А.Гэрэлцэцэг (Магистр, ccna, mpls certified engineer)
TRANSCRIPT
А.Гэрэлцэцэг (Магистр, CCNA, MPLS certified engineer)
Багшийн 70 оноо = Лекцийн ирц + Сорил-1 + Сорил-2 + Бие даалт-1 + Бие даалт-2 Лаборатори(ирц+даалгавар)
Ирц, идэвх = 5 оноо Лаборатори = 30 оноо Бие даалт 1,2 = 15 оноо Сорил 1, 2 = 20 оноо
Онолын мэдээлэл олгоно. Анхаарах зүйлс
Хичээлээс хоцрохгүй байхХоцорсон оюутаныг оруулахгүйЛекцэнд 6 болон түүнээс дээш
суугаагүй(бүртгэгдээгүй), оюутныг хичээлийг орхисонд тооцож W үнэлгээ шууд тавина.
Онолын мэдээллийг практик дээр ашиглах, ингэснээр мэдлэг болон чадвар болгох
Анхаарах зүйлс Хичээлээс хоцрохгүй байх Бүртгэх үед байгаагүй бол дахиж бүртгэхгүй Хичээл дээр өөр зүйл хийхгүй байх Хүнээс хуулах, хүний хийсэн ажлыг шууд
авчрахыг хатуу хориглох Лабораторид 4 болон түүнээс дээш
суугаагүй(бүртгэгдээгүй), оюутныг хичээлийг орхисонд тооцож лабораторийн үнэлгээ өгөхгүй.
Лабораторын ажлыг заасан хугацаанд шалгуулах Лабораторийн ажлаа, яаж хийсэн тайлантайгаа хамт
шалгүүлах
Багшийн өгсөн үүрэг даалгаврыг бие даан гүйцэтгэж, мэдлэг чадвараа бататгах
Анхаарах зүйлсХүнээс хуулах, хүний хийсэн ажлыг шууд
авчрахыг хатуу хориглохБие даалтыг заасан хугацаанд
шалгуулахХугацаа хэтэрвэл бие даалтыг нөхөж
авахгүй
МХТС-ийн хүрээний уралдаан тэмцээнд байр эзэлсэн бол 5(2,3,5) хүртэл оноо
ШУТИСургуулийн хүрээний уралдаан, тэмцээнд байр эзэлсэн бол 10(6, 8, 10) хүртэл оноо
Улсын хэмжээний уралдаан, тэмцээнд байр эзэлсэн бол 15(10, 12, 15) хүртэл оноо
Олон улсын хэмжээний уралдаан тэмцээнд байр эзэлсэн бол 45 (35, 40, 45)хүртэл оноогоор шагнана.
Дээрх уралдаан тэмцээнүүд мэргэжлийн чиглэлээр бол нэг нэг түвшин ахиулж шагнана.
Анхаарах зүйлсУралдаан тэмцээнд оролцсон хугацааг
нотлох баримт бичиг Байр эзэлснийг гэрчлэх баримтууд
Өвчний улмаас хичээлийн тодорхой хэсэгт оролцож чадаагүй оюутан эмчийн магадлагаа, актаа авчирч үзүүлэн ирц болон хичээлээ нөхөх, даалгавруудаа үзүүлэх боломжтой болно.
Анхаарах зүйлсМагадлагаа, акт зэрэг тамга тэмдэгтэй
байна.15 долоо хоног болон түүнээс хойших
хугацаанд энэхүү хөнгөлөлт нь үйлчлэхгүй.
Дүн гаргана гэсэн үйл явц байхгүй. Хичээлийн явцад авсан нийт оноогоор
дүн гарна. Дүн 15 долоо хоногт урьдчилсан
байдлаар бүрэн гарна. 16 долоо хоногт дүнгээ асууж болно.
Computer, IT concepts MS Windows OS MS Windows Application program MS Word MS Excel MS Presentation
Concepts of Information Technology
General Concepts
Computers are machines which help us perform tasks efficiently.
Computers are involved in the manipulation of data and the words ‘data’ and ‘information’ are used interchangeably.
Computer = Hardware + Software
INPUT PROCESSING OUTPUT
Hardware refers to the PHYSICAL parts of the computer system; i.e. those things which can be touched. Hardware includes:
System unitDisksSpeakersKeyboardModemMonitor
Software type: OS and Applications Software refers to all types of computer
programs. Software is the instructions that
make the computer work. Software tells the computer what to do
with the information that the user is inputting, what to show on the screen and what to print.
It is the general use of computers in order to:Create DataUpdate DataMaintain Data
Mainframe is a large computer capable of great processing speeds and data storage.
Typically these mainframes are used by large companies such as Banks Airlines Government
PC (personal computer) are small, relatively inexpensive computers designed for the individual users.
PCs are used to run a whole variety of applications such as:Word ProcessingSpreadsheets InternetMusicAnd much more!
Apple Macs are not the same as PCs.
These use a different operating system called Mac/OS.
These are usually used for graphic design and video utilities.
A network allows two or more computers to be connected to each other.
The main benefits of a network are the sharing of:HardwareFiles Internet Access
Laptop Computers Laptop computers are basically the same as personal computers but these are much smaller (the size of a suitcase) and can work on batteries; hence laptops are ideal to be carried around.
Personal Digital Assistant. A handheld computer that provides a calendar and organizer for personal information.
A PDA normally contains at least one database with names and addresses, to-do lists and a notepad.
Information can be entered into it by handwriting using a stylus.
The system unit (also called Tower) is where all the computer components are stored.
It contains the:CPUMotherboardMemoryHard DiskAnd more…
Connects all the different components to each other thus allowing them to communicate with each other.
Connects the:CPURAMand all other devices…
CPU can be considered to be the brain of the computer.
It determines the speed of the computer, and it performs all the major functions of the computer.
There are two major brands:AMD (Athlon) INTEL (Core Duo)Others
Information can be written to and read from the RAM.
It is VOLATILE (when the computer is switched off ALL is lost).
Contains applications when computer is turned on.
Information can only be read.
Not Volatile, all data will remain intact when computer is turned off.
Contains BIOS (basic input output system) which is executed when the computer is turned on.
A Peripheral Device is any equipment that is externally connected to the system unit such as: KeyboardPrinterMouseMonitorSpeakersetc…
All of the following affect the computer performance:
CPU Speed
Amount of RAM
Hard Disk Speed
Hard Disk Space
Hardware
The CPU is situated inside the system unit.
The CPU also referred to as the central processor is the ‘brain’ of the computer.
It heavily determines the data processing power of a computer.
Two typical components of the CPU are:Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), which performs arithmetic and logical operations when a program’s instruction requires them.
Control Unit – tells the rest of the computer how to carry out a program’s instructions.
The CPU determines the speed at which program instructions are carried out.
The CPU speed is measured in:Megahertz (Mhz) and Gigahertz (Ghz) 1MHz being equal to 1 million cycles per
second. More MHz or GHz = Faster Computer
RAM is volatile storage that holds the program and data the CPU is presently processing.
It is called random access, because any part of it can be examined, and if necessary altered by other programs.
RAM can be ‘written to’ and ‘read from’ and is often described as ‘read/write’ memory.
When you want to use a program, you instruct the system to load the program required. In a matter of seconds, the computer reads the program from the disk and loads (copies) it to the RAM.
If the computer is switched off, the contents of the RAM will be lost. For this reason RAM is called a volatile memory. So any information which is in the RAM and needs to be stored permanently must be stored onto the hard disk.
ROM refers to chips that have program built into them by the manufacturer.
The ROM chip retains important instructions in a permanently accessible, non-volatile form and which cannot be overwritten.
When the computer is switched off, the contents of the ROM are not lost.
Bit – short for Binary Digit. It is the smallest unit of information on the computer. A single bit can only hold two values, 1 or 0.
Byte (B) = 8 Bits Kilobyte (KB) = 1024 bytes Megabyte (MB) = 1024 KB Gigabyte (GB) = 1024 MB Terabyte (TB) = 1024 GB
Keyboard – the most common method if input.
It contains a set of characters which can be inputted.
It is known as QWERTY keyboard because of the first six characters of the keyboard.
Mouse is used to move the cursor or pointer on a display screen. Mechanical mouse
use a roller ball to move
Optical mouse use laser beams to move
A scroll wheel is used to scroll large documents.
Mouse buttons are used to select or click various options and/or buttons.
Trackball is a pointing device, it is very similar to a mouse, but you roll a ball instead of moving the mouse.
It also has the buttons like a mouse used for the same functions.
It does not require a lot of space since it is static!
A Scanner is a device that transfers printed text and images to a computer.
Flatbed scanners are the most common.
Typical applications of scanners are: Scan pictures to edit and
manipulate them. Scan text to a word-
processor using an OCR.
A Joystick is a lever which can be moved in all directions and controls the movements of a cursor or any other special symbol.
Mostly used for games.
This camera does not contain any film but records the image as a digital object which can be downloaded to a PC.
Advantages: The photo is seen on the
screen before shooting Can store a large number of
photos Can print only desired
pictures Delete unwanted pictures…
This device is used to convert sound waves into electrical current, which in turn the computer can understand and reproduce as sound.
Used for video-conferencing
Used for surveillance
Can be used to control the PC Ideal for disabled persons Software has to be ‘trained’
Main output device to display output from computer
CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) Bulky Cheap Good Colour Quality
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) Compact Low Radiations Expensive
This is a special purpose output devices for producing bar charts, maps, architectural drawings.
Produce high quality multicolour documents and can print on large scale paper.
It is more expensive than normal printers but uses the same technology of inkjet printers.
Speakers can be plugged into the soundcard.
Soundcard can be used to capture as well as playback recorded sounds.
Speakers enhance the multimedia ability of the computer.
Data is recorded magnetically onto concentric tracks.
They can contain large amounts of data (more than 60GB)
These are very fast and relatively inexpensive.
Most hard disks, are fixed inside the computer.
Removable hard disks fit in the drives near the CD, are portable but are more expensive than internal ones.
Data is recorded the same way as hard disk (i.e. magnetically)
Standard size of floppy disk is 3 ½ inch, and can hold a small amount of data (around 1.44MB).
They are very slow, so accessing data on the floppy takes a longer time than from a hard-disk.
Floppy disks are expensive at 25c when compared to other media (such as CDs and DVDs).
Compact Disk is an optical disk containing data, which has been written and can be read through the use of a laser beam. CD-ROM = read only CD-R = write-once CD-RW = rewritable
Very cheap at 10c per CD
Capacity = 700MB Speed is quite fast.
Digital Versatile Disc work on the same principles of CDs but can contain more data. DVD-ROM = read-only DVD-R = write-once DVD-RW = rewritable
Quite average priced at 40c
Capacity = 4.5GB (almost 7CDs)
Speed = fast
A disk has to be formatted, so that it is prepared to receive data on to it.
Locations are created where data can be stored.
When formatting a disk, the disk is made compatible with the Operating System and everything on it will be deleted.
Software
The computer hardware on its own has no intelligence and therefore must be supplied with instructions to perform any task.
Software or programs, consist of step-by-step instructions that tell the computer how to perform a task.
Software is divided into two main categories: system software and application software.
It is a program that controls the computer and enables it to run application software.
It allows the computer to manage its internal resources.
The software runs the basic computer operations – it tells the hardware what to do, how to do it, and when to do it.
Different Brands: Disk Operating System
(DOS) – one of the earliest o/s, unpopular since user has to remember commands
Windows – the most common since it offers GUI.
Macintosh OS – like windows but for Macintosh.
There are others like Linux, Unix and OS/2 Warp
This is software that help the user carry out specific task such as word-processing, spreadsheet, databases and presentation software.
Application fall under two stylesTailor-made: software designed for the
particular customer.Off-the-shelf: for use by the general public
Off-the-shelf examples: Word Processing: used to prepare
documents such as letters, reports, memos. MS Word, Corel WordPerfect
Spreadsheet: Analyse and summarise numerical data, used in accounts. MS Excel, Lotus 123
Database: Organise and manage a large quantity of data. MS Access, Dbase.
Presentation: Organises text, graphics and audio in a format to be displayed to a group of people. MS PowerPoint, Lotus Freelance
Desktop Publishing: flyers, invitations, posters, reports, magazines and books. MS Publisher, Adobe PageMaker
Internet Web Browsers: used to locate and display information at Web Sites. MSIE, Netscape Navigator
GUI is short for Graphical User Interface.
A GUI is the graphical user interface to a computer, and its elements include such things as: windows, icons, buttons, cursors and scroll bars.
Information Networks
Million of computers are connected together.
These connections are established to attain higher processing powers and to establish communication of data between different computer and sharing resources. Such computer connections are referred to as networks.
Local Area Network: networks which are concentrated in a single location with most of the machines connected using cables.
Examples: computers in a school, a department or offices.
Wide Area Network: Networks which serve computers located at far away distances across towns and countries.
Communication is carried out via telephone lines, fibre-optic links, satellite, etc.
Client/server describes the relationship between two computers in which one computer (the client), makes a service request from another computer (the server), which fulfills the request.
Advantages of networks: Sharing of peripheral devices Sharing of Programs Sharing of Data Efficient communication
Internet is short for International Networking.
Consist of thousand networks connected to each other which in turn connect millions of computers together across the world.
Can also be referred to as ‘the Net’, ‘Information Superhighway’, ‘Cyberspace’.
World Wide Web (WWW): a collection of documents available for the public also knows as Web Pages. These have developed from text only to graphics, sound and videos pages.
Electronic Mail (Email): transmission of messages over a network. These messages can contain text, graphics, and sounds.
Usenet – large collection of discussion groups organised by topics. Allow people to share interests, show their opinion, ask questions, etc.
Internet Relay Chat (IRC): a multi-user talk program. Allows several internet users to simultaneously participate in a discussion in various channels. IRC software is required, and an IRC server.
The contents of the WWW contain all sorts of data, text, sound, graphic, and video clips – also known as Web Pages.
Each web page has its own unique address known as the URL (universal resource locator). If you do not know the URL you can use search engines which locate websites via searches for keywords and phrases.
Examples are Yahoo, Google, Altavista, Excite and Lycos.
Email is a way of sending electronic messages through the systems and networks that make up the internet.
Advantages:Very fastNo need for envelopes, stampsSend the same message to many people
A home user will require the following to send an e-mail:1. Modem2. Telephone Line3. Internet Account with and Internet
Service Provider (ISP)4. Mail Software
Every user has a mailbox on the ISP’s server, so even when your computer is switched off you can still receive mail. Then all you need to do, is to connect to the internet, and run the mail software and check for new messages.
PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network): is the standard telephone network.
Originally developed to transfer sound. Telephone system is an analogue network, i.e. it transmits data as a series of sound signals.
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network): consist of hardware and software that allow voice, video and data to be communicated as digital signals over standard telephone lines.
Rates of 64KBps or more.
ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line): is a way to transmit data over traditional copper telephone lines at speeds higher than were previously possible.
Data travels downstream faster than it travels upstream -- hence the name "asymmetric."
Computer needs to change to and fro these signals, so the modem is required. Modulator/Demodulator.
Speed is measured in baud (bits per second). Fastest modem is 56.6KBps but ADSL and cable modem exist with higher speeds.
Use of IT in Everyday Life
Where can a computer work better than a human?Dangerous placesRepetitive tasksMathematical calculations
Where can only a human work, and the computer cannot?ArtHand-made itemsCreativity
Large-Scale BusinessAirlines InsuranceOnline Banking
GovernmentPublic RecordsRevenue CollectionElectronic VotingVehicle Registration
HospitalPatient Records
SystemAmbulance Control
SystemDiagnostic Tools
EducationComputer Based
TrainingE-LearningStudent Registration
Everyday Life Electronic Point Of Sale (EPOS):
Supermarkets Electronic Funds Transfer at Points of
Sales (EFTPOS): Purchasing by credit card.
Automatic Teller Machines (ATM): Cash dispensing terminals.
Libraries Booking Systems Smart Cards: Phone Card
Telework (also called telecommuting and remote work) describes a situation where an employee is working anywhere but in their traditional office.
A typical scenario involves employees working at home either full or part time, but they could also be working on travel assignments or at remote work centers or on the road day by day.
No commuting time Greater ability to focus on one task Flexible schedules Reduced company space requirement
Lack of human contact Less emphasis on teamwork
Computer networks are replacing our shopping habits. More and more people are selling and buying over the internet.
Users use credit cards to buy over the net.
Genuine shops use secure servers.
To purchase online items one must fill in certain personal details before a transaction is carried out.
Payment methods include Credit Cards, and online money.
Consumer has the right to return unsatisfactory goods.
Advantages of buying onlineServices available 24 hours a dayWide range of productsCompare prices on the flyBuy from any shop
across the world
Disadvantages of buying online:Virtual storeNo human contact Insecure payment methods
Health, Safety and Environment
Although the computer is a very useful tool, it has also its negative impacts on our physical and mental health.
Ergonomics is the study of the physical relationships between humans and computers.
Good working environments: A good workspace – well ventilated
which reduces overheating of the equipment
Cables and power supply – Cables securely plugged into the sockets, neatly tied and no overloading.
Eyestrain and headaches – usually arise because of improper lighting, screen glare, and prolonged periods in front of your computer. To minimise:
Take frequent breaks like 10 minutes every hour
Avoid computer screens that flicker Keep computer screens away from
windows and other source of bright light to minimise glare
Use good quality anti-glare screens Clean your screen from dust
Back and neck pains – usually arise because of incorrect postures and incorrect positioning of the equipment and furniture
RSI – Repetitive strain injury happens when the computer is used repetitively for a long period of time. RSI can be minimised by taking frequent brakes.
Dust-free environment Well ventilation Vibration free, stable environment Avoid plugging or unplugging
cables whilst the computer is switched on
Make use of a UPS Avoid eating and drinking near a
computer
Recycle empty printer cartridges Using a monitor that consumes less
power Turn off computer when not using it, or
use stand-by option Using electronic documents reduces
paper waste
Security
Information Society – the present society we live in, a period characterised by instant worldwide communication. Enormous amount of information are constantly converted into binary digits and transmitted over global networks.
Due to this constant transfer of data, there must be security plans which protect this data from unwanted use and access.
A type of security system is the User ID and password. Every user has his/her own unique name, and for every ID there is a password.
Access rights means restricting access to certain type of information according to the user using the computer.
Backing up data, means that one has two or more copies of the original data. So that if something happens to the original (which is common), one would still have a copy of the original and can simply replace it back!
Theft of a Laptop, PDA, mobile can have various implications.Misuse of confidential filesLoss of filesLoss of contact detailsMisuse of telephone numbers
A computer virus is a small program which is designed to copy itself on many computers without the user knowing it. They are designed with malicious intent.
Effects of viruses can be, deletion of files, slowing down the system, restarting the system and some simply annoying the user.
Viruses spread by: Introducing infected disks into the computerOpen infected files from e-mail attachmentsSharing of infected files over a networkDownloading an infected file from the
internet
Protecting the system from viruses Install an anti-virus program. Update anti-virus software. Be careful of which e-mails you openBe careful what to download off the internetAvoid sharing files via floppy disks, CDROM,
zip disk, etc.Make backups of data
Copyright and the Law
Computer Software cannot be copied because it is protected by the law.
Software Piracy is the unauthorised distribution and use of copyrighted computer programs.
This is not limited only to programs, but to images, sounds, videos, books, etc…
Freeware is free software in which the author retains their copyright. This means that no-one can change the software in any way unless permission is granted by the author. Freeware can be downloaded and used, but it cannot be sold.
Shareware is copyrighted software available for downloading on a free, limited trial basis; if you decide to use the software, you're expected to register and pay a small fee.
Information in the public domain is open for free use by the public, so public domain software can be copied, modified and redistributed free of charge and restriction.
The product ID is a unique number obtained when software is purchased. This number is proof that the software is legal, it must not be traded with other users, because it is illegal.
This legislation sets out to define the rights of organisations and individuals in terms of how personal information is gathered, stored, processed and disclosed.
One of the most important aspects of the Act is a focus on the individual’s rights to view the information stored on them and ensure that it is accurate.
Information gathered cannot be handed –in to a third party.
Хичээлийн дараа компьютерээ зохих ёсоор унтраах – GREEN IT
Ширээ сандал дээр бичихгүй байх Хогийн саванд хогоо хийх