difJermiddot greaLiy from the check although the plots sprnyed with 24-D and the illlermediLte whentgmss plots tended to have slightly mow weed grasses remaining tluLIl did the othcr treatments

As WitS expected thf cheek plots whieh had the grentest population of weed forbs hfLd the grentest ItmOUIl t of wecd forbs left as aftelmatil (tnble 21) By eompltlillg tllC nvemge totnl vegetation nftennath in tltble 21 with the uverngc o weed (orbs aflClntltth it will be seen thnt 64 pmmiddotcent of the loLnl aftennnth of thl dHek wns contributed by the weed forbs Irollweed false bOtHset and rugwcNI made up the glolttshyest share Thc plots luwing wecd eont101 lleatmen ls had grcatly reduced n1lJounts of w(cd forb nHermnth but t1wy did not difTpr greatly fWl1l cHch OUHImiddot The mowed plots show up mlatively beLter with the other weed contlOl trel1trnenls in this comprumiddotison (han Lhey did when compared by stand (ounts prinUtfily lweaus( thl lllowing removed nil o the top growlh eadiel ill Liw S(tSOl The HJtermntll thus was lUitcll up only of rlgrowlh of weleI forbs after the liml o mowi1lg Also plots given 24-D treatments had the w(((ls still standing aLthough some of titc len (S had 1gt((11 ciroppcd l)(ot( U]( end of the seasoll Grazing manngnmlll[ did HO[ grt11Ltly inflwne( the amount of w(led forb aftemmLh

Production of Vegetation as Affected by Treatment

Tota prcduclion oj cgelatioll 11S dltclmined by adding the llumshybel of pounds of forage (Ollsluned during the sen SOH to tilt pounds of iLflelllmth romltining n( the end of the gmziug senson III figure 15 nrc showll tlt( efreeLs of w(td (onLLol lrenJmonts UPOll total produetioll of dry mllttcr lWI a(TC

In overaU produetioll of dry mnttcr POI iLeIt the mowed lr-entlll(UlS resulted in reduced total prod uetion This Ipduetion is pirLii111y tht result of the snmpling methods uSld in LluLt Inowpd material was not recovered BeeHuse thesc datIL do not give nn nefmiddotumte inclieation of totnl produetion of tlt0mowed plots Lhe discussion will be limited to the otbel six treaLl1lents In totnl produdion the check gave slightly greater yields ItS an iLvemge of the 3-yeitl period tlutn did the five plots on which weed control had been accomplished However tbe average of the last five treatments was 93 percent that of the

40

TREATMENTS

CHECK

MOWED June

Julymiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddot

24-~une ~bullbullIE~bullbullI]illmD~~~

Julymiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddot

INTERMEDIA TE WHEATGRASS

BROMEGRASSmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot

WARM-SEASON GRASS MIXTURE

6000 DRY MAHER PER ACRE (pounds)

1iIGURE l5-Effect o[ weed control treatments upon the total procltwtion of dry ll1(1tter per acre dab are nverages of 1951 1952 and 1953

check (Lable 22) The illereilsecl production of grasses almost eompel1shysated for the loss ill production of the brond-]eavecl w((ds althoug11 this increase varied with the sensons

1able 23 shows the clifferentinl in toUtl produetioll of vegltatioll as afreeted by Hie 1951 1952 and 1953 scnsons Ill] 951 the nvernge yield of the last 5 trentments was IH percent of thnt of tht cheek A very wet season ocelllIed in 1951 Also in HU1L yeal Ute sl~eded grnsses were olllT 1 yenr old nnd therc mny havt been adcltd nitrates bccoming available in these plots in H151 through increased ui trificiLshytiOll of organic mnLeritLl us n result of the Oetober 1949 plowing as preparation Jo speding these plots hI 1952 whieh was more nearly 11l) nverage year clirnntieaLly the las 5 (matrnenls gilYe 91 pentut of the cheek in toll1l egetation produced while in 1953 the lilst 5 treatshyments gnve 73 ](t(Pltt of tllP ebp(k ill total produdion The growing season ill 1953 was extremely dlY Bused on tbesp datil it would nppenl tlwt ill wet SCHsons plots hlYing good wped control gave equnl to or grenter toud yields of dry mntlel thnll plots having wpeds In venTS of modeilte llillJiLll w((d control resulted ill n slight ltdudioll of toLal dry mnmiddott(r produ(tcl Hnd in tillWS of senre drought lil( grnsses WNt not ahle to compensate for th(middot w(ds eLiminilted

AlLhough ((1(1 con tloL t rentmenls 0111 sligh tIy depltssed tlit totu yields of dry mnttet as (ompflled to the ehtCk til( (ompollPnis of that total yieLd WCIt rndienUv di(fNont (fig 15) Til tlll ct(ek over 50 pmcell t of llw to lit prod uetion WilS lllllcle up of bJond-lcilyed weeds while ill treated plots tbe J)(gtI(e11 lnge WHf mudl SI11111I(middot With brouclshylel1vecl weed eon trol the prod uelion of desimble grHsses witS grenlly increased The weed grnsscs also tended to increase in production of dry matter to compensate partially for tbe decrease of tbe broadshyleaved weeds

41

+ + II

j~~~~~~~~ F- Cl

=tshy

-~ i

~R~~~~~fl3 ~

~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ 9-- ----- -

~

lt g E 2 ~

c ~ E

~ lt - ~

~ -lt v

=

TABLE 23-All ve(Jelation Total prod1lcl1on each llear as affected by weed control trcamellls liIcoln NfJr 1961-53

DQ nl((r pltr acn nil plots I r()r~middot

i ~~~

1)51 Itl52 1Il5- Alrngl ----

JUtllltis Potl1l(L~ i PIfltnriy POllml1C1llck_ _ a (jal 52111 a7IXI 1214rowedbull IUIll [70middot 3IH f 1148 2 7~1middotmiddoti1 (lw(ld t July 2Il7W IS-14 1 2~ lmmiddot i 2IiH24-U JUJI(i_ aHO olI ~ fi5amiddot I IJS2kD July 102 4870 o7u 1 R~Illtlrl11(diutmiddot middotlllmiddottt~Jtl$~ 2 ~1 774lt 481U 2S07- 4IIltHr(JnWJU11s~ 4812 middot1111 2141 1 t 7t~~arlll-SN1SOIl gniSSIS J 4(21) 4 lO5 2 UtJ I8I

A (fugtmiddot f(w ytarsshy 11 1gt12 022 J n11 (1IUg(1 of lusl r trNltlIlI111~ 42middot10 middotI~12 2 7(~J 3017

Sfnudurtllrur or 1nUluuout nll~un~ a29 lIS ti5 1115

1 l nlilg() of JrnZ(ldmiddotl1s-u~ual nnd dtfrtd-Hlld-rotnled lIIullng(~lIwllt J)rnt iCliS DHftirt)I1(t frolll ch~ck io=SiJJlifieHnt ttl li)(l 1HltJ(fIlt Itlv(II signith~nlli III tht I-J)ll(tilll tll)

1 Plots ftStfdlltf in ~rlnf of 10il SUI)I)itHlfulnlly SllI11yd wltll 11 1 nod 1 poulHI of24- D lsttr IH~IlCrt rpiPNth(1rf in JWlO JU5I und HI) ((X((lpl thn mohlj wns $Uhstillltud for sllIny In WtUIII-$lUSOIl gru$$(sIn ru5l))

Yirlds of LoLu (glttllt ion w(n also oblnilHd fol th~ to grnzillg Ilwnngtll1(llt prn(tic(s (tnblp 22) As indi(ntNI the tolal ploduetioll of Y(gptatiOIl WIlS Ilot gn~ittly ilfJ((tld by IJllUlIlg(Illnt pll1eti(P TIl( plots dlftITPd itnd Iotat iOllitlly glaz(d itPPNuld to gi ( only sligh O)r lIighN lotnl yi(lds thau thospound of lhe grazed liS usual

fhpI( the litnd is pltlliitlly d(lllldld olhI s()((i(s of plants tend to t nkl till plll(t of til( vlg(lnJion 1(1110((1 If IWI(llIliul gIl1SSlS iU(

1((lu(pd by onlgIHzing ILlulual spp(i(s of glilSS(S Ilud blond-IelLYNL Nls almost imlUNlillllly (II(Ion(h 011 the 1jJ(l In th(sp pxptliOlPnls t llt loud prod ud ion ns lIot fT~IItIT 11(1((l(d by w(pd (Ot tlOl tlli1tshyments 01 by gltzing mtLnngfIll(nt EnlI tilt s(NI(d plots Illthough tilcr (1( kept nLmost bl1 1( of Cgllnt ion ill tIl( gmZ(d-11S-UsuI11 InnlIshy

ng(lllHnl PIOdU(NI nPldy Hi mu(h us thp cpf(II((I-l1ud-IOlllJiolluLIyshyglllzpd plots 01 the (h((k plots (ll1bll22) TIl( (h((k plots illdudpd 1I11gp Illld yigolous 1HINlIlial plds This indi(lll((1 thnt t Ill pot (nshytinl of fplliljty nlld 1ll0islUlP would find (xpnssion ill plllllt growth or Oil SOlt 01 nnotlJ(I lIud if til( und(sill1bh plants (1(

li((ltinly J(llJoHmiddotd by wped (onllol thNI til( JI10l( dlsimbl( spe(ips would b( (xpPllNI to iIHI(IlS( plOportionnl(IIT Thisis palt [1111shyshowu in the Uplugt plndu(tioll undl1 d(silllblf gluss Sl)((ips in labk 22

Vith thl (X((ption of thp lllO(d plols n1I plots ginIJ ((d (0111101 t 1(11 nllllts il1(I(ns((1 in tlH plod lwt ion of d(silllhlc glllsscs such inshy(Iells~ i1l plociu(tiol1 Inng(d from 152 1)PI(Pllt of ttl( (hp(k in thp intplshyIll(dinl( wlwlltglnss to 207 P(I(ClIt of the diN ill the nIIll-SN1SOU glHssmixt lIlC (nltl(I th( dpfplINI-lllld-Iotnt ionnllr_glllz(d 1I11l1l1lgPshy1lll1I I tI( ill(I(llspd prod lI(lion of dcsilltble glnss Illllgpd from J4() IWI(Pllt of til( eiH(k ill plots giv(1l 24-D 1lliLtllllllt ill July 10 241 IWllpnt for I h( Wium-splIson gntSS mixt u 1( I Il g(IllIIlI tIH plOd ueshylion of d(sililbll gmss(s U glCut(j UlldlI d~f(ITecl-Hlld-IotnliollnUyshygntlltC1 mnn nglJl) PII l tllall lIud( t11( gllzNI-lts-uslInl 1l1nllngNllPIJ l Also lht produdioll of dlsillhl( grnssts WIlS sliglltly high(l in tlU (11(( hpl( (OlJSPII1ti (11 gmlNI lImll WIl (Ol ti Iluously gmzld (lItbl 22) Thr ploduction of d(silllbl( gntss(s iLl tht illtlJlwdinte Whll1tglilss plot IlS red lI(Pel b~T tillt gmzed-ns-lIslIlll 1llIlllilgtmCJl t

43

TREATMENTS

CHECK

MOWED June

Julymiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddot

24-~une ~bullbullIE~bullbullI]illmD~~~

Julymiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddot

INTERMEDIA TE WHEATGRASS

BROMEGRASSmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot

WARM-SEASON GRASS MIXTURE

6000 DRY MAHER PER ACRE (pounds)

1iIGURE l5-Effect o[ weed control treatments upon the total procltwtion of dry ll1(1tter per acre dab are nverages of 1951 1952 and 1953

check (Lable 22) The illereilsecl production of grasses almost eompel1shysated for the loss ill production of the brond-]eavecl w((ds althoug11 this increase varied with the sensons

1able 23 shows the clifferentinl in toUtl produetioll of vegltatioll as afreeted by Hie 1951 1952 and 1953 scnsons Ill] 951 the nvernge yield of the last 5 trentments was IH percent of thnt of tht cheek A very wet season ocelllIed in 1951 Also in HU1L yeal Ute sl~eded grnsses were olllT 1 yenr old nnd therc mny havt been adcltd nitrates bccoming available in these plots in H151 through increased ui trificiLshytiOll of organic mnLeritLl us n result of the Oetober 1949 plowing as preparation Jo speding these plots hI 1952 whieh was more nearly 11l) nverage year clirnntieaLly the las 5 (matrnenls gilYe 91 pentut of the cheek in toll1l egetation produced while in 1953 the lilst 5 treatshyments gnve 73 ](t(Pltt of tllP ebp(k ill total produdion The growing season ill 1953 was extremely dlY Bused on tbesp datil it would nppenl tlwt ill wet SCHsons plots hlYing good wped control gave equnl to or grenter toud yields of dry mntlel thnll plots having wpeds In venTS of modeilte llillJiLll w((d control resulted ill n slight ltdudioll of toLal dry mnmiddott(r produ(tcl Hnd in tillWS of senre drought lil( grnsses WNt not ahle to compensate for th(middot w(ds eLiminilted

AlLhough ((1(1 con tloL t rentmenls 0111 sligh tIy depltssed tlit totu yields of dry mnttet as (ompflled to the ehtCk til( (ompollPnis of that total yieLd WCIt rndienUv di(fNont (fig 15) Til tlll ct(ek over 50 pmcell t of llw to lit prod uetion WilS lllllcle up of bJond-lcilyed weeds while ill treated plots tbe J)(gtI(e11 lnge WHf mudl SI11111I(middot With brouclshylel1vecl weed eon trol the prod uelion of desimble grHsses witS grenlly increased The weed grnsscs also tended to increase in production of dry matter to compensate partially for tbe decrease of tbe broadshyleaved weeds

41

+ + II

j~~~~~~~~ F- Cl

=tshy

-~ i

~R~~~~~fl3 ~

~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ 9-- ----- -

~

lt g E 2 ~

c ~ E

~ lt - ~

~ -lt v

=

TABLE 23-All ve(Jelation Total prod1lcl1on each llear as affected by weed control trcamellls liIcoln NfJr 1961-53

DQ nl((r pltr acn nil plots I r()r~middot

i ~~~

1)51 Itl52 1Il5- Alrngl ----

JUtllltis Potl1l(L~ i PIfltnriy POllml1C1llck_ _ a (jal 52111 a7IXI 1214rowedbull IUIll [70middot 3IH f 1148 2 7~1middotmiddoti1 (lw(ld t July 2Il7W IS-14 1 2~ lmmiddot i 2IiH24-U JUJI(i_ aHO olI ~ fi5amiddot I IJS2kD July 102 4870 o7u 1 R~Illtlrl11(diutmiddot middotlllmiddottt~Jtl$~ 2 ~1 774lt 481U 2S07- 4IIltHr(JnWJU11s~ 4812 middot1111 2141 1 t 7t~~arlll-SN1SOIl gniSSIS J 4(21) 4 lO5 2 UtJ I8I

A (fugtmiddot f(w ytarsshy 11 1gt12 022 J n11 (1IUg(1 of lusl r trNltlIlI111~ 42middot10 middotI~12 2 7(~J 3017

Sfnudurtllrur or 1nUluuout nll~un~ a29 lIS ti5 1115

1 l nlilg() of JrnZ(ldmiddotl1s-u~ual nnd dtfrtd-Hlld-rotnled lIIullng(~lIwllt J)rnt iCliS DHftirt)I1(t frolll ch~ck io=SiJJlifieHnt ttl li)(l 1HltJ(fIlt Itlv(II signith~nlli III tht I-J)ll(tilll tll)

1 Plots ftStfdlltf in ~rlnf of 10il SUI)I)itHlfulnlly SllI11yd wltll 11 1 nod 1 poulHI of24- D lsttr IH~IlCrt rpiPNth(1rf in JWlO JU5I und HI) ((X((lpl thn mohlj wns $Uhstillltud for sllIny In WtUIII-$lUSOIl gru$$(sIn ru5l))

Yirlds of LoLu (glttllt ion w(n also oblnilHd fol th~ to grnzillg Ilwnngtll1(llt prn(tic(s (tnblp 22) As indi(ntNI the tolal ploduetioll of Y(gptatiOIl WIlS Ilot gn~ittly ilfJ((tld by IJllUlIlg(Illnt pll1eti(P TIl( plots dlftITPd itnd Iotat iOllitlly glaz(d itPPNuld to gi ( only sligh O)r lIighN lotnl yi(lds thau thospound of lhe grazed liS usual

fhpI( the litnd is pltlliitlly d(lllldld olhI s()((i(s of plants tend to t nkl till plll(t of til( vlg(lnJion 1(1110((1 If IWI(llIliul gIl1SSlS iU(

1((lu(pd by onlgIHzing ILlulual spp(i(s of glilSS(S Ilud blond-IelLYNL Nls almost imlUNlillllly (II(Ion(h 011 the 1jJ(l In th(sp pxptliOlPnls t llt loud prod ud ion ns lIot fT~IItIT 11(1((l(d by w(pd (Ot tlOl tlli1tshyments 01 by gltzing mtLnngfIll(nt EnlI tilt s(NI(d plots Illthough tilcr (1( kept nLmost bl1 1( of Cgllnt ion ill tIl( gmZ(d-11S-UsuI11 InnlIshy

ng(lllHnl PIOdU(NI nPldy Hi mu(h us thp cpf(II((I-l1ud-IOlllJiolluLIyshyglllzpd plots 01 the (h((k plots (ll1bll22) TIl( (h((k plots illdudpd 1I11gp Illld yigolous 1HINlIlial plds This indi(lll((1 thnt t Ill pot (nshytinl of fplliljty nlld 1ll0islUlP would find (xpnssion ill plllllt growth or Oil SOlt 01 nnotlJ(I lIud if til( und(sill1bh plants (1(

li((ltinly J(llJoHmiddotd by wped (onllol thNI til( JI10l( dlsimbl( spe(ips would b( (xpPllNI to iIHI(IlS( plOportionnl(IIT Thisis palt [1111shyshowu in the Uplugt plndu(tioll undl1 d(silllblf gluss Sl)((ips in labk 22

Vith thl (X((ption of thp lllO(d plols n1I plots ginIJ ((d (0111101 t 1(11 nllllts il1(I(ns((1 in tlH plod lwt ion of d(silllhlc glllsscs such inshy(Iells~ i1l plociu(tiol1 Inng(d from 152 1)PI(Pllt of ttl( (hp(k in thp intplshyIll(dinl( wlwlltglnss to 207 P(I(ClIt of the diN ill the nIIll-SN1SOU glHssmixt lIlC (nltl(I th( dpfplINI-lllld-Iotnt ionnllr_glllz(d 1I11l1l1lgPshy1lll1I I tI( ill(I(llspd prod lI(lion of dcsilltble glnss Illllgpd from J4() IWI(Pllt of til( eiH(k ill plots giv(1l 24-D 1lliLtllllllt ill July 10 241 IWllpnt for I h( Wium-splIson gntSS mixt u 1( I Il g(IllIIlI tIH plOd ueshylion of d(sililbll gmss(s U glCut(j UlldlI d~f(ITecl-Hlld-IotnliollnUyshygntlltC1 mnn nglJl) PII l tllall lIud( t11( gllzNI-lts-uslInl 1l1nllngNllPIJ l Also lht produdioll of dlsillhl( grnssts WIlS sliglltly high(l in tlU (11(( hpl( (OlJSPII1ti (11 gmlNI lImll WIl (Ol ti Iluously gmzld (lItbl 22) Thr ploduction of d(silllbl( gntss(s iLl tht illtlJlwdinte Whll1tglilss plot IlS red lI(Pel b~T tillt gmzed-ns-lIslIlll 1llIlllilgtmCJl t

43

+ + II

j~~~~~~~~ F- Cl

=tshy

-~ i

~R~~~~~fl3 ~

~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ 9-- ----- -

~

lt g E 2 ~

c ~ E

~ lt - ~

~ -lt v

=

TABLE 23-All ve(Jelation Total prod1lcl1on each llear as affected by weed control trcamellls liIcoln NfJr 1961-53

DQ nl((r pltr acn nil plots I r()r~middot

i ~~~

1)51 Itl52 1Il5- Alrngl ----

JUtllltis Potl1l(L~ i PIfltnriy POllml1C1llck_ _ a (jal 52111 a7IXI 1214rowedbull IUIll [70middot 3IH f 1148 2 7~1middotmiddoti1 (lw(ld t July 2Il7W IS-14 1 2~ lmmiddot i 2IiH24-U JUJI(i_ aHO olI ~ fi5amiddot I IJS2kD July 102 4870 o7u 1 R~Illtlrl11(diutmiddot middotlllmiddottt~Jtl$~ 2 ~1 774lt 481U 2S07- 4IIltHr(JnWJU11s~ 4812 middot1111 2141 1 t 7t~~arlll-SN1SOIl gniSSIS J 4(21) 4 lO5 2 UtJ I8I

A (fugtmiddot f(w ytarsshy 11 1gt12 022 J n11 (1IUg(1 of lusl r trNltlIlI111~ 42middot10 middotI~12 2 7(~J 3017

Sfnudurtllrur or 1nUluuout nll~un~ a29 lIS ti5 1115

1 l nlilg() of JrnZ(ldmiddotl1s-u~ual nnd dtfrtd-Hlld-rotnled lIIullng(~lIwllt J)rnt iCliS DHftirt)I1(t frolll ch~ck io=SiJJlifieHnt ttl li)(l 1HltJ(fIlt Itlv(II signith~nlli III tht I-J)ll(tilll tll)

1 Plots ftStfdlltf in ~rlnf of 10il SUI)I)itHlfulnlly SllI11yd wltll 11 1 nod 1 poulHI of24- D lsttr IH~IlCrt rpiPNth(1rf in JWlO JU5I und HI) ((X((lpl thn mohlj wns $Uhstillltud for sllIny In WtUIII-$lUSOIl gru$$(sIn ru5l))

Yirlds of LoLu (glttllt ion w(n also oblnilHd fol th~ to grnzillg Ilwnngtll1(llt prn(tic(s (tnblp 22) As indi(ntNI the tolal ploduetioll of Y(gptatiOIl WIlS Ilot gn~ittly ilfJ((tld by IJllUlIlg(Illnt pll1eti(P TIl( plots dlftITPd itnd Iotat iOllitlly glaz(d itPPNuld to gi ( only sligh O)r lIighN lotnl yi(lds thau thospound of lhe grazed liS usual

fhpI( the litnd is pltlliitlly d(lllldld olhI s()((i(s of plants tend to t nkl till plll(t of til( vlg(lnJion 1(1110((1 If IWI(llIliul gIl1SSlS iU(

1((lu(pd by onlgIHzing ILlulual spp(i(s of glilSS(S Ilud blond-IelLYNL Nls almost imlUNlillllly (II(Ion(h 011 the 1jJ(l In th(sp pxptliOlPnls t llt loud prod ud ion ns lIot fT~IItIT 11(1((l(d by w(pd (Ot tlOl tlli1tshyments 01 by gltzing mtLnngfIll(nt EnlI tilt s(NI(d plots Illthough tilcr (1( kept nLmost bl1 1( of Cgllnt ion ill tIl( gmZ(d-11S-UsuI11 InnlIshy

ng(lllHnl PIOdU(NI nPldy Hi mu(h us thp cpf(II((I-l1ud-IOlllJiolluLIyshyglllzpd plots 01 the (h((k plots (ll1bll22) TIl( (h((k plots illdudpd 1I11gp Illld yigolous 1HINlIlial plds This indi(lll((1 thnt t Ill pot (nshytinl of fplliljty nlld 1ll0islUlP would find (xpnssion ill plllllt growth or Oil SOlt 01 nnotlJ(I lIud if til( und(sill1bh plants (1(

li((ltinly J(llJoHmiddotd by wped (onllol thNI til( JI10l( dlsimbl( spe(ips would b( (xpPllNI to iIHI(IlS( plOportionnl(IIT Thisis palt [1111shyshowu in the Uplugt plndu(tioll undl1 d(silllblf gluss Sl)((ips in labk 22

Vith thl (X((ption of thp lllO(d plols n1I plots ginIJ ((d (0111101 t 1(11 nllllts il1(I(ns((1 in tlH plod lwt ion of d(silllhlc glllsscs such inshy(Iells~ i1l plociu(tiol1 Inng(d from 152 1)PI(Pllt of ttl( (hp(k in thp intplshyIll(dinl( wlwlltglnss to 207 P(I(ClIt of the diN ill the nIIll-SN1SOU glHssmixt lIlC (nltl(I th( dpfplINI-lllld-Iotnt ionnllr_glllz(d 1I11l1l1lgPshy1lll1I I tI( ill(I(llspd prod lI(lion of dcsilltble glnss Illllgpd from J4() IWI(Pllt of til( eiH(k ill plots giv(1l 24-D 1lliLtllllllt ill July 10 241 IWllpnt for I h( Wium-splIson gntSS mixt u 1( I Il g(IllIIlI tIH plOd ueshylion of d(sililbll gmss(s U glCut(j UlldlI d~f(ITecl-Hlld-IotnliollnUyshygntlltC1 mnn nglJl) PII l tllall lIud( t11( gllzNI-lts-uslInl 1l1nllngNllPIJ l Also lht produdioll of dlsillhl( grnssts WIlS sliglltly high(l in tlU (11(( hpl( (OlJSPII1ti (11 gmlNI lImll WIl (Ol ti Iluously gmzld (lItbl 22) Thr ploduction of d(silllbl( gntss(s iLl tht illtlJlwdinte Whll1tglilss plot IlS red lI(Pel b~T tillt gmzed-ns-lIslIlll 1llIlllilgtmCJl t

43

TABLE 23-All ve(Jelation Total prod1lcl1on each llear as affected by weed control trcamellls liIcoln NfJr 1961-53

DQ nl((r pltr acn nil plots I r()r~middot

i ~~~

1)51 Itl52 1Il5- Alrngl ----

JUtllltis Potl1l(L~ i PIfltnriy POllml1C1llck_ _ a (jal 52111 a7IXI 1214rowedbull IUIll [70middot 3IH f 1148 2 7~1middotmiddoti1 (lw(ld t July 2Il7W IS-14 1 2~ lmmiddot i 2IiH24-U JUJI(i_ aHO olI ~ fi5amiddot I IJS2kD July 102 4870 o7u 1 R~Illtlrl11(diutmiddot middotlllmiddottt~Jtl$~ 2 ~1 774lt 481U 2S07- 4IIltHr(JnWJU11s~ 4812 middot1111 2141 1 t 7t~~arlll-SN1SOIl gniSSIS J 4(21) 4 lO5 2 UtJ I8I

A (fugtmiddot f(w ytarsshy 11 1gt12 022 J n11 (1IUg(1 of lusl r trNltlIlI111~ 42middot10 middotI~12 2 7(~J 3017

Sfnudurtllrur or 1nUluuout nll~un~ a29 lIS ti5 1115

1 l nlilg() of JrnZ(ldmiddotl1s-u~ual nnd dtfrtd-Hlld-rotnled lIIullng(~lIwllt J)rnt iCliS DHftirt)I1(t frolll ch~ck io=SiJJlifieHnt ttl li)(l 1HltJ(fIlt Itlv(II signith~nlli III tht I-J)ll(tilll tll)

1 Plots ftStfdlltf in ~rlnf of 10il SUI)I)itHlfulnlly SllI11yd wltll 11 1 nod 1 poulHI of24- D lsttr IH~IlCrt rpiPNth(1rf in JWlO JU5I und HI) ((X((lpl thn mohlj wns $Uhstillltud for sllIny In WtUIII-$lUSOIl gru$$(sIn ru5l))

Yirlds of LoLu (glttllt ion w(n also oblnilHd fol th~ to grnzillg Ilwnngtll1(llt prn(tic(s (tnblp 22) As indi(ntNI the tolal ploduetioll of Y(gptatiOIl WIlS Ilot gn~ittly ilfJ((tld by IJllUlIlg(Illnt pll1eti(P TIl( plots dlftITPd itnd Iotat iOllitlly glaz(d itPPNuld to gi ( only sligh O)r lIighN lotnl yi(lds thau thospound of lhe grazed liS usual

fhpI( the litnd is pltlliitlly d(lllldld olhI s()((i(s of plants tend to t nkl till plll(t of til( vlg(lnJion 1(1110((1 If IWI(llIliul gIl1SSlS iU(

1((lu(pd by onlgIHzing ILlulual spp(i(s of glilSS(S Ilud blond-IelLYNL Nls almost imlUNlillllly (II(Ion(h 011 the 1jJ(l In th(sp pxptliOlPnls t llt loud prod ud ion ns lIot fT~IItIT 11(1((l(d by w(pd (Ot tlOl tlli1tshyments 01 by gltzing mtLnngfIll(nt EnlI tilt s(NI(d plots Illthough tilcr (1( kept nLmost bl1 1( of Cgllnt ion ill tIl( gmZ(d-11S-UsuI11 InnlIshy

ng(lllHnl PIOdU(NI nPldy Hi mu(h us thp cpf(II((I-l1ud-IOlllJiolluLIyshyglllzpd plots 01 the (h((k plots (ll1bll22) TIl( (h((k plots illdudpd 1I11gp Illld yigolous 1HINlIlial plds This indi(lll((1 thnt t Ill pot (nshytinl of fplliljty nlld 1ll0islUlP would find (xpnssion ill plllllt growth or Oil SOlt 01 nnotlJ(I lIud if til( und(sill1bh plants (1(

li((ltinly J(llJoHmiddotd by wped (onllol thNI til( JI10l( dlsimbl( spe(ips would b( (xpPllNI to iIHI(IlS( plOportionnl(IIT Thisis palt [1111shyshowu in the Uplugt plndu(tioll undl1 d(silllblf gluss Sl)((ips in labk 22

Vith thl (X((ption of thp lllO(d plols n1I plots ginIJ ((d (0111101 t 1(11 nllllts il1(I(ns((1 in tlH plod lwt ion of d(silllhlc glllsscs such inshy(Iells~ i1l plociu(tiol1 Inng(d from 152 1)PI(Pllt of ttl( (hp(k in thp intplshyIll(dinl( wlwlltglnss to 207 P(I(ClIt of the diN ill the nIIll-SN1SOU glHssmixt lIlC (nltl(I th( dpfplINI-lllld-Iotnt ionnllr_glllz(d 1I11l1l1lgPshy1lll1I I tI( ill(I(llspd prod lI(lion of dcsilltble glnss Illllgpd from J4() IWI(Pllt of til( eiH(k ill plots giv(1l 24-D 1lliLtllllllt ill July 10 241 IWllpnt for I h( Wium-splIson gntSS mixt u 1( I Il g(IllIIlI tIH plOd ueshylion of d(sililbll gmss(s U glCut(j UlldlI d~f(ITecl-Hlld-IotnliollnUyshygntlltC1 mnn nglJl) PII l tllall lIud( t11( gllzNI-lts-uslInl 1l1nllngNllPIJ l Also lht produdioll of dlsillhl( grnssts WIlS sliglltly high(l in tlU (11(( hpl( (OlJSPII1ti (11 gmlNI lImll WIl (Ol ti Iluously gmzld (lItbl 22) Thr ploduction of d(silllbl( gntss(s iLl tht illtlJlwdinte Whll1tglilss plot IlS red lI(Pel b~T tillt gmzed-ns-lIslIlll 1llIlllilgtmCJl t

43

practice However the produclion of desirable grnsses in Lhe plots of bromegruss fLnd the wnllll-senson grnss mixturl wns surprisingly good through the 3 years of inl(llsin grilzing This wns pnrtly becausl blomCgrnss Hud some of the other gmssts tended to 1111gt( 11middot sml111l1mOllllt of PlOstlHte growtb thnt wns umwailable to the glazi])g livestock even when grl17ed dosely For iIlSltlllCe a((onLulg to notes taken August 20 1952 swit(hgrnss and big blues[(Ul had prOSllnte stems 2 to 5 inches long lV(tl though nU the gritSS(S (1( grl7Nl to l(ss LbiLll o[1(-lullJ inch in height TJlls( prost LiLte stclns (Ie not obseLn~d with inttnnediilt( wlHf1tglfiss

II) g(U(Illl lh( weed griLSS(fi ](spondNI with gna(el plodlldiollill plots WitPIC hload-IenNI wpeltis (IP (on rollPd (Inbk 22) The gllILlesl illCletlse in protiuetion of ppd ~lIls(s O((UIT(c in lll( in(plshymedillt( wbeit~lnss plo(s COllnlsd inltrUlltiiaL( whelLtgrass llso ~nn till 10w(lst productioll ](SPOIlSP of Il(l d(silnbh ~Inss( This fultiJl1 il1ustralaquo thut Ill( po[(ntiuJ or J(lrtilily nnd moisture il not us(d by One type or plnltl wtS ulilir(ti by alloll)(I Iost of (h( production or weed grnssps ju t IH inl(llIudintl wl)(nl~lnss and hlOllwgrnss plots WilS oj lit( un1-i(I1S0n ty)( (ollsistilli eliierly or t brp(IWIl foxlllils hnlnyunl grass alld (Ill hglu 011 the o( 1)(1 plots lilt plodudioH or wPtd glns(s (ol1sist(d pimtlrily of JlililY dl(ss u(l t IU((HWll

Ih( nd ulliol1 or total we(d forhs Hssocillt((1 witlt (((1 (011 1101 I leuUJl(nts lIlIlg(d Ilom iii IWrtpnt to HI JWlc(lnt or the (liee1 (tnb]p 22) TIH plots mow(d iJi flllH gap I he poonst I(d udioll or w(ed lorbs nLl 01lH1 tlelllllHnLs ~a( II 1(I(Iudioll of llpproxillllllpl) 70 pershy(pnt or hetttI Grilzing mulltlgPIllCnl did not ~I(ntly inOu(n( the prod lid ion or wpeel forbs al t bough tlttle PI( SOIlH Iul hpl wide j 11shy

di-iduni flue( un I iOlls

SUMMARY

~[OWil1~ ill (middotitilPI IIIH or lllrl~ July 101 )(1114 (I lij I)~ 1((II(e( sLiwds or P(I(oJtinl hlold-Ilipd (((4 Ihout j 1)(I1((lIt whik J pouud or 24 J) (S(middotI 1ll1 U(I( 011 t hl SIIHl datts I(d u(Cd sttllds 10 1)(I((nt lIml plowini and 4((din~ ~nls(s (pill 24D) IPltiIl(cd 1HI(llninl w((middotd stands H9 to n4 1)(I((middotI1l Til 24J) WItS (I(middotlId l-lUIWliol to mOWilli for P(I(llIlitll w((middott (onllol TIIP SallH tl(IHls W(I( (middotit (lit for 1I1tllllnl Illottl-I(lI pt w((middotd (onlrol (X((p t t ilnt mowing in fuly apploH(Ii(ld tlu 24 ]) tl(atmPIIts in dl((ti nntS5 hut mowing in TmH wn iJHrl(( in Plowinp nnd s(ldillg (pill 24-D) redu((d nnnwd ([lIs U2 to ~lii IWI((nt

Jlol1weecl W(I red lI((d in stnnd j~ )(1((11 t b) Jllowin~ in mid-JUII( 101 3 sensous but nlOwin~ ill ellly ruly wns lllntin-Iy ill(ll(Ctin The 24-D tleatnt(nts glln 93 ilnd 7n pCI(ent redudion for thC JunC 111([ JulT lIttles or llppli(ltion r(sptetinly Jgt10ts plowed and s(leclNl to ~rnss(s (plus 24middotJ)) hnd on-r 9S IWlwnl eontlol of 11Onshyeed III tl sllppl(IlHntnl study or dHH of mowing nnd 24--]) [lpplishy(Iltions it wn~ found (itat the optimum dnl(s of mowing lUJlged beLw(ell Jltne ii nnd July 3 f1lld lilut (Ill optimulll diLtes of 24-1) iIppiiention (oinei(Cd with optimum dilles for 1ll0win~ Applienshylions or 24-D were ~ltl1t1y su Iwrior 10 mowing for control of ironweed on el(h of tttl 8 dnl(ls

Plowing seeding Lo gJnsses ilnd supplemellllll tleatrnellt with 24-0 eliininated ov(r 95 percent of the false boneset 24-D tleatshy bull 44

ments uceraged about a 70 plIT(nt leduelion in false bonespt and mowing llsulted ill it slight UHfCitS U1 stem lllllnbllS

AU treiLl1nellls except mowing ill JUJH ledued tltt stftnd of hoary Yernliu 08 perCCJlt or mOI( AU tlNtlUWflls (1( pfJlt(tiv( on nUlllyshyflowNed nstpl

The (CrNts of ~nlzin llltlUlgPlll(llt UpOll SltUlds of indiYid lliLl pltllJ)Jlinl werd s()(cips PIP slntisli(all~ signifi(tLnt OI1J~- with ynrIO h()pmiddotPI wlwu nU s()((i(s of (wl(11l1iill(pds W(I( consid(l(d I oglt tillr lht slands (1( sigllifi(i1lltly nl](( Ieel h~ t hl difrp((nlinl glllzing lHi1t1ilfIll(nt TIl( glHzed-lUHISUtll lHilllagPlll(1l1 rhHrflltd in 430 slpms of ()(I(IUlLtll hloud-llttl(middotd w(lds ()(I 40 sqUlllP fppl dpftITPc

tlnd-Iotntionully-gluzpd plots had 2~n stPIllS nlld IUlld ()loll(lpd from grazing fwd 1~j st PIHS TIl( ill UmiddotltU I ion (middotf malltlgPltun t gt tn~nlnwnt WitS flot signifi(llllt

nth lhp 1((hINtOll of llurnl)(I of ((ltls hv ((c (Ollt 101 IIPlI lIWllt- basllJ clPllSilY of clp-inlbl ~lnssp~ in(I(ns( ~Ilt1th and wped ~nlS(iH(l(lSpd s()Jnphal 1(S

rppd (ollt01 tlltlllpnts iU(IPHpd (11( llIlount of fOIHg1 CollulllPd (ollsumptioll of PgtttiOll on plots lttlyillg- ppc ((lllllol ns incl(aslcl up to 2j2 ()(gt((pnl of llll d]((k wil h t hI gnlzpd-as-usunl llHlllllgPlll(q I lIlt lip to 31~ (lPI(pnt of thp (h((k wllll ~nlZillg HS df(llwl to JUlU jj Ilnd ]otlltiollall glaz(d thlIpaftI Folag-p (onsulIlptioll wa j 1I(lltlspd UI I (rugc of 20 ()(I(PII t h~ llloi1Jg and +7 pPI((nl by sptn~illg willt 24 D

Although mollt middot(pmiddottnliolJ WitS (Htlll ill plot huying (Ids (011-tlOllPd than in Ill( dwck IhpJ( abo WlS 11101( d(sirablp gllISS nllpl shy

llUlllt al til( (nd of til( SltlSOIl 011 mi111y of thl plots rhpll gTtlz(d liS usual tlIP plots ginn 2-1 l) tlfUlllWllts hud app(oximlltdy 2()O 1)(I((nl of tlu 11t[(k lPllwilling as ttfulmat h hilf (((Ilt1 plots hlld 0111 20 PPlPll alld nw(d plots had (is 1gt((((111 On t h( dpfpIlldshy

t1Hd-Iol 1 I ionally-ttlzld plots 2-1 J) t ((a I lll(n Is had ]j() P(1CCll I of til (t((k J(lHainillg tiS nft(lllwtlt of d(sil11bll g-nISSP ~pd(d plots ItleI ] l~ [HI(CIlt llld lIlopcl plot htt (I (WI(Plll

Titp 3-yu tllng( (JlOclllliolt of 1111 PgpttliOll on plots wilh w(Pcls (01111011((1 (X(PPI ing IIl0rillg l1S 02 ()(((Plll t hal of I hI IIIIt 1(Ht Id (Iw(middotk ( 11iSSPS ltugPl (0 III PPI I Id in prod lI(1 iOl 101

tllp bOld-(uld ((d limillnl(d by InmiddotatllHIl( Jilt II( dl(d~ iii ppl((lIt or th 101111 plOdulliOll tiS blOncl-ltl(d ((ds bUI wh(l ImHldmiddotI((1 (d w(pd (1( (onllollld ollly 11 fl(I(Pll t f11 ill this (ntlgolY

LITERATURE CITED 1 AIIgt ( 11 KrIt~Igt n c lIlIdOTF Il E

H)it Plt[(fILI m II IEU CIIgtlllOl 30ii ppbull illtl 10111 rillt amp i-i()II~ 111( XII York

i I -r41Humiddots Abull1 1U30 IIFMT OF JIIInltlgtT (111111 TH1TlhgtT- 0 TIn YI~IJ) f)

[(OR OF PIlllIImiddot (-- 1middot(dmiddot)J[O E(CJlo~y 11 iji

1)30 1(101110 1H ORI )o(JOJ REIltI ( TO TUK lrWWTH OF o~a K Igt -A- )bull 1 (IU Ir i r rull ~O( bullglOll r0111 3K-~J

Ina) ~rArmiddot~IImiddotT OF 111gt PImiddotIlLfi[ 1IollH1 I tL11- AJ1-1t In Bill i middot11 ppbull illn-

bull 45

(5) ANDERSON K L 1940 IHJFERHEIl GHAZI1( 01 B[e~~S~~~1 PASITH~S Knill Agl ExpL

Hla Bul 291 27 pp illuii (til

1953 l1IIIIZNIlON (11 catMlSIANOS IN jig 1-1INI lITIIS OF KASM TOll I

Rlmp( Mllllgt (i Sli-98 illu~ (7) BIHeAIoW Ii Y H~IIIH D Y llild GIIAHlm L F

1950 Ilig DlRA1ro 01- IHIgt jW~rcI~ (W IUNUIA1IOo IN 110 cOIIWI OF 111gt08 ANI) 1111111 GlIlIIS (III YIIllllIAA XI) 10 111011 NgNl BItIHnMi~ lASIllns AIlII Ho( AIO II IOlll 82 I ii-22 bull

[Sl (OCIlItA W G lint Cox lt1 iL 1950 rXIIIDIIIAL DISI(- middot1)middot1 pp Ioh II i1(Y amp Hom I lie (11

YOlk Ij) ltOIlNIloIlS D H unci CIIAIII~I ( A

HJ53 CIIImiddot~IICAI (OXIllOt ()(o II 1111 lI(l I ON ~I(IImiddotImiddot IN 11IIgtOIlS IOllImiddot 101(( 11 i) I li31-li3I illu

1101 EIlllH W C IH51 CO~~IIunl~IX( PImiddotItImiddot~It HAUWE1D oro ~IAKE BIlIII~H P~ImiddotmiddotHImiddot~H

()kla Agr Expt Hill Bill B-819 II pp jllu~ (Ill FIIOII K A L bull and nOl1 K E F

198H S~[)IX( AXO ~1Altilmiddot~I--I (II- IIItASImiddotA IAmiddotI[IIImiddotS --)1 Ixt (ir1 ax 20 pp [Pro(PSs(ltI]

(J21 ---~ unci FHOLIK E F 11lbull11 XIIItHilA IARTIln SIIWIXU I~I) ~II~ACImiddot~IImiddotII lln AII

ExpL Htu (iI ti7 3 pp iIIw 118 1l~rIImiddot~IAX H Jo nlld ltIUIIImiddotIt L F

1938 IOXOIATWo I[) ITS IWII(I IIX Tin IOIIrmiddotIIOo of WIIW IX PART I AIlHr ~m AJroll lOlli 30 li I (i-(i28

ltl1l n IA~IHrrIIl ( 0Ul30 1111 JtIIIj(o lW OIt(oW FOOl) itgIltIrgt 10 111 1middotn[(I OJ

(tITlX( [InIt II Imiddot I IlS 1 DIHIIIXI STMil 0(0 (r(()IIIII AIII(r

Hm Aprol1 lOllI ~2 701-7 la ill 11bull bull Iii [ AIRIIt E W HII A I y ( (IIA~IIIII U ~ alld O()IlHO lf Y I It

](1i3 1111 111middot1(1 OF 24middot-1J 0 1111 lIlI1J IXU IIOmiddotIAI(II (~IIIIION

0(0 IADI) (honIH1HCIUltIJ iltISS IAITIlI Id 2 I Oii-112

I Hi KLIX(~IAo D L 1middot1111 H H and MOII ( () 1))3 1111 ltI(ilmiddot ~I(OIIIt11l FOlt IJIllIDIINIon (ONSIIIIIION XIl YlII1I 0(0

IASTlIIE 1I1middotIUIllilmiddot IlUI Ho( Agron 10111 3) 730-7middot1(i

171 LImiddotn I B 11)10 11middot1 1(1 11middot110 IIIIP Hul lllt llIPo 11lt1 FOllgl (ID I I(rbI

But 7 IIImiddot Libull IX 11middotTImiddotWiO--it t

1117 1(01-1 0 ~Ir-nt(l[) OF liHIZIgti loI~111I1I1 11) INIIT[ 1IIIImiddot(illmiddot 00 11111 1IW I) l(I1 00 IIOTISL (()~IIITI()gtI1l IIIIW lilmiddot 11-10 1111 Hm AIIOII 10111 middotII- I~~bull

bull 11) luHBI-- y Y (11(01 H lIIl H ~()II n X HIi 111111 (0011101 ilia PI i1hl~ Ed 2 M((IIII-llill BOllk (0

111l (1 York lt201 f1middot11 II~~IA (

l)ii~ (01110101- ([I-ISIgtU WEIW WITII ~-~Ir-rllnr-IIII()IIIIN()X-(1TI( c(11l (~ICI I OH 11(11 Jgt [iH~I BIUTIIX 11 PH[)(rS of I II tlJllllt I Crnllllri (ong Ii ~ttt (ollpl Pu

II AnlI E alld (II~IIIS F E II)X IIbullT ~(()IO(r GOI P[l illmmiddot Ed 2 ie(lIlI-lIill Hook (0

Inl XllI- York 2 and ILlxSIN

H)II oIrlnmiddot )IIIlWITImiddotn STlItl-S TIIImiddotali (IU(ilX C(J~II()SIIIOO A~II 1)l(iloIlimiddotrrox piJ (011(1 Bill 2 Ja pp illu-

1231 and I1AXXo W )illl IUwxKIUIIO w XITIII )11Il11middotrr-I IIIIU [XIIK 1ltoTI( shy

1100 lhr (Ollmiddot Bu 23 )1 Ip iIIu

(Il tLlld YOWIII1 19iiO IIOXIITII ~11TIIOIl ()Jo IWOmiddotI-I)lJII-ili IX IIIlIS 0-- 1((ISSI()~

AXD IHCEXIltAIIliX Hot (lal III 2HUmiddot~)) i1I1~

46

(5) ANDERSON K L 1940 IHJFERHEIl GHAZI1( 01 B[e~~S~~~1 PASITH~S Knill Agl ExpL

Hla Bul 291 27 pp illuii (til

1953 l1IIIIZNIlON (11 catMlSIANOS IN jig 1-1INI lITIIS OF KASM TOll I

Rlmp( Mllllgt (i Sli-98 illu~ (7) BIHeAIoW Ii Y H~IIIH D Y llild GIIAHlm L F

1950 Ilig DlRA1ro 01- IHIgt jW~rcI~ (W IUNUIA1IOo IN 110 cOIIWI OF 111gt08 ANI) 1111111 GlIlIIS (III YIIllllIAA XI) 10 111011 NgNl BItIHnMi~ lASIllns AIlII Ho( AIO II IOlll 82 I ii-22 bull

[Sl (OCIlItA W G lint Cox lt1 iL 1950 rXIIIDIIIAL DISI(- middot1)middot1 pp Ioh II i1(Y amp Hom I lie (11

YOlk Ij) ltOIlNIloIlS D H unci CIIAIII~I ( A

HJ53 CIIImiddot~IICAI (OXIllOt ()(o II 1111 lI(l I ON ~I(IImiddotImiddot IN 11IIgtOIlS IOllImiddot 101(( 11 i) I li31-li3I illu

1101 EIlllH W C IH51 CO~~IIunl~IX( PImiddotItImiddot~It HAUWE1D oro ~IAKE BIlIII~H P~ImiddotmiddotHImiddot~H

()kla Agr Expt Hill Bill B-819 II pp jllu~ (Ill FIIOII K A L bull and nOl1 K E F

198H S~[)IX( AXO ~1Altilmiddot~I--I (II- IIItASImiddotA IAmiddotI[IIImiddotS --)1 Ixt (ir1 ax 20 pp [Pro(PSs(ltI]

(J21 ---~ unci FHOLIK E F 11lbull11 XIIItHilA IARTIln SIIWIXU I~I) ~II~ACImiddot~IImiddotII lln AII

ExpL Htu (iI ti7 3 pp iIIw 118 1l~rIImiddot~IAX H Jo nlld ltIUIIImiddotIt L F

1938 IOXOIATWo I[) ITS IWII(I IIX Tin IOIIrmiddotIIOo of WIIW IX PART I AIlHr ~m AJroll lOlli 30 li I (i-(i28

ltl1l n IA~IHrrIIl ( 0Ul30 1111 JtIIIj(o lW OIt(oW FOOl) itgIltIrgt 10 111 1middotn[(I OJ

(tITlX( [InIt II Imiddot I IlS 1 DIHIIIXI STMil 0(0 (r(()IIIII AIII(r

Hm Aprol1 lOllI ~2 701-7 la ill 11bull bull Iii [ AIRIIt E W HII A I y ( (IIA~IIIII U ~ alld O()IlHO lf Y I It

](1i3 1111 111middot1(1 OF 24middot-1J 0 1111 lIlI1J IXU IIOmiddotIAI(II (~IIIIION

0(0 IADI) (honIH1HCIUltIJ iltISS IAITIlI Id 2 I Oii-112

I Hi KLIX(~IAo D L 1middot1111 H H and MOII ( () 1))3 1111 ltI(ilmiddot ~I(OIIIt11l FOlt IJIllIDIINIon (ONSIIIIIION XIl YlII1I 0(0

IASTlIIE 1I1middotIUIllilmiddot IlUI Ho( Agron 10111 3) 730-7middot1(i

171 LImiddotn I B 11)10 11middot1 1(1 11middot110 IIIIP Hul lllt llIPo 11lt1 FOllgl (ID I I(rbI

But 7 IIImiddot Libull IX 11middotTImiddotWiO--it t

1117 1(01-1 0 ~Ir-nt(l[) OF liHIZIgti loI~111I1I1 11) INIIT[ 1IIIImiddot(illmiddot 00 11111 1IW I) l(I1 00 IIOTISL (()~IIITI()gtI1l IIIIW lilmiddot 11-10 1111 Hm AIIOII 10111 middotII- I~~bull

bull 11) luHBI-- y Y (11(01 H lIIl H ~()II n X HIi 111111 (0011101 ilia PI i1hl~ Ed 2 M((IIII-llill BOllk (0

111l (1 York lt201 f1middot11 II~~IA (

l)ii~ (01110101- ([I-ISIgtU WEIW WITII ~-~Ir-rllnr-IIII()IIIIN()X-(1TI( c(11l (~ICI I OH 11(11 Jgt [iH~I BIUTIIX 11 PH[)(rS of I II tlJllllt I Crnllllri (ong Ii ~ttt (ollpl Pu

II AnlI E alld (II~IIIS F E II)X IIbullT ~(()IO(r GOI P[l illmmiddot Ed 2 ie(lIlI-lIill Hook (0

Inl XllI- York 2 and ILlxSIN

H)II oIrlnmiddot )IIIlWITImiddotn STlItl-S TIIImiddotali (IU(ilX C(J~II()SIIIOO A~II 1)l(iloIlimiddotrrox piJ (011(1 Bill 2 Ja pp illu-

1231 and I1AXXo W )illl IUwxKIUIIO w XITIII )11Il11middotrr-I IIIIU [XIIK 1ltoTI( shy

1100 lhr (Ollmiddot Bu 23 )1 Ip iIIu

(Il tLlld YOWIII1 19iiO IIOXIITII ~11TIIOIl ()Jo IWOmiddotI-I)lJII-ili IX IIIlIS 0-- 1((ISSI()~

AXD IHCEXIltAIIliX Hot (lal III 2HUmiddot~)) i1I1~

46

APPENDIX Species Mentioned in the Text

COlliIlHtT -Ime Aster mllny-flow(rcd _ bull Bttrl(y little wild Barnyard grll_ Bluegrllss j(putlleky Blucitelll _ BIllltitell1 big bull Billest(ll lit til BOlW(t __ Boll(spt fLls BrOlllPgrllss c

Buckbruh Buttpreup But tNCUP plaulLilll(uf Ctlsjtt (It hai 1 bullbull

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Srientific lIa Itmiddot Asier Iillllliloms Ail HordellI 11ILsilllUI NutL Bdlinorhloa CmsgaW (Ll BPlll 1 Poa 1Jralensi~ L In(ropogon pp in(ropogOIl gerard ntr1l111l I Andropogon sroJlariu~ Miehx 811paioritllll pp f uhnia glulillosa Ell HrolllUs inerlli~ JAImiddot 8111111JtOritmiddot(trpo~ PI) (IWUCIIlIS pp RaLllIlrllll~ (lli~IIHdolils UPIr (I1~~ia pp bull bull Hrollllls tOllllllUl(tlUiI Hehmrl Triolium reprlls L lJilliario pp (lIprrns Jilirul III is tlhl Torar(ttll m ojlicinalc gt(I RIlIll(IPP 3rOlllll~ ledonun L Sporoboill~ rrllpionilrtls (Torr 1 A GnlY Rrigtron pp 8eiltria ipp Solidago gioberrilla Martlll- 8olidaao iaida L Boltitioll(l iracifis (H B KI Lng (x Hlgtutl BOlileiola rlrlipln(uia LMiehx1 Torr Physali~ p (rilllill iu ~qltarr08a llllmiddotlu DUlItlI (middot(IIiabl~ salira L frllollia badfillii Torr 8rairati Iliilw((bull (Nult oocl I-rilertlll 1(lwd(llIi~ 1 lbull(l(]li(l~ ~yri(l((J L 1~tlIJi(L~ Ifrlililolll L [rlira dioim L Ifcdr II Ill( It j [I itl(l P II n-Il Plallo(IJ purbullltii R()lllI amp -i(huh poloboillN lClyilljorwl iTolT1 Wood ()nwllurtl pp mbrosia arilm i~izJ()1 ia L Imbrosw 7lltilIs(ritY(l DC SlneCi1l j(lIoblCO L J u lItmiddotus pp lrrlIiSH jilifoia Ton _rl(mi~i(L gllupwodtw NIlI t (reI pp [rlelllll11 lIud(lflJrUIII Xliii Ellphorbia I(Ilyinal(l Pnrh lordlIII jub(llllm fJ P(Iirlll1t irfa111 L f Ia lilia(l Willel (irbull iUIIl IlIi1I11 Ililld 1(lIol (irliiulII IUIens ILbull HlOIl Cir-illlll IlIHiu(l(lllll IXutl prlI) Iribulltida olicwllw i1khx -(rbtIW sida Pllt bull gr071YlOll inIrIfriilllll Hot i Iklll I

Ithilll( lIIillioflll L

bull 11l~lt~ lamp hstNf 111((1111gt1 uhl III I gt r 1 ktllr -n ( alII Ht~t1hi(()r~ 111101111((shy

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47

~ -~ClQ_ c- -OCltJJ

_r--OI OOO~ag~~~ ---0--01shy

g~rgfmiddot~~i~ ~gggg~ e ~I

()gt 10 C

-3 ~ t lt

ltgt ~

shy ~ lt ~ -t ]

t if

shy ~

shyu ~ ~

~ ~ - c -~ shy --~ ~ -Co shy ~ ~

g ~

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e=I-I_-c- -e~ tt-iC~

eEL~gesectI-R lOmiddottC-(I~

-

-C~~IItr

eIIxt~i- -~I shy

middot ~SF2~~l-OI =-=C~

irdrf5 -1-eC~I-_-ICI shy

middot1~~CC1t_IC ~1middotQOI~=t-I -lt-I-~

illi-=S~

I~I-~~

=sectt=~

middot 1_I_l_C

(gh-ieuro ~ tmiddotCi 1

j

bull

ci

bull 48

l~-llLE 25-ilfean square values oblatned in analyscs of variance of slands of Wced species neat Lincoln Nebr 1950 (prior to lreatment)

ERENNIU SIECJES

bull Source of aritllh

I~I)ltcntlOl1S (HL gt[anu~emlllt (gt1) RX~L Jrcutnwllts liRXl_bullbull lXM II X 1 X ~I

n~plictlons (H 1 ~Illnn~~l11NU (1)RXM lrcatmNIlS (I) RXl 1 Xgtr nXlXL

))grl1CS i --- of 1-----I

rrc~dolll I IrOll i ulsr 1 ((ld I bOlltet

I 1 ~ a 27~ ] iiU IH Ii 12J 37 lt1 2 iti 73 h

12 umiddotj bull IV ~ L lla 21i

21 Illi 05

D(~n~N of rlll~tIolll

J ] Ii

J2 S

2middotj

lTCOll squares J

- ~-

I Hoary j MUIIYmiddot Grolllldmiddot1 rruin Uo~rrd cherry Yurrow

tLSUll

--- -~ ------ shyi

017 09

2152 i 2370 f

408 3225

~ 17 SOO 2087

l~ i 11

H70 470 070

1854 1005 22 62

J ~lO 1middot100 -shy

Anllwl nig~ ~n(lmiddotollmiddotllw All pollr (lid mollutain nlllllllli W(lNIs

I

i middotj~9~ 10 () 575()t 2lm12 bull lt17 i j3 9 i7H ] 75 U73 15Y an 328 116 jIJl~fi 100 1292 3(iO0middotjmiddotmiddot i4 714 303 112 10 S

bull US GCV(RRMpoundUr PfUHrlliG OFFI~pound Jue

49

~ -~ClQ_ c- -OCltJJ

_r--OI OOO~ag~~~ ---0--01shy

g~rgfmiddot~~i~ ~gggg~ e ~I

()gt 10 C

-3 ~ t lt

ltgt ~

shy ~ lt ~ -t ]

t if

shy ~

shyu ~ ~

~ ~ - c -~ shy --~ ~ -Co shy ~ ~

g ~

~ shy ~

~I

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e=I-I_-c- -e~ tt-iC~

eEL~gesectI-R lOmiddottC-(I~

-

-C~~IItr

eIIxt~i- -~I shy

middot ~SF2~~l-OI =-=C~

irdrf5 -1-eC~I-_-ICI shy

middot1~~CC1t_IC ~1middotQOI~=t-I -lt-I-~

illi-=S~

I~I-~~

=sectt=~

middot 1_I_l_C

(gh-ieuro ~ tmiddotCi 1

j

bull

ci

bull 48

l~-llLE 25-ilfean square values oblatned in analyscs of variance of slands of Wced species neat Lincoln Nebr 1950 (prior to lreatment)

ERENNIU SIECJES

bull Source of aritllh

I~I)ltcntlOl1S (HL gt[anu~emlllt (gt1) RX~L Jrcutnwllts liRXl_bullbull lXM II X 1 X ~I

n~plictlons (H 1 ~Illnn~~l11NU (1)RXM lrcatmNIlS (I) RXl 1 Xgtr nXlXL

))grl1CS i --- of 1-----I

rrc~dolll I IrOll i ulsr 1 ((ld I bOlltet

I 1 ~ a 27~ ] iiU IH Ii 12J 37 lt1 2 iti 73 h

12 umiddotj bull IV ~ L lla 21i

21 Illi 05

D(~n~N of rlll~tIolll

J ] Ii

J2 S

2middotj

lTCOll squares J

- ~-

I Hoary j MUIIYmiddot Grolllldmiddot1 rruin Uo~rrd cherry Yurrow

tLSUll

--- -~ ------ shyi

017 09

2152 i 2370 f

408 3225

~ 17 SOO 2087

l~ i 11

H70 470 070

1854 1005 22 62

J ~lO 1middot100 -shy

Anllwl nig~ ~n(lmiddotollmiddotllw All pollr (lid mollutain nlllllllli W(lNIs

I

i middotj~9~ 10 () 575()t 2lm12 bull lt17 i j3 9 i7H ] 75 U73 15Y an 328 116 jIJl~fi 100 1292 3(iO0middotjmiddotmiddot i4 714 303 112 10 S

bull US GCV(RRMpoundUr PfUHrlliG OFFI~pound Jue

49

l~-llLE 25-ilfean square values oblatned in analyscs of variance of slands of Wced species neat Lincoln Nebr 1950 (prior to lreatment)

ERENNIU SIECJES

bull Source of aritllh

I~I)ltcntlOl1S (HL gt[anu~emlllt (gt1) RX~L Jrcutnwllts liRXl_bullbull lXM II X 1 X ~I

n~plictlons (H 1 ~Illnn~~l11NU (1)RXM lrcatmNIlS (I) RXl 1 Xgtr nXlXL

))grl1CS i --- of 1-----I

rrc~dolll I IrOll i ulsr 1 ((ld I bOlltet

I 1 ~ a 27~ ] iiU IH Ii 12J 37 lt1 2 iti 73 h

12 umiddotj bull IV ~ L lla 21i

21 Illi 05

D(~n~N of rlll~tIolll

J ] Ii

J2 S

2middotj

lTCOll squares J

- ~-

I Hoary j MUIIYmiddot Grolllldmiddot1 rruin Uo~rrd cherry Yurrow

tLSUll

--- -~ ------ shyi

017 09

2152 i 2370 f

408 3225

~ 17 SOO 2087

l~ i 11

H70 470 070

1854 1005 22 62

J ~lO 1middot100 -shy

Anllwl nig~ ~n(lmiddotollmiddotllw All pollr (lid mollutain nlllllllli W(lNIs

I

i middotj~9~ 10 () 575()t 2lm12 bull lt17 i j3 9 i7H ] 75 U73 15Y an 328 116 jIJl~fi 100 1292 3(iO0middotjmiddotmiddot i4 714 303 112 10 S

bull US GCV(RRMpoundUr PfUHrlliG OFFI~pound Jue

49