History 321: State and Society in Early Modern Europe:

The Thirty Years War

Consult maps on Ottoman Empire Habsburg-Ottoman Frontier Austrian Empire Spanish Road Savoy and environs, 1627 Dutch Revolt

What do we need to know about early modern warfare?

Three “arms” of an army1. Artillery2. Infantry3. Cavalry

What do we need to know about early modern warfare?

Weapons The essential weaponry used in the Thirty

Years War already existed by 1590. Artillery: canon proper, culverin,

falconet, mortar Infantry: pike, firearms (musket,

arquebus) Cavalry: lance, sword, firearms

What do we need to know about early modern warfare?

military revolution: Wilson’s point Formation

tercio, battalion (infantry) Movement

countermarch (infantry) caracole (calvary)

Tactics Organization

regiment (colonel) company (captain)

What was the significance of the Long Turkish War (1593-

1606)? The “Turkish menace”

the “superpower of the early modern world” (p. 76)

2.3 M sq. km.; 22 M inhabitants over 3 continents

“the scourge of God” (p. 76)

What was the significance of the Long Turkish War (1593-

1606)?

A struggle over a frontier Hungary Transylvania Moldavia Wallachia

What was the significance of the Long Turkish War (1593-

1606)? Transylvania

Torda Agreement (1568) military challenges: terrain, supply lines,

fighting season Military Frontier

50 km deep funded by Reichstag (22 M florins x 8: 1530-

1582) local organization of defence in large sections

What was the significance of the Long Turkish War (1593-

1606)? Warfare

“sieges and skirmishes” (p. 97) The battle for Transylvania: Habsburg success (1600) pyrrhic victory: Hungarian losses Bocskai Revolt (1604-1606)

István Bocskai (Calvinist): “from loyal servant to rebel leader” (p. 101)

conquest of Transylvania Treaty of Vienna (1606): toleration for Lutheran and

Calvinist nobles in Hungary and Transylvania military defeat of Habsburg enforcement of

Catholicism

What was the significance of the Long Turkish War (1593-

1606)? Treaty of Zsitva Török (1606)

Emperor and Sultan as equals an end to Habsburg tributes twenty year truce (confirmed, 1615; renewed:

1627, 1642, 1664) Consequences for Thirty Years War

Ottoman Empire rise of European commanders (pro-Habsburg:

Tilly, Wallenstein; anti-Habsburg: Mansfeld) redeployment of Habsburg forces

What affect did the Brothers’ Quarrel have on Habsburg

rule? Rudolf II vs. Matthias

1607: Matthias gains control of Hungary. 1608: Moravia acknowledges rule of Matthias

in exchange for promise of toleration 1609: Inner Austria: Matthias yields to

demands of Baron Tschernembl (p. 112) Religious toleration wrung from Rudolf

Bohemia, Count Thurn; Letter of Majesty, 1609 Silesia, Letter of Majesty, 1609

What affect did the Brothers’ Quarrel have on Habsburg

rule? Consequences

for Protestants: “The radicals were victims of their own success” (p. 113).

for Habsburgs loss of combined support after the Turkish

War crumbling of authority in Habsburg Austria a fragile monarchy

Sourcebook, doc. 81. By which instrument did Archduke Charles

grant privileges to the “professors of the Gospell” (p. 23)? Give its name and the year in which it was issued. We have already learned this. Who were the “professors”?

2. Who issued this document?3. On what basis does the document formulate

its complaints?4. What is at stake in the complaints?5. To what process (about which we have

already learned) do the complaints witness?

Sourcebook, doc. 8

6. Read the document as a political document. What specific political language can you find in it? What does the document tell us about the actual and ideal relationship between state and society?

7. Does this document help or hinder Wilson’s argument?

Pax Hispanica

The Spanish Monarchy The Dutch Revolt, 1568-1609 The Spanish Road Spanish Peace-making

How are Spain’s conflicts relevant to the history of the Thirty Years War?

Spain demography domestic economy global economy imperial reputation / mission

“…what gave Spain its sense of mission was a defence of Catholicism that became fused with national identity” (p. 124)

association with Rome (p. 125)

How are Spain’s conflicts relevant to the history of the Thirty Years War?

Spain at war and at peace Dutch Revolt (1568-1609) Spanish Road French Wars of Religion (1562-1598) Treaty of Vervins (1598) Twelve Years Truce (1609)

How are Spain’s conflicts relevant to the history of the Thirty Years War?

Dutch Revolt Army of Flanders

(61,000) Duke of Parma Flanders school warfare siege of Ostend (1601-

1604) Ambrogio di Spinola composition of Army (pp.

132-33

How are Spain’s conflicts relevant to the history of the Thirty Years War?

Dutch Republic demography economy society politics Maurice of Nassau armaments industry

(p. 137)

How are Spain’s conflicts relevant to the history of the Thirty Years

War? Dutch military reforms

Justus Lipsius and the disciplined society Dutch drill

only necessary movement order self-discipline military culture of subordination

Influence fighting for the Dutch territorial defence system: militia payment of soldiers

How are Spain’s conflicts relevant to the history of

the Thirty Years War? Spanish Road

Dutch Revolt French Wars of

Religion Lorraine and Savoy

Treaty of Lyon (1601): France and Savoy

Grésin route closed, 1609

Swiss mountain passes Valtellina

How are Spain’s conflicts relevant to

the history of the Thirty Years War?

Spanish peacemaking Belgian autonomy Twelve Years Truce,

1609 Savoy and Mantua

Peace of Asti (1615) Treaty of Pavia (1617)

“…there was nothing to suggest a major war was inevitable” (p. 167).

How is 1609 a significant year for the Thirty Years War?

Letters of Majesty Twelve Years Truce