composition of matter and how it changes as living things, we require 20 elements › most of which...
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Energy and BiochemistryUnit 4 cont.
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Chemistry
Composition of matter and how it changes
As living things, we require 20 elements› Most of which are oxygen, carbon, nitrogen,
and hydrogen
Biochemistry: study of chemical processes related to living things
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A little chemistry
Atom: individual unit of an element that still has the element’s properties› Atoms of different elements are different
from one another› Protons (+), neutrons, electrons (-)
Bonds: attractions between atoms; due to sharing or donating of electrons› Covalent: shared electrons› Ionic: transfer of electrons
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Covalent vs. Ionic
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A little chemistry
Molecules: more than one atom Compounds: more than one type of
atom
Examples:› Na› O2
› H2O
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Macromolecules
Macromolecules: large molecules made of repeating subunits (AKA polymers)
Made of monomers (smaller molecules, repeating subunits)
There are different monomers depending on which atoms are arranged and how they are arranged
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Digestion
We consume the macromolecule, but it is later broken down into these smaller monomers to be used in our body.
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Carbohydrates
Elements: C, H, O in 1:2:1 ratio
Monomer: monosaccharides
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Build a glucose molecule with the molymods!
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Polymers
Disaccharides (2 mono’s)
Polysaccharides (3/more mono’s)
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Carbohydrates
Examples: glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose, starch
Functions: energy storage, structural support in plants
Foods: sugars, syrups, pasta, candy cane, candy corn, fruits, vegetables, bread
Bozeman - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_zm_DyD6FJ0Sulfuric acid and sugar - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZOedJgqTT9E
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Lipids (fats)
Elements: C, H, O, sometimes P
Monomer: fatty acids, glycerol
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Lipids cont. Examples: triglycerides, phospholipids,
steroids (cholesterol, hormones)
Functions: energy storage (2x as much as carbs), insulation, shock absorber, cell membranes
Foods: oils, butter, cheese, meat
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Fats
Unsaturated: has double bonds› Liquid at room temperature
Saturated: no double bonds, completely saturated with Hydrogen› Solid at room temperature
Which of these is healthier?
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&NR=1&v=HgH6C1itI08 – supersize me
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Proteins
Elements: C, H, O and N Monomer: amino acids (20 types) Functions: energy, enzymes, cell
transport, muscular structure, receptors, antibodies
Foods: meat, fish, grains, nuts
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Dehydration Synthesis
Dehydration synthesis: building a bigger molecule; water is removed
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Organic Molecules
Contain chains or rings of carbon
Everything we’ve discussed› Carbs› Lipids› Proteins› Nucleic Acids (DNA, RNA)
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Amino acids
Structure: central carbon amino group carboxyl group (acid) R group (side chain)
variable group unique chemical properties of the amino acid
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Proteins
Amino acids are joined by a peptide bond
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Protein Folding
The structure/folding of a protein determines its function.
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Primary Protein Structure
Amino acid linear sequence› “Beads on a string”
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Secondary Protein Structure
First stage of folding
› Alpha Helix
› Beta pleated sheet
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Tertiary Protein Structure
More folding› Protein folds in on itself
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Quaternary Protein Structure
2 or more units folded together
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Protein folding
- Randomly put 15 pins on the tuber (primary -1)
- Arrange your protein chain into an alpha helix or beta sheet
(secondary -2)- Touch red pins with the blue pins
and white pins with the yellow pins (tertiary - 3)- tertiary structures bind with one
another (quaternary- 4)