© cengage learning 2015 nassau lawmaker pushes to ban sale of tobacco to those under 21 november...

© Cengage Learning 2015

Nassau lawmaker pushes to ban sale of tobacco to those under 21 November 10, 2014

Nassau County Legis. Judy Jacobs Monday intensified her push to ban the sale of tobacco products to anyone under 21, for the first time enlisting local health advocates and the Suffolk lawmaker who got the measure passed in that county. The Nassau County Legislature's 10-member GOP majority has declined to call Jacob's bill, filed in March, for a hearing or vote, saying the issue is one best handled by the state.But Jacobs says Nassau is effectively promoting smoking by young people by being the region's only municipality to allow cigarette sales at age 19 or 20. New York City passed a law late last year to raise its minimum tobacco purchase age to 21, and Suffolk County followed suit in April.Suffolk's law passed by a 10-8 vote after heavy resistance from local convenience stores. It goes into effect in January.“Matt Fernando, a spokesman for Presiding Officer Norma Gonsalves (R-East Meadow), said the legislative majority has not changed its position that "for uniformity's sake, this is best coming from the state."The 900-member Long Island Gasoline Retailers Association said Nassau shouldn't raise the purchase age. President Kevin Beyer asked Monday, "when are we going to stop being nannies to everyone?"But Spencer, a physician who drafted the Suffolk law, urged Nassau lawmakers to "put this on the table to have a vote. This is too important.""I'm not trying to tell you how to conduct your business," he said. "We have it in Suffolk. They have it in New York City. Do you want to be the mecca of smoking in the area?"Michael Seilback of the American Lung Association of the Northeast cited a tobacco company report saying people who resisted smoking until 21 were far less likely to ever start than those who'd only reached age 18 without smoking.


Faster Evolution??

• Asexual Reproduction • Sexual Reproduction

Why? How?


Which two species would most likely show the greatest similarity of DNA and proteins?

A) B and J B) G and I C) J and K D) F and L


BiologyConcepts and Applications | 9eStarr | Evers | Starr


Chapter 21Chapter 21

Plant EvolutionPlant Evolution


Bacteria

Archaea

Eukarya

Protists

Plants

Fungi

Animals

Figure 16.UN01


21.1 How Did Plants Adapt To Life on Land?

• Plants evolved from green algae, and underwent an adaptive radiation on land

• Plants are embryophytes, which form a multicelled embryo on the parental body


Reproductivestructures (such asthose in flowers)contain sporesand gametes

Leaf performsphotosynthesis

Cuticle reduces waterloss; stomata regulategas exchange

Shoot supports plant(and may performphotosynthesis)

Surroundingwater supportsthe alga

Roots anchor plant;absorb water andminerals from thesoil (aided by fungi)

Whole algaperformsphotosynthesis;absorbs water,CO2, and

minerals fromthe water

Alga

Plant

Figure 16.1


How Did Plants Adapt To Life on Land?

• Structural adaptations– Waterproof cuticle with stomata

– Stomata open and close to balance demands for water conservation and gas exchange with air outside the plant

– Has internal vascular tissue



• Vascular tissues – Transport water/nutrients through a plant body

– Help plants stand upright and branch

– Reinforced by lignin (stiffens cell walls)

– Xylem – distributes water and minerals

– Phloem – distributes sugars made via photosynthesis

– 90 percent of modern plant species have vascular tissues



xylem

layer of waxy cuticle

phloem

cuticle

vascular tissue (a leaf vein)

stoma


Ancestralgreen algae

Origin of first terrestrial adaptations(about 475 mya)

Origin of vascular tissue(about 425 mya)

Origin of seeds(about 360 mya)

600 500 400 300 200 100 0

Origin of flowers(about 140 mya)

Millions of years ago

Angiosperms

Gymnosperms

Ferns and otherseedless vascularplants

Bryophytes

Charophytes (a groupof green algae) L

and

plan

ts

Vascu

lar plan

ts

Seed

plan

tsS

eedless

vascular

plan

ts

No

nvascu

larp

lants

(bryo

ph

ytes)

Figure 16.6

The fossil record chronicles four major periods of plant evolution.

The history of the plant kingdom is a story of adaptation to diverse terrestrial habitats.


Spores(n)

Sporecapsule

Gametes:sperm

and eggs(n)

Zygote(2n)

Gametophyte(n)

Sporophyte(2n)

Key

Haploid (n)

Diploid (2n)

MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION

osis

Mitosis

Mit

toMi

sis

Figure 16.10-5

Alternation of Generation


Key

Haploid (n)

Diploid (2n)

Gametophyte(n) Sporophyte

(2n)

Sporophyte(2n)

Gametophyte(n)

Gametophyte(n)

Sporophyte(2n)

(a) Sporophyte dependenton gametophyte (e.g.,mosses)

(b) Large sporophyte and small,Independent gametophyte (e.g.,ferns)

(c) Reduced gametophytedependent on sporophyte(seed plants)

Figure 16.14



• Life cycle changes– Adapted vascular plants to life in drier habitats

– Plant life cycles include two multicelled bodies• The haploid gametophyte

• The diploid sporophyte

• The gametophyte dominates in early-evolving lineages, but in most plants, the sporophyte is larger and longer lived


21.2 What Are Nonvascular Plants?

• Bryophyte – Member of an early plant lineage

– Has a gametophyte-dominant life cycle

– Refers to members of three separate lineages• Mosses

• Hornworts

• Liverworts


What Are Nonvascular Plants?

• Bryophytes – Nonvascular (no xylem or phloem)

– Their sperm swim through water droplets to eggs

– Sporophyte remains attached to the gametophyte

– Rhizoids attach a gametophyte to the soil or a surface


What Are Nonvascular Plants?

• Moses– Most diverse bryophytes

– Includes about 15,000 species

– Threadlike rhizoids hold the gametophyte in place

• Unlike roots of vascular plants, rhizoids do not distribute water or nutrients; these resources must be absorbed across the gametophyte’s leafy surface


What Are Seedless Vascular Plants?

• Ferns– Most diverse group of seedless vascular

plants, produce spores in sori• Cluster of spore-producing capsules on a fern leaf

• Many ferns grow as epiphytes– Plant that grows on another plant but does not

harm it



• Five steps in the life cycle of a fern – Sperm swim to eggs and fertilize them,

forming a zygote

– Sporophyte develops attached to the gametophyte, but lives independently after the gametophyte dies


How Have Vascular Plants Changed Over Time?

• Forests of giant seedless vascular plants thrived during the Carboniferous period– Heat and pressure transformed the remains of

these forests to coal



• Rise of the seed plants• Evolved in the late Devonian (365 mya)• Cycads and ginkgos were among the earliest

gymnosperm lineages• Early angiosperms such as magnolias

evolved while dinosaurs walked on Earth



• Seed plant sporophytes have pollen sacs, where microspores form and develop into male gametophytes (pollen grains)

• Sporophytes also have ovules, where megaspores form and develop into female gametophytes


21.5 What Are Gymnosperms?

• Gymnosperms – Vascular seed plants

– Produce seeds on the surface of ovules

– Seeds are “naked” (not inside a fruit)

– Does not make flowers

– Includes: • Conifers, cycads, ginkgos, and gnetophytes


What Are Gymnosperms?

• Conifers– Gymnosperm with nonmotile sperm

– Ovules form on the surfaces of woody cones

– Typically have needlelike or scalelike leaves

– Tend to be resistant to drought and cold

– Examples: pines, redwoods



• Ponderosa pine life cycle – Pollen grains are released; pollination occurs

when one lands on an ovule, and the pollen grain germinates

– It takes about a year for a pollen tube to grow through ovule tissue and deliver sperm to the egg


Scale

Ovule-producingcones; the scalescontain femalegametophytes

Pollen-producingcones; theyproduce malegametophytes

Ponderosa pineFigure 16.15



• Ponderosa pine life cycle – When fertilization finally occurs, it produces a

zygote

– The zygote develops into an embryo sporophyte that, along with tissues of the ovule, becomes a seed

– The seed is released, germinates, and grows and develops into a new sporophyte


21.6 What Are Angiosperms?

• Angiosperms– Seed plants make flowers

• Specialized reproductive shoot of a flowering plant

• Flower structure can vary

– Seed plants make fruits• Mature flowering plant ovary; encloses a seed or

seeds

– Largest seed plant lineage


What Are Angiosperms?

• Angiosperms– Flowering plants

– Dominant plants in most land habitats

– Ecologically important

– Essential to human existence

– Feed and shelter animals

– Provide us with food, fabric, oils, medicines, drugs



• Flowers– Consists of modified leaves arranged in

concentric whorls of sepals and petals

– Stamens of a flower produce pollen

– Eggs form in the female part of the flower (carpel)

– Ovary at the base of the carpel holds one or more ovules



sepal

petal

receptacle

ovule(forms within ovary)

style

stamen carpel

filament anther stigma ovary


21.7 Why Are Angiosperms So Diverse and Widespread?

• Several factors contributed to angiosperm diversity– Accelerated life cycle compared to

gymnosperms

– Have a partnership with pollinators, animals that moves pollen

• Birds, bats, butterflies and other insects

– Animal-dispersed fruits• Hooks or spines stick to animal fur, bright colored

fruits


Why Are Angiosperms So Diverse and Widespread?

A B


Kopi luwak or civet coffee, is coffee made which has been eaten by the Asian Palm Civet and then passed through its digestive tract. A civet eats the berries for their fleshy pulp. In its stomach, enzymes seep into the beans, making shorter peptides and more free amino acids. Passing through a civet's intestines the beans are then defecated, keeping their shape. After gathering, thorough washing, sun drying, light roasting and brewing, these beans yield an aromatic coffee with much less bitterness, widely noted as the most expensive coffee in the world.


Kopi luwak is the most expensive coffee in the world, selling for between $100 and $600 per pound or $50 to $75 per cup.

Coffee critic Chris Rubin has said, "The aroma is rich and strong, and the coffee is incredibly full bodied, almost syrupy. It’s thick with a hint of chocolate, and lingers on the tongue with a long, clean aftertaste.


21.8 Saving Seeds

• Plant diversity is declining– Many valuable sources of food, medicine and

other products could disappear

– Need to sustain wild plants

– Seeds can be stored in a seed vault


BiologyConcepts and Applications | 9eStarr | Evers | Starr


Chapter 22Chapter 22

FungiFungi


22.1 What Is a Fungus?

• Fungus: eukaryote that secretes digestive enzymes onto its food, then absorbs the resulting breakdown products– Most are decomposers that feed on organic

wastes and remains

– Some live on or in other living organisms• Example: parasitic fungi


Absorptive Feeders

• Fungal digestive enzymes can break down many sturdy structural proteins that animal digestive enzymes cannot– Cellulose

– Lignin

– Keratin


Filamentous Structure

• Yeast: fungus that lives as a single cell

• Multicelled fungi live as a mesh of threadlike filaments collectively called a mycelium

• Each filament in the mycelium is a hypha– Hypha: consists of haploid, walled cells

attached end to end


Spore Producers (cont’d.)

• Fungi produce spores both asexually and sexually– During asexual reproduction, multicelled fungi

form spores by mitosis at the tips of specialized hyphae


Spore Producers

Fusion of cytoplasm Fusion of nuclei

Meiosis

zygote (2n)Sexual Cyclemycelium (n)

spores (n)

spore-producing

structure (n)

Asexual Cycle

dikaryoticstage(n+n)

spore-producingstructure (n)

3

4

1

2


22.3 What Ecological Roles Do Fungi Play?

• Fungi provide an important ecological service – They break down complex compounds in

organic wastes and remains

– When digestive enzymes are secreted onto these materials, some soluble nutrients escape into nearby soil or water

– Plants and other producers can then take up these substances to meet their own needs


Parasites and Pathogens

• Most human fungal infections involve body surfaces– Infected areas become raised, red, and itchy

– Examples:• “Athlete’s foot”

• Fungal vaginitis

• “Ringworms” (skin rash)


22.4 How Do We Use Fungi?

• Many fungal fruiting bodies serve as human food– Button mushrooms, shiitake mushrooms, and

oyster mushrooms are easily cultivated

– Edible mycorrhizal fungi: chanterelles, porcini mushrooms, morels, and truffles are typically gathered from the wild

• Each year thousands of people become ill after eating poisonous mushrooms


How Do We Use Fungi?

• Truffles form underground near their host trees– When mature, they produce an odor similar to

that of an amorous male wild pig

– Female wild pigs detect the scent and root through the soil and, following consumption, disperse truffle spores in their feces


Truffles(the fungal kind, not the chocolates)

Blue cheese

Chanterellemushrooms

Figure 16.26



• Fermentation by fungi helps us make a variety of products– Aspergillus: helps make soy sauce

– Penicillium: produces the tangy blue veins in cheeses

– Saccharomyces cerevisiae: baker’s yeast



• Some naturally occurring fungal–derived compounds have medicinal or psychoactive properties– Penicillin: antibiotic

– Cyclosporin: immune supressant

– Ergotamine: migraine reliever or hallucinogen

– Psilocybin (magic mushrooms): hallucinogen

– Cordycepin: increases testosterone or anticancer drug


Penicillium Zone of inhibited growth

Staphylococcus

Figure 16.27


22.5 Application: Spread of Fungal Pathogens

• The dispersal of fungal pathogens by global trade and travel can have devastating effects on ecosystems– Plant-infecting sac fungus native to China

eliminated all mature American chestnut trees


Application: Spread of Fungal Pathogens

• Today, human-facilitated spread of a fungal pathogen is among the foremost causes of an amphibian extinction crisis– Some amphibians infected with the chytrid

fungus referred to as Bd eventually die of dehydration

– Bd was first introduced from African clawed frogs that were traded internationally


Application: Spread of Fungal Pathogens


10/29 EXAM 2 10/31 Evolution 16

11/5 Survival of Fittest 17 11/7 Early Life&Bacteria 18/19/20

11/12 Protists/Plants/Fungi 21-22 11/14 Invertebrate Evolution

23

11/19 Vertebrate Evolution

24 11/21 EXAM 3

11/26 Friday SchedulePopulations

39&40 11/28 No Class


Which of the following lack vascular tissue?A) flowering plantsB) cone-bearing plantsC) grassesD) fernsE) mosses


The edible portion of a(n) ______ is a ripened ovary.A) cucumberB) potatoC) radishD) carrotE) onion


Why does it make sense that many fruits are green when their seeds are immature?A) Insects, which see the color green better than mammals do, can only carry seeds when they are small (immature).B) Animals know that green fruits are tasty, and are more likely to eat them.C) Green signifies less nutritive value.D) They are green because fruits with immature seeds are still capable of photosynthesis.E) They are harder to see and thus less likely to be eaten than other fruits.


Nearly all food plants are classified as ______.A) bryophytesB) mycorrhizaeC) gymnospermsD) fernsE) angiosperms


At current rates of destruction, all of Earth's tropical forests will be gone within ______ years.A) 10B) 25C) 50D) 100E) 1,000


What important role do fungi play in many ecosystems?A) They decompose organic material.B) They pollinate plants.C) They disperse the fruits of angiosperms.D) They perform photosynthesis.E) They produce fossil fuels.


This diagram shows what process?

A) origin of plants from green algaeB) alternation of generationsC) angiosperm life cycleD) evolutionary adaptationE) gymnosperm life cycle

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