· cce) ethics for school teachers)

1.1 BapJw

s]mXp-hmb Pohn-X-Kp-W-ta-∑-sIm≠v C¥y°p apgp-h≥ amXr-I-bmb kwÿm-

\-amWv tIc-fw. s]mXp-hn-Zym- ym-k-Øns‚ hym]\w, s]mXp-P-\m-tcm-Ky-cw-KsØ

anIhv F∂nh-bmWv {][m-\-ambpw tIcf-Øns‚ Cu t\ -Øn\p Imc-Ww. kaq-

l-Ønse F√m hn`mKw Ipń-I--sfbpw hnZ-ym-e-b-ß-fn-se-Øn-°m≥ Ign-s™-¶nepw

F√m-h¿°pw KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ hnZ-ym- -ymkw \¬IpI F∂Xv tIc-f-Ønse hnZ-ym-

-ym-k-cwKw t\cn-Sp∂ G‰hpw henb sh√p-hn-fnbm-Wv. 1986 se tZiob hnZ-ym-

`ymk \bsØØpS¿∂v KpW-ta∑ e£ywh®p≈ hym-]-I-amb ASn-ÿm-\-ku-

I-c-y-hn-I-k-\hpw A[-ym-]-I-]-cn-io-e-\ -]-cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw \S-∂n- p-≠v. CtXm-sSm∏w

]mT-y-]-≤-Xnsb inip-tI-{μo-Ir-Xhpw {]h¿Ø\m-[n-jvTn-Xhpw {]{In-bm-_-‘n-X-

hp-am°n Imtem-Nn-X-am-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]cn-{i-a-ßfpw D≠mbn. CXns‚ ê-ambn

Adn-hns\ \n¿an-°p∂ {]{In-b-bmWv ¢mkv-ap-dn-I-fn¬ \S-t°-≠-sX∂ Xncn-®-dn-

hp-≠mbn. C{]-Imcw Ipńsb hnZ-ym- -ymk{]{In-b-bpsS tI{μ-ÿm-\Øp \n¿Øp∂-

Xn-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v XpS°w Ipdn-°m≥ \ap°p Ign-™n- p-≠v.

PohnXØns‚ kakvX- ta-J-e-Ifpw A\p-\n-anjw amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. t_m[-

\-imkv{Xw, ]T-\-a\ximkv{Xw F∂n-h-bnse ]pXnb Is≠-Ø-ep-Ifpw {]mtbm-

KnIm\p- -h-ßfpw Iptd°qSn sa®-s∏- -co-Xn-bn¬ ]T-\-km-a{KnIfpsS \n¿am-Whpw

]T-\m-\p- -h-ß-fpsS hn\n-a-bhpw hne-bn-cp-Øepw \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v \sΩ {]m]vX-

cm-°p-∂p. F√m hn`mKw Ipń-I-fp-sSbpw ]T\]ptcm-KXn \mw e£ywhbv°p∂p.

""hy-X-y-kvX-amb kmaq-lnI˛kmº-ØnI ]›m-Ø-e-ap≈, hy-X-y-kvX-amb imco-

cn-Ihpw am\-kn-Ihpw _u≤n-I-hp-amb Ign-hp-I-fp≈ F√m Ipń-Iƒ°pw ]Tn-

°m\pw kvIqfp-I-fn¬ hnPbw ssIh-cn-°m\pw Ign-bp-sa∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Ø-Ww. enwKw,

PmXn, `mj, kwkvIm-cw, aXw, AwK-ssh-I-e-y-ßƒ apX-em-b-h-bn¬\n∂v DS-se-

Sp-°p∂ ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ adn-I-S-°m≥ \b-ßfpw ]≤-Xn-Ifpw am{Xw t]mcm, ssii-

h-L´w apX-¬-Xs∂ tbm-P-y-amb ]T-\-e-£-y-ßfpw A[-ym-]-\-co-Xn-Ifpw Xnc-s™-

Sp-°p-Ibpw cq]-I-ev]\ sNøp-Ibpw th≠-Xp-≠v'' (F≥.-kn.-F v. 2005, ]pdw˛27).

$ hy-X-y-kvX-amb kmaq-lnI˛kmº-ØnI ]›m-Ø-e-ßfnep-≈-h¿.

$ imco-cn-Itam am\-kn-Itam _u≤n-I-tam Bbn hy-X-y-kvX-amb Ign-hp-I-fp-

≈h¿.

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tIcf kvIqƒ ]mTy-]-≤Xn 2013

s]mXpkao-]\w

6

So®¿ sSIvÃv

Cßs\- F√m hn`m-K-Ønepw s] -h¿°v ]T-\-t\´w D≠m-Ip-∂-Xn\v hnZ-ym- -ym-k-

{]-{In-b-bpsS F√m taJ-e-I-fnepw IqSp-X¬ kq£vahpw imkv{Xo-b-hp-amb \ne-

]m-Sp-Iƒ kzo-I-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cn-°-Ww \ΩpsS Ft∏mgsØbpw ImgvN-∏mSv F∂v

F≥.-- kn-. F v. kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. Imtem-Nn-X-ambn ]mT-y-]-≤Xn \ho-I-cWw \S-

Øn-s-°m-≠n-cn-°p-Ibpw kwhn-[m-\sØ {]h¿Ø\-\nc-Xam°pIbpw sNbvXm¬

am{Xta Cu e£yw ssIh-cn-°m\mIq F∂v CXp ImWn-°p-∂p. Cu ImgvN-∏m-

Sns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv Ct∏mƒ ]mT-y-]-≤Xn ]cn-jvI-cn-°p-∂-Xv. hnZ-ym- ymk

{]{In-b-bn¬ \nc-¥cw CS-s]- p-sIm≠ncn-°p∂ F√m-h-cp-sSbpw A\p- -h-ßfpw

Is≠-Ø-ep-Ifpw ]T-\˛K-th-j-W-ßfpw kzmw-io-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠mWv CXp \S-Øp-

∂-Xv. icn-bn¬\n∂v IqSp-X¬ icn-bn-te°v F∂ imkv{Xobkao-]-\-amWv ChnsS

kzo-Icn®ncn-°p-∂-Xv.

1.2 ]mT-y-]-≤Xn ]cn-jvI-c-W-Øns‚ {]k‡n

Ign™ A©p-h¿jØn-\n-S-bn¬ hnZ-ym- -ymkcwKØv \ho-\-amb Ht´sd Bi-b-

ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏- n- p-≠v. C¥-y-bn-em-Is´, 2009 se hnZ-ym- -ymk Ah-Imi

\nbaw {]m_-e-y-Øn¬h∂-tXmsS KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ hnZ-ym- -ymkw Ipń-I-fpsS Ah-

Im-i-ambn amdn-°-gn™p. Ah-Im-im-[n-jvTnX hnZ-ym-ebw (Right based EducationalInstitution) F∂ e£yw t\Sp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ ka{Kamb kvIqƒhn-I-k\ ]cn-t{]£yw

\S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v ]mT-y-]-≤-Xnsb A¥¿tZ-iob \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ FØn-t°-≠-

Xp-≠v. A¥¿tZ-iob\ne-hmcw F∂Xv GsX-¶nepw Hcp cmP-y-Øns‚ \ne-hm-c-

a√, Hcp {]tX-yI L´w ]n∂n-Sp∂ Ipń temI-sØ-hn-sS-bm-sW-¶nepw B¿Pn-

t°≠ Adn-hp-I-fp-sSbpw A\p- -h-ß-fp-sSbpw BIØpI-bmWv. BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬

Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏´ anI® ]T-\ -t_m-[\amXr-I-Iƒ tIc-f-Ønse Ipń-Iƒ°v e`y-

am-t°-≠-Xps≠∂v CXp ImWn-°p-∂p.

]cn-kc-]-T\w

7

hnZym- ymk Ah-Imi\nb-a-Ønse ]mTy-]-≤Xn, hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ F∂n-h-bp-ambn

_‘-s∏´ \nb-a-ßƒ ]mT-y-]-≤Xn ]cn-jvI-c-WØn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠Xv Bh-

iy-am-Wv.

hnZym- ymk Ah-Imi\nbaw ˛ 2009

skIvj≥ ˛ 29 (A[ymbw 5)

]mTy-]-≤-Xnbpw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ \S-]-Sn-{I-ahpw

(1) {]mY-anI hnZym- ym-k-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ ]mTy-]-≤-Xnbpw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

\S-]-Sn-{I-ahpw kap-Nn-X-k¿°m-cn-\m¬ hn⁄m-]\w hgn \n¿tZ-in-°-

s∏-Sp∂ Hcp A°m-Z-anI A[n-Im-c-ÿm-\-Øm¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-°-s∏-tS-

≠-XmWv.

(2) A°m-Z-anI A[n-Im-c-ÿm\w 1˛mw D]-h-Ip∏v {]Im-c-ap≈ ]mTy-]-≤-

Xnbpw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ \S-]-Sn-{I-ahpw {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-tºmƒ Xmsg ]d-

bp-∂h ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. AXm-bXv :-

(a) `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ {]Xn-jvTm-]n-X-amb aqey-ß-tfm-Sp≈ A\p-tbm-

PyX.

(b) Ipń-bpsS k¿h-ap-J-amb hf¿®.

(c) Ipń-bpsS Adnhpw Ignhpw sshZ-Kv[yhpw {ItaW h¿[n-∏n-

°¬.

(d) imco-cn -Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb Ign-hp-I-fpsS kºq¿W

hnIk\w.

(e) Ipń°v kulr-Z-]-c-am-bXpw Ipńsb tI{μo-I-cn-®n- p-≈-Xp-amb

Hcp coXn-bn¬ {]h¿Ø-\hpw I≠p]n-Sn-Øhpw ]cy-th-£-

Whpw aptJ-\-bp≈ ]T\w.

(f) t_m[-\-am-[yaw {]mtbm-Kn-I-am-bn-´p-≈n-S-tØmfw Ipń-bpsS

amXr-`m-j-bn-embncnt°-≠-Xm-sW-∂-Xv.

(g) `bw, am\-knI ]ncn-ap-dp-°-ap-≠m-°p∂ kml-N-cyw, DXvIWvT

F∂n-h-bn¬\n∂v Ipńsb hnap-‡-am-°epw kzX-{¥-ambn A`n-

{]mbw {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v Ipńsb klm-bn-°-epw.

(h) Adnhv {Kln-°p-∂-Xn-\pw AXv {]tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-\pap≈ Ipń-

bpsS Ign-hn-s‚ ka-{Khpw \nc-¥-c-hp-amb hne-bn-cp-Ø¬.

8

So®¿ sSIvÃv

kuP\yhpw \n¿_‘nXhpamb hnZym`ymkØn\p≈ IpńIfpsSAhImiw - tIcf N´ßfpw hIp-∏p-Ifpw 2011

A°m-Z-anI A[n-ImctI{μw

1. 29 ˛mw hIp∏ns‚ BhiyØnte°v kwÿm\ hnZym`ymk KthjW

]cnioe\ Iu¨kn¬ (SCERT) Bbncn°pw A°mZanI A[nImctI{μw.

2. (1) ˛mw D]N´Øn≥ Iogn¬ hn⁄m]\w sNbvXn´p≈ A°mZanI

A[nImctI{μw Icn°pehpw aqey\n¿Wb \S]Sn{Iaßfpw

Xbmdm°ptºmƒ Cu BIvSnse 29˛mw hIp∏ns‚ (2) ˛mw D]hIp∏ns‚

D]Jfiw (a) apX¬ (f) hscbp≈ hyhÿIƒ°v tZmj-IcamImØhn[w.

(a) {]kIvXhpw {]mbm\pkrXhpamb kne_kn\pw ]mT]pkvXIßƒ°pw

ASnÿm\ PohnXss\]pWn ]I¿∂p \¬Ip∂Xn\mhiyamb

]T\kma{KnIƒ Dƒs∏sSbp≈ a‰p ]T\kma{KnIƒ°pw cq]w

\¬IpIbpw;

(b) H∂papX¬ F´phscbp≈ ¢mkpIfnte°v Hmtcm hnjbØn\pw

Bhiyamb an\naw ]T\êw \n¿Wbnt°≠Xpw IpńIƒ°pth≠n

anIhpkqNIßƒ hnIkn∏n°p∂tXmsSm∏w IpńIfpsS

]T\êØn\p th≠nbp≈ A[ym]IcpsS DØchmZnXz

am\Zfißƒ°v cq]w \¬IpIbpw;

(c) ]T\˛t_m[\ êØns‚ ASnÿm\Øn¬ C≥ ˛k¿hokv A[ym]I

]cnioe\ kma{KnIƒ hnIkn∏n°pIbpw;

(d) 1995 ˛ se sshIeyap≈ hy‡nIƒ (XpeymhImißƒ,

AhImißfpsS kwc£Whpw ]q¿W ]¶mfnØhpw) BIvSns‚

hyhÿIƒ A\pkcn®v sshIeyap≈ IpńIƒ°v hnZym`ymkw

\¬Ip∂Xn\p th≠n A[ym]I¿°v {]o ˛ k¿hokv, C≥ ˛ k¿hokv

]cnioe\ ]cn]mSnIƒ°v cq]w \¬IpIbpw;

(e) \nc-¥-chpw ka-{K-hp-amb aqey-\n¿Wbw \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øp-∂-Xn\v Bh-

iy-amb am¿K-\n¿tZ-i-ßƒ Xbm-dm-°p-Ibpw;

(f) \b]cn]mSnIƒ, t{]m{KmapIƒ, Icn°pew, IpńIfpsS t_m[\êw

F∂nhsb°pdn®v KthjWßfpw ]T\ßfpw Gs‰Sp°pIbpw AXv

IΩoj≥ sNøpIbpw.

hnZym- ymk Ah-Im-i-\n-b-a-Øns‚ ]›mØ-e-Øn¬ \nc-¥-chpw ka-{K-hp-amb

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ `c-W-L-S\m_m[y-X-bmbn amdn-bn-cn-°p-IbmWv. CXv Dd∏phcp-

Øp∂ Xc-Øn¬ ]mTy-]-≤Xn ]cn-jvI-cn-t°-≠Xv AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. Cu- ]›m-

Ø-e-Øn-emWv ]mTy-]-≤Xn ]cn-jvI-c-WsØ \mw ho£n-t°-≠-Xv.

tIcf kvIqƒ ]mTy-]-≤-Xn- (2013) bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Fs¥m-s°-sb∂v ]cn-

tim-[n-°mw.

]cn-kc-]-T\w

9

1. ]TnXmhn¬ tI{μoIrXamb {]{Inbm_‘nXhpw {]h¿Øt\m∑pJhpw

aqeym[njvTnXhpamb ]mTy]≤Xn.

2. _u≤nIXeØnepw {]{InbmXeØnepw at\m`mhXeØnepw aqeyßfpsS

XeØnepw ]TnXmhv FØnt®tc≠ ]T\t\´ßƒ°v Du∂¬ \¬Ip∂p.

3. ⁄m\-\n¿ΩnXn F∂ XmØznIamb ASnØdbn¬\n∂psIm≠p≈

]mTy]≤Xn.

4. hn\n-ab{]{In-b-bn¬ sshhn-[y-am¿∂Xpw bp‡-hp-amb ]T-\-X-{¥-ßƒ kzoI-

cn-°m\pw D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\p-ap≈ kzmX{¥yw A[ym-]-I¿°v \¬Ip-∂p.

5. ]T-\-t\- w, D≈-S°kz`m-hw, ]Tn-Xm-°-fpsS hyXykvX \ne-hmcw F∂nh

Xncn-®-dn™v hnhn[ ]T\˛t_m[\ coXn-Iƒ \S-∏n-em-°p∂-Xn-\p≈ hg-

°w. Is≠-Ø¬ ]T\w, Bi-b-k-ºm-Z\coXn, BK-a-\-Nn¥mcoXn, Nn¥-sb-

°p-dn®v Nn¥n-°m-\p≈ Ign-hp-Iƒ hf¿Ø¬, kl-I-c-W-]-T\w, kl-h¿ØnX-

]-T-\w, {]Xn- -e-\-Nn¥ hf¿Ø¬, hy‡n-]-c-ambpw kwL-]-c-ambpw Ah-

k-c-ßƒ \¬I¬ apX-em-bh ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂p.

6. kuP-\yhpw km¿h-{Xn-I-hp-amb hnZym- ym-kw F∂-Xp-t]mse F√m Ip´n-I-

fp-sSbpw ]T-\-t\´w Dd-∏m-°pI-sb-∂-Xn\p {]m[m-\yw \¬Ip-∂p.

7. {]o˛ss{]adn apX¬ lb¿ sk-°-≠dn hsc ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm-≠p-≈- ka-{K-

amb ]mTy-]-≤-Xn.

8. Hmtcm ¢mknepw hnhn-[ -hn-j-b-ß-fnse D≈-S°w tZiobXe-Ønse D≈-

S°tØmSv GIo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v tIc-f-Øn-t‚-Xmb ]mT-]p-kvXIßƒ Xbm-

dm-°p∂p.

9. tZio-b-X-e-Øn-se-∂Xpt]mse H∂v, c≠v ¢mkp-I-fn-te°v amXr- mj (]cn-

k-c-]-T\w DZv{K-Yn®v), KWnXw, Cw•ojv F∂n-ßs\ aq∂p ]mT-]p-kvX-I-

ßƒ Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.

10. H∂p apX¬ \mep hscbp≈ ¢mkpIfnte°v Cw•ojv aoUnbw

]mT]pkvXIßfpw Xbmdm°p-∂p.

11. t{ijvT`mj F∂ \nebnepw amXr`mj F∂ \nebnepw aebmf

`mjm]T\Øn\v {]tXyI {]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂p.

12. {]o-˛ss{]adn hnZym`ymkØn\mbn GIoIrX]mTy]≤Xn cq]oIcn®v

Hu]NmcnI hnZym`ymkØns‚ `mKam°n amt‰≠XmsW∂v \n¿-tZin°p∂p.

13. hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy (sF.kn.Sn.) Hcp {]tXyI ]mTyhnjbw

F∂Xnep]cn ]mTyhnjbßfpsS hn\nabw ^e{]Zam°p∂Xnte°p≈

Hcp D]m[nbmbn D]tbmKnt°≠XmWv.

10

So®¿ sSIvÃv

14. {]tXyI ]cn-K-W-\-b¿ln-°p∂ Ipń-Iƒ°v hyXy-kvXhpw \qX-\-hp-amb ]T-

\-X-{¥-ßƒ Bhn-jvI-cn®p \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn-s\m∏w A\p-tbm-P-y-amb hne-

bn-cp-Ø¬ {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw cq]-s∏-SpØn \S-∏n-em-°p∂p.

15. ]T-\-t\- -ß-fn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb ka-{Khpw \nc¥c-hp-amb hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ (CCE)Dd∏phcp-Øp∂p.

16. BtcmKy˛ImbnIhnZym`ymkw, IemhnZym`ymkw, {]hr-Øn-]cn-Nb]-T\w

F∂nh \n¿_‘nX ]mTyhnjbßfm°n ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂p.

17. lb¿sk-°-≠-dn-X-e-Øn¬ Imem-\p-kr-X-amb ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßƒ Xbm-dm-

°p∂p.

18. tZiobhnZym-`ym-k-\nb-a-Øns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ Ah-Im-im-[n-jvTnXhnZym-`ym-

k-Øn\v Du∂¬ \¬Ip-∂p.

19. A[-ym-]-Is\ Hcp kl-c-£m-I¿Øm-hns‚ (Mentor) Xe-Øn-te°v Db¿Øn

Ipń°v kvIqfn-\-IØpw ¢mkvap-dn-bnepw th≠p∂ Icp-Xepw XWepw A\p-

-hn-°m≥ Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°p∂p.

20. A[ym-]-I¿ ]men-t°≠ [m¿anI\nb-a-kw-ln-Xbv°v (Code of ProfessionalEthics for School Teachers) Du∂¬ \¬Ip-∂p.

21. 21˛mw \q‰m-≠nse ]T\ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ (21st Century Learning Skills) B¿Pn-°p-

∂ -X-c-Øn¬ Imtem-Nn-X-am-b-Xv.

22. am\p-jnIaqey-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Xe-ap-dsb krjvSn-°m≥ ]cym-]vX-

am-b-Xv.

23. Ah-k-c-Xp-ey-Xbpw ka-Xzhpw (Equity and Equality) e`n-°p∂ hnZym- ym-k-Øn-

\-\p-kr-X-am-b-Xv.

]T-\sØ kzm- m-hn-I-am-°n, ]Tn-Xm-°-fp-sS _u-≤n-Ihpw am-\-kn-I--hpw {]-h¿-Ø-

\-]-c-hpam-bp≈ k-a-{K hn-Im-kw e-£-y-am°p∂ a-kv-Xn-jv-I˛lr-Z-b˛l-kv-Xka-

\-zn-X-am-b ]mT-y-]-≤-XnbmWv (Curriculum for the harmony of Head, Heart andHand) \mw hnh-£n-°p-∂Xv.

F¶n¬ ]mTy-]-≤Xn kao-]\w Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn-°Ww? AXns‚ ssk≤m-¥n-

Ihpw {]mtbm-Kn-I-hp-amb ASn-Ød F¥m-bn-cn-°Ww?

1.3 ]mTy-]-≤Xnkao-]\w

⁄mt\-{μn-b-ßfneqsS Np‰p-]m-Sn¬\n∂p ]Tn-°m-\p≈ ss\k¿Kn-I-amb Ign-

hp-I-tfmsS-bmWv Ipń P\n-°p-∂-Xv. temIsØ ]pXnb coXn-bn¬ t\m°n-°m-

Wm\pw a\- n-em-°m\pw CS-]-g-Im-\pw hne-bn-cp-Øm-\p-ap≈ km[y-X-I-fmWv hnZym-

e-b-Ønse Hu]-Nm-cnI]T\w hgn Ipń°v e`n-°p∂Xv.

]cn-kc-]-T\w

11

Xs‚ ap∂n-ep≈ {]iv\-k-μ¿ -ß-

fn¬ CS-s]- p-sIm≠v {]iv\-]-cn-l-

c-W-Øn¬ G¿s∏-Sp -∂-Xn-eq -sS-

bmWv ]T\w \S-°p-∂-Xv. ]mTy-]-

≤Xn hn\n-ab-k-ao-]-\-Øns‚ khn-

ti-j-X-Iƒ Fs¥m-s°-bm-bn-cn-

°Ww?

$ {]h¿Ø--\m-[n-jvTnXw

$ {]{In-bm-_-‘nXw

$ ]T\w Dd-∏m-°p-∂Xv.

$ ]T-\-t\- -ßƒ ssIh-cn-°p-

∂-Xn\v ]cym-]vX-am-b-Xv.

$ ]cn-ÿn-Xn- kulr-Z-]-c-am-

bXv.

$ hnIm-k-ta-JeIsf ]cn-K-

Wn-°p-∂-Xv.

$ ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ {]Ir-X-Øn\p

tbmPn-®Xv.

$ ]T-\-tØm-sSm∏w hne-bn-cp-

Øepw HØp-tN¿∂p

t]mIp-∂-Xv.

⁄m\\n¿anXnhmZ-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-

amb ]T-\-co-Xn-bmWv ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-

bpsS B[m-cw. ]Tn -Xm -hns‚

B¿PnXamb Adn-hn-s\bpw Bi-

b-]-cn -k-c-sØbpw ]cn-K-Wn-®p-

sIm≠v e-{]-Z-amb ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-

\-ßƒ Hcp-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS kzm`m-hn-

I-ambn Adnhv \n¿an-s®-Sp-°m≥

km[n°pw F∂-XmWv Cu ImgvN-

∏m-Sn-s‚ {]tXy-I-X.

]T\m-\p- -h-ßƒ

hyXykvX PohnXkml-N-cy-ß-fn¬

\n∂p- h-cp∂ ]Tn -Xm -°-fpsS

Ipń-Iƒ G¿s∏-ń-cn-°p∂ ⁄m\\n¿am-W-{]-{In-b-

bn¬ A[-ym-]-I¿ IqSp-X¬ kPo-h-amb ]¶p-h-ln-

°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬, AXv Ipń-I-fpsS Adn-hns\ i‡n-

s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°pw. ]T-\-Øn¬ hym-]r-X-cm-bn-cn-

°p∂ Ipń-Iƒ kz¥w Adnhv \n¿an-°p-I-bmWp

sNøp-∂-Xv. Xßƒ kvIqfn¬ ]Tn-°p-∂-Xns\

]pdØp \S-°p∂ Imc-y-ß-fp-ambn _‘n-∏n-°m≥

th≠ tNmZ-y-ßƒ tNmZn-°p-hm≥ Ipń-Isf A\p-h-

Zn-°p-I, ImWm-∏mTw ]Tn®v Hscm‰ icn-bp-Øcw

\¬Ip-∂-Xn\p ]Icw kz¥w A\p-`-h-ß-fn¬\n∂v

kz¥w hm°p-I-fn¬ DØcw ]d-bm≥ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-

°p-I. CsX√mw Xß-fpsS Adnhv hnI-kn-∏n-°p-hm≥

Ipń-Isf klm-bn-°p-∂, sNdpsX-¶nepw {][m-\-amb

Nph-Sp-I-fmWv. _p≤n-]q¿h-I-amb Duln-°¬ A¿Y-

h-Ømb Hcp t_m[t\m]m-[n-bm-Wv. AXv t{]m’m-

ln-∏n-°-Ww. ]e-t∏mgpw Xß-fpsS ssZ\w-Zn-\m-\p- -

h-ß-fn¬\nt∂m am[-y-a-k-º¿°-Øn¬\nt∂m Ipń-I-

fpsS a\- n¬ Nne Bi-b-ßƒ cq]-s∏- n- p-≠m-hmw.

]t£, So®¿ {]Xo-£n-°p∂ hm°p-I-fn¬ Ah {]I-

Sn-∏n-°m≥ Ah¿°p ]‰n-sb∂p hcn-√. Adn-™-

Xns‚bpw IjvSn®v Adn-bp-∂-Xns‚bpw CS-bv°p≈

CS-Øn¬ BWv ]pXnb Adnhv krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.

kvIqfn\p ]pdØv hońtem kaq-l-Øntem hf¿Øn-

s°m-≠p-h-cp∂ Ic-hn-cp-Xp-I-fpsS cq]-Øn-em-bn-

cn°pw ]e-t∏mgpw CØcw Adnhv krjvSn-°-s∏-SpI.

CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ F√m Adn-hp-Ifpw _lp-am-\n-°-

s∏-S -Ww. Adnhpw kwth-Z -\-£-a -X-bp -ap≈

Hc[ym]nI CXn-s\-∏‰n t_m[-h-Xnbm-bn-cn-°pw. Ipń-

I-fpsS hnIm-k-km-[-y-X-Iƒ km£m¬°-cn-°m≥

klm-bn-°p-∂-hn[w {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \¬In-b-pw tNm-

Z-y-ßƒ tNmZn®pw Ahsc \bn-°m≥ So®¿°p Ign-

bpw.

At\-z -jWw, ]c-y -th-£-Ww, tNmZ-yw -tNmZn -°¬,

Unt_-‰p-Iƒ, kn≤m-¥-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn-te°pw Bi-

b-ß-fp-sSbpw \ne-]-mSp-I-fp-sSbpw krjvSn-bn-

te°pw \bn-°p∂ {]tbm-Khpw Nn¥bpw˛Ch-

sbms° kPo-h-amb CS-s]-S-ens‚ mK-am-Wv. kvIqfp-

Iƒ, tNmZ-y -ßƒ tNmZn-°m\pw At\-z-jn-°m\pw

X¿°n-°m\pw a\\w sNøm\pw k¶-ev]-\-ß-fn¬

FØn-t®-cm\pw ]pXnb Bi-bßƒ D≠m-°m\pw

Hs° Ah-kcw Hcp-°Ww.

(F≥.-kn.-F- v. 2005, ]pdw ˛ 41, 42)

12

So®¿ sSIvÃv

B¿PnXamb Adn-hv, Ign-hv, Xm¬∏cyw F∂nh hyXy-kvX-am-W-t√m. Cu sshhn-

[ysØ Dƒs°m-≠v, hy‡n-hy-Xym-k-sØbpw _lp-apJ_p≤n-sbbpw ]cn-K-Wn-

®p-sIm≠v ]T-\m-\p- -h-ßƒ Hcp-°pI F∂-XmWv {][m\w.

]T-\m-¥-co£w

]Tn-Xm-hns‚ Xmev]-cy-hpw hnIm-khpw ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v sshhn-[y-ap≈ ]T-\-

{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-°m≥ Ign-bpw-hn[w ¢mkvapdn {Iao-I-cn-°Ww. ]T-

\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ hnZym¿Yn-tI-{μo-IrXam-h-Ww. AXn\p klm-b-I-am-Ipw-hn[ap≈

]T-\m-¥-co-£-amWv k÷-am-t°-≠Xv.

]T-\-{]-{Inb

$ Hmtcm ]Tn-Xmhpw Ah-cpsS ap≥ A\p- -h-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv

⁄m\\n¿amWw (Knowledge construction) \S-Øp-∂-Xv.

$ hy‡n-X-e-Ønepw kmaq-lnIXe-Øn-ep-w ⁄m\\n¿am-Ww \S-°p-∂p-≠v.

$ hnhn[ ]T-\-ssi-en-Iƒ (Learning styles), ]T-\-th-Kw (Learning pace) F∂nh

]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v hnhn[ C{μn-bm-\p-`-h-ßƒ (Multi sensory experiences)\¬Ip-∂Xp hgn ]T\w ê-{]-Z-am-Ip∂p.

$ kl-I-c-Wm-fl-Ihpw kwhm-Zm-fl-I-hp-amb A¥-co-£-Øn¬ ]T\w IqSp-X¬

ê-{]-Z-am-Ip-∂p.

$ ]mTy-h-kvXpX Xm¬∏-cy-P\Ihpw A¿Y-]q¿W-hp-am-°p-∂Xphgn ]T-\w

IqSpX¬ ê-{]-Z-am-Ip-∂p.

$ ]T-\m-\p- -h-ßƒ Nm{In-I-ambn (Spiralling) Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂Xphgn ]T\w

IqSp-X¬ ê-{]-Z-am-Ip∂p.

$ ]T\{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb hg°w (Flexibility), A\p-cq-]o-I-

cW km[yX (Adaptations) F∂nh Dd-∏m-°p∂XneqsS hyXykvX

]T\mhiyap≈-h-scbpw A`n-cp-Nn-bp≈-h-scbpw ]cn-K-Wn-°mw.

$ aXn-bmb ]T-\m-\p- -h-ßƒ Hmtcm ]Tn-Xm-hn\pw e`n-°p-tºmƒ am{Xta ]T\-

t\´w (Learning outcome) Dd-∏m-°m-\m-Iq.

$ ]T-\hpw hne-bn-cp-Øepw DZv{K-Yn-Xambn \S-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

$ hnj-bm-[n-jvTnXamb D≈-S°w (Content), ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ ]T-\m-h-iy-ßƒ

F∂nh ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v -tbm-Py-amb ]T-\ -t_m-[-\-co-Xn-Ifpw X{¥-ßfpw

{]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ F√m-h¿°pw ]T-\-t\´w (Learning outcome) ssIh-

cn-°m≥ km[n-°pw.

]cn-kc-]-T\w

13

$ Hmtcm Ipń-bp-sSbpw ka-{K-hn-I-k\w e£yw h®m-bn-cn-°Ww ]T-\-{]-

{Inb \n›-bn-t°-≠-Xv.

1.4 ]T\-t\- -ßƒ (Learning Outcomes)

hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-fp-ambn _‘n-∏n®v \¬Ip∂ ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS ê-ambn

Adnhv, tijn-Iƒ, at\m-`m-h-ßƒ, aqey-ßƒ F∂nh Ipń-bn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂p.

CXn¬ NneXv {lkz-Im-e-bf-hn¬ B¿Pn-°p-∂Xpw NneXv Zo¿L-Imew sIm≠v

B¿Pn-°p-∂-Xp-am-bn-cn-°pw. Cßs\ Ipń-bn-ep-≠m-th≠ am‰-ßsf ap≥Iqń \n›-

bn-°m≥ \ap°p km[n-°pw. ]mTy-]-≤Xn cq]oIcn-°p-tºmƒ kvIqƒ hnZym- ym-k-

Øns‚ hnhn[ L -ß-fn¬ Ipń ssIh-cn-t°≠ e£y-ß-fmbn \mw IW-°m-°p-

∂-h-bmWv ]T-\-t\-´-ßƒ. GXm\pw ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS t{iWn-bn-eqsS

Hmtcm bqWn-‰nepw t\Sp∂ ]T-\-t\-´-ßƒ hnI-kn®v Hcp ¢mkns‚ HSp-hn¬

t\Sp∂ ]T-\-t\- -ß-fmbn amdp-∂p. hnZym- ymkIme-Øns‚ \n›nXL -ß-fn-ep≈

]T\-t\-´-ß-fmbn CXv hnImkw {]m]n-°p-∂p. ]T-\-t\-´-ß-fpsS {]tXy-IX

Ah \nco-£Whnt[-bhpw (Observable) Af-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂Xpw (Measurable)

Bbn-cn-°psa∂-XmWv. ]T-\-t\- -ß-fpsS hni-I-e-\-Øn-eqsS Hmtcm bqWn-‰n-\pw

¢mkn-\pw L´-Øn\pw HSp-hn¬ Ipń t\tS≠ Adn-hv, tijn-Iƒ, aqey-ßƒ,

at\m- -mh-ßƒ F∂nh t\Sn-bn- pt≠m F∂p hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ Ign-bpw. ]mTy-]-≤-

Xn-bpsS ê-{]-Z-amb hn\n-a-b-Øn-eqsS F√m Ipń-I-fp-sSbpw ]T-\-t\´w Dd-∏p-h-

cp-Øm≥ \ap°p km[n-°-Ww.

]T-\-t\- -ß-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Cßs\ kw{K-ln-°mw:

$ hnj-b-_-‘n-X-amb ]T-\-Øn-eqsS ]Tn -Xmhv B¿Pn-t°≠ Adnhv

(knowledge), tijn-Iƒ (Skills), at\m-`m-h-ßƒ (Attitudes), aqey-ßƒ

(Values) F∂nh Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xmhpw ]T-\-t\- -ßƒ.

$ ]T-\-t\- -ßƒ \nco-£n-°m-hp-∂Xpw Af-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂Xpw Bbn-cn-°pw.

$ {lkzhpw Zo¿L-hp-amb Ime-b-f-hn¬ t\Sp∂ ]T-\-t\- -ßƒ D≠m-bn-cn-°pw.

1.5 ]T-\-hn- -h-ßfpw ]T-\-kw-hn-[m-\-ßfpw

]mTy-]-≤Xn hn\n-abw sNøp-∂-Xn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hnhn[ LS-I-ß-fmWv

]T\hn- -h-ßƒ. ]T-\-{]-{In-b-bpsS ]cn-]q¿W-Xbv°v ]T-\-hn- -h-ßƒ D]-tbm-K-

s∏-Sp-Øntb aXn-bm-Iq.

$ sse{_dn $ Unkvtπ t_m¿Up-Iƒ

$ em_v (`mj, KWnXw, imkv-{Xw) $ Iw]yq- ¿ em_v

$ ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-ßƒ $ aƒń-ao-Unb D]-I-c-W-ßƒ

$

14

So®¿ sSIvÃv

CXn\p ]pdta Ipń-I-fpsS Ign-hp-Iƒ {]I-Sn-∏n-°m-\p≈ \nc-h[n thZn-Ifpw hnZym-

e-b-ß-fn-ep-≠t√m. Chbpw ]T-\t\- -ßƒ ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-

Ø-Ww.

$ _me-k`

$ taf-Iƒ

$ Akwªn

$ ¢∫p-Iƒ

$ N¿®m-th-Zn-Iƒ

$ ]T-\-bm-{X-Iƒ

$ k∂-≤-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ (SPC, NSS, Scout, NCC)

$

Ipń-I-fpsS ]cn-]q¿WhnIm-k-Øn\v CØcw LS-I-ßƒ AXy¥m-t]-£n-X-

ßfmWv.

1.6 Iem-]-T\hpw {]hr-Øn-]-T\hpw

Iem-]-T\w

k¿Km-fl-IX, \nco-£-W-]m-S-hw, hy-Xn-cn‡_p≤n XpS-ßn-bh Ipń-I-fn¬

hf¿Øm≥ Iem-]-T\w AX-y-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv. ]pXnb ]mT-y-]-≤Xnkao-]-\-Øn¬

s]mXphnj-b-ßƒs°m∏w {]m[m-\yw \¬In-bmWv Iem-]-T-\-sØbpw IW-°m-

°p-∂-Xv. kvIqƒ ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ Iem-]-T-\-Øn\v kwKo-Xw, \rØw, Nn{X-c-

N\, inev]-c-N-\, \mS-Iw, kn\na F∂o C\-ß-fmWv Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv.

Ipń-I-fpsS CØcw taJ-e-I-fn-ep≈ Ign-hp-Iƒ Xncn®-dn-bm\pw ]pjvSn-s∏-Sp-

Øm\pw Ign-tb-≠-Xp-≠v. Iem-]-T\Øns‚ s]mXp-hmb e£y-ßƒ:

$ ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ ss\k¿Kn-I-amb Iem-hm-k-\-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn™v ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-

°p-I.

$ hnhn-[-ß-fmb Ie-Isf Adn-bp-∂-Xn\pw Ipń-bpsS A`n-cp-Nn-°-\p-k-cn®v Ah

A`y-kn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ Ah-k-c-ß-sfm-cp-°p-I.

$ hnhn[ Ie-Iƒ Bkz-Zn-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ah-bnse kuμ-cym-fl-IX Dƒs°m-

≈p-∂-Xn\pw.

$ Ie-I-fpsS Bkzm-ZyX Dƒs°m≠v kmaq-lnI-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ am\-hn-I-amb

ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v.

$ kmwkvIm-cnIsshhn[yw Xncn-®-dn™v kmwkvIm-cnImh-t_m[w hf¿Øp-

∂-Xn-\v.

$ Ie-bpsS Du¿Papƒs°m≠v \ho-\-ß-fmb Nn¥-I-fn -te¿s∏-Sm\pw

kmaqlnI{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sm-\pw.

]cn-kc-]-T\w

15

$ Iesb D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn a‰p hnj-b-ß-fpsS ]T\w ê-{]-Z-am-°p-∂-Xn\v.

$ _lp-ap-J --_p-≤n-hn-Im-k-Øns‚ km[y-X-Iƒ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\v.

$ hn`n-∂-ti-jn-bp≈ hnZym¿Yn-Isf ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ X¬∏-c-cm-°p-∂-

Xn-\v.

$ Ipń-I-fpsS Bkzm-Z-\-\n-e-hmcw Db¿Øp-∂-Xn-\v.

{]hr-Øn-]-T\w

sshIm-cnIhpw ssh⁄m-\nIhpamb taJ-e-I-fpsS ka\-z-bhpw hnIm-khpw km[y-

am-°p∂-Xn\v {]hr-Øn-]-cn-NbhnZym- ymkw A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.

Hmtcm {]hrØn]T\ ¢mkn-s‚bpw ASn-Ød am\-h-tijn hnI-k-\-am-bn-cn-°-

Ww. F√m ]uc≥am-cp-sSbpw tijn-Ifpw Ign-hp-Ifpw cmjv{S-\n¿am-W-Øn-\p-X-

Ip∂ coXn-bn¬ hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°pI F∂-XmWv am\-h-tijn hnI-k\w sIm≠p-

t±-in-°p-∂-Xv. sXmgn-en-t\mSv B`n-ap-Jy-ap≈Xpw sXmgn¬ sNøp-∂-hsc BZ-cn-

°p∂Xpw kmaqlnIt_m[-ap≈ ]p-Xnb Hcp sXmgn¬kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ h‡m-

°-fm°n ]pXnb Xe-ap-dsb hm¿sØ-Sp-°p∂Xpw {]hrØn]T\-Øns‚ kp{]-

[m\ e£yßfm-Wv.

$ am\-h-tijnhnI-k\w

$ tZio-b-]p-tcm-KXn

$ sXmgn¬k∂-≤X

$ D¬∏m-Z-\-cw-KsØ kzm{i-bXzw

$ k¥p-en-X -hy-‡nXzhnI-k\w

$ aqey-ßfpw at\m- m-h-ßfpw hf¿Ø¬

Iem-]-T-\-Øn\pw {]hrØn-]-T-\-Øn\pw {]m[m\yw sImSp-Øp-sIm-≠p-thWw ]mTy-

]-≤Xn hn\n-abw sNtø-≠-Xv. Ch-bpsS X\Xp km[y-X-Iƒ \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn-

s\m∏w hyXy-kvX -hn-jb-ß-fp-ambn DZv{K-Yn®pw hn\n-abw sNtø-≠Xv Bh-iy-

am-Wv.

1.7 BtcmKy˛Imbn-I-hn-Z-ym-`-ymkw

imco-cnI˛am\-knIhnIm-k-ß-fp-sSbpw hf¿®bp-sSbpw ASn-Ød cq]s∏-Sp∂ L -

amWv ss{]a-dn-X-ew. AXn-\m¬ Cu L -Øn¬ apgp-h≥ Ipń-I-ƒ°pw Btcm-K-y-

˛Im-bnIhnZ-ym- -ym-k-Øns‚ A\p- -h-ßƒ e -y-am-Ip∂psh∂v Dd∏phcp-tØ-≠-Xp-

≠v. Ipń-bpsS BtcmKy˛ImbnIhnI-k-\-L- -ßsf imkv{Xo-b-ambn t]mjn-∏n-

°p-Ibpw Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb Pohn-X-io-e-ßfpw at\m-`m-h-ßfpw hf¿Øp-Ibpw

sNøpI F∂-XmWv B-tcmKy˛Imbn-I-]T-\-Øns‚ kp{]-[m\ e£yw. Btcm-

Ky- -Im-bnI]T-\-Øns‚ X\Xp km[y-X-Iƒ \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn-t\msSm∏w hyXy-

kvX -hn-j-bß-fp-ambn DZv{K-Yn®pw hn\n-abw \St°-≠Xv Bh-iy-am-Wv.

16

So®¿ sSIvÃv

Btcm-Ky- Im-bnI]T-\-Øns‚ {][m\ Dt±-iy-ßƒ Ch-bm-Wv:

$ hnhn[ kμ¿ -ß-fn¬ DNn-X-amb coXnbn¬ ico-csØ Nen-∏n-°m\p≈ tijn-

Iƒ B¿Pn-°p-I.

$ ico-c-N-e\w \nb-{¥n-°p∂ hnhn[ L´-ßƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw ico-csØ

k¿Km-fl-I-amb Ne-\-ßƒ°p≈ D]m-[n-bmbn hnI-kn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I.

$ kmaq-lnI- DØchmZn-Ø-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Ah-t_m-[-ap-≠m-hp-Ibpw P\m-[n-]-

X-y-]-c-amb Pohn-X-ssi-en-Iƒ ]men-°p-Ibpw Bk-z-Zn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI.

$ Ipń-bpsS k¿h-tXm-ap-J-amb hnImkw Dd∏phcp-Øp-I.

1.8 Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ hnZym- ymkw (Inclusive Education)

hnZym-e-b-Øn¬ anI® {]I-S\w ImgvN-h-bv°p∂ Xß-fpsS kl-

]m-Tn-°v Xma-kn-°m≥ hoSn-√, ]mX-tbm-csØ ss]∏n-\n-S-bn¬ hen®p

sIńb jo‰mWv Ahs‚ hoSv F∂ Xncn-®-dnhv Ipń-Iƒ°nS-bn¬

henb N¿®mhnj-b-ambn. hnj-a-ßƒ ]c-kv]cw ]¶p-hbv-°p-∂-Xn-

eqsS ]cn-lmcw D≠m-hn√ F∂p a\- n-em-°nb Ipń-Iƒ A[ym-]-

I-cpsS klm-btØmsS kam-l-cn® XpI D]-tbm-Kn®v Iq´p-Im-c\v

hoSv \n¿an®p \¬In amXr-I-bm-bn.

(Hcp hnZym-ebm-\p-`-hw)

¢mkvapdn-bn¬ F√m Ipń-I-sfbpw Dƒs°m-≈p-∂, Bscbpw ]pd-¥-≈mØ Hcp

]T-\m-¥-co£w kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. \ΩpsS hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ {][m-\-ambpw c≠p

hn`m-K-°m¿°v IqSp-X¬ ]cn-K-W-\bpw klm-bhpw {i≤bpw \¬In \oXn-]q¿h-

amb KpW-ta∑m hnZym- ymkw (Equitable Quality Education) Dd-∏p-h-cp-tØ-≠-Xp≠v.

Bsc-√m-amWv khn-ti-j-{i-≤bpw ]T-\-k-lm-bhpw ]cn-c-£bpw Bh-iy-ap-

≈-h¿?

(F)kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmº-Øn-I-hp-amb Imc-W-ß-fm¬ ]pd¥≈s∏´-h-cpsS

IpńIƒ.

$ -ISpØ Zmcn{Zyw t\cn-Sp-∂-h¿, BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ, s]Ïp- n-Iƒ, ]ń-I-PmXn

]ń-I-h¿K-Øn¬ s]´-h¿, A\y-tZ-iØp\n∂v IpSn-tb-dn-b-h¿, ÿnc-ambn

Xma-k-ku-Icyw C√m-Ø hn`m-K-°m¿, ]e-X-c-Øn-ep≈ hnth-N\w A\p- -

hn-°p-∂-h¿ F∂n-ßs\ H´\-h[n t]¿ C°q- Øn¬ s]Sp-∂p.

]cn-an-Xn-I-sfbpw hyXy-kvXX-I-sfbpw Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw _lp-

am-\n-°p-Ibpw sNøpI F∂-Xm-bn-cn-°Ww CØcw Ipń-I-tfm-Sp≈ \ΩpsS kao-

]\w. hnZym-e-b-Ønse Iq´mb {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS CØ-c-°m-cpsS {]bm-k-

ßƒ \ap°v ]cn-l-cn-°m-\m-Ipw.

]cn-kc-]-T\w

17

(_n) imco-cn-Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp-∂ -Ip- n-Iƒ.

imco-cn-I-hpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp-∂-h¿°pw ]T-\-{]-bmkw

A\p- -h-s∏-Sp∂ Ipń-Iƒ°pw {]tXyI ]T-\m-h-iy-ßfp≠v (Special EducationalNeeds). tIƒhn-°p-d-hv, ImgvNm ]cn-an-Xn, _p≤n-]-c-amb ]cn-an-Xn, Ne\]c-amb

]cn-an-Xn, ]T-\-ssh-I-eyw, Hmń-kw, skdn-{_¬ ]mƒkn, _lp-ap-J-ssh-I-ey-ßƒ,

sshIm-cnI Ak-¥p-enXmhÿbnep≈ Ipń-Iƒ, {i≤m-]-c-amb ]cn-anXn D≈-

h¿ F∂n-hsc√mw CXn¬ s]Sp-∂p.

Ch¿°p-th≠n ]mTy-]--≤-XnbpsS hn\n-a-bØn¬ \mw Fs¥-√mw A\p-h¿Øn-

t°-≠-Xp-≠v?

$ ]T-\m-h-iy-ßƒ, A`n-cpNn F∂nh ]cn-K-Wn®v ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS Bkq-

{X-W-w.

$ ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]¶m-fnØw e`y-am-Ip∂ coXn-bn¬ ]mTm-kq-{X-W-

Øn¬ A\p-cq-]o-I-cWw.

$ hyXykvX ]T-\-th-K-w, ]T-\-ssien F∂nh ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v _lp C{μn-

bm-[n-jvTnX kao-]\w (Multisensory Approach) \S-∏n-em-°¬.

$ ]cn-lm-c-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ (Remedial Practices), t]mj-W-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ (En-richment Practices) F∂nh Hmtcm Ipń°pw Bh-iym-[n-jvTn-X-ambn Bkq-

{XWw sNbvXp \S-∏n-em-°-¬.

$ hnhn[ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ km[y-X-Iƒ Ab-thmsS (Flexibility) {]mh¿Øn-I-am-

°¬.

$ dntkmgvkv A[ym-]-I-cp-sSbpw a‰p hnZ-Kv[-cp-sSbpw klmbw Dd-∏m-°¬.

$ Ipń-bpsS ]T-\w, ]cn-c-£- F∂o Imcy-ß-fn¬ c£n-Xm-°-fpsS \nc-¥-c-]n-

¥pW Dd-∏m-°¬.

Cu c≠p taJ-e-bnse Ipń-I-sf- Iq-SmsX khn-tij {i≤bpw ]cn-K-W-\bpw

th≠-h-cmWv h¿[n® A`n-cp-Nnbpw Ignhpap≈ Ipń-Iƒ (Gifted Children).Cßs\ F√m hn`mKw Ipń-I-sfbpw Dƒs°m-≈m≥ Ign-bpw-hn[w kvIqƒ

{]h¿Ø-\-ß-sfbpw ùXn-I-km-l-N-cy-ß-sfbpw imkv{Xo-b-ambn {Iao-I-cn-t°-

≠-Xp-≠v.

18

So®¿ sSIvÃv

1.9 hnhchn\n-ab kmt¶-XnIhnZy ˛ km[-yX

hnhc ssIam-‰-Øn\v At\Iw kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ \ne-hn-ep-≠-t√m. Cu Iq -Øn¬

Gsd {]tbm-P-\-I-c-amb H∂mWv sF.kn.-Sn.bpsS D]-tbm-Kw. Ipń-Iƒ ]e-X-c-

Øn¬ CXns‚ kt¶-X-ßƒ Gdnbpw Ipd™pw Adn-bp-∂-h-cp-am-Wv. Cu Adn-

hns\ ¢mkvdqw ]T-\-Øn\v {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. ]T\w Bbm-k-c-ln-

Xhpw BÀm-Z-I-c-hp-ambn am‰m≥ CXn-eqsS Ign-bpw.

Bh-i-y-IX

]mT--y-]-≤Xnhn\n-a-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v -DNnXamb sF.kn.Sn. kma-{Kn-Iƒ Dƒs∏Sp-

Ø-Ww. A®Sn® ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øns‚ ]cn-an-Xn-I-fmb Ne-\m-fl-I-Xbn√mbva, i_vZ-

ßƒ tIƒ∏n-°m≥ Ign-bmØ Ah-ÿ XpS-ßn-bh sF.kn.Sn. km[-y-X-Iƒ Dƒs∏-

SpØn adn-I-S-°m-\m-hpw. sF.kn.-Sn-.bpsS Bh-i-y-IX GtXXv kμ¿ -ß-fn¬ thW-

sa∂pw AsX-ß-s\ -{]-tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa∂pw \n¿Wbn-°m≥ A[ym-]-I¿

{]m]vX-cm-tI-≠-Xp-≠v.

A\p-tbm-P-yX

Ipń-bpsS k¿K-ti-jn-sbbpw _p≤n-bpsS _lp-X-e-ß-sfbpw D±o-]n-∏n-°p∂ hn[-

Øn-ep≈ sF.kn.-Sn. km[-y-X-I-fm-Wv th≠-Xv. Pn⁄m-kbpw DtZ-z-Khpw-hgn ]T-

\-hn-j-b-Øn-ep≈ Xm¬∏-c-yw \ne\n¿Øp-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww sF.kn.Sn. D]-tbm-

Kw. F∂m¬ C{μnb]cn-anXn A\p- -hn-°p-∂-h¿°v Cu km[-yX Iptd°qSn {]tbm-

P\w sNøpw. i_vZw-sIm≠pw ImgvN-sIm≠pw Imc-y-ßƒ IqSp-X¬ A\p- -h-th-Zy-

am-°m≥ sF.kn.Sn. {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Spw. hy-X-ykvX ]T-\-ssienIƒ ]cn-K-Wn-®p-

sIm-≠p≈ ]T\m-\p- -h-ßƒ \¬Ip-∂-Xn\pw CXp klm-b-I-am-Wv.

hnizm-k-yX

kma-{Kn-I-fpsS hnizm-k-yX Dd-∏p-h-cp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. Kh¨sa‚ v Un]m¿´vsa‚ v

ssk‰pIƒ, hnZ-ym- -ymk sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ, t]m¿ -ep-Iƒ, tªmKp-Iƒ, tkmj-y¬

s\‰vh¿°p-Iƒ F∂n-h-bn¬\n∂p≈ hnh-c-ßfpsS B[n-Im-cn-IX Dd-∏m-°n-

thWw D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥. ¢mkvdqw hn\n-a-b-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ kma-{Kn-I-fpsS

{]mtbm-Kn-IX Dd-∏p-h-cp-tØ≠-Xp-≠v. CØcw kma-{Kn-Iƒ, Ah {]h¿Øn-°p-

∂-Xn\-\p-tbm-P-y-amb tkm v‰vshb-dp-Iƒ F∂nh Ffp-∏-Øn¬ e`y-am-Ip-∂Xpw

D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xp-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. sF.kn.-Sn. km[-y-X-Iƒ Ipń-bpsS

{]mbw, am\-knI\ne F∂nhbv°v A\p-tbm-Py-am-bn-cn-°Ww.

]cn-kc-]-T\w

19

1.10 aqe-y-ßƒ, at\m- m-h-ßƒ, {]Xn-_-≤X F∂nh

hf¿Øp-∂-Xn-\p-X-Ip∂ taJ-e-Iƒ

]Tn-Xm-hn¬ am\-hnIaqe-y-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw `c-W-L-S\maqe-y-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw Ah-

t_m[w krjvSn-°pI, kmaq-lnIPohnXw i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ at\m- mhw krjvSn-

°pI, kmaq-lnI{]Xn-_-≤X hf¿ØpI XpS-ßnbh ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bpsS {]Ya

]cn-K-W\m hnj-b-ß-fm-Wv. Ch hf¿Øm≥ \n¿tZ-in-°-s∏´ Bi-b-ta-J-eIfpsS

hni-Zmwißƒ \¬Ip∂p

P\m-[n-]-Xyt_m[w

hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-fpsS D≈-S°w Xnc-s™Sp-°p-tºmƒ P\m-[n-]-X-ysØ kw_-

‘n-°p∂ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°-Ww. ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS Bkq-{X-W-

Ønepw hn\n-ab{]{In-b-bnepw P\m-[n-]-Xykao-]-\-ap-≠m-h-Ww. P\m-[n-]-Xy]c-

amb ¢mkv, kvIqƒ CS-ßƒ (P\m-[n-]XythZn-Iƒ) F∂n-h-bn-eqsS P\m-[n-]-

Xy]c-amb PohnXkao-]\w cq]-s∏-Sp-ØpIsb∂Xv ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bpsS e£-y-amWv.

`cWLS\maqe-y-ßƒ

\ΩpsS `c-W-L-S\ Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°p∂ aqe-y-ßfpw e£-y-ßfpw ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-

bn¬ {]Xn- -en-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. `c-W-L-S-\maqeyßƒ t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m≥ hnZ-ym¿Yn-

Isf {]m]vX-cm-°p∂ D≈-S-°hpw hn\n-a-b{]{In-bbpw Xnc-s™-Sp-°m≥ {i≤n-

°-Ww.

atX-X-c-Xz at\m- mhw

atX-X-cXz at\m- mhw hf¿Øm-\p-X-Ip∂ hnj-b-ta-J-e-Iƒ D≈-S-°-Øn¬ tN¿°p-

Ibpw AXn-\p-X-Ip∂ hn\n-a-b-coXn kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøWw.

kln-jvWpX

hntbm-Pn-°p-∂-h-sc-t∏mepw kln-jvWp-XtbmsS ImWpI F∂ -X-Øzw ]mT-y-]-

≤Xn e£-y-am-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

{Inbm-flI ˛ k¿Km-flI Nn¥

hnZ-ym¿Yn-I-fn¬ k¿Km-flIhpw {Inbm-fl-I-hp-amb Nn¥bpw At\-z-j-Whpw

hf¿tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bpsS D≈-S-°-ta-J-e-I-fnepw ]T\X{¥-ß-fnepw

k¿Km-fl-I-amb At\z-j-W-ßƒ°p≈ km[-yXbp≠m-hWw; _lp-apJ_p≤n-

bpsS (Multiple Intelligence) Xe-ßƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°-Ww.

kwkvIr-Xn-tbmSpw ss]Xr-I-tØm-Sp-ap≈ BZ-chv

\ΩpsS kmwkvIm-cnIss]XrItØmSpw Ncn-{X-tØmSpw BZ-c-]q¿h-amb at\m-

`mhw kr„n-°p-I-sb-∂Xv ]mT-y-]-≤Xn hn`m-h\w sNøp∂ e£-y-ß-fn-sem-∂mWv.

20

So®¿ sSIvÃv

ka-Xzw F∂ Bibw

hnhn[ Ah-k-c-ß-fnepw ]T\{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnepw XpeyX, ka-`m-h\ F∂nh

Dd∏p-h-cp-tØ-≠Xv A\n-hm-c-y-am-Wv.

t\Xr-]m-Shw

]pXnb kl-{km-_vZ-Øns‚ sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sm\pw km[-y-X-Iƒ D]-tbm-K-

s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-ap-X-Ip∂ t\Xm-°sf krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn-\p- ]-c-ym-]vX-amb ]T\X{¥-

ßƒ hnI-kn-∏n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. ¢mkvdqw {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ F√m Ipń-I-fp-sSbpw

]¶m-fnØw Dd-∏m-°p-Ibpw t\Xr-ti-jn-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ kml-N-c-y-

ßƒ krjvSn-°p-Ibpw sNtø-≠-Xp-≠v.

Pohn-X-ss\-]pWo hnZ-ym- -ymkw

ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-X-Øn¬ hy-‡n-Iƒ°-\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂ {]iv\-ßfpw {]Xn-_-‘-

ßfpw ê-{]-Z-ambn t\cn-Sp-∂-Xn\v klm-b-I-amb A\p-Iq-e-hpw A\p-Kp-W-hp-

amb s]cp-am-‰-Øn-te°p \bn-°p∂ Ign-hp-I-fmWv PohnXss\]p-Wn-Iƒ. kzbw

Adn-b¬, kl- m-hw, Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-ti-jn, hy‡ym¥-c-_-‘w, k¿Km-fl-I-Nn-

¥, hna¿i-\m-flI-Nn-¥, Xocp-am-\-ß-sf-Sp-°¬, {]iv\-]-cn-l-c-Ww, sshIm-cnI

k¥p-e-\w, ]ncn-ap-dp°w ssIImcyw sN-ø¬ F∂n-h-bmWv {][m\ Pohn-X-ss\-

]p-Wn-Iƒ. Ipń-I-fpsS kml-Nc-y-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn Cu taJ-e-I-fnse

LS-I-ßƒ ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. Pohn-XsØ Bflhni-zm-k-

tØm-sS- kao]n°m\pw apt∂-dm\pw CØcw ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ ]Tn-Xm-hns\ klm-

bn-°p∂p.

]uc-[¿aw

cmjv{S-Øn\v P\-ß-tfm-sS-∂-t]mse ]uc≥am¿°v cmjv{S-tØmSpw Nne [¿a-

ßfpw I¿Ø-h-y-ßfpw \n¿h-ln-°m-\p-≠v. cmjv{S-hn-I-k\w a\p-j-y-tijnhnI-k-

\-ambn ImWp∂ C∂sØ Ime-L- -Øn¬, ]uc-t_m-[-ap≈ P\-Xsb krjvSn-

°pI F∂-Xm-Wt√m hnZ-ym -` -ym -k-Øns‚ {][m\ [¿aw. Hcp kz-X{¥

kaqlkrjvSn-tbm-sSm∏w A®-S-°t_m-[hpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzt_m[-hp-ap≈ Hcp

kaq-l-Øns‚ krjvSn-°mbn ]uc≥amsc Xbm-dm-t°-≠Xv hnZ-ym- -ymkhy-h-ÿ-

bpsS e£-y-am-Wv.

a\p-j-ym-h-Im-i-ßƒ

a\p-j-y-sc∂ \ne-bn¬ A¥-t msS Pohn-°m-\p≈ hy-‡n-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ß-

fmWv a\p-j-ym-h-Im-i-ßƒ. sFI-y-cmjv{Sk -bpsS a\p-j-ym-h-Imi{]J-ym-]-\-Øn-

eqsS km¿h-{Xn-I Aw-Ko-Imcw e`n® a\p-j-ym-h-Im-i-ßƒ°v ]mT-y-]-≤Xn cq]o-I-

c-W-Ønepw hn\n-ab{]{In-b-bnepw {]m[m-\yw \¬tI-≠-Xp-≠v.

]cn-kc-]-T\w

21

Ipń-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ

Ipń-I-fpsS F√m-hn[ Ah-Im-i-ßfpw kwc-£n-t°-≠-Xns‚ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw \ΩpsS

IS-a-bmbn amdp-∂p.

{]IrXn ˛ {]Ir-Xn-hn- h kwc-£-Ww, ]cn-kcipNn-X-zw

{]Ir-Xn-sbbpw {]IrXnhn`hkwc-£-W-sØbpw kw_-‘n-°p∂ ASn-ÿm\

ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ ss{]adn ¢mkp-Iƒ apX¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. hy-‡n-ip-Nn-Xzwt]mse

{][m-\-amWv ]cn-k-c-ip-Nn-X-z-sa∂pw ipNn-X-z-t_m[w ]uc-[¿aØns‚ ASn-ÿm\

LS-I-ßfnsem∂msW∂pw hnZ-ym¿Yn-Isf t_m[-y-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. {]Ir-Xnbpw

{]Ir-Xn-hn- -h-ßfpw a\p-j-ys‚ Bh-i-y-ßƒ°p am{X-ap≈Xs√∂pw {]Ir-Xn-bpsS

k¥p-en-Xm-h-ÿ-bn-ep≈ am‰w Zqchym-]-I-amb {]X-ym-Lm-X-ßƒ°p Imc-W-am-

hp-sa-∂p-ap≈ at\m- mhw hnZ-ym¿Yn-I-fn¬ hf¿Ø-Ww. {]IrXnhn -h-kw-c-£-Whpw

]cn-kcipNn-X-zhpw Hcp aqeyhy-h-ÿbpw at\m- m-hhpam°nam‰p∂ {]h¿Ø-\-

ßƒ Gs‰-SpØp \S-∏m-°-Ww.

kam-[m\hnZ-ym-`-ymkw

hy-‡n-X-e-Ønepw a‰p-≈-h-tcm-Spw ]cn-X-ÿn-Xn-I-tfmSpw kam-[m-\-]-c-ambpw

kulm¿Z-]-c-ambpw CS-s]-Sm-\p≈ Ignhpw aqe-y-ßfpw at\m- m-h-ßfpw hf¿Øp-

I-bmWv kam-[m\hnZ-ym- -ym-k-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\w. kwL¿j-ßfpw kwL¿j-

ßƒ°v hgn-sX-fn-°p∂ kml-N-c-y-ßfpw Hgn-hm-°p-Ibpw im¥n-bp-sSbpw kulr-

Z-Øns‚bpw kam-[m-\-Øns‚bpw km[y-X-Iƒ ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bnse hnhn[ hnj-

b-ta-J-e-I-fn-eqsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNtø-≠-Xv kam-[m-\-hn-Z-ym-`-ym-k-Øn\v

A\n-hm-c-y-amWv.

\nbakm£-cX

\nb-a-ßsf kw_-‘n-°p∂ Adnhpw Aht-_m-[hpw Hcp P\m-[n-]-XycmP-y-Ønse

]uc-∑m¿°v A\n-hm-c-y-am-Wv. \nbakm£-cX Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-i-y-amb ]mT-

`m-K-ßƒ hnj-b-_-‘n-X-ambn Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xv Im-e-L´Øns‚ Bh-i-y-am-Wv.

\nb-a-k-lm-b-th-Zn, \nba¢∫p-Iƒ, \nb-a- ¢n-\n-°p-Iƒ, \nb-a-t_m-[-h-¬°-cWw

F∂n-ßs\ hy-X-y-kvX -{]-h¿Ø\]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Bkq-{XWw sNøm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

ssk_¿ Ip‰-Ir-X-y-ßsf°pdn-®p≈ Adn-hv

hnh-c-hn-\n-ab kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Z-y-bpsS Zpcp-]-tbm-K-ßfpw {Inan-\¬ {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw

Zn\w{]Xn-sb-t∂mWw h¿[n°p-∂p-≠v. Ipń-Isf CØcw {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v

AI‰n\n¿Øm-\p-X-Ip∂ t_m[-h¬°-cWw ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ `mK-ambn Dƒs∏-

Sp-Ø-Ww. C‚¿s\‰v, tkmj-y¬ s\‰vh¿°nMv ssk‰p-Iƒ, C˛sabn¬ XpS-ßnb-

22

So®¿ sSIvÃv

h-bpsSsbms° D]-tbm-KsØ kw_-‘n-°p∂ hy-‡hpw IrX-y-hp-amb [mc-Wbpw

Adnhpw ]I¿∂p \¬I-Ww. ssk_¿ Ip‰-Ir-X-y-ßƒ°p≈ in£sb kw_-

‘n®pw C‚¿s\‰v D]-tbm-K-Ønse [m¿Ωn-I-Xsb°pdn®pw t_m[-h¬°-cn-°p-

∂-Xn\v ]mT-y-]-≤Xn Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°-Ww.

am[-ya Ah-t_m[w

]{X˛Zri-y-am-[-y-a-ßƒ°v hf-sc-b-[nIw {]m[m-\-y-ap≈ kaq-l-amWv \Ωp-tS-Xv.

Zri-y-am-[-y-a-ßƒ°v Ip´n-I-fn¬ henb kzm-[o-\-ap-≠v. am[-y-a- Ah-t_m[w D≠m-

°p∂ hnhn[ LS-I-ßƒ ]mTy-]-≤Xn D≈-S°taJ-e-I-fn¬ Bh-i-y-am-Wv.

kpÿn-c -hn-I-k\ ImgvN-∏mSv

`qan a\p-j-y\p am{Xw Ah-Im-i-s∏- -X-s√-∂p-≈- ]m-cnÿnXnIm-h-t_m[w ]mTy-

]-≤Xn ]I¿∂p \¬tI-≠-Xp≠v. ]mcn-ÿnXnIamb sh√p-hn-fn-Isf kw_-‘n-

®pw ]cn-ÿnXnØI¿®bv°p Imc-W-am-hp∂ a\p-j-ys‚ CS-s]-S-ep-Isf kw_-

‘n®pw ]cn-ÿn-Xnsb Kpcp-X-c-amb A]-I-S-ß-fn¬\n∂v Fßs\ c£-s∏-Sp-

Øpsa∂Xn-s\-°p-dn-®pap≈ Xncn-®-dnhv C°m-eØv {][m-\-am-Wv. ]cn-ÿn-Xnbpw

hnI-k-\hpw Fßs\ tbmPn-∏n-®p-t]mImw F∂ At\-z-j-Whpw kpÿn-c-hn-I-

k-\sØ kw_-‘n-°p∂ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Ifpw At\-z-j-W-ßfpw ]mT-y-]-≤Xn

Db¿Øn∏nSn-t°-≠XmWv. ka-{K-amb ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-Im-h-t_m[w krjvSn-°p-I-sb-

∂Xv ]mT-y-]-≤Xn e£-y-ß-fn-sem-∂m-Wv.

IuamchnZ-ym-`-ymkw

inip-a-\-xim-kv{X-⁄-cpsSbpw Btcm-Ky{]h¿Ø-I-cp-sSbpw tUmIvS¿am-cp-sSbpw

A[-ym-]-I-cp-sSbpw kwbp‡ ]cn-{i-a-ß-fn-eqsS Iuam-c-hn-Z-ym- -ym-k-Øn-\mh-i-y-

amb D≈S°taJ-e-Iƒ hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xns‚ km[-yX

]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. ]Tn-Xm-°-fpsS Btcm-Kyw, ip-Nn-Xzw F∂nh kw_-‘-

amb kwi-b-ß-sfbpw Ah-y-‡-X-I-sfbpw imkv{Xo-b-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠Xv

A\n-hm-cy-amWv.

D]-t`m-K-kw-kvImcw ˛ Zqj-y- -e-ßƒ

D]-t`mKkwkvIm-c-Øns‚ Zqjy- eßsf kw_-‘n-°p∂ hkvXp-X-Iƒ ss{]adn

¢mkp-Iƒ apX¬ ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. D]-t`m-‡mhv F∂

\ne-bn-ep≈ \ΩpsS Ah-Im-i-ßfpw D]-t`m-IvXr\nb-a-ßfpw hnj-b-_-‘n-X-

ambn IS-∂p-h-c-Ww.

el-cn-hn-cp≤ at\m- mhw

aZ-yw, ab-°p-a-cp-∂p-Iƒ, ]pI-bn-e, a‰p elcn]Zm¿Y-ßƒ F∂n-h-bpsS D]-tbmKw

]pXp-X-e-ap-dbpsS Btcm-Ky-w XI¿°p-∂p-sh∂ Xncn-®-dnhv \ap-°p-≠m-hWw. mhn-

]cn-kc-]-T\w

23

X-e-ap-dsb Ch-bpsS Zqjn-X-h-e-b-Øn¬ \n∂p kwc-£n-t°≠-XmWv. CXn-\mbn

elcn D]-tbm-K-Øns‚ imco-cnI ˛ am\-knImLmX-ßfpw A]-I-S-ßfpw hy-‡-

am-°p∂ Nn{X-ßƒ, eLp-Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ, Zriy-ßƒ F∂nh D≈-S-°-ta-J-e-bpsS

]cn-K-W-\bn¬ htc-≠-Xm-Wv. elcnhncp≤ at\m-`mhw krjvSn-°p-I-bm-hWw

Ch-bpsSsb√mw ASn-ÿm\e£-yw.

enwK-\oXn

]mT-y-]-≤Xn enwKka-X-zhpw enwK\oXnbpw Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xm-h-Ww. B - -s]¨

hnth-N\w ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ IS-∂p-h-cm≥ ]mSn-√. ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßfnse Nn{X-

ß-fn¬t∏mepw enwK\oXn-bpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sp-I-fp-≠m-th-≠-Xp-≠v. ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-

\-ßƒ Gs‰-SpØp \S-∏m-°p-tºmƒ enwK-\oXn Dd-∏m-t°-≠Xv A[ym-]-I-cpsS

DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-am-Wv.

anX-h-y-b-ioew

ss{]a-dn-Xew apX¬ Xs∂ anX-h-y-b-io-e-Øns‚ _me-]m-T-ßƒ Ip´n-I-fn¬ k∂n-

th-in-∏n-°-Ww. anX-hybioe-Øns‚ {]k-‡nbpw {]m[m-\-yhpw hy-‡-am-°mw.

anX-h-y-b-ioew {]mtbm-Kn-I-am-°m-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw kwL-Sn-∏n-°m-

hp∂XmWv.

tdmUv kpc£

tdmUn¬ ]men-t°≠ \nb-a-ßƒ, tdmU-]-I-S-ßƒ Hgn-hm-°m-\p≈ {]mtbm-KnI

\n¿tZ-i-ßƒ, {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ F∂n-h-sb√mw tdmUv kpc-£-bpsS LS-I-ß-

fmWv. tdmUv F∂Xv Hcp s]mXpCS-am-sW∂pw \ap-°p-≈-Xp-t]mse a‰p-≈-

h¿°pw tdmUv D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ kz-mX-{¥-y-ap-s≠-∂p-ap≈ ]uc-t_m[w ]I¿∂p

\¬tI-≠-Xm-Wv. tdmUv kpc-£-bp-ambn _‘-s∏- p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°pw {]m[m-

\yw \¬tI-≠-Xm-Wv.

]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bpsS kzm- m-hn-I-amb hn\n-a-b-Øn¬ Cu taJ-e-Isf ASn-ÿm-\-am-

°n-bp≈ ]T-\m-\p- -h-ßƒ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Ø-Ww. hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-fpsS D≈-S°]c-

amb Bi-b-ßƒ Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-tºmgpw ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø\-ßƒ {Iao-I-cn-°p-tºmgpw

aXn-bmb ]cn-K-W\ e`n-t°-≠-Xp≠v. ]T-\˛-t_m-[\ {]{In-b-bn-eqsS IS-∂p-

t]m-Ip-tºmƒ CØcw Bi-b-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-´ Adnhv, ss\]p-Wn, at\m-

`mhw F∂n-hbv°v Du∂¬ thWw. Cu e£-y-ßƒ t\Sm≥ km[n-®n-´pt≠m

F∂v \nc-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-Ø¬ {]{In-bbn-eqsS ]cn-tim-[n-°m\pw IgnbWw. hnhn[

¢∫v {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ, SPC, NCC, Scout & Guides, JRC, hnZ-ymcwKw Iem-km-

lnXythZn, Km‘n-Z¿i≥ XpS-ßnb kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ aqe-y-ßƒ, at\m- m-h-ßƒ,

{]Xn-_-≤X F∂nh hf¿Øm-\p≈ thZn-Ifm-IWw.

24

So®¿ sSIvÃv

1.11 Ah-Imim[njvTnX hnZym- ymkw (Right based Education)

Ipń-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ \n¿Wbn-°p-Ibpw temI-hym-]-I-ambn \S-∏m-°p-Ibpw

sNøp-∂-Xn\v bp\kvtIm ap≥ssI-sb-Sp-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. CtX XpS¿∂v hnhn[

cmPy-ß-fn¬ Ipń-I-fpsS Ah-Imikwc-£-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v Ht´sd \nb-a-

\n¿am-W-ßƒ \S-∂n- p-≠v. C¥y-bn¬ tZiobhnZym- ymkmh-Imi\nbaw ˛ 2009

\S-∏m-°n-bXv Hcp kp{]-[m\ \mgn-I-°-√mbn IW-°m-°mw. Ipń-I-fpsS F√m-

hn[ Ah-Im-i-ßfpw kwc-£n-t°-≠-Xns‚ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw apXn¿∂-h-cmb \ΩpsS

IS-a-bmbn amdp-∂p. hnZym- ymk Ah-Im-i-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p ]d-bp-tºmƒ Ah {][m-

\-ambpw aq∂p taJ-e-I-fn-embn -Xn-cn-°m-\m-hpw.

$ ]¶m-fnØw (Participation)

$ e`yX (Provision)

$ kwc-£Ww (Protection)

X\n°v e`y-amb Ah-Im-ißsf°p-dn®v Ipń- Nn¥n-°p-∂Xv Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn°pw?

]¶m-fnØw

$ Ipń-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ F√m Xocp-am-\-ß-fnepw Fs‚ A`n-{]mbw Bcm-

bp-∂p-≠v.

$ Xocp-am-\-ß-fn¬ Fs‚ Xm¬∏-cy-Øn\v apJy-]-cn-K-W\ e`n-°p∂p-≠v.

$ Fs‚ Ign-hp-Ifpw ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw Xncn-®-dn™v \¬Ip∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬

]¶mfnbmIm≥ F\n°v Ah-kcw e`n-°p∂p-≠v.

$ Fs‚ Ign-hp-Iƒ ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°m\pw ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ adn-I-S-°m\pw Ign-bp∂

hg-°-ap≈ ]T-\-{]-{In-b-bn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Im-≥ Ign-bp-∂p-≠v.

$ Fs‚ A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ°v am\y-amb ÿm\w e`n-°p-∂p-≠v.

$ F\n°pw Iq´p-Im¿°pw ¢mkn¬ \S-°p∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ kPo-h-amb

]¶m-fnØw e`n-°p-∂p-≠v.

$ Fs‚ Ign-hp-Iƒ {]I-Sn-∏n-°m≥ F\n-°-h-kcw e`n-°p∂p-≠v.

e`yX

$ aXn-bmb hnZym- ym-k-tbm-Ky-X-bp-≈hcpw Adn-hp-Iƒ Imtem-Nn-X-ambn ]pXp-

°p-∂h-cp-amb A[ym-]-I-cpsS tkh\w F\n°v e`n-°p-∂p-≠v.

$ A\p-h-Zn-®n- p≈ apgp-h≥ ka-bhpw ]T-\m-\p- -h-ßƒ e`n-°p∂p-≠v.

$ imco-cn-I˛am\-knI hf¿®sb ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p∂Xn\v tbmPn® ¢mkvdqw

A¥-co£w F\n-°v e`n-°p-∂p-≠v.

]cn-kc-]-T\w

25

$ ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°m-h-iy-amb ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-ßƒ bYm-k-abw Hcp-°n-

Ø-cm≥ Fs‚ A[ym-]-I¿°v Ign-bp-∂p-≠v.

$ Iem- -Im-bnI ]cn-t]m-j-W-Øn\v Bh-iy-amb D]-I-c-W-ßfpw Ah-k-c-ßfpw

F\n°v In´p∂p-≠v.

B¿.-Sn.-C. (2009) Cßs\ ]d-bp-∂p

$ 1 apX¬ 5 hsc ¢mkn¬ ]Tn-°p∂ Ipń-Iƒ°v 200 {]hr-Øn-Zn-h-kßfpw

800 aWn-°q¿ t_m[-\-k-a-bhpw e`nt°≠-Xp-≠v.

$ 6 apX¬ 8 hsc-bp≈ ¢mkp-I-fn¬ ]Tn-°p-∂-h¿°v 220 {]hr-Øn-Zn-h-

kßfpw 1000 aWn-°q¿ t_m[-\-k-a-bhpw e`n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

kwc-£Ww

$ hnZym-e-b-Øntem ]pdtØm bmsXm-cp-hn[ hnth-N-\hpw Rm≥ A\p- -hn-°p-

∂n-√.

$ Fs∂ Hcp Xc-Ønepw Bcpw Ah-K-Wn-°p∂n-√.

$ imco-cn-I-am-tbm am\-kn-I-amtbm Bbn Bcpw Fs∂ ]oUn-∏n-°p-∂n-√.

$ \n¿ -b-ambn A[ym-]-I-tcmSv CS-s]-Sm≥ F\n°v Ign-bp-∂p-≠v.

$ Ipń-bm-sW-¶nepw F\n°v kzIm-cy-X-bp-≠v F∂v F√m-hcpw AwKo-I-cn-°p-

∂p-≠v.

$ hnZym-e-b-Ønepw hońepw Rm≥ G‰hpw kpc-£n-X-am-bn-cn°pw F∂v F\n°v

Dd-∏p-≠v.

tIc-f- kw-ÿm\ _memh-Imi kwc-£W IΩo-j≥

2002 sabv amk-Øn¬ IqSnb sFIycm-jv{S-k- -bpsS, Ipń-Iƒ°v

th≠n-bp≈ {]tXyI ktΩ-f\w "Ipń-Iƒ°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb

Hcp temIw' F∂ io¿j-I-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb tcJ AwKo-I-cn-®-Xns‚

shfn-®-Øn¬ tI{μ-k¿°m¿ \n¿an® 2005 se _mem-h-Imi kwc-

£W IΩo-j≥ BIvSpw 2012 se tIcfkwÿm\ _mem-h-

ImiN -ßfpw {]Imcw tIcfkwÿm\ _mem-h-Imikwc-£W

IΩo-j≥ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. `c-W-L-S\ Dd-∏p-X-cp∂ auen-Im-h-

Im-i-ßfpw _mem-h-Im-i-ßfpw kwc-£n-°p-I-bmWv IΩo-js‚

ZuXyw.

Ipń-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ CsXm-s°-bm-sW-¶n¬ AXv Dd∏phcp-Øp-∂-Xn\v

X\n°v Fs¥ms° sNøm≥ km[n®n´p-≠v? C\nbpw Xm≥ Fs¥ms° sNtø-

≠-Xp≠v F∂v Hmtcm A[ym-]-I\pw A[ym-]n-Ibpw Nn¥n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

26

So®¿ sSIvÃv

1.12 sa‚dnMv

tZio-b-hn-Z-ym- -ym-km-h-Im-i-\n-baw A[-ym-]-Is\/A[-ym-]n-Isb sa‚¿ (Mentor)

Bbn IW-°m-°p-∂p. ka-{K- kvIqƒ hnI-k-\-]-cn-t{]-£-y-Øn¬ sa‚dnßn-\v -h-

enb {]kIvXnbpw {]m[m-\-yhp-ap-≠v.

hnZ-ym-`-ymk{]{In-b-bnse apJ-y-L-S-I-amb So®¿˛Ipń _‘-Øn¬ C∂v ImX-

emb am‰w D≠m-bn- p-≠v. hn⁄m-\w- hn-X-cWw sNøp∂ Bfm-b√; Ipń-Iƒ°v

hn⁄m\w t\Sm-\p≈ hnhn-[-ß-fmb Ah-k-c-ßƒ GtIm-]n-∏n°p-∂ hy‡n-

bm-bmWv So®¿ {]h¿Øn-t°-≠Xv.

bYm¿Y-Øn¬ as‰mcp hoSp-X-s∂-bmWv hnZ-ym-ebw. A[ym-]-IcmIs´, ho´p-Imcpw.

Ipń-Iƒ°v hoń¬\n∂v e`n-t°≠ kvt\lw, ]cn-K-W\, kpc-£n-X-X-z-t_m-[w,

AwKo-Imcw F∂nh Gdnbpw Ipd™pamWv e`n-°p-∂Xv F∂ Xncn-®-dn-hv- Hmtcm

A[-ym-]-I\pw A[-ym-]-nIbv°pw D≠m-h-Ww. CXv Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw Hmtcm Ipń°pw

th≠ coXn-bn¬ Ch sImSp-°p-Ibpw sNøm≥ Ign-bp-tºm-gmWv Ah-cpsS DØ-

c-hm-Zn-Xzw ]q¿W-am-Ip-∂-Xv. At∏m-gmWv kvIqƒ hoSm-Ip-∂-Xv.

Hmtcm Ipń-bp-sSbpw hy‡n]chpw IpSpw-_-]c-hp-amb ]-›m-Øew a\- n-em-°p-

∂-Xn\v Xmsg -]-d-bp-∂h A[ym-]-I¿ sNtø-≠-Xp-≠v.

$ Krl-k-μ¿i-\w

$ c£n-Xm-°-fp-am-bp≈ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw

$ Ipń-sb \nc-¥-c-ambn \nco-£n--°¬

$

$

Aßs\ Ipń°v kvt\lw, ]cn-K-W-\, kpc-£n-X-X-z-t_m-[w, AwKo-Imcw XpS-

ßnbh \¬In Hcp kl-c-£n-Xm-hmbpw ]T-\-t\- -ßƒ ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈

klm-bn-bmbpw amdp-tºm-gmWv ]pXnb Ime-L- -Øns‚ A[-ym-]nI/A[-ym-]-I-

\mbn \mw amdp∂-Xv.

sa‚-dnßn-eqsS hgn-Im- ¬, D]-tZ-iw, ]n¥pW, sa®-s∏-Sp-Ø-en-\p≈ Ah-kcw

XpS-ßn-bh Ipń-Iƒ°v e`n°p-∂p. A\p- -h-ÿ-\mb ap≥Kman F∂ \ne-bnepw

A\p-I-c-Wo-b-\mb amXrI F∂ \ne-bn-ep-amWv sa‚¿ CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ \S-tØ-

≠-Xv. t_m[-\-Øn\v Bh-iy-amb klm-b-ßfpw Iu¨kenßp-sa√mw CXns‚

`mK-am-Wv. hnZym¿Yn-bn¬ Hfn-™pInS°p∂ Ign-hp-Iƒ ]pd-Øp-sIm≠phcm≥

Hcp \√ sa‚¿°v Ign-bpw.

]cn-kc-]-T\w

27

sa‚-dnßneqsS;

$ A[ym-]-I\pw hnZym¿Yn°pw anI® hnZym- ymk A\p- -h-ßƒ e`n-°p-∂p.

$ A[ym-]-I-s‚bpw hnZym¿Yn-bp-sSbpw Adn-hns‚ taJe hnI-kn-°p-∂p.

$ hnZym¿Yn-bpw kvIqfpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w i‡n-s∏-Sp-∂p.

$ hnZym¿Yn-bpsS ]T-\-]p-tcm-K-Xnbpw hy‡n-Xzhn-Im-khpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂p.

$ Iq´mb Nn¥bpw Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°epw {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw km[y-am-Ip-∂p.

$ c£n-Xm-°fpw kvIqfpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w i‡-am-hp-I-bpw Ipń-bpsS ]T-\-

\n-esb kw_-‘n®v [mc-W-bp-≠m-hp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

$ Ie˛BtcmKy˛Imbn-I˛{]hr-Øn-]-T\ taJ-e-I-fnse Ipń-I-fpsS ]¶m-fn-Øhpw

hne-bn-cp-Øepw i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

Ipń-bpsS ]T-\-Xm¬∏-c-y-sØbpw hy-‡n-X-z-hn-I-mk-sØbpw Xz-cn-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-

Xn-\p≈ ]cn-lm-c-t_m-[-\-{]-{In-b-sbbpw \nc-¥c aqe-y-\n¿W-b-{]-{In-bsbbpw

klm-bn-°p∂ {]{In-b-bmbn sa‚dnMv hnI-kn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. sa‚dnMv A\p- -h-

ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏- - Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ k©n-Xtc-J-bn¬ tN¿°Ww.

kvIqfnse apgp-h≥ A[-ym-]-I-scbpw sa‚¿am¿ Bbpw F√m Ipń-I-sfbpw sa‚n

Bbpw ]cn-K-Wn®psIm≠m-hWw sa‚dnMv \S-∏m-t°-≠-Xv. ¢mknse F√m Ipń-

I-sfbpw sNdnb {Kq∏p-I-fmbn IW-°m-°p-Ibpw Hmtcm {Kq∏ns‚bpw ]ptcm-KXn

Dd-∏m-°m-\p-X-Ip∂Xn\v {]kvXpX ¢mkn¬ ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ A[-ym-]-Isc

NpaXetb¬∏n-°m≥ Btem-Nn-°m-hp-∂-XpamWv.

1.13 A[ym-]-I¿ sXmgn¬]-c-ambn ]men-t°≠ [m¿anI \nb-a-kw-lnX

(Code of Professional Ethics for School Teachers)1. hnZym¿Yn-I-tfm-Sp≈ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ßƒ

1.1 F√m hnZym¿Yn-I-tfmSpw kvt\l-hm-’-ey-ß-tfmsS s]cp-am-dp∂p.

$ F√m hnZym¿Yn-I-tfmSpw ka- m-h-\-tbmsS s]cp-am-dpI.

$ ]T-\-Øn¬ ]n∂m°w \n¬°p∂ hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°v {]tXyI ]cn-K-W\

\¬IpI.

$ hnZym¿Yn-I-fn¬ Bfl-hn-izm-kw, Xm¬∏-cyw, {]Xymi F∂nh P\n-∏n-

°p∂ Xc-Øn-em-hWw s]cp-am-‰w.

1.2 PmXn, aXw, h¿Kw, h¿Ww, kmº-ØnI\ne-, `mj, enwKw, P∑-ÿew F∂o

]cn-K-W-\-I-fn-√msX, \oXn, ]£-]m-X-cm-lnXyw F∂o aqey-ßsf _lp-am-

\n-°p∂p.

$ A[ym-]-I¿°v P\m-[n-]XyXØz-ß-fn-epw kln-jvWp-X-bnepw kmaq-

lnI\oXn-bn-ep-ap≈ hnizmkw hnZym¿Yn-I-fn-te°pw ]I-cp∂-p.

28

So®¿ sSIvÃv

$ A[ym-]IcpsS hy‡n-]-c-amb hnizm-k-ßƒ, `c-W-L-S\mXØz-ßƒ°v

FXn-cm-bn-cp∂-m¬ AXv kvIqƒ kwhn-[m-\sØ Kpcp-X-c-ambn _m[n°pw.

1.3 hnZym¿Yn-bpsS imco-cn-I-hpw _u≤n-I-hpw sshImcn-Ihpw kZm-Nm-c-]chpw

kmaq-ln-Ihpw Bflo-b-hp-amb hnIm-k-Øn\v A¥-co-£-sam-cp-°p∂-p.

$ imco-cn-Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb tijn-Iƒ AXns‚ ]q¿WXbnte°p

hnI-kn-°p∂ Ime-amWv kvIqƒ hnZym- ym-k-Im-ew.

$ _u≤nI afi-e-Øn-\p-am{Xw hnImkw \¬I-em-h-cpXv hnZym- ymkw.

$ k¿h-tXm-ap-J-amb hy‡n-Xz-hn-Im-k-am-bn-cn-°Ww hnZym- ymke£yw.

1.4 kvIqƒ Pohn-XØ-ns‚ F√m Xe-Ønepw hnZym¿Yn-bpsS hy‡nXzw am\n-°-

s∏Sp∂p.

$ a\p-jy≥ F∂ \ne-bn¬ Hcp hnZym¿Yn-°p≈ P\m-[n-]Xy Ah-Im-i-

ßfpw A¥ pw ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v.

$ A[ym-]IcpsS `mKØp\n∂p≈ {]Xn-Iq-e-amb A`n-{]mb{]I-S-\w

hnZym¿Yn-bpsS Bflm- n-am-\sØ apdn-s∏Sp-Øp-Ibpw ]T-\sØ _m[n-

°p-Ibpw sNøpw.

$ kvIqfns‚ F√m {]h¿Ø-\-ßfnepw F√m Ipń-I-fp-sSbpw kPo-h-amb

]¶m-fnØw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°-Ww.

$ sFIy-cm-jv{S-k` AwKo-I-cn-®Xpw C¥y-IqSn H∏ph®-Xp-amb Ipń-I-fpsS

Ah-Imi{]Jym]-\hpw Ipń-I-fpsS Ah-Imikwc-£W IΩo-j≥

dnt∏m¿´pw A[ym-]-I¿ a\- n-em°n {]h¿Øn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

$ kvIqfp-I-fn¬ A®-S°w ]men-°p∂--Xn-\p-th≠n cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ \nb-

am-hen Ipń-I-fpsS a\p-jy-Xz-]-c-amb Ah-Im-i-ßƒ \ntj-[n-°p--∂Xm-

h-cp-Xv.

1.5 Ipń-IfpsS B¥cn-I-ti-jn-Ifpw {]Xn- bpw {]mh¿Øn-I-am-°m-\p≈ Bkq-

{Xn-Xhpw Nn -s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xp-amb {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v cq]w \¬I-Ww.

$ tIh-e-amb A°m-Z-anIt\´-ßƒ°v D]-cn-bmbn Hmtcm Ipń-bp-sSbpw

tijnbpw {]Xn- bpw Xncn-®-dn-bp-I F∂Xv A[ym-]IcpsS {][m-\- ISa-

bmWvv.

$ hnZym¿Yn-I-fpsS F√m-hn[ Ign-hp-Ifpw hnI-kn-°m-\m-h-iy-amb {]h¿Ø-

\-ßƒ D≠m-I-Ww.

1.6 `c-W-L-S\ hn`m-h\w sNøp∂ aqey-ßfpw at\m- m-h-ßfpw Dƒs°m-≈p∂

hn[-Øn-em-hWw ]mTy-]-≤Xn hn\n-abw.

$ P\m-[n-]-Xyw, aX-\n-c-t]-£-X, ka-Xzw, \oXn, kzmX-{¥yw F∂o `c-W-

L-S\m aqey-ßƒ ]mTy-]-≤Xn hn\n-a-b-Øns‚ {][m\s∏´ B¥-cn-I-

[mc-bm-h-Ww.

]cn-kc-]-T\w

29

$ `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ ]uc-∑m-cpsS IS-a-Isf°pdn®v ]d-bp∂ B¿ń-°nƒ 51

F a\- nem°p-Ibpw AXnse F apX¬ sI hsc-bp≈ Jfi-ßƒ

Dƒs°m≠v {]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNø-Ww.

1.7 hnZym¿Yn-I-fpsS Bh-iy-ßƒ A\pk-cn®v A[ym-]n-I-bpsS/ A[ym-]-Is‚

A[ym-]-\-coXn ]cnjvIcn°p∂p.

$ \nc-¥chne-bn-cp-Ø-ens‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Ipń-bpsS {]Ir-Xw,

B¿PnXamb Adn-hv, A`n-cp-Nn, ]T-\-coXn XpS-ßn-bh ]cn-K-Wn®v t_m-

[-\-X-{¥-ß-fn¬ Bh-iy-amb ]cn-jvI-cWw \n-c-¥cw \S-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v.

1.8 Ipń-Iƒ \¬Ip∂ Ah-cpsS hy‡n-]-c-amb hnh-c-ß-fpsS cl-ky-kz- mhw

kq£n-°p-Ibpw B hnh-c-ßƒ \nb-a-]-c-ambn ssIam-dm-hp∂h-¿°p-am{Xw

ssIam-dp-Ibpw sNøp∂-p.

$ Hcp Iu¨k-e¿ IqSn-bmb A[ym-]n-I/A[ym-]-I\v Ipń-bpsS hy‡n-

]-c-amb hnh-c-ß-sf√mw Adnbmw.

$ Cu hnh-c-ßƒ Ipń-bpsS \∑-bv°p-th≠n hnth-I-]q¿hw am{Xta D]-

tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ]mSp≈q.

1.9 Ipń-Isf b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I, D¬°WvTmIpe-cm-°p-I, imco-cn-I-ambn in£n-°pI,

am\-kn-Ihpw sshIm-cn-I-hp-ambn ]oUn-∏n-°pI F∂n-h-bn¬\n∂v Hgn™p

\n¬°p∂-p.

$ Ipńsb ssewKnI]oU-\-ß-fpƒs∏-sS-bp≈ ]oU-\-ß-fn¬\n∂pw Ah-

K-W-\-bn¬\n∂pw Nqj-W-Øn¬\n∂pw kwc-£n-°m-\p≈ DØ-c-hm-

ZnXzw A[ym-]I¿°p≠v.

$ in£ sa®-s∏´ ]T-\-Øn-te°p \bn°pw F∂ sX‰n≤mcW Xncp-Ø-

s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v.

$ CØcw Imcy-ß-fn¬ Ipń°p e`n-°p∂ \nb-a-]-cn-c-£sb°pdn®pw

A[ym-]-I¿ Adn-™n-cn-°-Ww.

1.10 GXp hnt[-\-bpap≈ ssewKnINqj-W-Øn¬\n∂pw Ipńsb kwc-£n-°p∂p.

$ ssewKnINqj-Ww imco-cn-I--amb BLm-X-ßƒ am{X-a√, hf-sc-°mew

Xßn-\n¬°p∂ am\-kn-Im-Lm-XhpwIqSn Ipń°p≠m-°p∂p.

$ _lp-am-\-s∏´ C¥y≥ kp{]ow-tIm-S-Xnbpw F≥.-kn.]n. Bdpw tPmen

ÿe-ß-fnepw kvIqfp-I-fnepw \S-°p∂ ssewKnINqj-W-Øn-s\-Xnsc

\¬In-bn- p≈ am¿K-\n¿tZ-i-ßƒ A[ym]-I¿ ]men-t°-≠-XmWv.

2. c£n-Xm-°-tfmSpw kaq-l-tØm-Sp-ap≈ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ßƒ

2.1 amXm-]n-Xm-°-tfmSpw c£-I¿Øm-°-tfmSpw hn\-b-]q¿h-ap≈ _‘w ÿm]n-

°p∂p.

30

So®¿ sSIvÃv

$ Ipńsb IqSp-X¬ Adn-bp--∂Xn\v Ah-cpsS c£I¿Øm-°-fp-ambpw kplr-

Øp-°-fp-ambpw A[ym-]-I¿ \√ _‘w ]pe¿tØ-≠Xv Bh-iy-am-Wv.

$ A[ym-]Icpw c£-I¿Øm-°-fp-am-bp≈ kvt\l-]q¿W-amb _‘w

Ipńsb A[ym-]Icp-ambn IqSp-X¬ ASp-∏n°pw.

$ `qcn-]£w c£n-Xm-°fpw Xß-fpsS Ipń-I-fpsS kvIqfn-\-I-Øpw -]p-d-

Øp-ap≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Ah-cpsS A[ym-]-I-cn¬\n∂v Adn-bm≥

Xm¬∏cy-ap-≈-h-cmWv.

$ hf¿®-bpsS L -Øn¬ Ipń-Iƒ°p kw -hn-°p∂ ]ng-hp-IƒIqSn t\ -

ß-tfm-sSm∏w c£n-Xm-°-fp-ambn ]¶p-h-bv°p--∂Xv henb Zpc-¥-ßƒ

Hgn-hm-°p∂--Xn\v klm-b-I-am-Ipw.

2.2 Ipń-I-fpsS A¥- ns\ l\n-°p∂ GXp {]hr-Øn-bn¬\n∂pw hn´p-\n¬°pI.

$ a‰p≈ hnZym¿Yn-I-fpsS ap∂n¬h®v Bflm- n-am-\sØ CSn-®p-XmgvØn

kwkm-cn-°p∂-Xv Hgn-hm-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

$ AXp-t]mseØs∂ c£n-Xm-°-fpsS A`n-am-\-sØbpw tNmZyw

sNøcpXv.

$ GsX-¶nepw Hcp hn`mKw Ipń-I-fpsS am{Xw ]›m-Ø-esØ (Pm-Xn,

aXw, kmº-Øn-Iw, ....) ]pIgvØn∏d-bp-∂Xv a‰p≈ Ipń-I-fn¬ hntZzjw

P\n-∏n°pw.

2.3 Ipń-Iƒ°n-Sbn¬ C¥y-bpsS kmwkvIm-cnIss]Xr-I-sØ-°p-dn®v A`n-am-\-

t_m[w hnI-kn-∏n-°m≥ {ian-°p∂p.

$ At\Iw kwkvIm-c-ß-fp-sSbpw `mj-I-fp-sSbpw aX-ß-fp-sSbpw hnizm-

k-ß-fp-sSbpw \mSmWv C¥y. CXv Hmtcm ¢mkv apdn-bnepw {]Xn-^-

en°pw.

$ F∂m¬ C¥y-bn¬ Cu \m\m-Xz-Ønepw GIXzw cq]w-sIm-≠n- p-≠v.

$ ]c-kv]-c-ap≈ kln-jvWp-Xbpw F√m kwkvIm-c-ß-sfbpw _lp-am-

\n°m-\p≈ a\ pw thWw.

$ Cu XØzw ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn-eq-sS- hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°m-\p≈ t_m[-]q¿h-

amb {iaw Bh-iy-am-Wv.

2.4 hnhn[ P\-hn- m-K-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ hntZz-jhpw i{Xp-Xbpw hf¿Øp∂ XcØn-

ep≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Hgn-hm-°Ww.

$ F√m aX-ß-tfmSpw hnizm-k-ß-tfmSpw `mj-I-tfmSpw Xpey-_-lp-am\w

hf¿Øp∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fm-Wv ¢mkn¬ \S-t°-≠-Xv.

$ tZio-tbm-Zv{K-Y-\-Øns‚ ASn-Ød BZyw C¥y-°m-c≥, ]ns∂ am{Xw

Hcp hn`m-K-Ønse AwKw F∂ [mcWbmWv.

$ GsX-¶nepw Hcp hn`m-K-Øns‚ {]Nm-c-W-Øn-\mbn kvIqƒ / ¢mkv D]-

tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ø-cp-Xv.

]cn-kc-]-T\w

31

$ ImenI-amb kmaqlnI - cmjv{Sob Imcy-ßƒ N¿®-sN-øp-tºmgpw A[ym-

]-I≥/A[ym-]nI GsX-¶nepw Hcp ]£Øp \n∂v kwkm-cn-°-cp-Xv.

3. A[ym-]\w F∂ sXmgn-ent\mSpw kl-{]-h¿Ø-I-tcm-Sp-ap≈ DØ-c-hmZn-

Xz-ßƒ.

3.1 sXmgn¬sshZKv[yw hnI-kn-∏n-°p∂X-n\v \nc-¥-cw ]cn-{i-an-°p∂-p.

$ Hcp hnZym¿Ynsb \nc-¥c]Tn-Xmhm-°m≥ {ian-°p∂ A[ym-]-I\pw

Aßs\ BtI-≠-Xp-≠v,

$ \nc-¥cw hnI-kn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ hn⁄m\taJ-e-I-sf-°p-dn®pw

A[ym-]\coXn-I-sf-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ Adnhv tiJ-cn-°m\pw {]tbm-K-Øn¬

hcp-Øm\pw Ign-b-Ww.

$ GsX√mw Xe-ß-fn-¬\n∂v X\n°v ]pXnb Adn-hp-Iƒ e`n°pw F∂v

At\z-jn-°pIsb∂Xv A[ym-]-Is‚ IS-a-bm-Wv.

3.2 kl-{]-h¿Ø-I¿ XΩnepw a‰p-≈-h¿ XΩn-ep-ap-≈ t_m[-]q¿h-amb Bi-b-

hn-\n-a-b-Øn-eqsS ]pXn-sbm-cp kwcw`w krjvSn-°p∂-p.

$ A°m-Z-an-I-amb DW-¿hv P\n-∏n-°p∂--Xpw F√m A[ym-]-I¿°pw Xß-

fp-tS-Xmb kw`m-h\ \¬Im≥ Ignbp-∂Xp-amb Hcp ss\Xn-IX kvIqfn¬

krjvSn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

$ Cß-s\-sbm-cp-W¿hv D≠m-°p∂--Xn\v Bkq-{Xn-Xhpw ^e-{]-Z-hp-amb

kl-I-cWw F√m A[ym-]-I-cn¬\n∂pw D≠m-h-Ww.

$ kvIqfnse {]iv\ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°p--∂Xn¬ F√m A[ym-]-I-cp-sSbpw

{Inbm-fl-I-amb \n¿tZi-ßfpw {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw D≠m-I-Ww.

$ A[ym-]Isc am{Xa√, kvIqƒ hnj-b-ß-fn¬ Xm¬∏-cy-ap≈ F√m hn`m-

K-sØbpw CØcw {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-°m≥ A[ym-]-I\v

Ign-b-Ww.

3.3 kl-{]-h¿Ø-I-tcmSv A¥-t m-sSbpw _lp-am-\-tØm-sSbpw s]cp-am-dp-∂p.

$ kvIqfnse F√m A[ym-]-I-tcmSpw Ah-cpsS hnZym- ymktbmKy-Xtbm

Ah¿ GXp hn`m-K-Ønse Ip´n-Isf ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p-sht∂m ]cnKWn-

°msX A¥-t m-sSbpw _lp-am-\-tØm-sSbpw s]cp-am-d-Ww.

3.4 A[ym-]-I¿ kzIm-cySyqj≥ FSp-°p-Itbm a‰p kzIm-cy hnZym- ymk{]h¿Ø-

\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-Itbm sNøp∂-n-√.

$ A[ym-]-I≥ kzImcySyqj≥ FSp-°p-∂Xv Ah-cpsS kvIqƒ {]h¿-Ø-\-

ßsf {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-°p∂-p.

$ kz¥w {]h¿Ø-\-ta-Je anI-®-Xm-°m-\p≈ kabw Ah¿°v \jvS-am-

Ip∂-p.

32

So®¿ sSIvÃv

$ kz¥w hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°v kzIm-cySyqj≥ \¬Ip-tºmƒ AXv kvIqfnse

ss\XnIXØz-ßƒ°pXs∂ hnLm-XamI-Ø° s]cp-am-‰-ßƒ°p Imc-

W-am-bn-Øo-cpw.

3.5 Xs‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-sfbpw Xocp-am-\-ß-sfbpw kzm[o-\n-°p-sa∂v Adn-bm-hp-

-∂Xn-\m¬ GsX-¶nepw hn[-Øn-ep≈ kΩm-\-ßtfm a‰p klm-b-ßtfm

kzoI-cn-°p∂n√.

$ GsX-¶nepw Xc-Øn-ep≈ B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ {]Xo-£n-®p-sIm≠v \¬I-

s∏-Sp∂ hne-]n-Sn-∏p≈ kΩm-\-ßƒ A[ym-]-I¿ hnZym¿Yn-I-fn¬\nt∂m

c£-I¿Øm-°-fn¬\nt∂m kzoI-cn-°-cp-Xv.

3.6 kl{]h¿Ø-I¿s°-Xn-scbpw D∂-Xm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒs°-Xn-scbpw A\m-h-iy-

amb Btcm-]-W-ßƒ D-∂bn-°p-∂n-√.

$ ]c-kv]cw Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ hn`m-KobkwL-ßƒ A[ym-]-I¿°n-S-bn¬

A`n-Im-ay-a-√.

$ kl-{]-h¿Ø-I¿s°-Xn-cmbn sXfn-hp-I-fn-√mØ Btcm-]-W-ßƒ D∂-

bn-°-cpXv.

$ GsX-¶nepw Hcp kl-{]-h¿Ø-Is‚/kl-{]-h¿Ø-I-bpsS mK-Øp-\n∂v

Kpcp-X-c-amb sX‰v ImWp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ AXv ko\n-b¿ A[ym-]-I-cpsS

{i≤-bn¬s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

3.7 kl-{]-h¿Ø-I-cp-sStbm hnZym¿Yn-I-fp-sStbm c£n-Xm-°-fp-sStbm

ap∂n¬h®v Hcp kl-{]-h¿Ø-Is\ A[n-t£-]n®v kwkm-cn-°p∂-n-√.

$ A[ym-]-Isc-°p-dn®v hyXy-kvX-ßfmb A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ D≠mImw.

F∂m¬ AXv {]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂ coXn am\y-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.

$ kl-{]-h¿Ø-Is‚ A[ym-]\coXnsb A]-l-kn-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬

kwkm-cn-°-cpXv.

3.8 kl-{]-h¿Ø-I-cpsS A[ym-]-\-\n-e-]m-Sp-Isf am\n-°p-∂p.

$ A[ym-]-\-Øn¬ anIhp ]pe¿Øp--∂h-cpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf «mLn-°p-

Ibpw AØcw anIhv B¿Pn-°m≥ {ian-°p-Ibpw sNø-Ww. F∂m¬

AXv XnI®pw A‘-amb A\p-I-c-W-am-I-cp-Xv.

3.9 kl-{]-h¿ØI-sc-°p-dn-®p≈ kzImcyhnh-c-ßƒ cl-ky-ambn kq£n-

°pIbpw \nb-a-]-c-ambn Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ am{Xw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw

sNøp∂p.

$ GsX-¶nepw Bh-iy-Øn-\mbn tiJ-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂, kl-{]-h¿Ø-Isc-

°p-dn-®p≈ hy‡n]c-amb hnh-c-ßƒ clkykz`m-h-ap-≈-Xm-sW-¶n¬

Ah \nb-a-]-c-amb Imcy-ßƒ°p am{Xta shfn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ]mSp≈q.

]cn-kc-]-T\w

33

1.14 So®nMv am\-z¬

ssZ\w-Zn\ ]mTm-kq{XW tcJ-bmWv So®nMv am\z¬. ]T-\-t\- -ßsf e£y-am°n

]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønepw So®¿sS-IvÃnepw \¬In-bn-´p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Xs‚

¢mknse Ip´n-Iƒ°v tbmPn® coXn-bn¬ hg-°-tØmsS, am‰-ßƒ hcp-Ønbpw

Iq´n-t®¿Øpw {]{Inbm t]Pv hnI-kn-∏n-°p-I-bmWp th≠-Xv.

]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-tfm-sSm∏wXs∂ hne-bn-cp-Øepw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠p≈

Bkq-{X-W-amWv {]{In-bm-t]-Pn¬ Fgp-tX-≠-Xv. \nc-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-en-eqsS e`n-

°p∂ hnh-c-ß-ƒ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ t]Pnep≠mbn-cn-°-Ww.

IrXyhpw A¿Y-]q¿W-hp-amb Bi-b-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn\v Bh-iy-amb ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-

\-ßƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-Xm-hWw So®nMv am\z¬. Cßs\ Hmtcm BgvN-bnepw \S-∏n-

em-°nb ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-eqsS cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏´ hnh-c-ßsf

(ssZ\w-Zn\ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ t]Pn-ep≈) ASn-ÿm-\-am°n So®¿ Hcp eLp-hmb

{]Xn-^-e-\-°p-dn∏v (Reflection Note) Xbm-dm-°p-Ibpw SRG/Subject CouncilF∂n-h-bn¬ N¿®sN-øp-Ibpw thWw. Cu Ipdn-∏ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-bn-cn-

°Ww So®-¿ XpS¿∂p≈ Bkq-{X-W-°p-dn∏v Xbm-dm-t°-≠-Xv.

So®nMv am\z-ens‚ t^m¿am‰v NphsS tN¿°p-∂p.

34

So®¿ sSIvÃv

So®nMv am\-z¬

]mT-Øns‚ t]cv :

XnøXn :

{]Xo-£n-°p∂ kabw :

Xow :

]T-\-t\- -ßƒ :

Bi-b-ßƒ :

tijn-Iƒ :

`mjmhkvXp-X-Iƒ (`mj-bv°p -am-{Xw) :

hy-h-lmccq]-ßƒ (`mj-bv°p- am-{Xw) :

aqe-y-ßƒ, at\m- m-h-ßƒ :

]T\kma-{Kn-Iƒ :

{]Xo-£nX D¬∏-∂-ßƒ :

{]{Inbm t]Pv hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ t]Pv

{]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw hne-bn-cp-Øepw (hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ hnh-c-ß-fmWv

AS-ßnb {]{Inb ChnsS Fgp-Xp-∂-Xv.)

slUvankv{Skv/slkvam-ÃdpsS H∏v A[ym-]-I≥/A[-ym-]nIbpsS H∏v

]cn-kc-]-T\w

35

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{]Xn- -e-\m-flINn¥ (Reflections)Fs‚ Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ, Xncn-®-dn-hp-Iƒ

(]T\{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ {]{In-b-bn-eqsS e`n® hnh-c-ß-fpsS

ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬)

$

$

$

$

XpS¿{]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw ]cn-lmc{]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw ˛ kqN\

$

$

$

$

{]Xn- -e-\m-flI Ipdn∏v (Reflection note) F¥n\v?

$ {]Xn-hmc SRG, k_vP‰v Iu¨kn¬ tbmK-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n°p∂-Xn-\v.

$ XpS¿ Bkq-{X-W-Øn\v Znimt_m[w \¬Ip∂-Xn-\v.

$ tSanse kn. C. t{ImUo-I-c-W-Øn-\v.

36

So®¿ sSIvÃv

]T\w (Learning) F∂Xv IpńIfn¬ kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw \nc-¥-c-ambpw \S-°p∂

Hcp {]{In-b-bm-Wv. ]T\w Imcy-£-a-am-I-W-sa-¶n¬, A\p-`-h-ßƒ Dt±-iym-[n-

jvTn-X-hpw ]T-\-t\-´-ßƒ tI{μo-I-cn-®p-am-IWw. Ipń- t\-tS≠ tijn-Isfbpw

[mc-W-I-sfbpw kw_-‘n®v A[ym-]-I\v hy‡-amb Ah-t_m[w D≠m-I-Ww.

Hmtcm ]mT- m-K-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v D≠mth≠ ]T\t\ -ßƒ (Learning outcomes)ap≥Iqń I≠p-sIm≠v ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Bkq-{XWw sNø-Ww. Cu {]h¿Ø-

\-ßƒ Pohn-X-k-μ¿ -ß-fp-ambn _‘n-∏n®v Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw thWw.

C{]-Imcw t\Snb tijn-I-fpw [mc-W-Ifpw ]T-\-t\- -ßƒ Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn\v F{X-

am{Xw ]cym-]vX-amWv? ]T-\-t\-´-ßƒ ssIh-cn-°m≥ C\nbpw tijn-°p-∂-h¿

Bsc√mw? \¬tI≠p∂ XpSc\p-`-h-ßƒ Fs¥-√m-am-IWw? Ah Fßs\

\¬Ipw? C{]-Im-c-ap≈ Nn¥-I-fmWv hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-s‚ `mK-ambn A[ym-]-I-cn¬

D≠m-tI-≠-Xv.

Hcp ]mT- m-K-Øns‚/bqWn-‰ns‚ hn\n-a-b-Øn-\p-tijw "Fs¥ms° ]Tn®p' F∂v

hne-bn-cp-Øp∂ {]{Inbsb ]T-\sØ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ (Assessment of learning)F∂p ]d-bmw. ]mT- m-K-ß-fpsS ]T-\-Øn-\p-ti-j-ap≈ ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ anI-hv, ]T-\-

\n-e-hmcw F∂n-h-bmWv ChnsS hne-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. CXv hne-bn-cp-Ø-ens‚

Hcp Xew am{Xta BIp-∂p-≈q.

F∂m¬ ]T\w Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-\mWv IqSp-X¬

{]mapJyw I¬∏n-t°-≠-Xv. ]T\w \S-°p∂ thf-bn¬ AXns‚ Imcy-£-a-X-

bv°p-th≠n A[ym-]-It\m kl-]m-Tn-Itfm \S-Øp∂ hnhn-[-ß-fmb CS-s]-S-ep-

Iƒ D≠m-Imw. ]T-\-Ønt\m-sSm-∏-ap≈ Cu hne-bn-cp-Øepw oUv_m°v \¬Iepw

hne-bn-cp-Ø-ens‚ as‰m-cp -X-e-am-Wv. CXns\ ]T-\-Øn-\m-bp≈ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

(Assessment for learning) F∂p ]d-bmw. CXv ]T-\-]p-tcm-K-Xn-°p-th≠n \nc-

¥cw \n¿h-ln-t°-≠-Xpw ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-tØmSv Cg-tN¿∂v \n¬°p-∂-Xp-amWv.

CtXm-sSm∏w ]T-\-Øn-eqsS t\Snb Bi-b-ßsfbpw [mc-W-I-sfbpw kzbw

hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-°p-Ibpw am‰-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈p-Ibpw sNøp∂

Hcp Xncp-Ø¬ {]{In-bbpw D≠v. CXns\ kzbw hne-bn-cp-Ø-embn Icp-Xmw.

C{]-Imcw kzbw \n¿h-ln-°p∂ hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-eqsSbpw ]T\w km[y-am-Ip-∂p.

CXns\ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬Xs∂- ]-T\w (Assessment as learning) F∂p ]d-bmw.

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ kao-]\w

]cn-kc-]-T\w

37

]T\w IqSpX¬ Imcy-£-a-ambn \n¿h-ln-°-W-sa¶n¬ "]T-\-Øn-\m-bp≈ hne-

bn-cp-Ø¬', "hne-bn-cp-Ø¬Xs∂ ]T\w' F∂n-h-bv°v IqSp-X¬ Du∂¬ \¬tI-

≠-Xp-≠v. AØ-c-Øn¬ ]T\w ê-{]-Z-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\p≈ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ {]{In-b-

Iƒ°v {]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂ kao-]-\-amWv \Ωƒ kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xv.

]T-\-t\- -ßƒ Dd-∏m-°p∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ ]T\kao-]\w kzoI-cn-°p-tºmƒ AXn\v

A\p-Kp-W-amb Hcp hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ kao-]-\hpw kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Bb-Xn-

\m¬ ]T-\-t\- -ß-ƒ°v Du∂¬ \¬Ip∂ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ kao-]-\-amWv (Out-come focused assessment approach) kzoIcn-t°-≠-Xv. ]T-\-t\-´-ßƒ°v

Du∂¬ \¬In cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßfn¬ ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ "kPoh-]-

¶m-fnØw' Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂p. hna¿i-\m-flINn¥, bp‡nNn¥, ]T-\-Øns‚ {]Xn-

-e-\hpw {]I-S-\hpw, ]c-kv]-c-_-‘n-X-amb Adnhv XpS-ßn-bh ]T-\-t\- -ßƒ°v

Du∂¬ \¬In-bp≈ ]T-\-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-I-fm-Wv.

\nc-¥-chpw ka-{K-hp-amb hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ (CCE)

\nc-¥-chpw ka-{K-hp-amb hne-bn--cp-Ø¬ coXn-bmWv \mw kzoI-cn-®ncn°p-∂-Xv.

Ipń-bn¬ A\pkyq-X-ambn \S°p∂ Hcp {]{In-b-bm-Wv ]T\w. AXp-sIm-≠p-

Xs∂ tijn-Ifpw [mc-W-Ifpw F{X-tØmfw t\Sn F∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°p∂ hne-

bn-cp-Ø¬ {]{In-bbpw \nc-¥-c-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. ka-{K-amb hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ F∂-

Xp-sIm≠v A¿Y-am-°p-∂Xv Ipń-bpsS ssh⁄m-\n-I-hpw kmaq-ln-I-hpw sshIm-

cn-I-hp-amb taJ-e-I-fnse hne-bn-cp-ØemWv.

t{KUnMv coXn

\nc-¥-chpw ka-{K-hp-amb hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\v t{KUnMv coXn-bmWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-

∂-Xv. ss{]a-dn-X-e-Ønse t{KUnßn\v s]mXp-hmbn A©v t]mbn‚ v t{KUnMv

D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. A©v t]mbn‚ v t{K-Unßns‚ t{KUv t]mbn‚ v iX-am-\hpw

t{KUpw NphsS \¬Ip-∂p.

t{KUv t]mbn‚ v iX-am\w t{KUv

75 - 100 A

60 - 74 B

45 - 59 C

33 - 44 D

33 ¬ Xmsg E

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ {]{In-b-bpsS XpS¿®bpw ka-{K-Xbpw Dd-∏m-°p∂Xn\p-th≠n {][m-

\-ambpw c≠v taJ-e-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

38

So®¿ sSIvÃv

CCE taJ-e-Iƒ

1. ssh⁄m-\nItaJe

2. kmaq-lnI˛sshIm-cn-ItaJ-e

Ch Hmtcm∂pw hni-Z-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

ssh⁄m-\nI taJ-e-bnse hnImkw kw_-‘n® hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

Ipń ]T\w \n¿h-ln-°p∂ F√m hnj-b-ßfpw ssh⁄m-\nI taJ-e-bn¬ Dƒs∏-

Sp∂p. `mjmhnj-b-ßƒ, imkv{Xhnj-b-ßƒ (ASn-ÿm-\-imkv{Xw, KWn-

Ximkv{Xw, kmaq-ly-im-kv{Xw), Iem-]T\w, {]hrØn]T\w, Btcm-Ky -Im-bnI

hnZym- ymkw XpS-ßnb F√m hnj-b-ßfpw Cu taJ-e-bn¬s∏Sp-Ømw. Hmtcm

hnj-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]T-\-t\- -ßƒ Is≠Øn Ah F{X-tØmfw t\Sm≥

km[n®p F∂ hne-bn-cp-Ø-emWv \S-tØ-≠Xv. ChnsS c≠p Xc-Øn-ep≈ hne-

-bn-cp-Ø-emWv \n¿tZ-in-°p-∂-Xv.

1. \nc-¥chne-bn-cp-Ø¬ (CE)

2. tSw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ (TE)

\nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ \nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ \nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ \nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ \nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ ( ( ( ( (CE)))))

ss{]a-dn-X-e-Øn¬ `mjm-hn-j-b-ßfpsS -]-T\ØneqsS At\-I-ti-jn-I-fpsS

B¿P\w \S-t°≠Xp≠v. CXn¬ Bi-b-ßƒ, hkvXp-X-Iƒ, hnhn[ hn⁄m-\-

ta-J-e-Iƒ, k¿Km-fl-I-c-N-\-Iƒ XpSßn sshhn-[y-am¿∂ D≈-S-°-hp-ap-≠v. Ch

Hgn-hm-°n-s°m≠v `mjm-ti-jn-Isf \n¿W-bn-°pI ZpjvI-c-am-Wv. tI´pw hmbn®pw

Imcy-ßƒ {Kln-°p-I, ]d™pw Fgp-Xnbpw AXv {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-I, k¿Km-flI cN-

\-Iƒ \S-ØpI XpS-ßnb tijn-Iƒ `mjm-]T\hp-ambn _‘-s∏- mWv hf¿Øn-

sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ tIhetijn-I-fmtbm hn⁄m-\kºmZ-\-amtbm `mjm-

]-T-\sØ th¿Xn-cn-°m-\m-hn-√.

1, 2 ¢mkp-I-fn¬ Xoap-Isf ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv `mj, (ae-bm-fw, Cw•o-jv,

CXc- m-j-Iƒ), ]cn-k-c-]-T-\w, KWnXw F∂o hnj-b-ß-fnse {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv. AXn-\m¬ Cu ¢mkp-I-fnse D≈-S-°-ta-J-e-bmbn

{]kvXpX Xoans\ \ap°v \nP-s∏-Sp-Ømw. hmNn-Ihpw enJn-X-hp-amb tijn-I-

fpsS hnIm-k-Øn¬ {]mY-an-I-L- -Øn¬ \n¬°p∂ Ipń-I-fm-I-bm¬ {ih-Ww,

`mj-Ww, en]n-hn-\ym-k-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-b¬, D®m-c-W-hy-‡-X-

tbm-sS-bp≈ hmb-\, icn-bmb Bte-J-\-{I-aw, cN-\-bnse hf¿® F∂nh `mjm-

ti-jn-I-fpsS {]mY-anIL´ß-fmbn ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠n-h-cpw.

imkv{X-hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ Hmtcm Bi-b-cq-]o-I-c-W-L- -Ønepw Ipń- B¿Pn® Bib

[mc-W-Iƒ, ssIh-cn-°p∂ tijn-Iƒ F∂nh ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

]cn-kc-]-T\w

39

ChnsS aq∂p coXn-bn-ep≈ \nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-Ø-emWv \n¿tZ-in-°p-∂Xv.

$ ]T\{]{In-b-bpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

$ t]m¿ vt^mfntbm hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

$ bqWn‰vXe hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ (Hmtcm bqWn-‰n-s‚bpw ka-{K-amb hne-bn-cp-

Ø¬)

Ch Hmtcm∂pw hni-Z-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

$ ]T\{]{In-b-bpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

]T-\-{]-{In-b-bpsS mK-ambn tijn-Iƒ B¿Pn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n A[ym-]-I≥ hnhn-

[-ß-fmb {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Bkq-{XWw sNøp-∂p. Hmtcm {]h¿-Ø\w \S∏m°p-

tºmgpw ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-Ønse ]¶m-fn-Øw, ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ {]I-S-\-Øn-

setbm Ah-X-c-W-Øn-setbm anI-hv, {]{In-b-bpsS `mK-ambn Fgp-Xm\pw Ipdn--∏p-

Iƒ Xbm-dm-°m-\p-ap≈ A`n-cp-Nn, Ip´n-Iƒ°v \n¿ZnjvS tijn-Iƒ F{X-am{Xw

B¿Pn-°m≥ Ign-™n- p≠v XpS-ßnb Imcy-ßƒ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ {iahpw

So®-dpsS `mK-Øp-\n∂v D≠mhWw. Cßs\ t\m°p-tºmƒ, ]T-\-{]-{In-b-bnse

]TnXm-hns‚ hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\v s]mXp-hmbn NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ kqN-I-

ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn°mw F∂p ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

1. {]h¿Ø-\-Ønse ]¶m-fnØw ({]h¿Ø\w Gs‰-Sp-°m-\p≈ k∂-≤X,

hy‡n-KX {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ sNøp-∂-Xnse anI-hv, {Kq∏nse CS-s]-S¬,

Bi-b-ßƒ ]¶p-h-bv°¬....)

2. Bib[mcW

3. tijn-Iƒ B¿Pn-°¬

4. {]I-S\w/Ah-X-cWw

5. tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø¬/Xbmdm°¬

{]{Inb hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ \n¿h-ln-°p-tºmƒ, Hmtcm kqN--Ihpw ASn-ÿm-\-am°n

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ \n¿h-ln-°-Ww. DZm-l-c-W-ambn "{]h¿Ø-\-Ønse ]¶m-fnØw'

F∂ kqNIw ASn-ÿm-\-am°n hne-bn-cp-Øp-tºmƒ G‰hpw anI® ]¶m-fn-Ø-ap-

≈-h¿, anI® ]¶mfn-Ø-ap-≈-h¿, icm-icn ]¶m-fn-Ø-ap-≈-h¿, C\nbpw sa®-s∏-

tS-≠-h¿ F∂p kqNn-∏n-°p∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ/ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ

So®nMv am\z-ens‚ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ t]Pn¬ D≠m-h-Ww. Hcp tSan-\p-≈n¬ F√m

]Tn-Xm-°-tfbpw Hmtcm kqN-I-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Ønbpw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ \SØn

tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

CXv F{]-Im-c-am-Im-sa∂v KWn-X-Ønse Hcp {]h¿Ø\ØneqsS ]cn-tim-[n-

°mw.

40

So®¿ sSIvÃv

1 apX¬ XpS¿®-bmb H‰kwJy-I-fpsS XpI H‰kwJy-I-fpsS FÆsØ

AXpsIm≠p Xs∂ KpWn-®-Xm-bn-cn-°pw F∂ Bibw cq]o-I-cn-°m-\p-

≈-XmWv Cu {]h¿Ø\w. (DZm: 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 = 4 x 4 = 16).

Cu {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS ]ń-I-s∏-Sp-Ø¬, ]ńI hni-I-e\w sNø¬, ]c-kv]c

_‘w Is≠-Ø¬, \nK-a\w cq]o-I-cn-°¬ F∂o tijn-I-fpsS hnIm-khpw e£y-

an-Sp-∂p.

CXn-\mbn So®¿ Hcp {]iv\w sImSp-°p-∂p.

Hcp Ipń Xos∏ń ASp-°n-h®n-cn-°p-∂Xv Hcp {]tXyI coXn-bn-em-Wv. G‰hpw

apI-fn--esØ hcn-bn¬ H∂v, AXn\v Xmsg hcn-bn¬ 3, AXn\p XmgsØ hcn-

bn¬ 5 F∂n-ß-s\.

Cßs\ 10 hcn hbv°m≥ F{X Xos∏- n D]-tbm-Kn-®n- p-≠mIpw? Cßs\ 30 hcn

hbv°m≥ F{X Xos∏- n th≠nhcp-sa∂v Fßs\ Is≠Øpw?

Cu {]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ ¢mkvdqw {]{Inb ]cn-tim-[n°mw.

10 hcnhbv°m≥ F{X I√v D]-tbm-Kn-®n- p-≠mIpw F∂ tNmZy-amWv BZyw ]cn-

K-Wn-°p-I.

Ipń Xt‚-Xmb coXn-bn¬ DØcw Is≠-Øm≥ {ian-°p-∂p.

1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 15 + 17 + 19 = 100

GXm\pw t]¿ ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. XpS¿∂v So®¿ tNmZyw D∂-bn-°p-∂p.

30 hcn-bn¬ F{X-sb∂v CXpt]mse I≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥ Ffp-∏-amtWm?

hcn-bpsS FÆhpw BsI Xos∏ń-I-fpsS FÆhpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w ]cn-tim-

[n-°m≥ Hcp ]ń-I-bn¬ hnh-c-ßƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa∂v t{ImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

F¶n¬ ]ńI Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn-°-Ww?

Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw hy‡n-K-ambn ]ńI D≠m-°p-∂p. {Kq∏n¬ N¿® sNbvXv ¢mkn¬

Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw ¢mkv N¿®bv°v tijw s]mXp-hmb ]ńI cq]o-I-cn-°p-

Ibpw AXn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

]cn-kc-]-T\w

41

]ńI

hcn hcn-bnse FÆw BsI FÆw

1 1 1

2 3 4

3 5 9

4 7 16

5 9 25

6 11 36

So®¿ tNmZyw D∂-bn-°p-∂p:

hcn-bpsS FÆhpw BsI FÆhpw XΩn¬ Fs¥-¶nepw _‘w Is≠-Øm≥

Ign-bp-∂pt≠m?

hy‡n-K-X-ambn Is≠-Øp-∂p.

Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bm-Ø-h¿°mbn So®¿ Nne tNmZy-ßƒ tNmZn-°p-∂p:

hcn H∂m-Ip-tºmƒ F{X Xos∏ń?

hcn c≠m-Ip-tºmƒ F{X Xos∏ń?

hcnbpw Xos∏ń-I-fpsS FÆhpw XΩn¬ Fs¥-¶nepw _‘w Dt≠m?

................................................................ ?

................................................................ ? F∂n-ßs\

Is≠-Ønb Imcyw t\m v_p-°n¬ Ipdn-°p-∂p. {Kq∏n¬ N¿® sNbvXv ]c-kv]cw

hne-bn-cpØn sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

¢mkn¬ AhX-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.

N¿®bv°v tijw ho≠pw sa®-s∏-SpØn Fgp-Xp-∂p.

hcn-bpsS FÆsØ AXpsIm≠p Xs∂ KpWn-®m¬

BsI Xos∏ń-I-fpsS FÆw In´pw.

XpS¿∂v So®¿ Hcp tNmZyw D∂-bn-°p-∂p: 1 apX¬ XpS¿®-bmb H‰kwJy-I-fpsS

XpI ImWm≥ F¥mWv Ffp∏hgn?

Ipń-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn Fgp-Xp-∂p. {Kq∏n¬ N¿®. - ]ckv]cw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ ˛

sa®-s∏-Sp-Ø¬.

¢mkn¬ Ah-X-c-Ww.

N¿®bv°v tijw sa®-s∏-SpØn Fgp-X¬.

42

So®¿ sSIvÃv

1 apX¬ XpS¿®-bmb H‰kwJy-I-fpsS XpI ImWm≥ H‰kwJy-I-fpsS

FÆsØ AXpsIm≠pXs∂ KpWn-®m¬ aXn.

Cu ]T-\-{]-{In-bbnse ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ anI-hns\ hnhn[ kqN-I-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v

hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

$ {]h¿Ø-\-Ønse ]¶m-fnØw

˛ {]h¿Ø\w Gs‰-SptØm?

˛ hy‡nK-X-ambn sNøm≥ {ian-®n- pt≠m?

˛ {Kq∏n¬ ê-{]-Z-ambn CS-s]- n- pt≠m?

˛ Bi-b-ßƒ ]¶p-h-®n-´pt≠m?

$ Bi-b-[m-cW

˛ Cu {]h¿Ø-\-^-e-ambn D≠m-tI≠ Bi-b-[m-cW cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm≥

Ign-™n-´pt≠m?

-˛ ho≠pw {]h¿Ø-\tam ôUv_mt°m \¬tI≠n h∂n- pt≠m?

$ tijn-Iƒ B¿Pn-°¬

˛ \n›-bn-®n-cn-°p∂ tijn-Iƒ t\Sm≥ Cu {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS Ign-

™n-´pt≠m?

-˛ ]ńI cq]o-I-cn-®n- pt≠m?

˛ hcn-Ifpw Xos∏- n-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-™n- pt≠m?

A[nI tNmZy-ßfpw So®-dpsS CS-s]-S-ep-Ifpw Bh-iy-ambn h∂n- pt≠m?

-˛ ]ńI hni-I-e\w sNbvXv \nK-a-\-Øn-se-Øm≥ Ign-™n- pt≠m? a‰p-

≈-h-cpsS klmbw th≠nht∂m?

$ {]I-S\w/ Ah-X-cWw

˛ hy‡n-KX {]h¿Ø-\-Øn\v tijhpw {Kq∏v {]h¿Ø\-Øn\v tijhpw

Is≠-Ønb Imcyw Ah-Xcn∏n-°m≥ {ian-®n- pt≠m?

˛ \nK-a\w bp‡n-]q¿hw ka¿Yn-°m≥ Ign-™n- pt≠m?

$ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø¬/ Xbm-dm-°¬

-˛ {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-b-t∏mƒ Bh-iy-amb tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-

Iƒ \S-Øn-bn-´pt≠m?

-˛ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ a‰p-≈-h¿°v a\- n-em-Ip∂ coXn-bn¬ BtWm?

-˛ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-en\v ASp°pw Nn´bpw Dt≠m?

-˛ ]ńI icn-bmbn Xbm-dm-°nbn´pt≠m?

-˛ hy‡n-K-Xambpw {Kq∏v N¿®bv°v tijhpw ¢mkv N¿®bv°v tij-hp-

ap≈ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-I-fpt≠m?

Ipdn∏v : Hmtcm {]h¿Ø-\-Ønepw Cu kqN-Ißƒ D]tbm-Kn®v F√m Ipń-I-

sfbpw hne-bn-cpØn t{KUv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa-∂n-√. Cu kqN-I-ß-fpsS ASn-

]cn-kc-]-T\w

43

ÿm-\-Øn¬ Hcp tSanse samØw {]I-S-\-sØ-bmWv hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠-Xv. CXn-

\mbn So®-dpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ t]Pn¬ Nne Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. tSans‚

HSp-hn¬ Hmtcm kqN-I-Øn\pw 4/3/2/1 kvtImdp-Iƒ \¬In-bmWv {]{In-b-bpsS

t{KUv IW-°m-t°-≠-Xv. CXns‚ sXfn-hmbn Ipń-bpsS t\m´v_p°nse tcJ-

s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ømw.

\nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-Ø-ens‚ `mK-ambn `mj-bn¬ ]T-\-{]-{Inb hne-bn-cp-tØ-

≠Xv Fß-s\-sb∂p ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

`mj-bn¬ D≈-S-°-]-c-amb Bibw e`n-°p∂p F∂-Xp-t]mse {][m-\-amWv hyh-

lm-c-cq-]-kw-_-‘n-bmb Adnhpw `mjm-ti-jn-I-fpsS hnIm-khpw Ipń-bn-ep-≠m-

Ip∂p F∂-Xpw. Aß-s\-sb-¶n¬ kqN-I-ßƒ ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v Fß-s\-bmWv

]T-\-{]-{Inb hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠-Xv?

$ ]¶m-fnØw

]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ Xm¬∏cyw, {Kq∏v {]-h¿Ø-\-Ønse ]¶m-

fn-Øw, hyXykvX `mjm-]-T-\-k-t¶-X-ß-fn-eqsS (sse{_-dn, Assk≥sa‚ v

]q¿Øn-bm-°¬ ...) Adnhv \n¿Ωn-s®-Sp-°p∂ coXn F∂n-h-sbms° CXn¬

]cn-K-Wn-°-Ww.

$ Bib[mcW

`mj-bnse D≈-S-°-]-c-amb [mc-W, hyh-lm-c-cq-]-Øns‚ LS-\, KpW-\n-e-

hmc kqNI-ßƒ, `mjm-]-c-amb anIhv F∂n-h-bn¬ ]Tn-Xmhv FhnsS

\n¬°p∂p F∂-XmWv A[ym-]nI ChnsS hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠-Xv.

$ tijn-Iƒ

{ih-Ww, `mjWw, hmb-\, teJ-\w, k¿Km-fl-IX XpS-ßnb tijotaJ-e-

I-fn¬ ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ ]ptcm-KXn hne-bn-cpØn ôUv_m°v \¬Ip-∂p. ChnsS

hnhn[ mjm hyh-lmctaJ-e-Iƒ, mjm-h-kvXp-X-Iƒ, Bi-b-hn-\n-abw F∂n-

h-bn¬ Ipń-bpsS {]I-S\w IqSn ]cn-K-Wn-°-Ww.

$ {]IS\w/Ah-X-cWw

`mj-bn¬ Bi-b-{]-I-S-\-Øn\v hyXykvX hgn-I-fp-≠-t√m. Ipń-bpsS cN-\m-

ti-jn-t]m-se-Øs∂ {][m-\-amWv a‰p `mjm-{]-I-S-\-ßfpw (]mcm-b-Ww,

Bem-]-\w, A`n-\-bw, Nn{Xw-h-c, `mj-Ww) ˛ D®m-c-W-ip-≤n, kv]jvSX

F∂n-h-sbms° ]cn-K-Wn-®m-bn-cn°pw ChnsS A[ym-]nI ôUv_m°v

\¬tI-≠Xv.

$ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø¬/Xbm-dm-°¬

{]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-b-t∏mƒ Bh-iy-amb tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ

\S-Øn-bn- pt≠m? tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ a‰p-≈-h¿°v a\- n-em-Ip∂ coXn-bn¬

BtWm? tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-en\v ASp°pw Nn´bpw Dt≠m? hy‡n-K-Xambn cN\

44

So®¿ sSIvÃv

\S-Øn-bn- pt≠m? ¢mkv N¿®bv°v tijw {Kq∏n¬ sa®-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- pt≠m?

sX‰n-√msX cN\ \n¿h-ln-°m≥ Ipń-Iƒ°v Ign-bp-∂pt≠m? F∂-

Xs°bmWv A[ym-]nI hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠-Xv.

ta¬ kqNn-∏n® taJ-e-I-fn-sem-s°, Hcp tSw Ign-bp-tºmƒ ]Tn-Xm-hns‚

ka-{K-]p-tcm-KXn I≠psIm≠v thWw ]T-\-{]-{Inb hne-bn-cpØn A[ym-

]nI t{KUv sNtø-≠-Xv.

Cu kqN-I-ß-sfm-s°-Øs∂ `mjm-]-T-\-{]-{In-b-bn¬ Ft∏mgpw {]k-‡-am-Wv.

Hcp tSanse hnhn[ bqWn-‰p-I-fnse \n¿ZnjvS ]T-\-t\- -ßƒ Dd-∏m-°p∂ F√m

]T-\-{]{Inbbn-sebpw ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ {]I-S-\sØ A[ym-]n-Ibv°v hne-bn-cpØmw;

A\n-hm-cy-X-bv°-\p-k-cn®v So®nMv am\z-ens‚ {]Xn-I-c-W-t]-Pn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-

I-bp-am-hmw.

$ `mjbnse Hcp ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ kq£va-{]-{Inb t\m°q. (hnh-cWw

Xbm-dm-°p-∂-Xns‚ ]T-\-{]-{Inb)

$ Ipń-Iƒ ]qt¥m- -Øns‚ hnh-cWw Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.

{]{In-bm-L- -ßƒ

$ e`n® A\p-`-h-Øn-s‚bpw (t\c-\p-`-hw, Zriyw) B¿PnX Adn-hn-s‚bpw

ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hy‡n-K-X-ambn hnh-cWw Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.

$ {Kq∏n¬ hmbn-®-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. Bh-iy-amb Iqń-t®¿°-ep-Iƒ/Hgn-hm-°¬

\SØn sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

$ {Kq∏ns‚ Ah-X-c-Ww.

$ D≈-S-°w, LS-\, `mjm-{]-tbmKw F∂nh kw_-‘n®v ¢mkn¬ s]mXp-

N¿®.

$ hnh-c-W-Øns‚ KpW-\n-e-hm-c-kq-N-Ißƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

$ sa®-s∏-SpØn hnh-cWw Xbm-dm-°¬.

CXns\ FUn-‰nMv {]{In-b°v hnt[-b-am-°p-tºmtgm?

Aß-s\-sb-¶n¬ {]{In-bm-L-´-ßƒ Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn°pw?

$ hy‡n-KX cN\

$ {Kq∏n¬ hmbn-®-h-X-cn-∏n-°¬ ˛ N¿®

$ {Kq∏p-ev]∂w Xbm-dm-°¬ (F√m-hcpw N¿®-sNbvXv Hcp Dev]∂w Xbm-dm-

°¬).

$ {Kq∏p-I-fn¬ Xbm-dm-°nb hnh-cWw {]Z¿in-∏n-°¬.

$ So®¿ th¿j≥ Ah-X-cWw.

]cn-kc-]-T\w

45

$ icm-i-cn-bn¬ \n¬°p∂ Hcp Dev]∂w ]cn-K-Wn®v IrXy-amb tNmZy-ßƒ

tNmZn-°p∂p. (Bi-b-X-ew, hmIy-L-S-\, ]Zw, A£-cw, Nn”w)

$ N¿®-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Ipń-Iƒ Xß-fpsS cN-\-Iƒ sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-

∂p.

Cu {]h¿Ø-\sØ hnhn[ kqN-I-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-sX-ß-s\-

sb∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

$ ]¶m-fnØw ˛ {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-epS\of-ap≈ ]¶m-fn-Øw.

$ Bi-b-[m-cW ˛ ]qt¥m- -hn-h-c-W-Øn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-t°≠ Bi-b-ßƒ, hnh-

c-W-Øns‚ LS\, kqN-I-Øns‚ KpW-\n-e-hmcw kw_-

‘n® Adn-hv.

$ tijn-Iƒ ˛ `mj-Ww, hmb-\, teJ-\w... XpS-ßn-bhbn¬ Ipń-bpsS

Ign-hv.

$ {]I-S\w ˛ hy‡n-K-X-c-N-\ -{Kq-∏n¬ hmbn-®-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-tºm-gpw

{Kq∏hXc-W-th-f-bnepw.

$ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø¬ ˛ hy‡n-KX cN-\, {Kq∏nse sa®-s∏-SpØepIƒ, {]h¿Ø-

\-ØnepS-\ofw \S-Ønb tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø¬ F∂nh ]cn-K-

Wn®v Cu {]h¿Ø-\sØ hne-bn-cpØn A\n-hm-cy-Xbv°-

\p-k-cn®v So®nMv am\z-en¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm-a-t√m.

]T\{]{Inb hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-ambn _‘-s∏´ Nne DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ {i≤n-®-t√m.

tSan-s\m-Sp-hn¬ ]T\{]{In-b-bpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ A[ym-

]n-Ibv°v (i) Xs‚ So®nMv am\z-¬ (ii) Ipń-I-fpsS t\m v]p-kvXIw F∂nh B[m-

c-am°mhp-∂-Xm-Wv.

(1) So®nMv am\z-ense hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ

]T-\{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ kq£va-X-e-Øn¬ Bkq-{XWw sNøp-∂-Xn\pw \nc-¥c

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ imkv{Xo-b-am-°p-∂-Xn-\pambn So®nMv am\z-¬ Xbm-dm-t°-≠-Xm-

Wv. So®nMv am\z-ep-I-fn¬ Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ LS-I-ßƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

(i) ]T-\-t\-´-ßƒ

(ii) Bibßƒ/[mc-W-Iƒ

(iii) tijn-Iƒ

(iv) aqey-ßƒ/at\m-`m-h-ßƒ

(v) ]T\kma-{Kn-Iƒ

(vi) {]Xo-£n-°p∂ Dev]-∂-ßƒ

(vii) kabw

46

So®¿ sSIvÃv

(viii) {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw hne-bn-cp-Øepw AS-ßnb {]{Inbm t]Ppw hne-bn-cp-

Ø¬ hnh-c-ßƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ t]Ppw.

(ix) hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ t]Pnse hnh-c-ßƒ ASn-ÿm\-am-°n-bp≈ dn vf-Ivj≥

Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ.

am\z-en¬ A\p-cq-]o-I-cWw Dƒt®¿Øp-sIm-≠p≈ ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS Bkq-

{XWw, hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ kμ¿ -ßƒ, X{¥-ßƒ, Sqfp-Iƒ F∂nh D≠m-I-Ww.

(2) hnj-b-_-‘n-X-amb t\m´v_p°v kw_-‘n® hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ

ssh⁄m-\nItaJ-e-bpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\v ASn-ÿm-\am-t°≠ {][m-\ -tc-J-

bmWv ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ t\m v_p°v. ]T-\-{]-{In-b-Iƒ°-\p-k-cn®v hnhn[ {]h¿Ø-

\-ßƒ ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂-Xn\v t\m v-_p°v klm-b-I-am-Wv. ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ k¿Km-

fl-I-X, Nn¥m{]{In-b-Iƒ, `mjmss\]pWn F∂nh t\m´v_p°n¬ {]Xn-^-en-

°pw. ]mT- mKw hn\n-abw sNøp-∂-Xn\v kzoI-cn-°p∂ hnhn[ X{¥-ßƒ, Ah-

bpsS ]q¿Øo-I-c -W-Øn\v ]Tn -Xmhv \S-Øp∂ aps∂m-cp -°-ßƒ,

{]h¿Ø\ßfpsS hnhn[ L -ß-fnse CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ XpSßn F√m hnh-c-ßfpw

t\m´v_p°n¬ D≠m-I-Ww. {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS cq]-s∏´ Dev]-∂-ßƒ kw_-

‘n® hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠Xpw t\m v_p°n¬ Xs∂-bm-Wv.

ka-b-_-‘n-X-ambn t\ -ßƒ hne-bn-cpØn ]T-\-]p-tcm-K-Xn°v Bh-iy-amb \n¿tZ-

i-ßfpw ssIØm-ßpw A[ym-]nI \¬I-Ww. bqWn‰v Ah-km-\n-°p-tºmƒ B

bqWn‰nse ]T-\-t\´-ßƒ ]Tn-Xmhv t\Sn-bn-´pt≠m F∂v hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-

\p≈ Hcp tcJ-bmbn t\m v-_p-°p-Iƒ ]cn-W-an-°-Ww.

Bi-b-hy-‡-X-bp-≈Xpw kμ¿ -ßƒ°pw Bi-b-ßƒ°pw tbm-Py-amb ]cm-a¿i-

ßƒ D≈Xpw kz¥w Nn¥-Iƒ kzmwio-I-cn -°p-∂-Xpw {]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p-

∂XpamhWw t\m´v_p-°v. Imcy-ßƒ X∑-b-Xz-tØmsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-cn-°-Ww.

t\m v_p°n\v ka-{K-Xbpw XpS¿®bpw D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww.

$ t]m¿ vt^mfntbm hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS IS∂pt]mIptºmƒ cq]-s∏-Sp∂ F√m Dev]-∂-ßfpw

t]m¿ vt^mfn-tbm-bn¬ Dƒs∏-SpØn hne-bn-cp-Ø-Ww. ]T-\sØ kw_-‘n®v Ip´n-

°pw c£n-Xm-hn\pw A[ym-]n-Ibv°pw ^oUv_m°v \¬IpI F∂ [¿a-amWv

t]m¿ vt^mfntbm \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xv. CXv ]T-\sØ Xzcn-X-s∏-Sp-Øpw.

t]m¿´vt^m-fn-tbm-bn¬

$ t\m´v_p°v

$ a‰p cN-\Iƒ (hy‡n-K-X-c-N-\, sa®-s∏-Sp-Ønb cN-\)

$ a‰v ]T-\-sØ-fn-hp-Iƒ (Nn{X-ßƒ, tiJ-c-ßƒ, ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-ßƒ)

]cn-kc-]-T\w

47

$ ]T-\-sØ-fn-hpIƒ hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ Ipń-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb kqN-I-ßƒ

$ k¿Km-flI krjvSn-Iƒ

$ h¿°vjo-‰p-Iƒ

XpS-ßn-bh Dƒs∏-Spw.

t]m¿ vt^mfntbm hne-bn-cp-Øen\v Xmsg sImSpØ kqN-I-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.

$ Bibhy‡-X

$ [mc-W-I-fpsS kzmwio-I-cWw

$ A\p-tbm-Py-amb cq]-Iev]\

$ ]q¿WX

$ X\na

t]m¿´vt^m-fntbm hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-ambn _‘-s∏´ Hcp DZm-l-cWw ]cn-tim-[n-

°mw.

{]h¿Ø\w : ]T-t\m-]-I-cW \n¿amWw

Ggmw ¢mknse imkv{X-hn-j-b-Ønse "{]Im-i-hn-kva-b-ßƒ' F∂ ]mT- m-K-hp-

ambn _‘-s∏ v Bh¿Ø\ {]Xn-]-X\w F∂ Bibw hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ tNm°p-

s]-ńbpw IÆmSn°jW-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn®v Ipń Hcp-]-I-cWw \n¿an-°p-∂p.

tNm°p-s]- n--bn¬ kam-¥-c-ambn c≠v hiØpw IÆmSn Hń-®p-hbv-°p-∂p. tNm°p-

s]- n-bn¬ Hcp hiØv sNdnb Zzmc-ap-≠m°n B hiØv Hń-®p-h-bv°p∂ IÆmSn

°jW-Øn¬ \n∂v ck-]mfn A¬∏w \o°w sNø-Ww. tNm°p-s]- n-bn¬ GsX-

¶nepw Hcp hkvXp h®v tNm°p-s]- n-bnse Zzmc-Øn-eqsS AI-tØ°v t\m°n-

bm¬ A\-¥amb FÆw {]Xn-_nw_w ImWmw. t]m¿ vt^m-fntbm hnebn-cp-Ø-

en-\p≈ kqN-I-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v Cu {]h¿Ø\w Fßs\ hnebn-cpØmw F∂p

]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

(1) Bi-b-hy-‡X

an\p-k-ap≈ {]X-ew {]Im-isØ \∂mbn {]Xn-]-Xn-∏n°p∂p F∂pw {]Imiw

Bh¿Øn®v {]Xn-]-Xn-°p-∂Xp-aq-e-amWv At\Iw {]Xn-_nw-_-ßƒ D≠m-hp-∂Xv

F∂p-apff Bibw hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ klm-b-I-amb Hcp D]-I-c-W-amWv CXv F∂v

Ipń a\- n-em-°n-bn- p-≠v.

(2) [mc-W-I-fpsS kzmwio-I-cWw

IÆmSn°jW-ßƒ A`n-ap-J-ambn hbvt°-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iyw, kam-¥-c-ambn {Iao-

I-cn-t°-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iyw, IÆmSn°jWw Hń® Hcp hiØv sNdnb Zzmc-an- v,

IÆm-Sn-bnse ck-]mfn \o°w sNbvXv, Cu `mK-Øp-IqSn AI-tØ°v t\m°p-

tºm-gm-Wv {]Xn-_nw-_-ßƒ IqSp-X¬ ImWm≥ Ign-bp--∂Xv XpS-ßnb [mc-W-Iƒ

Ipń°v Dt≠m F∂-dn-bm≥ Ipń-bp-ambn N¿® \S-tØ≠n hcpw.

48

So®¿ sSIvÃv

(3) DNnX-amb cq]-L-S\

Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ LS-I-ß-fmWv Cu kqNIw D]--tbm-Kn®v hne-bn-Øp-tºmƒ apJy-

ambpw ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xv.

$ tNm°ps]´ntbm a‰v A\p-tbm-Py-amb hkvXp-°tfm Xnc-s™-Sp-ØXv.

$ D]-tbm-Kn® IÆmSn°jW-ß-fpsS hep∏w.

$ GXp hi-ß-fn-emWv IÆmSn°jW-ßƒ H´n-®Xv?

$ {]Xn-_nw_w cq]-s∏-tS≠ hkvXp Fhn-sS-bmWv h®-Xv?

(4) ]q¿WX

D]-I-cWw ]q¿Øo-I-cn-®n- pt≠m, At\Iw {]Xn-_nw-_-ßƒ ImWm≥ Ign-™n-

´pt≠m XpS-ßnb Imcy-ßƒ ]cn-tim-[n®v D]-I-c-W-Øns‚ ]q¿WX hne-bn-cp-

Ømw.

(5) X\na

D]-I-c-W-Øns‚ `wKn, {]Xn-_nw_w D≠m-t°-≠- hkvXp-hns‚ Xnc-s™-Sp∏v

(DZm: ]q°ƒ, sNdn-b-]m-h-Iƒ, sse‰v, ....), hrØn, CuSv XpS-ßnb Imcy-ß-fn¬

X\na ]pe¿Øp-∂pt≠m F∂p ]cn-tim-[n°mw.

ta¬ kqNn-∏n® LS-I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kqN-I-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v Dev]-

∂sØ (t]m¿´vt^m-fntbm) hne-bn-cp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ]T-\{]-{In-b-bpsS `mK-

ambn cq]-s∏-Sp∂ Dev]-∂-ßƒ AXXp-k-a-bØv hne-bn-cpØn So®n-Mvam-\z-ens‚

{]XnIcW -t]-Pntem {]tXyI Ipdn-∏p-I-fmtbm tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-h-bv°mw. tSan-sem-

cn-°¬ apgp-h≥ Dev]∂-ß-sfbpw ka-{K-am-bn- I≠psIm≠v kqN-I-Øn\v A\p-k-

cn®v t]mbn‚ v \¬Im-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

]T\{]{In-b-bp-sSbpw t]m¿ vt^m-fn-tbm--bp-sSbpw t{KUv IW-°m-°p∂ coXn

tSan-\¬ BbmWv t{KUv IW-°m-t°-≠-Xv. CXns‚ coXnimkv{Xw ]cn-tim-[n-

°mw.

{]{In-b-bpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø¬, t]m¿´vt^mfntbm hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ F∂n-h-bnse

Hmtcm kqN-Ihpw ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-SpØn "G‰hpw sa®w/sa®-s∏-´Xv/icm-icn/

C\nbpw sa®-s∏-tS-≠Xv' F∂v td‰v sNbvXv bYm-{Iaw 4/3/2/1 F∂n-ßs\ t]mbn‚ v

IW-°m-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

5 kqN-I-ßfpw ]cnK-Wn-°p-tºmƒ, Hmtcm kqN-I-Øn\pw 4/3/2/1 F∂n-ßs\

t]mbn‚ v \¬In-bm¬ ]c-am-h[n 20 t]mbn‚ v F∂v IW-°m-°mw.

t{KUnMv am\-Zfiw A\p-k-cn®v Xbm-dm-°nb NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ sdUn-

sd-°-W¿ D]-tbm-Kn®v t]mbn‚ v t{KUm°n am‰mw.

]cn-kc-]-T\w

49

t]mbn‚ v t{KUv

15 - 20 A12 - 14 B9 - 11 C7 - 8 D

Below 7 E

Hcp tSanse {]{In-bsbbpw t]m¿ vt^m-fntbm C\-ß-sfbpw ka-{K-ambn I≠p-

sIm-≠p-thWw Hmtcm kqN-I-Øn\pw t]mbn‚ v \¬In t{KUn-te°v am‰m≥.

$ bqWn‰vXe hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

Hcp bqWn-‰n¬ hnhn[ ]T-\-t\-´-ßƒ°p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ]c-kv]-c-_-‘-

tØmsSbmWv hn\y-kn-®n-cn-°p∂Xv. CXn\v Hcp ka-{K-kz- m-h-ap-≠v. Hcp bqWn-

‰nse ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ ]T-\sØ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-eqsS Cu ka-{KXmt_m[-sØ-

bmWv (apgp-h≥ ]T-\--t\- -ß-sfbpw ]cn-K-Wn®v) hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xv. hmNn-I-amb

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬, Iznkv t{]m{Kmw, Hm∏¨_p°v hne-bn-cp-Ø¬, tNmZy-ßƒ Xbm-

dm-°epw DØ-c-kq-NnI Is≠-Ø-epw, ]pXnb cN-\-Iƒ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ XpS-ßn-

bh bqWn‰v hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\v ]cn-K-Wn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. \n›nX bqWn-‰nse ]T-

\-t\- -ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ Ip´n FhnsS \n¬°p∂p F∂v Xncn®dnbm≥ klm-

b-I-amb td‰n-MvkvsI-bn¬, sN°v enÃv XpS-ßn-b-hbpw D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-

Wv. bqWn‰v hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\--tØm-sSm∏w kzm`m-hn-I-ambn \S-t°-

≠-Xm-Wv.

bqWn‰v hne-bn-cp-Ø-en¬ kqN-I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ t]mbn‚ v \¬In t{KUv

B°n tSans‚ Ah-km-\-Øn¬ \n›nX t^m¿am-‰n¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. Hcp

tSan¬ H∂n-e-[nIw bqWn‰v hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ D≠mIpw F∂Xp sIm≠v bqWn‰v

hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-I-fpsS icm-icnbmWv tSans‚ HSp-hn¬ tN¿t°-≠-Xv. CXn-\p-]-

tbm-Kn® Sqfns‚ kz`m-h-a-\p-k-cn-®p≈ kqN-I-ßƒ So®¿ Xbm-dm-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

Iem-]-T-\w, {]hr-Øn-]T\w, Btcm-Ky-˛Im-bnI hnZym-`ymkw F∂o hnj-b-

ßƒ°pw {]{In-b, t]m¿ vt^mfntbm, bqWn‰v Xew F∂n-h-bn¬ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

\SØn t{KUv \¬tI-≠-Xp-≠v.

CE t{KUv Is≠-Øp∂ coXn t{KUv Is≠-Øp∂ coXn t{KUv Is≠-Øp∂ coXn t{KUv Is≠-Øp∂ coXn t{KUv Is≠-Øp∂ coXn

Hmtcm hnj-b-Øn-s‚-bpw ]T\{]{In-b, t]m¿ vt^m-fn-tbm, bqWn‰vXe hne-bn-cp-

Ø¬ F∂nhbn¬ Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw t{KUv IW-°m-°n-b-Xn\v tijw A, B, C, D,E t{KUp-Iƒ°v bYm-{Iaw 5/4/3/2/1 F∂n-ßs\ t]mbn‚ v \¬I-Ww. Cßs\

e`n-°p∂ BsI t{KUv t]mbn‚ns‚ icm-icn IW-°m°n CE t{KUv Is≠Ømw.

50

So®¿ sSIvÃv

DZmlc-W-ambn Hcp Ipń°v ae-bm-f-Øn\v ]T\{]{In-b, t]m¿ vt^m-fn-tbm, bqWn-

‰vXe hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ F∂n-h-bpsS t{KUv bYm-{Iaw A, B, B BsW-∂n-cn-°-s´.

F¶n¬ BsI e`n® t{KUv t]mbn‚ v 5 + 4 + 4 = 13 BWv. icm-icn = 13 / 3 = 4.33

BWv. Bb-Xn-\m¬ Ipń-bpsS t{KUv B BWv.

tSw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ (TE)

ss{]a-dn-X-e-Øn¬ `mjm-hn-j-b-ßƒ°v tSan¬ ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏´ bqWn-‰p-I-fnse

]T-\-t\- -ßƒ Bkv]-Z-am°n hyh-lm-c-cq-]-ßƒ, `mjm-h-kvXp-X-Iƒ, `mjm-ti-

jn-Iƒ F∂o taJ-e-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-®m-hWw tSw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬. D≈-S° taJ-e-

Iƒ°pw tijn-Iƒ°pw Du∂¬ \¬In-s°m≠v sshhn-[y-ap≈ tNmZy-am-Xr-I-

Iƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ømw. imkv{X-hn-j-b-ßƒ°v tSan¬ ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp∂ bqWn-‰p-

I-fnse D≈-S°taJ-e-Isf ASn-ÿm-\-am°nbmWv tSw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ \S-tØ-

≠-Xv. ]T\t\ -ßƒ°v Du∂¬ sImSp-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬ Bi-b-ßfpw tijn-

Ifpw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn\v DX-Ip∂ tNmZy-ßƒ CXn-\mbn Xbm-dm-°mw.

Hmtcm bqWn‰v/Bi-b-ta-Jebv°pw hnhn[ Xe-Øn-ep≈ am\-kn-I-{]-{In-b-Iƒ°pw

icn-bmb shbn-t‰Pv \¬In-s°m≠v sshhn-[y-am¿∂ tNmZy-ßƒ Dƒs∏- n- p-s≠∂v

Dd∏phcpØn thWw tNmZy-t]-∏¿ Xbm-dm-t°-≠-Xv. tNmZy-ßƒ°-\p-tbm-Py-amb

kqN-I-ßƒ hnI-kn-∏n-°p-Ibpw Ah ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n- hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ \n¿h-ln-

°pIbpw thWw. Hmtcm tNmZy-Øn\pw th≠n Xbm-dm-°n-bn- p≈ kqN-I-ßsf

ASnÿm\-s∏-SpØn t]mbn‚ v \¬Ip-I-bpw ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ Hmh-tdmƒ t{KUv Is≠-

Øp-Ibpw thWw.

Iem-]-T-\w, {]hr-Øn-]T\w, Btcm-Ky˛ImbnI -hn-Zym- ymkw F∂o hnj-b-ßsf

kw_-‘n®v tSan\¬ hne--bn-cp-Ø¬ {]I-S-\-hn-e-bn-cp-Øem-bmWv (PerformanceAssessment) \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xv. AXn-\p≈ amXr-I-Iƒ AXXp hnj-b-ß-fpsS

lm‚ v_p-°n¬ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. Iem-]-T-\w, {]hr-Øn-]T\w, Btcm-Ky˛-Im-bnI

hnZym- ymkw F∂o hnj-b-ßƒ°pw Cu coXn-bn¬ t{KUv \¬tI-≠-Xp-≠v.

ssh⁄m-\nI taJ-e-bnse hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ ˛ tSan-\¬ t{ImUo-I-cWw

(1) ¢mkv 1 apX¬ 4 hsc

1 apX¬ 4 hsc ¢mkp-I-fn¬ Hmtcm hnj-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn kn.C. hne-bn-

cp-Ø¬, Sn.C. hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ F∂nh {]tXy-I-ambn I≠v tSan-\-embn tcJ-s∏-

Sp-Ø-Ww. CXn-\mbn F1 t^m¿am‰v D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. F1 t^m¿am‰v A\p-

_-‘-ambn \¬In-bn- p-≠v. kn.C., Sn.C. F∂nh t{KUp-I-fmbmWv tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ-

≠-Xv. F1 t^m¿am‰n¬ Hmtcm Ipń-bp-sSbpw kn.C., Sn.C. hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ aq∂v

tSap-I-fn--teXpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v Ah-kcw \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. Htc t^m¿am-

]cn-kc-]-T\w

51

‰n¬ H∂n®v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-eqsS Ip´n-bpsS sa®-s∏-S¬ {Iam-\p-K-X-ambn kw -

hn-°p-∂pt≠m? Bscm-s°-bmWv ]n∂m°w t]mIp-∂Xv? XpS-ßnb Imcy-ßƒ

a\- n-em-°m≥ km[n-°pw.


5 apX¬ 8 hsc ¢mkp-I-fn¬ Hmtcm hnj-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn kn.C. hne-bn-

cp-Ø¬, Sn.C. hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ F∂nh {]tXy-I-ambn I≠v tSan-\-embn tcJ-s∏-

Sp-Ø-Ww. CXn-\mbn F2 t^m¿am‰v D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. F2 t^m¿am‰v A\p-

_-‘-ambn \¬In-bn- p-≠v. kn.C., Sn.C. F∂nh t{KUp-I-fmbmWv tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ-

≠-Xv.

kmaq-lnI˛sshIm-cnI taJ-e-bnse hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

ssh⁄m-\nI taJ-esbt∏mse Xs∂ {][m-\-amWv kmaq-lnI -ssh-Im-cnI taJ-

e-bnsebpw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬. Learning to know, Learning to do, Learning to live to-gether, Learning to be F∂nh-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ss\]p-Wn-I-fmWv ChnsS ]cn-

K-Wn-t°-≠-Xv. kmaq-lnI˛sshIm-cnI taJ-e-bnse hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-ambn _‘-

s∏-SpØn NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ hne-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-tS-≠-XmWv.

1 Bibhn\n-ab tijn (Communication skills)

2 hy‡ym-¥c ss\]pWn (Interpersonal skills)

3 kl- mhw (Empathy)

4 hnIm-c-ß-fp-ambn s]mcp-Ø-s∏-S¬ (Coping with emotions)

5 am\-knI kΩ¿±-ß-fp-ambn s]mcp-Ø-s∏-S¬ (Coping with Stress)

6 {]iv\-]-cn-l-cW tijn (Problem solving skills)

7 Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°¬ (Decision making)

8 hna¿i-\m-flINn¥ (Critical thinking)

9 k¿Km-flItijn (Creative thinking skills)

10 kzbm-h-t_m[w (Self-awareness)

ssh⁄m-\n-I-ta-J-e-bn¬ hnhn[ hnj-b-ßƒ ssIImcyw sNøp∂ A[ym-]-I¿

Xs∂ Ch-bpsS hne-bn-cp-Øepw \n¿h-ln-°-Ww. AXXv hnj-b-ß-fpsS {]{Inbm

hne-bn-cp-Ø-ens‚ `mK-ambn Cu hne-bn-cp-Øepw \n¿h-ln-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. ChnsS

{]{In-bm-tijn hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w aqey-ßƒ/at\m- m-h-ßƒ F∂nh cq]-

s∏-Sp-∂-Xpambn _‘-s∏´ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬IqSn \S-°-Ww.

52

So®¿ sSIvÃv

kmaq-lnI˛sshIm-cnI taJe-bnse ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ anI-hns\ kw_-‘n-°p∂

KpW]-c-amb C\-ßƒ Is≠Øn tcJ-s∏-Sp-ØpIbmWv th-≠-Xv. Hmtcm ]Tn-Xm-

hn-s‚bpw KpW]c-amb ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ t{]m’m-ln∏n°s∏-tS-≠Xp≠v.

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ ˛hm¿jnI t{ImUo-I-cWw


1 apX¬ 4 hsc-bp≈ ¢mkp-I-fn¬ tSan-\¬ Bbn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb t^m¿am‰v (F1)

se kn.C., Sn.C. t{KUp-Iƒ hm¿jn-I-ambn t{ImUo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v t^m¿am‰v F3

D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. CXn¬ Hmtcm Ipń-bp-sSbpw hnj--b-_-‘n-X-amb kn.C., Sn.C.

t{KUp-Iƒ tSan-\¬ Bbn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠m-Ipw. (F3 ImWp-I). tSan-\¬

Bbn e`n-°p∂ kn.C. t{KUp-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ 3 tSan-ep-ambn Ipń°v

e`n® G‰hpw anI® t{KUv BWv kn.C. bpsS hm¿jn-I-am-bp≈ Hmh-dmƒ t{KUv.

CXv F3 t^m¿am-‰n¬ {]tXy-I-ambn hrØ-Øn-em°n Hmh-dmƒ kn.C. t{KUv

Fs¥∂v kqNn-∏n-°m--hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

Sn.C. t{KUp-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ aq∂mw tSan¬ Ipń°v e`n® t{KUmWv

Sn.C. t{KUmbn ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xv.

kmaq-lnI˛sshIm-cnI taJ-e-bnse ss\]p-Wn-I-fn¬ Hmtcm ]Tn-Xm-hns\ kw_-

‘n®pw anI-®-h AXn-\mbp≈ tImf-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠XmWv. anIhv Xosc

{]Z¿in-∏n-°mØ ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ "anIhv ssIh-cn-®n-ń√' F∂ coXn-bn¬ tcJ-

s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xn-√.


5 apX¬ 8 hsc-bp≈ ¢mkp-I-fn¬ AXXv hnjbw ssIImcyw sNøp∂ A[ym-

]-I¿ \¬Ip∂ hnj-b-Øns‚ kn.C., Sn.C. t{KUp-Iƒ (F2 t^m¿am-‰n¬ tcJ-s∏-

Sp-Øn-bXv) hm¿jn-I-ambn t{ImUo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v t^m¿am‰v F4 D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.

CXn¬ Hmtcm Ipń-bp-sSbpw hnj--b-_-‘n-X-amb kn.C., Sn.C. t{KUp-Iƒ tSan-

\¬ Bbn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠m-Ipw. (F4ImWp-I). tSan-\¬ Bbn e`n-°p∂

kn.C. t{KUp-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ 3 tSan-ep-ambn Ipń°v e`n® G‰hpw anI®

t{KUv BWv kn.C. bpsS hm¿jn-I-am-bp≈ Hmh-dmƒ t{KUv. CXv F4 t^m¿am-

‰n¬ {]tXy-I-ambn he-bØn-em°n Hmh-dmƒ kn.C. t{KUv Fs¥∂v kqNn-∏n-

°m--hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

Sn.C. t{KUp-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ aq∂mw tSan¬ Ipń°v e`n® t{KUmWv

Sn.C. t{KUmbn ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xv.

kmaq-lnI˛sshIm-cnI taJ-e-bnse ss\]p-Wn-I-fn¬ Hmtcm ]Tn-Xm-hns\ kw_-

‘n®pw anI-®-h AXn-\mbp≈ tImf-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠XmWv. anIhv Xosc

]cn-kc-]-T\w

53

{]Z¿in-∏n-°mØ ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ "anIhv ssIh-cn-®n-´n√' F∂ coXn-bn¬ tcJ-

s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xn-√.

C{]-Imcw ssh⁄m-\nI Xe-Øn-sebpw kmaq-ln-I -ssh-Im-cnI Xe-Øn-sebpw

]Tn-Xm-hns‚ anI-hp-Iƒ hne-bn-cpØn ]T-\-t\- -ßƒ Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ \S-]-

Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°m≥ km[n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ \nc-¥-c-ambpw ka-{K-

X-tbm-sSbpw \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ Iq´mb {ia-ßƒ AXy-¥m-t]-£n-

X-am-Wv. Ah km[y-am-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ¢Ã¿Xe IqSn-t®-cep-I-fn-eqsS hne-bn-cp-

Ø¬ IqSp-X¬ kºp-jvS-am-°m≥ km[n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.

hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-\p≈ hnhn[ t^m¿am-‰p-Iƒ A\p-_-‘-ambn \¬Ip-∂p.

54

So®¿ sSIvÃv

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ H‰-t\m- -Øn¬....

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

kao-]\w : ]T-\-t\- -ßƒ°v Du∂¬ \¬Ip∂ kao-]\w

\nc-¥-chpw ka-{K-hp-amb hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ (CCE)

ssh⁄m-\n-I-ta-Je kmaq-lnI˛sshIm-cnI taJe

1 Bibhn\n-abtijn(Communication skills)

2 hy‡ym-¥c ss\]pWn(Interpersonal skills)

3 kl- mhw (Empathy)4 hnIm-c-ß-fp-ambn s]mcp-Ø-

s∏-S¬(Coping with emotions)

5 am\-knIkΩ¿±-ß-fp-ambns]mcp-Ø-s∏-S¬(Coping with Stress)

6 {]iv\-]-cn-l-cW tijn(Problem solving skills)

7 Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°¬(Decision making)

8 hna¿i-\m-flINn¥ (Criticalthinking)

9 k¿Km-flItijn(Creative thinking skills)

10 kzbm-h-t_m[w(Self-awareness)

\nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ tSw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

$ ]T\{]{In-bhne-bn-cp-Ø¬

$ t]m¿´vt^m-fntbmhne-bn-cp-Ø¬

$ bqWn-‰vXehne-bn-cp-Ø¬

$ Bi-b-ßƒ,{]{In-b-IƒapX-em-b-h.

]cn-kc-]-T\w

55

A\

p-_‘

w

56

So®¿ sSIvÃv

2) CE, TE F∂nh Hmtcm tSanepw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ hnj-b-_-‘nX

t{ImUo-I-cW t^m¿am‰v ( F2) - ¢mkv 5 apX¬ 8 hsctSw : 1/2/3

hnjbw : ..................................................... ¢mkv ........................................Unhn-j≥ ...............................

\º¿ hnZym¿Yn-bpsS t]cv CE C\-ßƒ

{]{I

nb

t]m¿

vt^

mfntb

m

bqW

n‰v

hne

-b

ncpØ

¬

BsI

CE

t{KU

v

TEt{KU

v

dnam

¿I

vkv

F2

]cn-kc-]-T\w

57

58

So®¿ sSIvÃv

a\p-jy≥ C∂p-hsc t\Snb A\p- -h-ß-fpsS BsI-Øp-I-bmWv imkv{Xw F∂p

]dbmw. Hcp hy‡n-°p-≠m-hp∂ A\p- hw AtX kml-N-cy-Øn¬ a‰p hy‡n-

Iƒ°pw D≠m-hp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ Ah imkv{X-Øns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ hcp-∂p. CØcw

A\p-`-h-ßsf ap≥ A\p-`-h-ß-fpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ hymJym-\n-°p-∂p. ImgvN,

tIƒhn, cpNn, kv]¿iw, K‘w F∂n-h-bn-eqsSbmWv Np‰p-]m-Sp-Iƒ \ap°v A\p-

-h-th-Zy-am-hp-∂Xv. ap∂dnhpI-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ icn-bmbn \S-Øp∂ hni-

I-e\w ]pXnb Adn-hns‚ \n¿an-Xn-bn-te°v \sΩ \bn-°pw. \n¿an-°-s∏-Sp∂

Hmtcm Adnhpw ASpØ At\z-j-W-Øn-te-°p≈ hmXn-ep-I-fm-Wv. bp‡amb

tNmZy-ßƒ tNmZn-°p-Ibpw {]k‡amb hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°pIbpw ka-{K-amb

hni-I-e\w \SØp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xn-eqsS Imcy-Im-cW hnNmcw ê-{]m-]vXn-bn-

-se-Øp-∂p. CXmWv imkv{X-]-T\coXn. Cu coXn kzmb-Ø-am-°nb kaq-l-Øn¬

A‘-hn-izm-k-ßfpw A_-≤-[m-c-W-Ifpw \ne-\n¬°n-√. B kaqlw Nqj-W-

Øn\pw Xń-∏p-Iƒ°pw hnt[-b-am-hp-I-bp-an-√. AXn-\m¬ imkv{Xw i‡-amb

Hcp c£m-I-hNw IqSn-bm-Wv. Pohn-X-Øns‚ ka-kvX -ta-J-e-I-fnepw {]tbm-Kn-°-

s∏-tS≠ H∂mWv imkv{X-Øns‚ coXn. AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ Du¿P-sØ-°p-dn®pw

]Zm¿Y-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw Pohn-I-sf-°p-dn-®p-sam-s°-bp≈ hnh-c-- ti-J-cWw am{X-ambn

imkv{X]T\w HXpßcpXv. AXn-\p-a--∏pdw imkv{X-]-T-\-Øn\v hnim-e-amb e£y-

ßƒ D≠v.

]cn-kc ]T-\-Øn¬ imkv{X-]-T-\hpw kmaqly imkv{X ]T-\hpw DuSpw ]mhpw

t]mse ]c-kv]-c-_-‘n-X-am-Wv. kmaq-ln-Ihpw imkv{Xo-b-hp-amb kao-]-\-Øn¬

A[njvTnXambn Np‰p-]m-Sns\ ]p\¿ \n¿Ωn-°p-Ibpw AXn-\p≈ Ignhv hnI-kn-

∏n-°pIbpw sNbvXp-sIm≠v am{Xta a\p-jy\v apt∂m v t]m-Im≥ Ign-bp-Ibp≈p.

]cn-k-c-]-T\w F∂-Xp-sIm≠v \mw Dt±-in-°p∂Xv Adn-hns‚ Dev]m-Z-\hpw t\Snb

AdnhpIsf hymJym-\n-°m\pw AXv PohnX{Ia-am°n am‰m\pw Ign-bpI F∂-

XmWv.

kmaq-lnI Pohn-X-Øn¬ ê-{]-Z-ambn CS]-s∏- p-sIm≠v am{Xta al-Ømb

\msfsb krjn-Sn-°m≥ Ign-bp-I-bp-≈p. kaq-l-Øn¬ Xs‚ ÿm\-sa-s¥∂v Xncn-

®-dn-bp-Ibpw a\pjy≥ Np‰p-]m-Sp-I-fn¬ \S-Ønb CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ kaq-l-Øn¬

Fs¥ms° am‰-ßƒ D≠m°n F∂v Xncn-®dnbpIbpw thWw. a\p-jy\pw a\p-

jy\pw XΩnepw, a\p-jy\pw kaqlhpw XΩnepw, a\p-jy\pw {]Ir-Xnbpw XΩn-

epap≈ ]mc-kv]cyw Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn\p≈ Ahkcw ]cn-kc ]T-\-Øn-eqsS e`y-

am-°-Ww.

]cn-kc]T\ kao-]\w

60

So®¿ sSIvÃv

]cn-kc]-T\ e£y-ßƒ

$ IuXp-Iw, Pn⁄m-k, \nco-£-W-]m-Shw F∂nh ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°pI.

$ Np‰p-]m-Sp-Isf imkv{Xo-b-ambn hymJym-\n-°m≥ Ign-bpI.

$ sa®-s∏-S-en-\p-th≠n ]cn-{i-an-°pI.

$ imkv{X--Øns‚ coXn kzmb-Ø-am-°p-Ibpw {]tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI.

$ \nc¥-c-amb At\z-jWw \S-Øp-Ibpw e`n® hnh-c--ßƒ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv

\nK-a-\-Øn¬ FØn-t®-cp-Ibpw sNøp-I.

$ {]IrXn {]Xn- m-k-ßsf hni-I-e\w sNøpI.

$ A‘-hnizmk-ß-sfbpw A\m-Nm-c-ß-sfbpw C√m-Xm-°pI.

$ imkv{X-Øns‚ Zpcp-]-tbmKw XS-bpI.

$ imkv{Xob ho£Ww cq]s∏-Sp-ØpI.

$ ]cn-ÿnXn kulrZ at\m- mhw hf¿ØpI.

$ {]Ir-Xn-bn-ep≈ a\p-jys‚ CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ hnth-I-]q¿ham-°pI.

$ {]Ir-Xn-bnse ]c-kv]-cm-{i-bXzw Xncn-®-dn-bpI.

$ kzmb-Ø-am-°nb Adnhv Poh-Pm-e-ß-fpsS \∑bv-°mbn hn\n-tbm-Kn-°pI.

$ kpÿn-c-hn-I-k\w F∂ Bibw hym]n-∏n-°pI.

$ ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-X-hp-ambn ]T-\sØ _‘-s∏-Sp-ØpI.

$ hy‡n-ip-Nn-Xzhpw kmaq-lnI-ip-Nn-Xzhpw ]men®p-sIm≠v -imco-cn-I-˛am-\-

knI˛km-aq-lnI BtcmKyw ssIh-cn-°m≥ klm-bn-°pI.

$ am\-hn-I-X-bn¬ Du∂n-bp≈ imkv{Xm-h-t_m[w hf¿ØpI.

$ imkv{X-Øns‚ t\ -ß-fn¬ A`n-am--\n-°pI.

$ \mSns‚ t\ -ß-fn¬ A`n-am-\n-°p-I, ]¶m-fn-I-fm-IpI

$ imkv{X-t\- -ßƒ kmaq-ly-\-∑-bv°mbn {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-ØpI.

$ imkv{X-Øn-\p-w kmaq-lnI \∑bv°pw th≠n PohnXw ka¿∏n-®-h-tcmSv BZ-

chv ]pe¿ØpI.

]cn-k-c-]-T\w ˛ kao-]\w

ap≥ ]d-™ e£y-ßƒ t\S-W-sa-¶n¬ ]cn-k-c-]-T-\-Øns‚ kao-]-\-Øn¬ am‰-

ßƒ A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. ]cn-kc-]-T\w F∂Xp Ip´n-Iƒ Xs∂ sNøp-∂-Xm-Wv.

]cn-kc-]-T\w

61

a‰p-≈-h¿ Ah¿°p-th≠n sNøp∂ kwK-Xn-b√ F∂ ImgvN-∏mSv AwKo-I-cn-t°-

≠-Xp-≠v. {]]-©-sØ-°p-dn®v Imem-Im-e-ß-fmbn kzcq-]n-°-s∏´ hn⁄m\w

]I¿∂p-sIm-Sp-°-emWv ]cn-k-c-]-T\w F∂ ]c-º-cm-KX ImgvN-∏mSv h¿j-

ßƒ°pap≥]pXs∂ amdn-°-gn-™p. D≈-S°w t]mse-Øs∂ {][m-\-amWv {]{In-

bbpw F∂ ImgvN-∏mSv C∂v {]_-e-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. F∂-m¬ D≈-S-°-Øn\pw {]{In-

b-bv°p-a-∏pdw Nne -Im-cy-ßƒ IqSn ]cn-k-c-]-T\-Øn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

imkv{X- -km-aq-lnI imkv{X-Øn¬ Du∂¬ \¬tI≠ Nne {][m\ taJ-e-Iƒ

D≠v.

hn⁄m-\-ta-Je (Knowledge domain)kmaq-lnI Np‰p-]mS,v {]]-©-{]-Xn- m-k-ßƒ, Ah XΩn-ep≈ _‘w, Ah-bpsS

hniZoI-c-W-ßƒ kmaq-lnI ÿm]-\-ßfpw {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw s]mXp \nb-a-ßfpw

AhbpsS \nd-th-‰epw XpS-ßnb hn⁄m-\-ta-J-e-I-sf-°p-dn®v hy‡-amb [mcW

e`n°m≥ ]cn-ÿnXn ]T\w klm-b-I-am-I-Ww.

]co-£-W-\n-co-£-W-ßƒ, N¿®, kwhm-Zw, t{]mPIv‰v {]h¿Ø-\w, d^d≥kv

XpSßnbh-bn-eqsS Cu hn`m-K-Øn-ep≈ [mcW hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°mw.

{]{InbmtaJe (process domain)

Hcp {]tXyI ^ew {]Xo-£n-®p-sIm≠v AYhm {]tXyI e£yw t\Sp-∂-Xn-\p-

th≠n sNøp∂ \S-]-Sn-{I-a-ß-fpsS t{iWn-bmWv {]{Inb (Process). Bi-b-

ßfpw sXfnhp-Ifpw Is≠-Øp-Ibpw Ah tiJ-cn®v hni-I-e\w sNbvXv \nK-a-

Øn-se-Øp-Ibpw sNøp∂ {]{In-b-bpsS `mK-amb tijn-I-fmWv {]{In-bm-ti-jn-

Iƒ (Process skills).

Nne {][m\ {]{In-bm-tijn-Iƒ

$ \nco-£Ww

$ ZØ-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°epw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øepw

$ h¿Ko-I-cWw

$ Af-°epw Nm¿´m-°epw

$ ZØßƒ hymJym-\n-°epw hni-I-e\wsNøepw

$ ]co-£-W-Øn-te¿s∏-S¬

$ Nc-ßƒ (Variables) Xncn-®-dn-bepw \nb-{¥n-°epw

$ tNmZyw Db¿Ø¬

$ kmam-\y-hXv°-cWw

$ {]iv\-]-cn-lmcw Is≠-Ø¬

62

So®¿ sSIvÃv

$ XmXv°m-enI\nK-a-\w (Hypothesis) cq]-hXv°-cn-°epw AXp ]cn-tim-[n-°epw

$ \nK-a-\-Øn-se-Ø¬

$ Xocp-am-\-saSp°¬

$ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw

$ {]h-Nn-°epw A\p-am-\n-°epw

$ D]-I-c-W-ßƒ ssIImcyw sNø¬

k¿Km-fl-I-ta-Je (Creativity domain)Ipń-bpsS k¿Km-flI Nn¥-tbbpw `mh-\-tbbpw hf¿Øm≥ Ign-bp∂ kao-]-\-

amWv \mw Ah-ew-_n-t°-≠-Xv. \S∂p]Xn™ hgn-Øm-c-bn¬ \n∂p amdn \S-

°m≥, hyXykvX coXn-bn¬ Nn¥n-°m≥ Ipń°p Ign-tb-≠--Xp≠v.

Cu taJ-e-bn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-t°≠ Nne tijn-Iƒ Xmsg-s°m-Sp-°p-∂p.

$ at\m-Nn-{X-ßƒ cq]-hXv°-cn-°¬ (Visualizing), ]co-£-W-ßƒ cq]-I-ev]-\-

sN-ø¬

$ hkvXp-°-sfbpw Bi-b-ß-sfbpw ]pXnb coXn-bn¬ _‘n-∏n°¬

$ hkvXp-°ƒ°v km[m-c-W-a-√mØ/ _Z¬ D]-tbm-K-ßƒ Is≠-Ø¬

$ {]iv\-ßƒ°pw {]tlfnIIƒ°pw (Puzzles) DØcw Is≠-Ø¬

$ {à-I-ev]-\-Iƒ cq]-h-XvI-cn-°¬ (Fantasizing)

$ D]-I-c-W-ßfpw b{¥-ßfpw Unssk≥ sNø¬

$ kz]v\w ImW¬ (Dreaming)

$ thdn´ Nn¥-Iƒ

at\m- m-h-ta-Je (Attitudinal domain)]cn-k-c-]-T\Øns‚ {][m-\-e-£y-ß-fn-sem∂v at\m- m-h-ß-fnepw aqey-t_m[-\-

Ønepw htc≠ A`n-e-j-Wob am‰-am-Wv. Bi-bßfpw {]{In-bm-ti-jn-I-fp-sams°

kzm-b-Ø-am-°n-bm¬ t]mepw Pohn-X-ho-£-W-Ønepw kmaq-lnI sshb-‡nI

{]iv\-ß-tfm-Sp≈ \ne-]m-Sp-I-fnepw th≠{X am‰w D≠m-Ip-∂n-s√-¶n¬ ]cn-k-c-

]-T\w sIm≠v \nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ {]tbm-P-\-ap-≠m-Ip-∂p-sh∂p ]d-bm-\m-hp-I-bn-

√. AXn-\m¬ at\m-`m-h-ßƒ, aqey-ßƒ, Xncp-am-\-sa-Sp-°¬ XpS-ßnb taJ-e-

Ifnse tijohn-I-k\w kw_-‘n® {]iv\sØ ]cn-k-c-]-T\w IqSpX¬ Bg-

Øn¬ ]cn-tim-[n®p \ne-]m-sS-Sp-t°-≠--Xp-≠v.

Cu taJ-e-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sm-hp∂ LS-I-ßƒ:

$ imkv{Xo-b-amb Adn-hn-t\mSpw imkv{X-hn-Zym-`ym-k-tØmSpw IqSp-X¬ aa-

Xm-]-c-amb \ne-]mSv D≠m-I¬.

]cn-kc-]-T\w

63

$ kz¥w Ign-hn-ep≈ hnizmkw

$ am\p-jn-I-hnImcßsf a\-kn-em-°m\pw hne-a-Xn-°m-\p-ap≈ Ignhv

$ a‰p-≈-h-cpsS \ne-]m-Sp-I-tfmSpw Nn¥I-tfmSpw IqSp-X¬ kwth-Z-\-£-a-X-

bp-≠m-bn-cn-°¬

$ kz¥w hnIm-c-hn-Nm-c-ßƒ krjvSn-]-c-ambn {]I-Sn-∏n-°¬

$ sshb-‡n-I-aq-ey--ß-fn¬ Imcy-Im-c-W-t_m-[-tØmsS Nn¥n®p Xocp-am-\-sa-

Sp-°¬

DZvt_m-[-\-ß-fn-eqsS hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°m-hp∂ H∂√ at\m- m-h-ta-J-e-bnse tijn-

Iƒ. kaq-l-hp-am-bn, {]tXyIn®v kl-]m-Tn-I-fp-ambpw A[ym-]-I-cp-ambpw CS-]-g-

In-s°m≠v G¿s∏-Sp∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw hy‡-amb e£y-t_m-[-tØmsS

A[ym]I¿ {Iao-I-cn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p∂ ]T-\-˛-t_m-[\ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw

kzmbØ-am-t°-≠-h-bmWv Cu aqey-ßƒ. t{]mPIvSv {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ CXn-

s\mcpZml-c-W-am-Wv. C∂phsc Ah-KWn°s∏- p-t]m∂ imkv{Xob at\m- mhw

XpS¿aqey\n¿Wb {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠p-am-{Xta Cu taJ-e-

bnse ]ptcm-KXn hne-bn-cp-Øm\pw IqSp-X¬ hnI-kn-∏n-°m\pw km[n-°p-I-bp≈q.

{]tbm-K taJe (Application domain)\nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ {]tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂n-s√-¶n¬ Ipń B¿Pn® Bi-b-ßfpw

{]{In-b-Ifpw aqey-ß-fp-sa√mw \nc¿Y-I-am-sW-∂p-Xs∂ ]d-bmw. AXp-t]m-se-

Xs∂ kmt¶-XnIhnZy-bn¬ \n∂v A\y-amb ip≤-im-kv{X-X-Xz-ßƒ°pw Bi-b-

ßƒ°pw \nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ henb {]k‡n D≠m-sb-∂p-h-cn-√. at\m- m-h-ta-J-

e-t]mse Xs∂ ]cn-k-c-]-T\-Øns‚ {]tbm-K-X-e-Øn¬ t\m°p-tºmƒ F{X

{]k‡n Df-f-Xm-sW-¶nepw ]cn-k-c--kw-_-‘-amb hnh-c-ßƒ Pohn-X-K-‘n-bpw

PohnX_‘nbpw Bbn-s√-¶n¬ Ipńsb kw_-‘n®v Ah A{]-k-‡-amtb A\p-

-h-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≈q.

{]tbm-K-ta-J-e-bpsS Nne LS-I-ßƒ Ch-bmWv:

$ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Bi-b-ß-fpsS DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ ssZ\w-Zn\

Pohn-X-Øn¬ \nco-£n-°p-I.

$ kzmb-Ø-am-°p∂ Bi-b-ßfpw tijn-Ifpw Pohn-X-Øn¬ kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-

bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ {]iv\-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

$ hońse D]-I-c-W-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Bi-b-ß-sf-°p-dn®v [mc-W-bp-≠m-

°¬.

$ ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-X-Ønse {]iv\-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v kzoIm-cy-amb

{]{In-b-Iƒ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø¬.

64

So®¿ sSIvÃv

$ ]cn-ÿnXn-kw-_-‘-amb kw -h-hn-Im-k-ßsf hne-bn-cp-Øm-\p≈ Ignhv

$ Blm-cw, Btcm-Kyw, Pohn-X-ssien XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬ hy‡n-]-c-ambn

imkv{Xob Xocp-am-\-saSp-°¬.

$ a‰p hnj-b-ß-fp-ambn Adnhv _‘-s∏-Sp-Ø¬

]cn-kc]T\Øns‚ coXn

imkv{X- km-aq-lyimkv{X ]T\w Ipń-bpsS ]cn-k-c-hp-ambn _‘n-∏n-®m¬ am{Xta

Dt±-in® e£y-w ssIh-cn-°m-\m-hq. ]cn-kc-]-T\w {]{In-bm-[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cn-°-

Ww. {]iv\-]-cn-l-c-W-Øn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°p-I, e`n®

hnhc-ßƒ hni-I-e\w sNøp-I, \nK-a-\-Øn¬ FØn-t®-cp-I, FØn-t®¿∂ \nK-

a\w ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I, ]pXnb kml-N-cy-Øn¬ {]tbm-Kn-°pI XpS-ßnb tijn-

Iƒ hnIkn°p-∂-Xn\v Bh-iy-amb {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ¢mkv apdn-I-fn¬ \S-°-Ww.

IrXy-X-tbm-sSbpw kq£va-X-tbm-sSbpw ]co-£-W-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Bkq-{XWw

sNøp∂--Xn\pw ]co-£-W-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\pw D]-I-c-W-ßƒ ssIImcyw

sNøp-∂-Xn\pw \n¿an-°p-∂-Xn\pw sa®-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ hcp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw kq£va-

X--tbm-sS-bp≈ {]IrXn \nco-£-W-Øn\pw [mcmfw Ah-k-c-ß-ƒ ]cn-kc-]-T-\-

Øns‚ `mK-ambn e`n-°-Ww. Np‰p-]m-Sn¬ \n∂v e`n-°p∂ hkvXp-°-fpsS D]-

tbmKw ]c--am-h[n km[y--am-°-Ww. \nXy-Po-hnXkμ¿ -ß-fpambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-

bm-bn-cn-°Ww ]cn-kc]-T\w. AXv Hcn-°epw ¢mkvap-dn-I-fn¬ HXpßn \n¬°p∂

H∂-√. AXn-\m¬ hmXn¬∏pd]T-\-ßƒ°pw {]m[m\yw \¬tI-≠-Xp-≠v. ]co-

£-Ww, \nco-£-Ww, ZØ-ß-fpsS tiJ-c-Ww, ZØ-ß-fpsS hymJym-\w, D]-I-c-

W-ß-fpsS D]-tbm-Kw, \n¿am-Ww, sa®-s∏-Sp-Ø¬, cq]-I-ev]\ sNø¬, Xmc-

Xayw sNø¬, h¿Ko-I-cn-°¬, Adn-hns‚ {]tbm-Kw, {]h-N-\w, Af-°¬, k¿Km-

fl-I-c-N\ \S-Ø¬, {à-I-ev]-\-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°¬, ]co-£Ww Bkq-{XWw

sNø¬, A]-{K-Yn®v \nK-a-\-Øn-se-Ø¬, s]mXp-XØzw cq]o-I-cn-°¬, tNmZy-

ßƒ D∂-bn-°¬ XpS-ßnb {]{In-bm-ti-jn-Iƒ hnI-kn-°p-∂-Xn\v A\p-tbm-Py-

amb sshhn-[y-am¿∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \S-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

]T-\-{]-{Inb

]cn-kc-]-T\w {]{In-bm-[n-jvTn-X-amhWw F∂p ]d-bp-tºmƒ tIhew {]h¿Ø-

\-ßƒ sNbvXp t]mh¬ am{X-am-h-cp-Xv. Hmtcm {]h¿Ø-\-Øn\pw Hcp e£y-ap-

≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. B e£y-Øn¬ Ipń FØn F∂v Dd∏p hcp--Øp-Ibpw thWw.

{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ sNøp-Ibpw t{ImUo-I-cWw \S-°m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-tºmƒ

Dt±--in® ê-{]m]vXn ssIh-∂p-sIm-≈-W-sa-∂n-√. Hcp ]T-\-{]-{Inb ]q¿Øn-bm-

hp-tºmƒ Xm≥ F¥mWv t\Sn-b-sX∂v Ipń°v Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-b-Ww. XpS¿]-

T-\-Øn\v CXv Ahs\ {]m]vX-\m°pw.

]cn-kc-]-T\w

65

]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v e`n-°p∂ sXfn-hp-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv \nK-

a-\-ßƒ cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. sXfn-hp-I-sfbpw cq]o-I-cn-°p∂ \nK-a-\-ß-sfbpw hna¿i-

\m-fl-I-ambn hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. ]n∂n´ hgn-I-sfbpw sNbvX {]h¿Ø-\-ß-

sfbpw ho≠pw hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\v hnt[-b-am-°p-tºmƒ ]ni-Ip-Iƒ Ds≠-¶n¬ Xncn-

®-dn-bm\pw Xncp-Øm\pw Ah-kcw e`n-°pw. Db¿∂ _u≤nI A®S°-tØmsS

hna¿i\hn-t[-b-am-°n-b-Xn--\p-ti-j-amWv e`n® Bi-b-ßsf X≈p-Itbm sIm≈p-

Itbm sNtø≠Xv. XnI®pw P\m-[n-]-Xyco-Xn-bn¬ \S-°p-∂Xpw kzX-{¥-ambpw

\n¿ -b-ambpw CS-s]-Sm-hp-∂-Xp-amb ¢mkvap-dn-I-fn¬ am{Xsa CXv km[y-am-hq.

A[ym-]n-I-bpsS CS-s]-S-en¬\nt∂m Iq´p-Im-cp-am-bp≈ N¿®-I-fn¬ \nt∂m \nco-

£-W-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eq-sStbm ]co-£-W-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-tºmtgm Hs°-bmhmw

Bi-b-cq-]o-I-cWw \S-°p-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ Ipń°v hnhn-[-ß-fmb A\p- -h-ßƒ

e`n-°-Ww.

kb≥kv tIm¿W¿

At\z-j-Wm-flI ]T-\-Øn¬ Hgn-®p-Iq-Sm≥ ]‰mØXmWv ]co-£-Ww. {]iv\

]cnlcWØn-\m-h-iy-amb ]co-£-W-Øn-te¿s∏-S¬, ]co-£Ww kz¥-ambn

Bkq-{XWw sNø¬, D]-I-c-W-ßƒ ssIImcyw sNø¬ XpS-ßnb tijn-Iƒ

Ipń-I-fn¬ hnIknt°≠Xp-≠v. ]co-£-W- -\n-co-£-W-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fnƒ Ipń \nc-

¥cw G¿s∏Sp∂XneqsS am{Xsa CXp km[y-am-Iq.

temh¿ ss{]adn ¢mkp-I-fn¬ ]Ws®e-hp≈ emt_m-d-´dn kwhn-[m-\-Øn\p

]Icw sNehp Ipd-s™mcp _Z¬ kwhn-[m\w F∂ ImgvN-∏m-Sv kzoI-cn-°p-∂-

XmWv DNn-Xw. eLp-]-co-£-W-ßƒ°mbn Hcp kb≥kv tIm¿W¿ Hcp-°mw.

Ipd™ hnebv°p e`n-°p∂Xpw hne-bn-√m-ØXpw Np‰p-]m-Sn¬ \n∂pw e`n-°p-∂-

Xp-amb hkvXp-°ƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠p Xs∂ ]cn-k-c-]-T\w ê-{]-Z-am-

°m≥ A[ym-]-I¿°p Ign-tb-≠-Xm-Wv. ]cn-k-c-]-T-\-¢m- nse kb≥kv tIm¿W¿

Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn-°Ww?

$ Ipń-Iƒ°v Ffp∏w sXc-s™-Sp-°m\pw ssIImcyw sNøm\pw Ign-bp∂

coXn-bn¬ ¢mkvap-dn-bn¬ {]tXyIw k÷-am-°nb Hcn-Stam, Hcp tai-tbm,

Hc-e-am-ctbm BImw. kb≥kv tIm¿W¿.

$ ¢mkp-ap-dn-bn¬ Ipń-Ifpw A[ym-]-I\pw tN¿∂v Xøm-dm-°p-∂-tXm tiJ-cn-

°p-∂tXm Bb D]-I-c-W-ßtfm hkvXp-°tfm Bbn-cn-°Ww AhnsS k÷o-

I-cn-t°-≠-Xv.

$ ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ `mK-ambn Ipń-Iƒ°v kz¥-ambn ]co-£Ww Bkq-

{XWw sNøm-\m-h-iy-amb kma-{Kn-Iƒ AhnsS Hcp-°n-bn-cn-°-Ww.

66

So®¿ sSIvÃv

$ sl¿t_-dn-bw (C-e-B¬_w) ]e-Xcw hnØp-Iƒ, ]£n-Øq-h-ep-Iƒ XpS-

ßnb Ipń-I-fpsS tiJcW-ßfpw AhnsS {]Z¿in-∏n-°-Ww.

$ imkv{X-⁄≥am-cpsS Nn{X-ßƒ, Poh-N-cn-{X-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ F∂nh {]Z¿in-

∏n-°mw.

$ IuXp-I-I-chpw Ipń-I-fpsS Pn⁄mk DW¿Øp-∂-Xp-amb ]co-£-W-

ßƒ°mh-iy-amb D]-I-c-W-ßfpw k-÷-am-°-Ww.

$ kb≥kv tIm¿W¿ Ft∏mgpw ASp°pw Nn´bpw hrØn-bp-apffXmbn kq£n-

°-Ww.

$ ]co-£-W-ßƒ A[ym-]-I¿ ImWn®p sImSp-°p-I-b√ th≠Xv; Ipń-Iƒ

kzbw Ah sNbvXp t\m°-s´.

hmb-\m-km-a-{Kn-Iƒ

]cn-k-c-]-T-\-Øn\v Bh-iy-amb kml-Ncyw Hcp-°pI am{X-amWv ]mT-]p-kvXIw

sNøp∂Xv. ]T\ {]{In-b, ]T\ coXn F∂nh ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw ]T\

{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-te°p \bn-°p∂ ]T\ kμ¿`-ßƒ Hcp-°p-I-bp-amWv ]mT-]p-

kvX-I-Øn\v \n¿hln-°m-\p-≈-Xv. ]T-\-Øn¬ \n∂pw Dcp-Øn-cn-bp∂ hnh-c-ßƒ

IqSn tNcp-tºm-gmWv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ka{KamIp-∂-Xv.

]cn-k-c-]-T-Øn\v a‰p hmb-\m-km-a-{Kn-I-fpsS {]m[m\yw ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xt√?

]T-\-Øns‚ `mK-ambn hnh-c-ti-J-c-W-Øn\pw a‰pw Fs¥√mw kma-{Kn-Iƒ {]tbm-

P-\-s∏-SpØmw?

$ d -d≥kv {KŸ-ßƒ

$ imkv{X-am-kn-I-Iƒ

$ _me-km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ

$ hm¿Øm t_m¿Up-Iƒ

$ eLp-te-J-Iƒ

]cn-ÿnXn ¢∫v

¢mkv apdn-I-fn¬ \S-°p∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS `mK-ambn Ipń \n¿an-°p∂ D]-I-

c-W-ßƒ, t_m[--h-Xv°-ctWm]m-[n-Iƒ, skan-\m¿ t]∏-dp-Iƒ, t{]mPIvSv dnt∏m¿ v,

]co-£-W-ßƒ XpS-ßn-bh AhX-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Hcp thZn-bmbn kvIqƒ

kb≥kv ¢∫v amd-Ww. Ipń-I-fn¬ imkv{X˛km-aq-ly-imkv{X A- n-cpNn hf¿Øp-

∂-Xn-\p≈ i‡-amb Hcp-]m-[n-bmbn ]cn-ÿnXn-¢-_ns\ am‰nsbSp-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

Pq¨ amk-Øn¬ Xs∂ ¢_v {]h¿Ø\w Bcw- n°p-Ibpw Hcp h¿j-tØ-°p≈

]cn-kc-]-T\w

67

{]h¿Ø-\-]-≤Xn Bkq-{XWw sNøp-Ibpw thWw. h¿jm-h-km\w Ipń-I-fpsS

D¬∏-∂-ßƒ {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v Hcp -{]-Z¿i\w kwL-Sn-∏n-°mw. ]cn-kc-]-T-

\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v Zn\m-N-c-W-ßƒ, {]tXy-I-hn-j-b-ß-fn-ep≈ hnZ-Kv[-¢m-kp-

Iƒ, skan-\m-dp-Iƒ XpSßn [mcmfw km[y-X-Iƒ ]cn-ÿnXn¢-∫n\v ap∂n-ep-≠v.

So®¿ sSIvÃv

A[ym-]n-I-bpsS ssZ\w-Zn-\m-kq-{X-W-Øn\v klm-b-I-am-bXpw ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse

{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \n¿h-ln-°p-∂Xn\v Bh-iy-amb \n¿tZ-i-ßƒ \¬Ip-∂Xpw IqSp-

X¬ hnh-c-ßƒ Is≠-Øm≥ A[ym-]n-Isb t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xpw A[ym-]n-Ibv°v

Bh-iy-amb- A[n-I-hn-hcw \¬Ip-∂Xpw Bbn-cn-°Ww So®¿ sSIvÃv. ]mT-]p-

kvX-I-Ønse {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ, IqSp-X¬ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ, hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ amXr-I-

Iƒ, hn\n-ab X{¥-ßƒ F∂n-h-bn¬ A[ym-]n-Ibv°vv IqSp-X¬ Dƒ°mgvN \¬tI-

≠-Xp-≠v F∂-XmWv So®¿ sSIvÃns‚ {]k-‡n. AXn-\m¬ Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ LS-

I-ßƒ So®¿ sSIvÃn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≠v.

BapJw

Hmtcm bqWn-‰n\pw BapJw \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. B ]mT-`mKw e£yw hbv°p∂

{][m-\m-i-b-ßƒ, Ipń-I-fn¬ hnI-kn-t°≠ {]{In-bm-ti-jn-Iƒ, D≠m-th≠ aqey-

ßfpw at\m- m-h-ßfpw, hnj-b-Øns‚ kmaqly {]m[m\yw F∂nh Bap-J-Øn¬

kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. Hmtcm ]mT- m-K-Øn-te-°p≈ hmXn-ep-I-fmWv Bap-Jw.

bqWn‰v s{^bnw

{][m\ Bi-b-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏- mWv Hmtcm bqWn‰v s{^bnapw Xøm-dm-°n-bn-

´p-≈-Xv. bqWn‰v s{^bn-an\v aq∂v `mK-ß-fp-≠v. ]T\t\ -ßƒ ssIh-cn-°-W--sa-

¶n¬ GsX√mw Bi-b-ßƒ Ipń a\- n-em-t°-≠-Xp-≠v, GsX√mw {]{In-bm-ti-

jn-Iƒ hnI-kn-t°-≠-Xp≠v XpS-ßnb Imcy-ß-fmWv BZy-`m-K-Øp-≈-Xv.

ASpØ`mKØv ]T\{]h¿Ø\ß-fmWv kqNn-∏n-®n- p-≈-Xv. Ah-km\- m-KØv B

bqWn-‰n-eqsS Ipń t\tS≠ {][m\ ]T\t\ -ßƒ BWv \¬In-bn- p-≈-Xv. Hmtcm

bqWn-‰n\pw Bh-iy-amb GI-tZi kabw kqNn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v. Hmtcm bqWn-‰n-eq-

sSbpw IS∂p t]mIp-tºmƒ Ipń-I-fn¬ cq]-s∏-tS≠ aqey-ßfpw at\m- m-h-ßfpw

bqWn-‰vs{ -bn-an¬ {]tXyIw kqNn-∏n-®n- p-≠v.

bqWn-‰n-te°v

samUyq-fp-I-fmbn Xncn-®mWv Cu `mKw {Iao-I-cn-®n- p-≈-Xv. ]mT- m-KsØ {]h¿Ø-

\-ßƒ ¢mkvap-dn-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ klm-b-I-amb \n¿tZ-i-ßƒ ]mT-`m-

KØns‚ {Ia-a-\p-k-cn®v kqNn-∏n-®n- p-≠v. ]T-\-t\- -ßƒ Dd-∏m-°m≥ Bh-iy-amb

68

So®¿ sSIvÃv

Nne {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ, Ifn-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-hbpw \¬In-bn- p-≠v. t]m¿ vt^m-fn-tbm-

bn-te°v am‰m-hp∂ DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS kqN-\bpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≠v.

]mT-`m-K-ß-fpsS Ah-km\w \¬Inb XpS¿{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Ah-km-\-tØ°v

am‰n-h-bv°msX AXXp ka-b-ß-fn¬ sNbvXp t]mh-Ww. Hcp bqWn-‰nse {]h¿Ø-

\-ßƒ ]q¿Øn-bm-hp--tºm-tg°pw kam-¥-c-ambn XpS¿{]-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw ]q¿Øn-

bm-bn-cn-°pw.

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

]T\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ê-{]-Z-ambn \n¿hln-°p-∂-Xn¬ hne-bn-cpØen\p≈

{]m[m\yw FSpØp ]d-tb-≠-Xn-√-t√m. Hmtcm bqWn-‰pambpw _‘-s∏´v Ipń-

bpsS ]T-\-t\- -ßƒ hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. \nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-eq-sS-bmWv

CXv km[y-am-Ip-∂-Xv. \nc-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-en\v klm-b-I-amb h¿°vjo-‰p-Ifpw

kzbw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ D]m-[n-Ifpw ]c-kv]c hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ D]m-[n-Ifpw A[ym]nI

kzbw Xøm-dm-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Nne amXr-I-Iƒ So®¿ sSIvÃn¬ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v.

So®¿ sSIvÃn¬ \¬Inb A[nI {]h¿Ø-\ßƒ, ]mT`mK-Øns‚ Ah-km\w

\¬Inb XpS¿{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ, A[n-I-hm-b\bv°v XpS-ßnbh tSw aqey-\n¿W-

b-Øn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xn-√.

]cn-k-c-]-T\ -]m-T-]p-kvXIw

]T\w km[y--am-°p-∂-Xn¬ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-fpsS ]¶v hfsc hep-Xm-Wv. A[ym--]n-

Ibv°pw c£n-Xm-hn\pw a‰pw ]mT-]p-kvXIw klm-b-I-am-hp-sa-¶nepw AXv apJy-

ambpw e£yw hbv°p-∂Xv Ipń-Isf-bm-Wv. {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v Du∂¬ \¬Ip-

∂-h-bm-bn-cn-°Ww ]cn-kc]m-T-]p-kvX--I-ßƒ. Ipń°v kzbw Gs‰-SpØv \S-Øm≥

Ign-bp-∂Xpw A[ym-]n-I-bpsS klm-b-tØmsS sNøm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xp-amb [mcm-

fw {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \¬In-bn´p-≠v. Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ Imcy-ßƒ

IqSn ]cn-K-Wn-®mWv Cu ]mT-]p-kvXIw Xøm-dm-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

$ ss{]adn apX¬ lb¿ sk°‚dn hsc imkv{X˛km-aq-ly-imkv{Xm-i-b-ß-

fpsS XpS¿®bpw hf¿®bpw Dd-∏m-°n-s°m-≠mWv kne-_kv Xøm-dm-°n-bXv.

$ Hmtcm ]mT- m-K-ß-fnepw km[y-amb CS-ß-fn¬ kmaq-ly-{]-iv\-ßƒ D∂--bn-

°p-∂p-≠v.

$ ]cn-ÿnXn kulr-Z-a-t\m- m-hhpw Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb ioe-ßfpw hf¿Øp-∂-

Xn\v Du∂¬ \¬Ip-∂p-≠v.

$ Hmtcm ]mT- m--K-Øn\pw kzX-{¥-amb \ne-\n¬∏v Dd∏p hcp-Øp-∂p. Bh-iy-

amb N¿®m-kq-N-I-ßfpw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ km[y-X-Ifpw {]h¿Ø\ \n¿tZ-i-

ßfpw t{ImUo-I-c-Whpw ]mT- m-K-Øn¬ \¬In-bn- p-≠v.

]cn-kc-]-T\w

69

$ XXvkab hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\v Bh-iy-amb tNmZy-ßfpw {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw Dƒ-

s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.

$ Hmtcm ]mT- m-K-tØmSv tN¿∂pw {]k-‡-amb A[n-I-hn-h-c-ßƒ tN¿Øn- p-

≠v. Iq-Sp-X¬ At\z-jn-°m\pw Adn-bm\pw Nne km[y-X-Iƒ \¬In-bn- p-≠v.

$ ô¬Uv {Sn∏v, t{]mP-IvSv XpSßnb hyXykvX ]T-\-X-{¥-ßƒ {]tbm-P-\-

s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.

$ ]mT- m-K-ß-fpsS Ah-km\w Ipń-bpsS {][m-\ -]-T-\-t\- -ßƒ kqNn-∏n-®n- p-

≠v. Nne hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. XpS¿{]h¿Ø-\-

ßƒ \n¿tZ-in-®n-´p-≠v.

$ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ \¬Inb "aƒń-∏nƒ tNmbvkv' tNmZy-ßƒ

Bi-b-ß-fpsS {]tbm-K-X-e-Øn¬ D≈-h-bm-Wv, tIhew Hm¿a]-cn-tim-[\

e£yw h®n- p-≈-X-√.

$ Ipń-bpsS ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ F√m tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Ifpw

imkv{X]pkvX--I-Øn¬ D≠m-h-Ww. F¶nepw Hmtcm {]h¿Ø-\tØm-sSm-

∏hpw ]cn-kc]pkvX-I-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ≠ {][m\ hnh-c-ß-fpsS

\n¿tZiw ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \¬In-bn- p-≠v.

$ Ipń°v t\cn v a\-…n-em-°m≥ {]bm-k-ap≈ imkv{Xm-i-b-ßƒ°v IqSp-X¬

hy‡X hcp-Øp-∂-Xn\v sF.kn.Sn km[yX ]c-am-h[n {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-

∂p. Edubuntu - school resource - ¬ D≈ hn -h-ß-fpsS kqN\ Hmtcm ]mT-

`m-K-tØmSv tN¿∂pw \¬In-bn- p-≠v.

$ Ipń-I-fn¬ aqey-ßfpw at\m-`m-h-ßfpw hf¿Øp-∂-Xn\v ¢mkvap-dn-I-fn¬

t_m[-]q¿Δ-amb N¿®-Iƒ \St°≠Xp≠v. CXn-\p-X-Ip∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw

tNmZy-ßfpw ]mT- m-K-ß-fn¬ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≠v.

$ Pohn-X-ss\-]p-Wn-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v klm-b-I-amb ]cn-io-e-\-ßƒ,

\n¿tZi-ßƒ F∂n-hbpw ]mT- m-K-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≠v.

]mT]pkvX-I-Øn-s‚ icn-bmb hn\n-tbmKw Dd∏p hcp-Øp-Ibpw sshhn-[y-

am¿∂ ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \¬Ip-Ibpw {]mtZ-inI km[y-X-Iƒ D]-tbm-

K-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw klm-[ym-]-I-cpsS kl-I-cWw tXSp-Ibpw a‰v km[y-X-

Iƒ Is≠-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-tºm-gmWv ]T\ t_m[\{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ km¿Y-

I-am-hp-∂-Xv.

70

So®¿ sSIvÃv

Standard - III]cn-k-c-]-T\w

kvIow Hm v h¿°v

\º¿ tSw bqWn-‰ns‚ t]cv amkw BsI ]ocn-b

UpIfpsS FÆw

1 ]qØpw Xfn¿Øpw Pq¨ 14

2 Ipgn-bm\ apX¬ sImº-\m-\-hsc Pq¨ 14

Pqsse

3 Pew Pohm-arXw Pqsse 10

BKÃv

4. hrØn \ΩpsS i‡n BKÃv 10

5 cpNn-tbmsS Icp-tØmsS sk]vXw-º¿ 15

6 \∑-hn-f-bn°pw ssIIƒ HIvtSm-_¿ 10

7 h¿W-Nn-d-Ip-Iƒ hoin-hoin HIvtSm-_¿ 7

\hw-_¿

8 aÆn-eqsS \S°mw \hw-_¿ 16

Unkw-_¿

9 kpc-£n-X-bm{X Unkw-_¿ 11

10 tIc-f-°-c-bn-eqsS P\p-hcn 11

11 \mw hkn°pw `qan P\p-hcn 10

s^{_p-hcn

12 Dd-ßm\pw DSp-°m\pw s^{_p-hcn 16

am¿®v

H∂

mw tSw

c≠

mw tSw

aq∂

mw tSw

]cn-kc-]-T\w

71

-bq-Wn‰v 1

$ Np‰p-]m-Sp-ap≈ kky-ßsf \nco-£n®v t]cp-Iƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bp-

∂p.

$ kky-ßsf \nco-£n®v Ah-bpsS {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Is≠Øn Xcw Xncn-°m≥

Ign-bp-∂p.

$ BIr-Xn-bnepw hen-∏-Ønepw \nd-Ønepw aW-Ønepw ]q°ƒ sshhn-[y-

ap≈XmsW∂v Xncn-®-dn™v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

$ Np‰p-]m-Sp-ap≈ kky-ß-fnse Ce-I-fpsS BIr-Xn, aWw F∂nh \nco-£n®v

kkysØ Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

$ ]cn-kcw \nco-£n®v Poh-\p-≈-h, Poh-\n-√m-Øh F∂nh Xncn-®-dn-™v Ah-

bpsS {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

$ Hmtcm kky-Øn-s‚bpw `£-W-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ `mK-ßƒ Xncn-®-dn-

bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

$ thcv, X≠v, Ce, Imbv F∂n-h-bpsS [¿a-ßƒ Xncn-®-dn™v hni-Zo-I-cn-

°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p. thcv, X≠v F∂n-h-bpsS [¿a-ßƒ eLp-]-co-£-W-Øn-

eqsS sXfn-bn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂p.

$ hnØv apf-bv°p-∂-L- -ßƒ \nco-£n®v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

$ kky-ßƒ kwc-£n-t°-≠-Xns‚ {]m[m\yw Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw kwc-£-W-{]-

h¿Ø-\-ßfn¬ G¿s∏Sm\pw Ign-bp-∂p.

bqWn‰v 2

$ \ap°v Np‰pw hnhn[ Xc-Øn¬s∏´ [mcmfw Pohn-Iƒ Ds≠∂pw Ah GsX-

√m-am-sW∂pw ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

$ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n®v hf¿Øp Pohn-Ifpw Ah-sb-sIm-≠p≈ D]-

Im-c-ßfpw Xncn-®-dn™v ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

$ Blm-c-co-Xn-°-\p-k-cn®v Pohn-Isf kkym-lm-cn-Iƒ, amwkm-lm-cn-Iƒ, an{im-

lm-cn-Iƒ F∂n-ßs\ Xcw Xncn-s®-gp-Xm≥ Ignbp-∂p.

$ Blm-c-co-Xn-°-\p-k-cn-®p≈ imco-cnI {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Hmtcm Pohn°pw

Ds≠∂v Xncn-®-dn-™v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

$ i{Xp-°-fn¬ \n∂v c£-t\-Sp-∂-Xn\v Nne Pohn-Iƒ°p≈ A\p-Iq-e-\-ßƒ

]d-bm≥ Ign-bp∂p.

$ Pohn-Isf k©m-c-co-Xn-°-\p-k-cn®v ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

]T-\-t\- -ßƒ

72

So®¿ sSIvÃv

$ a\p-jys‚ Nne CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ Pohn-I-fpsS \ne-\n¬∏ns\ Fßs\ tZmj-

I-c-ambn _m[n°pw F∂v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

$ Pohn-Isf \mw kwc-£n-t°-≠-XmWv F∂ Bibw P\-ß-fn¬ FØn-°p-

∂-Xn-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ßfn¬ G¿s∏-Sm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

bqWn‰v 3

$ agbv°v tijw {]Ir-Xn-bn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ am‰-ßƒ \nco-£n®v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm≥

Ign-bp-∂p.

$ ]cn-k-c-Øp≈ Pe-t{km-X- p-Iƒ Is≠Øn ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

$ Pew Fs¥√mw Bh-iy-ßƒ°mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-sh∂v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-

∂p.

$ Pe-£maw aqe-ap-≠m-Ip∂ {]iv\-ßƒ hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

$ Pew ]mgm-°p∂ kμ¿ßƒ Is≠Øn ]cn-lm-c-am¿K-ßƒ \n¿t±-in-°m≥

Ign-bp∂p

$ {]Ir-Xn-bpsS hc-Zm-\-amb Pew Aaq-ey-am-sW∂v Xncn-®-dn™v Pe kwc-

£W {]h¿Ø-\-ßfn¬G¿s∏-Sm≥ Ignbp∂p

$ Pe-Øn\v BIr-Xn-bn√ F∂v Xncn-®-dn™v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

$ InW-dnse Pew aen-\-am-Im-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v Fs¥√mw sNø-W-sa∂v \n¿tZ-

in-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

$ Pew ip≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Nne am¿K-ßƒ \n¿t±-in-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

$ Pem-i-b-ßƒ aen-\-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\p≈ Imc-W-ßƒ Xncn-®-dn™v XS-bp-hm-\p≈

{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

bqWn‰v 4

$ sImXpIv, Cu®, Fen F∂nh s]cp-Ip∂ kml-N-cy-ßfpw AXp-aq-e-ap-≠m-

Ip∂ BtcmKy {]iv\-ßfpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

$ hoSpw ]cn-k-chpw hrØn-bmbn kq£n-°p-∂-Xn\v Fs¥ms° sNø-W-sa∂v

Xncn-®-dn™v {]h¿Øn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

$ sImXpIp \io-I-cW {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-te¿s∏-Sm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

$ Blm-c-Øn-eq-sSbpw IpSn-sh-≈-Øn-eq-sSbpw ]I-cm≥ km[y-X-bp≈ tcmK-

ßƒ Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

$ sImXp-Iv, Cu®, Fen F∂o Pnhn-Ifn-eq-sSbpw sh≈-Øn-eq-sSbpw ]I-cp∂

tcmK-ßƒ ]nSn-s]-Sm-Xn-cn-°m≥ \mw Fs¥√mw sNø-W-sa∂v Xncn-®-dn™v

{]h¿Øn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

$ hy‡n ipNnXzw ]men-°p-Ibpw ipNnXz ioe-ßƒ \n¿t±-in-°p-hm\pw Ign-

bp-∂p.

]cn-kc-]-T\w

73

$ hrØn F∂ Bibw {]N-cn-∏n-°m-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-te¿s∏-Sm≥ Ign-bp-

∂p.

$ hy‡n ipNn-Xzhpw kmaq-lnI ipNn-Xzhpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ Xs‚ ]¶v

Xncn-®-dn™v {]h¿Øn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

bqWn‰v 5

$ icn-bmb hf¿®bv°pw Btcm-K-y-Øn\pw `£Ww Bh-i-y-am-sW∂v Xncn-®-

dn™v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

$ B-h-i-y-amb t]mj-I-ßƒ e`n-°p-∂-Xn\v Blm-c-Øn¬ sshhn-[-y-ap≈ `£-

W-km-[-\-ßƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-ØWsa∂v \n¿tZ-in°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

$ ]t©-{μn-b-ßƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp-hm\pw Ah-bpsS [¿a-ßƒ ]d-bp-hm\pw Ign-bp-

∂p.

$ \√ Blm-c-io-e-ßƒ \n¿tZ-in-°phm\pw ]men-°p-hm\pw Ign-bp-∂p.

$ \ap-°m-h-iy-amb £-W-h-kvXp-°ƒ qcn- m-Khpw A\y-tZ-i-ß-fn-¬\n∂v FØp-

∂-h-bm-sW∂v Is≠Øn ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

$ ]®-°-dn-tØm- -Øns‚ {]m[m-\yw \n¿tZ-in-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

$ "`£Ww ]mgm-°-cpXv' F∂ ktμiw Xncn-®-dn™v a‰p-≈-h-cn¬ FØn°m-

\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

bqWn‰v 6

$ \ap°p Np‰pw hnhn[ Xcw sXmgn-ep-I-fp-s≠-∂p Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw Ah ]´n-I-

s∏-Sp-Øm\pw Ign-bp∂p.

$ Fs‚ {]tZ-isØ IqSp-X¬ t]cpw G¿s∏- n-cn-°p∂ sXmgn¬ GsX∂v k¿tΔ-

bn-eqsS Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bp∂p.

$ Hcp DXv]∂w cq]-s∏-Sp-∂Xv hnhn[ sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS {ia- -e-am-bn´msW∂v

hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp∂p.

$ hnhn[ sXmgn-ep-]-I-c-W-ßƒ Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw Ah-bpsS D]-tbmKw hni-Zo-

I-cn-°p-hm\pw Ign-bp-∂p.

$ Hmtcm sXmgn-en\pw AXnt‚Xmb al-X-z-ap-s≠∂v Xncn-®-dn-™v ]d-bm≥ Ign-

bp∂p.

bqWn‰v 7

$ \ap-°vNp‰pw hnhn-[-Xcw Nn{X-i-e- -ßƒ Ds≠∂v Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

$ Fs‚ {]tZ-isØ GXm\pw Nn{X-i-e- -ß-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp∂p.

$ Nn{X-i-e- -ß-fpsS PohnX N{I-Ønse hnhn[ L -ßƒ ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

$ Nn{X-i-e- -ßsf \nco-£n®v hnh-c-ßƒ Xøm-dm-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

$ Nn{X-i-e- -ßsf kwc-£n-°p∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

74

So®¿ sSIvÃv

bqWn‰v 8

$ aÆn¬ [mcmfw sNdp-Po-hn-Ifpw kky-ßfpw Ds≠∂v \nco-£n-®p-I-s≠-Øm≥

Ign-bp-∂p.

$ I√p-Ifpw ]md-Ifpw s]mSn-™mWv aÆp-≠m-Ip-∂Xv F∂ Bibw hni-Zo-I-

cn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

$ aW¬a-Æv, Ifn-a-Æv, sNΩÆv XpS-ßnb hnhn-[-Xcw aÆp-Isf Xncn-®-dn-™v

]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

$ ta¬a-Æn¬ hnhn[ hkvXp-°ƒ AS-ßn-bn-´ps≠∂v Xncn-®-dn™v ]d-bm≥

Ign-bp-∂p.

$ aÆns‚ \ndw, Pew]nSn-®p-\n¿Øm-\p≈ Ignhv XpS-ßnb khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

Xncn-®-dn™v hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

$ aÆn-\p-≈n¬ hmbp AS-ßn-bn- ps≠∂v ]co-£-W-Øn-eqsS Is≠Øn hni-

Zo-I-cn-°m≥ Ignbp∂p.

$ asÆm-en-∏n-\p≈ Imc-W-ßƒ I≠Øn ]cn-lm-c-am¿K-ßƒ hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥

Ign-bp-∂p.

$ aÆv aen-\-am-Ip∂ kml-N-cy-ßƒ Xncn-®-dn™v ]cn-lm-c-am¿K-ßƒ \n¿t±-

in-°m\pw {]mh¿Øn-Iam°m\pw Ign-bp-∂p.

$ Ifn-aÆv D]-tbm-Kn®v hnhn[ hkvXp-°ƒ \n¿an-°m≥ Ign-bp-sa∂v Xncn-®-dn-

bp-I-bpw-I-fn-a-Æp-]-tbm-Kn®v hnhn[ cq]-ßƒ \n¿an-°m\pw Ign-bp-∂p.

bqWn‰v 9

$ tdmU-]-I-S-ßƒ D≠mIm\p≈ Imc-W-ßƒ Xncn-®-dn™v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp∂p.

$ Im¬\-S-bm-{X-°mcpw hml\w HmSn-°p-∂-hcpw ]men-t°≠ \nb-a-ßƒ Xncn-

®-dn™v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

$ {Sm^nIv AS-bm-f-hn-f-°p-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw Ah-bpsS \nd-ßƒ kqNn-∏n-

°p∂ Imcy-ßƒ ]d-bp-hm\pw Ign-bp-∂p.

$ hml-\-ß-fn¬ k©-cn-°p∂ bm{X-°mcpw Nne \nbaßƒ ]men-t°-≠-Xp-

s≠∂v Xncn-®-dn™v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

$ tdmUv apdn®pIS-°m≥ {]bm-k-s∏-Sp∂ ImgvNbv°v sh√p-hn-fn-t\-cn-Sp-∂-h¿

{]mbw sN∂-h¿ F∂n-hsc klm-bn-t°-≠Xv \ΩpsS IS-a-bm-sW∂v Xncn-

®-dn™v {]h¿Ø-n°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

$ sdbn¬]mfw apdn®pIS°p-tºmƒ {i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-ßƒ Xncn-®-dn™v ]d-

bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

$ tdmUn-eqsS k©-cn-°p-tºmƒ tdmUv \nb-a-ßƒ ]men-°-W-sa∂v Xncn-®-

dn™v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

]cn-kc-]-T\w

75

bqWn‰v 10

$ tIcfw hfsc at\m-l-c-am-sW∂v Xncn-®-dn-™v ]dbm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

$ tIc-f-Ønse ]Xn-\mev Pn√-Ifpw Xncn-®-dn-™v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

$ kz¥w Pn√-sb-°p-dn®v hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

$ kwÿm-\-Øns‚ HutZym-KnI Nn”-ßƒ Xncn-®-dn™v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

bqWn‰v 11

$ `qan-bpsS BIrXn Xncn-®-dn-™v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

$ kqcy≥, N{μ≥ F∂n-hbv°pw tKmfm-Ir-Xn-bm-Wp-≈-sX∂v Xncn-®-dn™v ]d-

bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

$ ]¥v, tSm¿®v apX-em-bh D]-tbm-Kn®v ]co-£-W-ßƒ sNøm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

$ `qan-bn¬ cm{Xnbpw, ]Iepw D≠m-Ip-∂-sX-ß-s\-bm-sW∂v hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥

Ign-bp-∂p.

$ `qan-bn¬ Ic-`m-K-tØ-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ IS¬`mK-am-sW∂v Xncn-®-dn™v ]d-

bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

bqWn‰v 12

$ hoSv \ap°v Fßs\ D]-Im-c-s∏-Sp∂p F∂v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp∂p.

$ hoSns‚ Xd, `nØn, ta¬°qc F∂nh \n¿an-°p-∂-Xn\v hnhn[ hkvXp-°ƒ

D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p F∂v Xncn-®-dn™v hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

$ ho´nse Hmtcm apdnbpw Hmtcm Bh-iy-Øn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p F∂v

Is≠Øn ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

$ hoSv \n¿am-W-Øn\v hnhn[ L -ß-fp-s≠∂v Xncn-®-dn™v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-

∂p.

$ Imem-h-ÿbpw hoSp \n¿am-W-hp-am-bp≈ _‘w, ÿehpw kuI-c-yhpw IW-

°n-se-SpØv \n¿an-°p∂ hoSp-Iƒ F∂nh Xncn-®-dn™v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp∂p.

$ ]cn-ÿn-Xn°v A\p-tbm-P-y-amb hoSp-I-fmWv \n¿an-t°-≠-sX∂v Xncn-®-dn™v

]d-bm≥ Ign-bp∂p.

$ hoSn-√m-Ø-h-cpsS Zpcn-X-ßƒ Fs¥-√m-am-sW∂v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p. Ahsc

klm-bn-°m-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]¶m-fn-bm-Ip∂p.

$ hkv{X-ßƒ \ap°v Fß-s\-sb√mw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp∂p F∂v ]d-bm≥ Ign-

bp-∂p.

$ hkv{X-ßƒ \n¿an-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ \mcp-Iƒ Fß-s\-sb√mw e`n-°p-∂p. F∂v

Is≠Øn ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

76

So®¿ sSIvÃv

ssZ\w-Zn-\m-kq-{XWw

A[ym-]n-I-bpsS hni-Z-amb Xbm-sd-Sp∏v Ds≠-¶n¬ am{Xta ]mTy-]-≤Xn hn\n-

abw ^e-{]-Z-am-hq. AXn-\m¬ A[ym-]nI icn-bmb Bkq-{XWw \S-tØ-≠-Xp-

≠v. Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ LS-I-ßƒ Bkq-{X-W-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

$ ]mT- m-KØv Dƒs°m-≈n-®n- p≈ ]T-\-t\- -ßƒ

$ ]mT- m-KØv Dƒs°m-f-fn® Bi-b-ßfpw [mc-W-Ifpw

$ Ip´n-I-fn¬ hnI-kn-t°≠ {]{In-bm-ti-jn-Iƒ

$ ]mT-]pkvXIhpw So®¿ sSIvÃpw \n¿tZin-°p∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

$ A[ym-]nI Is≠-Ønb {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

$ {]mtZ-inI ]mT-ßƒ

$ aqey-ßfpw at\m`m-h-ßfpw

$ PohnX ss\]pWnIƒ hnI-kn-∏n-°m-\p≈ km[y-X-Iƒ

$ sF.kn.Sn km[yX

$ Bh-iy-amb kma-{Kn-Iƒ

$ d -d≥kv ]pkvX-I-ßƒ

$ t_m[\ X{¥w

$ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ D]m-[n-Iƒ/X{¥-ßƒ

]qØpw Xfn¿Øpw F∂ bqWn-‰ns\ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n Hc-p A[ym-]nI

Xømdm°nb So®nMv am\z¬ ASpØ t]Pn¬ \¬In-bn- p-≠v.

]cn-kc-]-T\w

77

So®nMv am\z¬

bqWn‰v - 1 ]qØpw Xfn¿Øpw

]T-\-t\- -ßƒ 1. sNdnb sNSn-Iƒ h≈n-s®-Sn-Iƒ ac-ßƒ XpSßn hnhn[ Xc-

Øn-ep≈ [mcmfw kky-ßƒ \ap-°p-Np-‰p-ap-s≠∂v Xncn-®-

dn™v ]ń-I-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

2. ]q°ƒ \nd-Ønepw aW-Ønepw BIr-Xn-bnepw hep-∏-Ønepw

hyXy-kvXamsW∂v Is≠Øn ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

3. aWw-sIm≠v ]q°sf Xncn-®-dn™v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

4. IuXp-I-ap≈ At\Iw ]q°ƒ {]Ir-Xn-bn-ep-s≠∂v Is≠Øn

]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

]T-\-km-a-{Kn-Iƒ : Np‰p-ap≈ kky-ß-fpsS t]sc-gp-Xnb {]mtZ-inI enÃv, ]qt¥m-

-Øns‚ Nn{Xw, hnhn[ C\w ]q°ƒ, h¿W-°-S-em-kv.

{]Xo-£n-°p∂ kabw : 4 ]ocn-bUv

"ap‰-Øp-s≠mcp ]qt¥m´w

]q°ƒ Nncn°pw ]qt¥m´w'

So®¿ c≠v hcn- I-hnX Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.

ho´p-ap-‰sØ ]qt¥m- w- -N¿®

Hmtcm Ipńbpw CjvS-s∏´ Hcp sNSn-bpsS t]cv ]d-b-

s´. CjvS-s∏-Sm-\p≈ Imc-Whpw ]d-b-s´.

]qt¥m- -Øn¬ am{XamtWm sNSn-Iƒ D≈Xv? F∂

tNmZyw D∂-bn-®p-sIm≠v N¿®.

\ap-°p-Np‰pw [mcmfw kky-ßƒ D≠v ˛ t{ImUo-I-

cWw.

]mT-- m-KsØ Ubdn Ipń-Iƒ hmbn-°-s´. TT -bnse

kqN-I-ßƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn N¿®.

Ipń-Iƒ {Kq∏p-I-fmbn Xncn™v kvIqƒ ]cn-k-csØ

kky-ßƒ \nco-£n®v t]cv enÃvsN-ø-s´.

enÃp-Iƒ ]c-kv]cw hne-bn-cp-Ø-s´.

¢mkv Ah-X-c-Ww. N¿®-bneqsS IqSp-X¬ t]cp-Iƒ

Iqń-t®¿°¬. _n._n.-bn¬ So®¿ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

cmtI-jn\pw inlm-_n\pw

sNSn-bpsS t]cv am{Xta

]d-bm≥ Ign-™p≈p

kvIqƒ ]cn-k-csØ ]e-

sN-Sn-I-fp-sSbpw t]cp-Iƒ

I p ´ n - I ƒ ° - d n - b n - √ .

F∂m¬ an°-a-c-ß-fpsS

t]cp-Iƒ ]cn-Nn-X-am-Wv.

{]{Inb hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

78

So®¿ sSIvÃv

]c-am-h[n kky-ß-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ So®¿ enÃv

sNbvXv ¢mkn¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-°¬.

Cu kkyßƒ GsX√mw Xc-Øn-ep≈hbmWv F∂

tNmZyw D∂-bn®v N¿®.

kky-ßsf {]tXy-I-X-b-\p-k-cn®v IpńIƒ ]ń-I-s∏-

Sp-Øp∂p. (ac-ßƒ, h≈n-s®-Sn-Iƒ, sNdnb sNSn-Iƒ)

]ń-I-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv Ipń-Iƒ ]c-kv]cw hne-bn-cp-Øp-

∂p. So®-dns‚ kzbw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬.

So®¿ at\m-l-c-amb Hcp ]qt¥m-´-Øns‚ Nn{Xw

{]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂p.

]qt¥m- -Ønse ]q°ƒ ˛ N¿®

"sIm∂-∏qth tNmZn-t®m-t´...

\nt∂m-sSmcp Imcyw'

TT -bnse Ihn-Xbv°v hcn-Iƒ Iqń-t®¿°¬. ]q°-

fpsS t]cp-Iƒ- -hy-‡n-KX enÃnwKv Ah-X-c-Ww, Iqń-

t®¿°¬.

Sn._n. -bnse ]q°ƒ°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb \ndw

\¬I¬. hne-bn-cp-Ø¬. ]qt¥m- -Øns‚ Nn{Xw hc-

bv°¬.

Htc C\w sNSn-I-fn¬ ]e-\n-d-Øn-ep≈ ]q°ƒ, Htc

C\w sNSn-I-fn¬ Hcp \nd-Øn¬ am{Xw ImW-s∏-

Sp∂ ]q°ƒ˛ ]ń-I-s∏-Sp-Ø¬.

\nßƒ°v GXv ]qhns‚ aW-amWv CjvSw? ]q°-

fpsS aWw N¿®.

aWw-sIm≠v Xncn -®-dn -bm≥ Ign -bp∂ ]q°ƒ

GsX√mw? Ipń-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂p.

IÆv sIń-I-fn-bn-eqsS Hmtcm Ipń°pw F{X-]q-°-

fpsS aW-a-dn-bm-sa∂v Is≠-Ø-s´.

]mT- m-K-Ønse ]q°-fpsS hnti-jw- -hm-b-\, N¿®.

Sn._n.-bn¬ \n¿tZin® ]qhns‚ amXrI IS-em-kp-

sIm≠v Ipń-Iƒ \n¿an-°-s´.

h¿W-I-S-em-kp-IƒsIm≠v ]q°-fpsS amXrI \n¿an-

°¬˛ ¢mkn¬ {]Z¿i-\w.

LT Cu L´-Øn¬

hfsctbsd {]tbm-P-\-

s∏- p.

A\p-tamƒ, dmjn-Zv, jn^m-

\, tPmkv, Dssa-h, _nμp,

chn, B≥kn F∂n-h¿

[mcmfw kky-ß-fpsS

t]cp-Iƒ Is≠Øn

am\-Zfiw Is≠Øn ]ń-

I-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ]e¿°pw

Ign-™n-√. kqN\ \¬In-

b-t∏mƒ an° Ipń -

Iƒ°pw am\-Z-fi-a-\p-k-

cn®v ]ń-I-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-

™p.

Ihn -X-bnse hcn -Iƒ

Is≠Øn ]d-bm≥ F√m-

Ipń-Ifpw hfscb[nIw

Xm¬∏cyw ImWn-®p.

cmPp, Zriy, ^¿km\

F∂n-h¿°v ]q°-fpsS

\nd-ß-sf-°p-dn®v [mcW

Ipd-hm-Wv.

sNSn-I-sf-°p-dn®pw ]q°-

fpsS \nd-sØ-°p-dn -®p -

ap≈ ]pXnb Hcp Xncn-®-

dnhv ¢mknse Ipń -

Iƒ°pw D≠m-bn.

]q°-fpsS aW-dn-bm-\p≈

IÆp-sI-ń -°fn hfsc

ck-I-c-am-bn.

dmWn, tacn, apkvX^

F∂n-h¿ at\m-l-c-amb

]p°ƒ D≠m-°n.

BapJw

\ap°p Np‰p-ap≈ kky-temIw IuXpIw \nd-™-Xm-Wv. \mw Adn-bp-

∂Xpw Adn-bm-Ø-Xp-amb Ht´sd kky-ßƒ \ap-°p-Np-‰p-ap-≠v. Xs‚

Np‰p-]m-Snse kkyßsf \nco-£n-°m\pw {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Is≠-Øm\pw

IuXp-I-ßƒ Bkz-Zn-°m\pw, AXp-hgn kky-ßsf ASp-Ø-dn-bm\pw

Ipń°v Ah-k-c-sam-cp°n sImSp-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. X\n-°p-Np-‰p-ap≈ kky-

-tem-I-Ønse sshhn[yw Ipń-Iƒ Is≠-Øm≥ {ian-°-s´.

\mw `£-W-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ kky- mKßƒ Ipń°v Xncn-®-dn-bm≥

Ign-b-Ww. Ce, ]qhv, Imbv, X≠v, thcv, F∂nh Hmtcm∂pw kky-

Øn\v Fßs\ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-∂p-sh∂v Ipń°v ]co-£W ˛ \nco-£-

W-ß-fn-eqsS Is≠-Øm-\p≈ Ah-kcw e`n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Xs‚ Np‰p-

]mSnse Poh-\p≈ hkvXp-°-tfbpw Poh-\n-√mØ hkvXp-°-tfbpw Ah-

bpsS {]tXy-I-XI-tfbpw Ipń Xncn-®-dn-tb-≠-Xp-≠v.

hnØv apf-bv°p-∂Xv IuXp-I-]q¿Δw \nco-£n-°m\pw Hcp kky-Øns‚

hf¿®m-L- -ßƒ a\- n-em-°m\pw Ipń°v Ah-kcw e`n-°-Ww. kky-

ß-fpsS {]m[m\yw a\- n-em-°n kwc£-W-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-

Sp∂-Xn\v Hmtcm Ipń-tbbpw {]m]vX-\m-°pI F∂Xv henb e£y-ambn

ImW-Ww. Hmtcm kkyhpw Ipń-Iƒ°v {]nb-s∏- -Xmbn amdm≥ Cu ]mT-

`mKw klm-bn-°-s´.

]qØpw Xfn¿Øpw]qØpw Xfn¿Øpw]qØpw Xfn¿Øpw]qØpw Xfn¿Øpw]qØpw Xfn¿Øpw1

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82

So®¿ sSIvÃv

bqWn-‰n-te-°v...

samUyqƒ 1

Ub-dn-°p-dn∏v

Bap-J- m-KsØ Ub-dn-°p-dn-∏ns\ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n ¢mkn¬ N¿® \S-°-Ww.

N¿®m-kq-N-I-ßƒ

$ ]cn-ÿnXn Zn\m-tLmjw ˛ {]m[m-\yw.

$ kvIqfnse ]cn-ÿnXn Zn\m-tLm-jw.

$ Ipń-bpsS ho´p-]-cn-k-csØ kky-ßƒ.

$ kvIqƒ ]cn-k-csØ kky-ßƒ

kvIqƒ ]cn-k-csØ kky-ß-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ Ipń enÃvsN-ø-s´. Nne t]cp-Iƒ

Is≠-Øm≥ So®¿ Ipńsb klm-bn-t°-≠n-h-cpw. So®¿ ap≥Iqń kvIqƒ ]cn-k-

csØ kky-ß-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ Is≠-Øm≥ {ian-°-Ww,

Np‰p-ap≈ kky-ßƒ.

kky-ßsf Ah-bpsS {]Xy-I-X-b-\p-k-cn®v Ipń-Iƒ Xcw-Xn-cn®v ]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-

I-Øn¬ Fgp-Xs´. (ac-ßƒ, sNdn-b-sN-Sn-Iƒ, h≈n-s®-Sn-Iƒ) Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬

IqSp-X¬ kky-ß-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ \¬Imw. Ah GXp hn`m-K-Øn¬s]Sp∂p F∂v

Ipń-Iƒ Is≠Øn Fgp-Xs´.

samUyqƒ 2

]p©n-cn-XqIpw ]q°ƒ

at\m-l-c-amb Hcp ]qt¥m- -Øns‚ Nn{Xw ImWn-®p-sIm≠v ¢m n¬ N¿® \S-

Ømw. Ipń-bpsS hońse ]qt¥m- w, hnZym-e-b-Ønse ]qt¥m´w F∂nh N¿®-

bn¬ hc-Ww. Ipń-Iƒ°v Adn-bm-hp∂ ]q°-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ enÃv sNø-Ww.

¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n®v IqSp-X¬ t]cp-Iƒ Iqń-t®¿°m≥ Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww.

]q°-fpsS \nd-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v Xmsg-Im-Wp∂ IhnX ]q¿Øn-bm-°m≥ \¬Imw.

IqSp-X¬ hcn-Iƒ Ipń-Iƒ Is≠-Ø-s´.

sIm∂-∏qth tNmZn-t®mt´ \nt∂m-sSm-cp-Imcyw

\n\-°p-Sp-°m≥ a™-bp-Sp-∏p-Iƒ \¬In-b-Xm-cmWv?

ap√-∏qth tNmZn-t®ms´ \nt∂m-sSm-cp-Imcyw

\n\-°p-Sp-°m≥ sh≈-bp-Sp-∏p-Iƒ \¬In-b-Xm-cmWv?

..........................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

]cn-kc]-T\w

83

]mT- m-KsØ ]q°ƒ°v \ndw \¬Im≥ IpńIƒ°v Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww. ]cn-k-

c-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ ]q°-fpsS Nn{X-ßƒ hc®v \ndw \¬Im\pw \n¿tZ-in-

°mw. ]q°-fpsS \nd-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]ńI Ipń-Iƒ ]q¿Øn-bm-°-s´. Ah-X-

c-W-Øn-eqsS IqSp-X¬ t]cp-Iƒ Is≠Øn Fgp-Xm\pw Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww.

Hmtcm Ipńbpw aWw-sIm≠v Xncn-®-dn-bm-hp∂ ]q°-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ Is≠-Ø-s´.

aW-ap≈ GXm\pw ]q°ƒ tiJ-cn®v IÆvsI-ń-°-fn-bn-eqsS t]cp-Iƒ Is≠-

Øm≥ {ian-°-s´. ]q°ƒ Ipń-Iƒ°v ImWm≥ Ign-bm-Ø-hn[w Ih-dn-tem, ]m{X-

Øntem Hfn-∏n-®p-shbv-°m≥ {i≤n-°-Ww.

GXm\pw ]q°-fpsS hntijw ]mT- m-K-Øn¬ \¬In-bn- p-≠v. CXn\p ]pdta IuXp-

I-I-c-amb a‰v Nne ]q°-tfbpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ømw.

]q°-fp-≠m-°mw

IS-em-kp-sIm≠v ]qhv \n¿an-°p∂ Hcp amXrI ]mT-`m-KØv \¬In-bn-´p-≠v.

AXn\p]pdsa h¿W-°-S-em-kp-IƒsIm≠v Ipń-Iƒ°-dn-bm-hp∂ ]q°ƒ \n¿an-

°-s´. a‰v amXr-I-Ifpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-SpØmw.

samUyqƒ 3

Ce-Iƒ ]e-Xcw

]q°-fpsS aWw Is≠-Øn-b-t]mse Ce-I-fpsS aW-a-dn™pw kkysØ Xncn-®-

dn-bm≥ Ipń-Iƒ°v- A-h-kcw \¬I-Ww. ]mT- m-K-Øn¬ \n¿tZ-in-®-htbm e`y-am-

Ip∂ a‰v Ce-Itfm D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. sImSn-Øq-h (sNmdn-XWw) t]mep≈ sNmdn-

®n¬ A\p- -h-s∏Sm≥ km[y-X-bp≈ Ce-Iƒ, hnj-ap≈ Ce-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh Hgn-

hm-°m≥ {i≤n-°-Ww. Ce \√-hÆw Rc-Sn-b-tijw ssIhn-c-ep-Iƒ aW∏n°p-

∂-XmWv DØ-aw. sNdnb Ce-°-jvW-ßƒ aW-°p-tºmƒ aq°n¬ Ib-dn-t∏mbn

A]-ISw hcm-\p≈ km[yX Hgn-hm-°-Ww. Hmtcm-Ip- nbpw hyXy-kvXamb sNSn-

I-fpsS GXm\pw Ce-Iƒ tiJ-cn-°-Ww. sNSnbn¬ \n∂v Ce ]dn-s®-Sp-°m≥

]mSn√ F∂v \n¿tZ-in-°-Ww. \ne-Øp-ho-Wp-In-S-°p∂ Ce-Iƒ tiJ-cn-°-s´.

sNSn \in-∏n-°m≥ ]mSn√ F∂ at\m-`mhw Ipń-bn¬ hf¿Ø-Ww. Ipń-Iƒ

tiJ-cn® Ce-I-fpsS BIrXn \nco-£n-°m\pw t]∏-dn¬ Ah ]Xn-∏n-s®-Sp-°m\pw

Ah-kcw \¬Imw. Ce-bpsS Rc-ºp-Iƒ hcp∂ `mK-Øn\p apI-fn¬ t]∏¿sh®v

s]≥kntem {ItbmWpItfm D]-tbm-Kn®v Ah-bpsS BIr-Xn ]Xn∏n-s®-Sp-°mw.

_m°n `mK-ßƒ Ipń-Iƒ hc®ptN¿°-s´. Hmtcm Ipń-tbmSpw Hcp Ce B¬_w

Xømdm-°m≥ \n¿tZ-in-°mw. Ce-bpsS t]cpw. sNSn-sb-°p-dn®v aqt∂m \mtem

hcn-bp≈ eLp-Ip-dn∏pw tN¿Øv thWw B¬_w Xbm-dm-t°-≠-Xv. Ce-I-fpsS

IuXpIw DW¿Øm≥ Xmsg ImWp∂ Ihn-Xbpw \¬Imw.

84

So®¿ sSIvÃv

Cebne hmg-bne

Ce-bne tNºne Xmfne

Xma-c-bm-º-ene

]e ]e Ce-I-fn¬

Ae-]ne Ie-]ne

Ce-bpsS Ie-]ne \mZ-anXm

CSn-bpsS ag-bpsS Xmf-an-Xm.

samUyqƒ 4

Poh-\p-≈h

]mT-`m-K-Ønse Nn{X-ßfn¬ \n∂v Poh-\p≈ hkvXp-°sfbpw Poh-\n-√mØ

hkvXp-°-sfbpw Ipń-Iƒ Is≠-Ø-s´. ]cn-kcw \nco-£n®v ]ńI ]q¿Øn-bm-°-

s´. Poh-\p≈h/C√m-Øh {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ ¢mkn¬ N¿®-\-S-Ø-Ww. kky-ßƒ°v

Poh-\pt≠m F∂ kwibw Ipń-°p-≠mImw. N¿®-bn-eq-sSbpw hni-Zo-I-c-W-Øn-

eq-sSbpw kky-ßƒ Poh-\p-≈-h-bmsW∂v hy‡-am-°m≥ {i≤n-°-Ww. kky-

Øns‚ Ce-I-fn-emWv Blmcw \n¿an-°p-∂-sX∂pw sNSn°v Ce-bpsS {]m[m\yw

hfsc hep-Xm-sW∂pw N¿®-bn-eqsS Ipńsb t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

C\n Hcp Ifn-bm-hmw

So®-dpsS Iøn¬ Poh-\p≈ hkvXp-°ƒ, Poh-\n-√mØ hkvXp-°ƒ F∂n-hbpsS

t]cp-Iƒ Fgp-Xnb Im¿tUm, Nn{X-ßtfm thWw. So®¿ Hmtcm Im¿Upw ImWm≥

]mI-Øn¬ Ipń-Isf \n¿Øp-I. So®¿ Hmtcm Im¿Uv ImWn-°-Ww. Poh-\n-√m-Ø-

h-bpsS t]cv hcp-tºmƒ Ipń-Iƒ \n›-e-ambn \n¬°-Ww. Poh-\p-≈-h-bpsS

t]cv hcp-tºmƒ Iø-Sn-°pI NmSn-°-fn-°p-I, ssIIƒ hoipI Cßs\ GsX-

¶nepw {]hrØn-sN-ø-Ww. icn-bmbn {]Xn-I-cn-®-h¿°v t]mbn‚p-Iƒ \¬In Ifn

XpS-cmw.

samUyqƒ 5

\´m¬ apfbv°pw

sNSn-bpsS GsX√mw `mK-ßƒ \mw `£-W-Øn\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p F∂v

Ipń-Iƒ ]ń-I-s∏-Sp-Øs´. apcnßsb t]mse IqSp-X¬ `mK-ßƒ `£-W-ambn

D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp∂ kky-ßƒ {]tXyIw Is≠-Øm≥ {ian-°-s´.

]e-Xcwhn-Øp-Iƒ apf-®p-h-cp-∂Xv Ipń-Iƒ I≠n- p-≠m-Ipw. I≠-Im-cy-ßƒ Ipń-

Iƒ ]d-b-s´. kvIqfn¬ Hcp Nń-bn¬ hnØv apf-∏n-°m≥ \n¿tZiw \¬I-Ww.

]cn-kc]-T\w

85

Ipd-®p-Zn-hkw hnØv apf-bv°p-∂Xv \nco-£n-°m\pw \n¿tZ-in-°-Ww. Hmtcm Ipńbpw

hoń¬ Nnc- -bn¬ hnØv apf-∏n-°-s´. F√m-Ip- n-Iƒ°pw Bh-iy-amb hnØv e`y-

am°Ww. hnØpap-f-bv°p∂ hf¿®m-L- -ßƒ Ah¿ Hcp eLp-Ip-dn-∏mbn Fgp-X-

s´. apf-∏n-s®-SpØ sNSn-Iƒ aÆn¬ \Sm\pw kwc-£n-°m\pw \n¿t±-in-°-Ww.

thcv ImWm≥

BZyw apf-®p-h-cp-∂Xv thcm-sW∂pw thcns‚ hf¿® t\cn- p-Im-Wm\pw ]mT-]p-

kvX-I-Ønse ]co-£Ww klm-bn-°pw. hnØv aÆn¬ InS∂v apfbv-°p-tºmƒ

thcns‚ hf¿® ImWm-\p≈ Ah-k-cw- e-`n-°p-I-bn-√. GXm\pw ImbvI-fnse

hnØp-Iƒ \nco-£n-°m≥ Ipń°v Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww. Hcp- hn-Øp-am-{X-ap-≈Xpw

H∂n¬ IqSp-X¬ hnØp-≈-Xp-amb ImbvIƒ Ipń-Iƒ Is≠-Ø-s´. Ipń-Iƒ I≠n-

´p≈ henb hnØpw sNdn-b-hnØpw ]d-b-s´. Noc, ISpIv Ch-bm-bn-cn°mw Ah¿

I≠n- p≈ sNdnb hnØp-Iƒ

XpS¿{]-h¿Ø\ km[y-X-Iƒ Bkq-{X-Ww-sN-øp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ hnØp-ti-J-c-

Whpw \S-Ømw. F∂m¬ tiJ-c-W-{]-h¿Ø-\-w am{Xambn Npcp-ß-cp-Xv. hnØp-I-

fpsS Hcp {]Z¿i\w ¢mkn¬ Hcp-°mw. πmÃnIv Ih-dp-I-fn¬ hnØp-Iƒ kq£n®v

D]-tbm-K-iq-\y-am-°-cp-Xv. {]Z¿i-\-tijw hnØp-Iƒ apf-bv°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-°-Ww.

samUyqƒ 6

ajn-Ø≠v ]co-£Ww

thcns‚bpw X≠n-s‚bpw [¿a-ßƒ Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Cu ]co-£Ww {]tbm-P-\-

s∏-Spw. ajn-Ø-≠p-sN-Sn-bmWv CXn\v G‰hpw DNn-Xw. ]ngp-sX-SpØ ajn-Ø≠psNSn

A¬]w hmSnb tijw am{Xta ajn-sh-≈-Øn¬ ap°n hbv°mhq. Bh-iy-amb

kqcy-{]-Imihpw e`n-°-Ww. Cs√-¶n¬ ]co-£Ww ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sm≥ km[y-X-bp-

≠v. thcv \nco-£n-°m≥ Hmtcm Ipńbpw sNSn ]dn-s®-Sp-°p∂ coXn Hgn-hm-°-

Ww. sNSn-Iƒ \in-∏n-°-cpXv F∂ ktμ-i-amWv Ah-cn¬ FtØ-≠-Xv.

samUyqƒ 7

\m´p-a-mhp-Iƒ ad-bp-∂p

So®-dpsS Ipń-°m-e-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂ \m´p-am-hp-Iƒ, Xpº, ap°p‰n XpSßn

[mcmfambn I≠n-cp∂ kky-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ A\p- hw Ipń-I-fp-ambn ]¶p-sh-

bv°mw. F√m kkyßfpw kwc£n°-Ww F∂ ktμiw Ipń-I-fn¬ FØ-Ww.

Hmtcm Ipńbpw ho´p ]d-ºn¬ Hcp kky-Øns‚ ssX \ v kwc-£n-°p∂p F∂v

Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ {ian-°p-I.

86

So®¿ sSIvÃv

bqWn-‰n-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ t]m¿ vt^m-fn-tbm-bn-te°v am‰m-hp∂ D¬∏-

∂-ßƒ

$ \ndw \¬Inb ]q°-fpsS Nn{X-ßƒ

$ h¿W-°-S-em-kp-sIm≠v \n¿an® ]q°ƒ

$ t]∏-dn¬ ]Xn-∏n-s®-SpØ Ce-®n-{X-ßƒ

$ Ip´n-Iƒ \n¿an® Ce B¬_w

$ hnØv apf-bv°¬ ˛ \nco-£-W-°p-dn∏v (Nn{Xhpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ømw)

$ ajn-Ø≠v ]co-£Ww ˛ ]co-£-W-°p-dn∏v

$ ]mT- m-K-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v \¬Ip∂ h¿°vjo-‰p-Iƒ

$

]cn-kc]-T\w

87

A[ym-]n-I-bv°p≈ hne-bn-cp-Ø-¬ kqN-I-ßƒ

anI-®Xv icm-icn icm-i-cn°p

Xmsg

$ ]cn-k-csØ kky-ß-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ

Ipń-Iƒ°v Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-™n- p≠v.

$ ac-ßƒ, sNdnb sNSn-Iƒ, h≈n-s®-Sn-Iƒ

F∂n-ßs\ Xcw Xncn-s®-gp-Xm≥

Ipń-Iƒ°v Ign-™p.

$ ]q°ƒ°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb \nd-ßƒ

Ipń-Iƒ \¬In-bn- p≠v.

$ GXm\pw ]q°-fpsS aWw Xncn-®-dn-bm≥

Ipń-Iƒ°v Ign-™n- p≠v.

$ IS-em-kp-sIm≠v ]q°ƒ \n¿an-°m≥

F√m Ipń-Iƒ°pw Ign-bp-∂p-≠v.

$ GXm\pw Ce-I-fpsS aW-a-dn™v GXp

kky-Øns‚ Ce-sb∂v Xncn-®-dn-bm≥

Ipń-Iƒ°v Ign-™n´p≠v.

$ Ce-Iƒ \nco-£n®v BIrXn Xncn-®-dn-

bm\pw Ce-®n{Xwhc®v \ndw \¬Im\pw

Ipń-Iƒ°v Ign-bp-∂p.

$ Poh-\p≈ hkvXp-°ƒ Poh-\n-√mØ

hkvXp-°ƒ F∂n-h ]ń-I-s∏-Sp-Øm≥

Ipń-Iƒ°v Ign-™p.

$ Ipń°v ]cn-Nn-X-amb kky-ß-fpsS GsX

√mw `mK-ßƒ \mw `£-W-Øn-\mbn D]-

tbm-Kn-°p∂p F∂v ]d-bm≥ Ignbp∂p≠v.

$ Hmtcm Ipńbpw hnØv apf-∏n-°p-Ibpw

hf¿®m-L- -ßƒ \nco-£n®v tcJs∏-Sp-

Øp-Ibpw sNbvXn- p-≠v.

$ ajn-Ø-≠vsNSn ]co-£Ww hnP-b-I-c-ambn

\S-Øm≥ Ign-™p. thcn-s‚bpw X≠n-s‚

bpw [¿a-ßƒ Ipń-Iƒ°v t_m[y-s∏- p.

$ Hmtcm Ipńbpw ho´p-h-f-∏n¬ Hcp ssX\ v

kwc-£n-°p∂p F∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥

Ign-™p.

88

So®¿ sSIvÃv

bqWn‰v ˛1

]qØpw Xfn¿Øpw

h¿°v jo‰v ˛ 1

hnØpw Imbpw

lcnXw \gvk-dn-bpsS B`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬ ImbvI-fpsS Hcp {]Z¿i\w \S-∂p. Xmsg

ImWp∂ Imbv-I-sf√mw {]Z¿i-\-Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Hcp hnØv am{X-ap≈ ImbvIƒ

H∂n-e-[nIw hnØp-I-fp≈ ImbvIƒ F∂n-ßs\ c≠v t_m¿Up-Iƒ {]Z¿in-∏n-

®n-cp-∂p. Xmsg ImWp∂ ]´n-I-bnse GsX√mw t]cp-I-fm-bn-cn°pw t_m¿Up-I-

fn¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-®n´p-≠m-hp-I. Hs∂-gpXn t\m°q.

tXß B∏nƒ Cu¥v amß t]cbv°

apfIv _Zmw aØ≥ PmXn° Hmd©v

]d-¶n-amß Rmh¬ sh≠ ASbv° hmf≥ ]pfn

sh≈cn Aº-gß ]mhbv° CuØ-∏gw ]b¿

Hcp hnØv am{X-ap≈ H∂n-e-[nIw hnØp-I-fp≈

ImbvIƒ ImbvIƒ

$ $

$ $

$ $

$ $

$ $

$ $

$ $

$ $

$ $

$ $

]cn-kc]-T\w

89

h¿°v jo‰v ˛ 2

]Z-{]iv\w

Xmsg ImWp∂ ]Z-{]iv\w ]qcn-∏n-°mtam?

he-tØm v

1. shfpØ \ndhpw \√ aW-hp-ap≈ sIm®p ]qhmWv Rm≥.

2. sNSn-bpsS Hcp {][m-\- m-K-amWv Rm≥. Ce-I-tf-bpw ImbvI-tfbpw ]q°-

tfbpw Xmßn-\n¿Øp-∂Xv Rm\m-Wv.

3. hr£-ß-fpsS Iq -Øn¬ Fs‚ t]cp-ap-≠v. Icn-\o-e-\n-d-ap≈ Hcp sIm®p

]gw Rm≥ \nßƒ°v Xcm-dp-≠v.

4. ]p¬h¿K-Øn¬s]´ G‰hpw henb kky-amWp Rm≥.

6. ImbvIƒ°p-≈n¬ Fs∂- Im-Wmw. ]pXnb sNSn-bp-≠m-Im\pw Rm≥ thWw.

7. Ce-I-fpsS Iq -Ønse hº-\mWp Rm≥. hoSns‚ ta¬°qc \n¿am-W-Øn\v

Fs∂ D]-tbm-Kn°pw.

Xmtgm´v

1. \nß-fp-sS-sbms° ho´p-h-f-∏n¬ ImWp∂ kky-amWp Rm≥. Fs‚ Cebpw

]qhpw Imbpw `£-W-ambn \nßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.

2. Poh-\p-≈-h-bpsS Iq -Øn¬ Rm\p-ap-≠v. sh≈-Ønepw Ic-bnepw F\n°v

Pohn-°m≥ Ign-bpw.

4 Hcp Poh-\n-√mØ hkvXp-hmWp Rm≥. Igp-Øn-e-Wn-bp∂ B -c-W-ap-≠m-

°m≥ Fs∂ D]-tbm-Kn-°pw.

5. sNSn-I-fpsS "ASp-°f' F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂Xv Fs∂-bm-Wv.

1 2

3

4 5

6 7

90

So®¿ sSIvÃv

BapJw

P¥ptemIsØ ckIcamb hntijßfnte°v "Ipgnbm\ apX¬

sImº\m\ hsc' F∂ ]mT`mKØneqsS IpńIsf \ap°v

ssI]nSn®v sIm≠p t]mImw. IpńIfpsS a\ nse {]nb

IYm]m{Xßsf√mw P¥p temIØn¬ \n∂mbncn°pat√m. Ahsb

ASpØdnbm\p≈ AhkcamWv Cu ]mT`mKw.

\ap°p Np‰pw hnhn[ XcØnep≈ PohnIƒ Ds≠∂v Xncn®dnbm\pw

Ahsb \nc o£n°m\pw khntijXIƒ Is≠Øn

]ńIs∏SpØm\pw Hmtcm Ipń°pw IgnbWw. PohnIfpsS

sshhn[yam¿∂ BlmccoXnbpw i{Xp°fn¬ \n∂v c£t\Sm≥

Ah kzoIcn°p∂ am¿Kßfpw IpńIƒ Xncn®dntb≠Xp≠v.

a\pjys‚ Nne CSs]SepIƒ PohPmeßfpsS \ne\n¬∏ns\

Xs∂ _m[n°p∂ps≠∂v Xnc n®dn™v {]XnIcW

{]h¿Ø\ßfn¬ G¿s∏Sm\pw Hmtcm Ip´ ntbbpw

{]m]vX\mt°≠Xp≠v . {]IrXnbnse PohPmeßsf

kwc£nt°≠Xps≠∂pw AXv \ΩpsS HmtcmcpØcptSbpw

ISabmsW∂pap≈ at\m`mhw Ip™p a\ pIfn¬ cq]s∏SWw.

AXphgn P¥ptemIsØ°pdn®v IqSpX¬ Adnbm≥ Ahcn¬

Xmev]cyap≠m°pIbpw thWw. Ip´ nIfn¬ \nco£Ww,

hnhctiJcWw, XcwXncn°¬, A]{KY\w, \nKa\w, \n¿amWw

XpSßnb tijnIƒ hf¿ØnsbSp°m≥ Cu ]mT`mKØnse

{]h¿Ø\ßƒ {]tbmP\s∏SpØWw.

Ipgn -bm\ apX¬Ipgn -bm\ apX¬Ipgn -bm\ apX¬Ipgn -bm\ apX¬Ipgn -bm\ apX¬

sImº -\m -\ -hscsImº -\m -\ -hscsImº -\m -\ -hscsImº -\m -\ -hscsImº -\m -\ -hsc2

]cn-kc-]-T\w

91

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93

bqWn-‰n-te-°v...

samUyqƒ 1

Nn{Xhmb\

]mT- m-KsØ BapJ Nn{Xhmb\bneqsS XpSßmw. Nn{Xhpambn _‘s∏ v N¿®

\S°s´. Xmsg ]dbp∂ kqNIßƒ D]tbmKs∏SpØpat√m.

$ Nn{XØnep≈ PohnIƒ Bscms°?

$ In´\m\bpsS Ipń°mew Fßs\bmbncp∂p?

$ \ap°p Np‰pw CXpt]mse [mcmfw PohnIfnt√?

¢mkv N¿®bv°ptijw "\nßƒs°{X PohnIfpsS t]cdnbmw'? F∂

tNmZyØneqsS IpńIƒ°v PohnIfpsS t]scgpXm≥ Ahkcw \¬IWw. XpS¿∂v

kn.Un {]Z¿i\ØneqsS t]scgpXn hn]peoIcn°s´. ¢mkn¬ AhXcn∏n°s´,

Iqńt®¿°s´. PohnIfpsS t]scgpXnb ]ńI t]m¿ vt^mfntbmbnte°v am‰s´.

Cu ]ńI ]p\cq]tbmK km[yXbp≈XmWv.

Xbmdm°nb ]ńI D]tbmKs∏SpØns°m≠v Cu PohnIfn¬ GsX√mw

PohnIsf \mw hoń¬ hf¿Ømdp≠v? \nßfpsS hoń¬ Chbn¬ GsXms°

PohnIsf hf¿Øp∂p≠v? F¥n\mWv \mw Chsb hoń¬ hf¿Ømdp≈Xv?

XpSßnb tNmZyßfneqsS N¿® \S°s´.

ISemkpsIm≠v ]£n \n¿amWw ¢mkn¬ \S-Ø-Ww. PohnIfpsS

A£cNn{Xßƒ hcbv°m≥ ]cnioen∏n°pIbpw sNømw. Cßs\ cq]s∏Sp∂

Dev]∂ßfpsS {]Z¿i\hpw ¢mkn¬ \SØmw.

samUyqƒ 2

Imń¬ Hcp ktΩ-f\w

Im¿´q¨ Nn{Xw D]tbmKs∏SpØn N¿®bmhmw.

$ \Ωƒ CXpt]mse GsX¶nepw PohnIsf t{Zmln°mdpt≠m?

$ a\p-jy-cn¬ \n∂v GsX√mw XcØnep≈ D]{ZhßfmWv Pohn-Iƒ°v

t\cntS≠nhcp∂Xv?

$ ktΩf\Øn¬ ]s¶SpØh¿°v c≠v Iu≠dn¬ `£Wsamcp°m≥

ImcWsa¥mWv?

$ Hmtcm Iu≠dn¬ \n∂pw `£Ww hmßnbh¿ Bscms°?

$ Bsc¶nepw c≠v Iu≠dn¬ \n∂pw `£Ww hmßn-bn- pt≠m?

94

So®¿ sSIvÃv

N¿®bn¬ PohnIfpsS £W coXn°v Du∂¬ sImSp°Ww. PohnIsf AhbpsS

Blmc coXn°\pkcn®v ]cnkc]pkvXIØn¬ IpńIƒ Xcw Xncns®gpXs´.

So®¿ t{ImUoIcWØnseØn°pIbpw thWw.

Ipf-ºp≈ arK-ß-sf√mw kkym-lm-cn-I-fm-Wv. {[ph-°-cSn amwkm-lm-cnbpw F∂m¬

DjvW-ta-Jem {]tZ-i-ß-fnse IcSn an{im-lm-cn-bp-am-Wv. \ΩpsS hoSp-I-fn¬

hf¿Øp∂ ]ń, ]q® F∂nh amwkm-lm-cn-I-fm-sW-¶nepw \mw thhn®p \¬Ip∂

kkym-lmcw Ign-°p-∂p-≠v AXp-sIm≠v Ah an{im-lm-cn-I-fm-sW∂v ]d-bm≥

Ign-bn-√. Ah thhn-°mØ kkym-lmcw Ign-°p-∂n-√. amwkm-lm-cn-I-fpsS

icoc{]Ir-X-amWv Chbv°p≈-Xv.

IuXpIap≠m°p∂ "hnNn{XPohn' {]h¿Ø\w IpńIƒ sNøs´. Cu Pohn°v

ck-I-c-amb Hcp t]cpw Ipń-Iƒ \n¿tZ-in-°-s´. hnhn[ Pohn-I-fpsS Nn{X-ß-

fnse ico-c- m-K-ßƒ shń-sb-SpØv Hń®v hnNn-{X-Po-hnsb Ipń-Iƒ \n¿an-°-s´.

Cc]nSn°pw X{¥ßƒ

Nne¥nhe ImWn®psImt≠m tNmZyßfneqsStbm Cu {]h¿Ø\Ønte°v

IS°mw. hoUntbm kn Unbn¬ \n∂v GsX¶nepw Hcp Pohn Cc]nSn°p∂

¢n∏nwKv ImWn°pIbpamImw.

$ CXpt]msebmtWm \ap°p Np‰pap≈ a‰p PohnIfpw Cc]nSn°p∂Xv?

$ GsX√mw PohnIƒ Cc]nSn°p∂Xv \nßƒ I≠n´p≠v?

N¿® \S°s´. XpS¿∂v ]mT`mKw hmbn°s´.

PohnbpsS t]cv Ign°p∂ Blmcw imcocnI {]tXyIXIƒ

knwlw am≥, t]mØv, ko{_ $ Iq¿Øp hf™ \Jßƒ

apXemb Pohn-Iƒ

$ Iq¿Øp aq¿®-bp≈ tImº√v

$ i‡n-bp≈ Imep-Iƒ

$ thK-Øn-tem-Sm-\p≈ Ignhv

CXp-t]m-se-bp≈ Hcp ]ń-Ibn¬ ]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ t{ImUo-I-cn-°m≥ Bh-

iy-s∏-Smw.

Npa¿ ]{XnIm\n¿amWw

PohnIfpsS Nn{X-ßƒ tiJ-cn®v Nm¿ń¬ Hń®v Pohn-bpsS t]cv, Ign-°p∂ Blm-

cw, Cc]n-Sn-°p-∂-sX-ßs\ F∂o hnh-c-ßƒ Fgp-Xn-tN¿°-s´. CXv {Kq∏v {]h¿Ø-

\-ambn \¬In°q-tS.

]cn-kc-]-T\w

95

\nco-£n°mw Is≠Ømw?

]q®, ]ń, ]√n, Nne-¥n, Ipgn-bm\ F∂n-ßs\ Ipń-Iƒ°v ]cn-Nn-X-amb Pohn-

Isf \nco-£n®v Ah Hmtcm∂pw Cc-]n-Sn-°p-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂v ]cn-kc ]pkvX-

I-Øn-se-gp-X-s´.

samUyqƒ 3

c£-t\Smw

N¿®m kqN-I-ßƒ \¬In-sIm≠v ]mT- mKw hmb\ \SØn ¢mkn¬ N¿® \S-

Øp-a-t√m. N¿®-bn-eqsS Inńb Bi-b-ßƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-sIm≠pw Pohn-I-

fpsS c£-s∏-S¬ coXn ImWn-°p∂ hoUntbm kn.Un I≠pw ]mT- m-K-Ønse

"Rßƒ c£-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Fß-s\-sb√mw' F∂ `mKw Ipń-Iƒ ]q¿Øn-bm-°-s´.

XpS¿∂v ]cn-kc ]pkvX-I-Øn-se-gp-X-s´. Cc ]nSn-°p-∂s-X-ßs\ F∂v hni-Zo-I-

cn-°p∂ Npa¿]{Xn-I-bn-te°v "c£-s∏-Sm≥ X{¥-ßƒ' F∂Xv IqSn Iqń-t®¿°m≥

Bh-iy-s∏- p-sIm≠v Hcp Dev]-∂-Øns‚ ]p\-cp-]-tbmK km[yX {]tbm-P-\-s∏-

Sp-Ømw.

Cg-™pw..... \S-∂pw...... ]d-∂pw......

PohnIfpsS k©m-c-co-Xn-sb-°p-dn-®mWv Cu `mKØv ]d-tb-≠-Xv. hmb-\-bn-eq-

sSbpw Bh-iy-amb kqN-I-ßƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ønbpw N¿® ck-I-c-am-°p-a-t√m...

¢mkn¬ Ipń-Iƒ Pohn-I-fpsS k©mc coXn A\p-I-cn-°-s´. ap≥]v Xbm-dm-°nb

Pohn-I-fpsS ]ńI D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v Cu {]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ IqsS

\¬Inb ]ńI ]q¿Øn-bm-°-s´. \ng¬ Nn{X-ßfpw ChnsS ck-I-c-amb coXn-

bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-at√m.

samUyqƒ 4

Xh-f-bpsS {]kwKw

{]kwKw ¢mkn¬ Ipń-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s´. Ipń-Iƒ°v {]kwK]cn-io-e-\-hp-am-

I-s´. \∂mbn {]kwKw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-hsc A`n-\-μn-°-Ww. XpS¿∂v kqN-I-

ßƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn N¿® \S-Ø-Ww.

$ Xh-f-Iƒ I¿j-Isc klm-bn-®n-cp-∂-sX-ßs\?

$ Xh-f-I-fpsS hmk-ÿ-e-Øn\v F¥p kw -hn®p?

$ Xh-f-Iƒ am{X-amtWm C∂v òjWn t\cn-Sp-∂Xv?

$ {]Ir-Xn-bn¬ \ΩpsS CSs]-S¬ GsX√mw Poh-Pm-e-ßƒ°mWv {]bm-k-

ßƒ D≠m-°p-∂Xv?

96

So®¿ sSIvÃv

N¿®-bn-eqsS e`n® Bi-b-ßƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v Hcp eLp Ipdn∏v ]cn-k-c-

]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ Xbm-dm-°-s´.

π°m¿Uv, t]mÃ¿ ... . . .

ktμ-i-ßƒ Fs¥m-s°-bm-hmw.... {Kq∏p-I-fn¬ N¿® \S-°-s´. hnc¬ ]Xn-∏n-

®p≈ Nn{X-ßƒ Xbm-dm°n t]mÃ-dp-I-fnepw π°m¿Up-I-fnepw Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-s´.

Ch kvIqfnepw ]cn-k-c-ß-fnepw {]Z¿in-∏n-°-s´.

]mT- m-K-Øn¬ ]d-™n-cn-°p∂ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw XpS¿{]-h¿Ø-

\-ßfpw ]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ Fgp-Xn-°-Ww.

bqWn-‰n-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ t]m¿ vt^m-fn-tbm-bn-te°v am‰m-hp∂

D¬∏-∂-ßƒ

$ IS-em-kp-sIm≠v \n¿an® ]£n

$ A£cNn{X-ßƒ

$ Ip´n-Iƒ \n¿an® hnNn-{X-Pohn

$ GsX-¶nepw Hcp Pohn-bpsS \nco-£-W-°p-dn∏v


$

]cn-kc-]-T\w

97


kqN-I-ßƒ anI-®Xv icm-icn icm-i-cn°p

Xmsg

1. N¿®-bn¬ F√m-Ip- n-I-fp-tSbpw ]¶m-fnØw

Dd-∏m-°m≥ Ign-™p.

2. \n¿ZnjvS kn.Un-Iƒ ê-{]-Z-ambn

D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ign-™p.

3. cq]-s∏´ D¬∏-∂-ß-fn¬ NneXv

t]m¿´vt^m-fn-tbm-bn-te°v Ipń-Iƒ°v

am‰m≥ Ign-™n- p-≠v.

4. \nco-£-W-°p-dn∏v Xbm-dm-°m≥ F√m

Ipń-Iƒ°pw Ign-bp∂p≠v.

5. Pohn-I-fpsS BlmccoXn- i{Xp-°-fn¬

\n∂v c£-t\-S¬ F∂n-h-bnse

hyXykvXX Ipń-Iƒ°v Xncn-®-dn-bm≥

Ign-™n- p-≠v.

6. a\p-jys‚ Nne CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ Poh-

Pm-e-ß-fpsS \ne-\n¬∏ns\ _m[n-°p-∂p-

s≠∂v t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-™p.

7. Poh-Pm-e-ßsf kwc-£n-t°-≠-Xm-sW∂

at\m- mhw cq]-s∏-Sm≥ Bh-iy-amb

{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \¬Im≥ Ign-™n- p-≠v.

98

So®¿ sSIvÃv

bqWn‰v ˛2

Ipgn-bm-\-ap-X¬ sImº-\m-\-hsc

h¿°v jo‰v ˛ 1

XØΩ s]Æns‚ IeymWw

Hcp-°-ßƒ XIr-Xn-bmbn \S-°p-I-bm-Wv. £Wn-°-s∏- -h¿ Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cmbn FØn-

Øp-S-ßn. Xmen-sI- n\v ka-b-am-b-t∏mƒ F√m-hcpw FØnt®¿∂p. NSßv Ign™v

F√m-hcpw `£-W-lm-fn-te-°v.

kky- -£Ww am{X-amWv Xøm-dm-°n-bn-cp-∂-Xv. `£Ww CjvS-s∏-Sm-Ø-h¿ Ign-

°msX amdn \n¬°p-∂Xv {i≤-bn¬s∏´ XØΩs∏Æv Imcy-at\zjn-®p. DSs\

Ah¿°m-h-iy-amb `£Ww FØn-°m≥ Hcmsf Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn. Nph-sS-bp≈

enÃv ]cn-tim-[n-°q. Bsc-√m-am-bn-cn°pw `£Ww Ign-®-h¿? `£Ww Ign-°msX

amdn \n∂-h-¿ Bscms°? Is≠Øn Xcw-Xn-cn-°q.

`£Ww Ign-®-h¿ `£Ww Ign-°msX amdn-\n-∂-h¿

$ Ba

$ B\

$ Pndm v

$ apXe

$ ]qºm‰

$ ]q®

$ abn¬

$ am≥

$ BSv

$ knwlw

$ XØ

$ ]ip

$ Im°

$ apb¬

$ ]mºv

$ ]pen

$ Ipd-°≥

$ tX\o®

$ tImgn

$ {]mhv

]cn-kc-]-T\w

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\ap°p Np‰pw [mcmfw Pohn-I-fp-≠-t√m... GsX-¶nepw Pohn-Isf \nßƒ kq£va-

ambn \nco-£n-®n- pt≠m? Im°-tbbpw tImgn-tbbpw \nco-£n®v Xmsg ImWp∂

\nco-£-W-°p-dn∏v ]q¿Øn-bm-°q.

Im°bv°pw tImgn°pw GsX√mw Imcy-ß-fn-emWv kmay-ap-≈Xv?

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am¿Kw .........................................................

tImgn

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bqWn-‰n-te-°v...

samUyqƒ 1

]mT-`m-K-Ønse BapJ Ihn-Xsb ASn-ÿm-\-am°n ¢mkn¬ N¿® \S-Ømw.

Xmsg ImWp∂ kqN-\-Iƒ N¿®-bn¬ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ømw.

$ Ipń-I-fpsS ag-°me A\p- -h-ßƒ.

$ ag-°mew CjvSs∏-Sm-\p≈ ImcWw.

$ ag-°m-esØ {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ.

$ ag-bv°p-tijw {]Ir-Xn-bnse am‰-ßƒ.

ag-bv°p-tijw kvIqƒ ]cn-k-cØv h∂ am‰ßƒ Ipń-Iƒ \nco-£n®v Is≠-

Øs´.

Pe-t{km-X- p-Iƒ

Ipń-bpsS {]tZ-i-Øp≈ Pe-t{km-X- p-Iƒ Ah≥ Is≠Øn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-s´.

Pe-t{km-X- p-I-sf-°p-dn®v eLp-N¿®-bp-am-Imw. Ipń-bpsS Pn√-bnse {][m-\-s∏´

]pg, Imb¬ F∂n-h Ah\v ]cnNb-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ad-°-cp-Xv.

samUyqƒ ˛2

F\n°pw thWw sh≈w

Pe-Øns‚ D]-tbm-K-sØ-°p-dn®v N¿® \S-°-s´. ]mT- m-KsØ Nn{X-ßƒ AXn\v

{]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ømw. Hmtcm Ipńbpw Ahs‚ Hcp Znh-ksØ PeØns‚ -D-]-

tbmKw ]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-s´. Xmsg ImWp∂ ]ńI ]q¿Øn-

bm-°-s´. Af-hn-\mbn •mkv, a§v, _°‰v F∂nh D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.

Fs‚ Hcp Znh-ksØ Pe D]-tbmKw

$ IpSn-°m≥

$ Ipfn°m≥

$ ssII-gp-Im≥

$

$

]mT-`m-K-Øn¬ \n¿tZ-in® Pe-Øns‚ a‰v D]-tbm-K-ßƒ N¿® sNbvXv Iqń-

t®¿°m≥ Ipń-Iƒ°v Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww.

]cn-kc-]-T\w

105

samUyqƒ ˛3

Pe-an-s√-¶n¬

Pe-£m-a-Øns‚ cq£X Ipń-Iƒ°v t_m[y-am-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ Xc-Øn¬ Hcp

hoUntbm {]Z¿i\w \S-Øm≥ {ian-°-Ww. CXp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]{X-hm¿Ø-

Ifpw Ipń-I-fpsS {i≤-bn¬s]-Sp-Ømw. Pe-£m-a-sØ-°p-dn®v eLp N¿®bpw

¢mkn¬ \S-°-Ww.

kqN-\-Iƒ

1) h‰n-h-c≠ InW-dp-Iƒ, Ipf-ßƒ

2) h‰n-h-c≠ Irjn-bn-S-ßƒ

3) DW-ßn-t∏mb sNSn-Iƒ

4) hml-\-ß-fn¬ sh≈-sa-Øn-°p-∂-Xv.

samUyqƒ ˛ 4

Pew Aaqeyw

Pew ]mgm-bn-t∏m-Ip∂ \nc-h[n kμ¿ -ßƒ Ipń-Iƒ°v Is≠-Øm-\m-Ipw. ]mT-

`m-KsØ Nn{X \nco-£-W-ØneqsS N¿® XpSßmw. \ΩpsS A{i-≤-aqew \jvS-

s∏- p-t]m-Ip∂ Pe-sØ-°p-dn®v Ipń°v t_m[yw hc-Ww. ]mT- m-K-Øn¬ \¬Inb

"Fs‚ sX‰pw icnbpw ' sN°v enÃv Ipń-Iƒ Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

"Pe-kw-c-£Ww' F∂ Bibw {]N-cn-∏n-°m≥ t]mÃ¿, π°m¿Uv F∂n-ß-s\-

bp≈ Imcy-ßƒ Ipń-Iƒ {Kq∏pIfmbn Xncn™v \n¿an-°-s´. Ipń-Iƒ \n¿an®

t]mÃ-dp-Iƒ kvIqfnepw ]cn-k-c-ß-fnepw {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-hm-\p≈ Ah-kcw \¬I-

Ww.

samUyqƒ ˛ 5

F{X Xp≈n-Iƒ

Hmtcm Xp≈n Pehpw hne-s∏- -XmWv F∂ ktμiw Ipń-I-fn-se-Øn-°m≥ ]cym-

]vX-amb Hcp eLp-]-co-£-Ww ]mT- m-K-Øn¬ \¬In-bn- p-≠v. Ipń-I-fpsS ]¶m-fn-

Ø-tØmsS Cu ]co-£Ww ¢mkn¬ \S-Ø-Ww. Hcp _°‰v Pew ]mgm-°p-

tºmƒ F{X Xp≈n Pe-amWv ]mgm-Ip-∂Xv F∂ hkvXpX Hmtcm Ipń-tbbpw

t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-b-Ww. ]co-£-W-Øn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb ]m{X-ßƒ sXc-

s™-Sp-°m≥ {i≤n-°-Ww.

106

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samUyqƒ ˛ 6

cm[-bpsS ]cmXn

Ipń-I-fn¬ IuXp-I-ap-W¿Øp-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n \¬Inb Hcp {]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv.

Cu {]h¿Ø\w Ipń°v t_m[y-s∏-Sm≥ ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-IbpwthWw.

]mb-k-Øn-\p-]-Icw Pew D]-tbm-Kn-®m¬ aXn. {Zmh-I-ßƒ°v \n›nX BIrXn

C√ F∂pw AXv ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ ]m{X-Øns‚ BIrXn kzoI-cn-°p∂p F∂pap≈

imkv{X-h-kvXpX Ipń-Isf t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw Cu {]h¿Ø\w klm-bn°pw.

Duln-°m\pw ]co-£n®v Adn-bm\pw DX-Ip-∂-X-c-Øn¬ Xmsg-Im-Wp∂ tNmZy-

ßƒ \¬In {]h¿Ø\w IqSp-X¬ hn]p-e-am-°-Ww.

$ \nß-fpsS hm´¿t_m- -nen¬ F{X •mkv sh≈w sIm≈pw?

$ Hcp tkmUm-Ip-∏n-bn¬ F{X •mkv sh≈w sIm≈pw?

samUyqƒ ˛ 7

InW-dn-\-cnsI

]mT-`m -KsØ Nn{X \nco -£-W-Øn-eqsS N¿®-bn --te°v IS-°mw. IpSn -

sh≈t{kmX v hrØn-bmbn kwc-£n-°pI F∂ ktμiw Ipń-°p-\¬Im-\mWv

Cu ]mT- m-K-Øn-eqsS {ian-t°-≠-Xv. ss]∏p-Pew am{Xw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Ipń-

Iƒ Hcp ]t£ ¢mkn-ep-≠m-Imw. IpSn-sh≈w aen-\-am-Ip∂ kml-N-cy-ßfpw

Ah XS-bp-hm-\p≈ am¿K-ßfpw Hmtcm Ipńbpw Adn-™n-cn-°-Ww. InW-dp≈

{]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ ]cn-k-csØ InW¿ kμ¿in®v Imcy-ßƒ t_m[y-s∏-Sm-\p≈

Ah-kcw Hcp-°-Ww. Ipń-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ IpSn-sh-≈-sØ-°p-dn®pw ¢mkn¬

N¿® \S-Ø-Ww.

samUyqƒ ˛ 8

Pew ip≤o-I-cn°mw

Pew ip≤o-I-cn-°m-\p≈ km[m-c-W-am¿K-ßfpw B[p-\nI kwhn-[m-\-ßfpw Ipń-

Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. "ap®ń Acn∏' eLp ]co-£Ww Ipń-I-fpsS kl-I-c-

W-tØmsS \S-Øm≥ {ian-°-Ww. Nc¬, aW¬, Nnc- -°cn F∂nh \∂mbn Igp-

In-sb-SpØ tijta Nń-bn¬ \nd-bv°m-hq. ¢mkn¬ ]co-£Ww \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v

apºv So®¿ Cu ]co-£Ww sNbvXp-t\m-°p-∂Xv \∂m-bn-cn-°pw. ]co-£-W-°p-

dn∏v Ipń-I-tfmSv ]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ \n¿tZin-°-Ww.

]cn-kc-]-T\w

107

samUyqƒ ˛ 9

Pem-i-b-ßƒ aen-\-am-°-cptX!

amen-\y-ßƒ \nd™ Pem-i-b-ß-fpsS hoUntbm {]Z¿i-\-Øn-eqsS Cu `mKw

Ah-X-cn-∏n-°mw. ]{X-hm¿Ø-Ifpw Ah-X-c-W-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. Ipń-bpsS

{]tZ-isØ tXmSp-Iƒ Ipf-ßƒ XpSßn \nco-£-W-Øn\v km[y-X-bp≈ ÿe-

ß-fp-s≠-¶n¬ Ah {]tbm--P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. Pem-i-b-ßƒ aen-\-am-Ip-∂-Xp-sIm-

≠p-≠m-Ip∂ tZmj-ßƒ ¢mkn¬ N¿®-\-S-°-Ww. ]{X-ß-fn¬ hcp∂ CØcw

hm¿Ø-Iƒ tiJ-cn®v Nm¿ vt]∏-dn¬ Ipdn®v {]Z¿i\w \S-Ømw. Pem-i-b-ßƒ

aen-\-am-°p-∂-Xn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ ap{Zm-hm-Iy-ßtfm, KoX-ßtfm Hmtcm Nm¿ńs‚bpw

NphsS tN¿°m\pw \n¿tZ-in-°-Ww.


D¬∏-∂-ßƒ

$ Ipń-bpsS Hcp Znh-ksØ Pe D]-tbm-K-∏ńI

$ "Fs‚ sX‰pw icnbpw' sN°v enÃv

$ "InW¿' kμ¿i\ dnt∏m¿ v

$ ap®ń Acn∏ ˛ eLp-]-co-£W°pdn∏v


$

108

So®¿ sSIvÃv



Xmsg

$ N¿®-bn¬ F√m Ipń-I-fp-tSbpw ]¶m-fnØw

Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ Ign™p

$ ag-bv°p-ti-j-ap≈ am‰-ßƒ Ipń-Iƒ

]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.

$ ]cn-k-c-Øp≈ Pe-t{km-X-kp-Iƒ Ipń-Iƒ

enÃvsNbvXn-´p-≠v.

$ Pe-Øns‚ D]-tbm-K-ßƒ Ipń-Iƒ enÃv

sNbvXn-´p-≠v.

$ Pe-£m-a-Øns‚ cq£X Ipń-Isf

t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-™p.

$ Pew ]mgm-bn-t∏m-Ip∂ kμ¿ -ßƒ Ipń-Iƒ

tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.

$ t]mÃ¿ \n¿am-W-Øn¬ F√m--Ip- n-I-fp-tSbpw

]¶v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ Ign-™p.

$ eLp-]-co-£Ww hnP-b-I-c-am-bn -sN-øp-Ibpw

]co-£-W-°p-dn∏v Ipń-Iƒ

tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

$ ]cn-k-csØ InW-dp-Iƒ kμ¿in®v InW¿

aen-\-am-Ip∂ kml-N-cy-ßƒ Is≠-Øm\pw

]cn-lmcw \n¿tZ-in-°m\pw Ipń-Iƒ°v

Ign-™p.

$ "ap®ń Acn∏' ˛ eLp-]-co-£Ww hnP-b-I-c

-ambn sNbvXp. ]co-£-W-°p-dn∏v Ipń-Iƒ

]cn-kc ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ Fgp-Xp-Ibpw

sNbvXp.

]cn-kc-]-T\w

109

bqWn‰v ˛3

Pew Pohm-arXw

h¿°v jo‰v ˛ 1F{X Pew

Hcp Znhkw \nß-fpsS hoń¬ F{X _°‰v Pew D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≠mIpw?

Xmsg ImWp∂ ]ńI ]qcn-∏n®v Is≠-Øm≥ {ian°q. (Hcp _°‰v Af-hn-\mbn

D]-tbm-Kn-°mw).

ho´p-t]cv :

hońse AwK-ß-fpsS FÆw :

Pe-Øns‚ D]-tbm-K-ßƒ Ct∏mƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Ipd-bv°m≥ Ign-bp∂ Pe

Pe-Øns‚ Afhv D]-tbmKw (GsX-¶nepw

(_°-‰v, Af-hv) Imcy-Øn¬ Ign-bp-sa-¶n¬)

$ IpSn-°p-∂-Xn\v

$ Ipfn-°p-∂-Xn\v

$ ]√v tXbv°p-∂-Xn\v

$ I°qkv D]-tbm-K-Øn\v

$ ]mN-I-Øn\v

$ ]m{Xw Igp-Ip-∂-Xn\v

$ hkv{Xw Ae-°p-∂-Xn\v

$ sNSn-Iƒ \\-bv°p-∂-Xn\v

$

$

$ Hcp Znhkw Ct∏mƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂

Pe-Øns‚ Afhv : ............. _°‰v

$ \nb-{¥n®v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ Ipd-bv°m≥

Ign-bp∂ Pe-Øns‚ Afhv : ............. _°‰v

Ipdn∏v

$ Hmtcm Ipńbpw h¿°vjo‰v ]qcn-∏n-°-Ww.

$ Pe-Øns‚ D]-tbmKw hońse AwK-ß-fpsS FÆw IW-°m°n tcJ-s∏-Sp

Øm≥ {i≤n-°-Ww.

110

So®¿ sSIvÃv

h¿°v jo‰v ˛ 2Fs¥√mw \n¿tZ-i-ßƒ

cmPp-hn-s‚bpw cm[-bp-tSbpw hońse InW-dn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ Imcy-ß-fmWv Xmsg

ImWp∂ ]ń-I-bn-ep-≈-Xv. c≠v ]ń-Ibpw ]cn-tim-[n®v InW¿Pew aen-\-am-

°p∂ kml-N-cy-ßƒ Hgn-hm-°m≥ c≠p-t]-tcmSpw \n¿tZ-in-°m-\p≈ Imcy-ßƒ

NphsS tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øq.

cmPp-hns‚ hońse InW¿

$ InW-dn\p kao-]Øv sh®v Ae-°m-

dp≠v.

$ InW-dn\v he-bn- n- p≠v.

$ InWdpw ]cn-k-chpw hrØn-bp-≈-

X√.

$ I°qkv Sm¶v InW-dn\v kao-]-ØmWv

$ InW-dn\p kao]w aen-\-Pew sIń-

°n-S-°p-∂p.

$ InW-dn\p kao-]-Øp-\n∂v Ipfn-

°mdn√.

$ InW-dn\v Bƒa-d-bp≠v.

cm[-bpsS hońse InW¿

$ InWdpw ]cn-k-chpw hrØn-bp-≈-

XmWv.

$ InW-dn\v he-bn-ń-ń√.

$ InW-dn¬ \n∂v hfsc AI-se-bmWv

I°qkv Sm¶v.

$ InW-dn\p kao-]Øv Ae-°m-dn√.

$ InW-dn\v Bƒad C√.

$ InW-dn\p kao-]-Øp-\n∂v Ipfn-°m-

dp≠v.

$ InW-dn\p kao-]Øv aen-\-Pew sIń-

°n-S-°p-∂n√.

cmPp-hn-\p≈ \n¿tZ-i-ßƒ

$

$

$

$

cm[-bv°p≈ \n¿tZi-ßƒ

$

$

$

$

]cn-kc-]-T\w

111

BapJw

ipNn-X-zhpw B-tcm-K-yhpw F∂ hnj-b-amWv Cu ]mT- m-K-Øn¬ N¿®

sNøp-∂-Xv. \ΩpsS Np‰p-]m-Sn¬ tcmKw ]c-Øp∂ [mcmfw Pohn-I-

fp-s≠∂pw ]cn-kc ipNn-X-z-an-√mbvabmWv CØcw Pohn-Iƒ s]cp-

Im≥ Imc-W-sa∂pw Ipń Xncn-®-dn-bWw.

sImXpIv, Cu®, Fen F∂nh s]cp-Ip∂ kml-N-cyw Ipń \nco-

£-W-Øn-eq-sSbpw ]cn£-W-Øn-eq-sSbpw Xncn-®-dn-b-Ww. CØcw

Pohn-Iƒ ]c--Øp∂ tcmK-ßfpw B tcmK-ßƒ hcm-Xn-cn-°m≥ FSp-

t°≠ ap≥I-cp-X-ses¥m-s°-bm-sW∂pw Ipńsb t_m[-y-s∏-Sp-tØ-

≠-Xp≠v. tcmK-ßƒ h∂m¬ sNtø≠ {]mY-anI NnIn-’bpw Ipń

Adn-b-Ww.

hy-‡n-ip-Nn-Xzw t]mse Xs∂ kmaq-lnI ipNn-X-zhpw {][m-\-s∏-

-XmWv. Ch c≠pw ]men°m≥ Ipńsb {]m]vX-\m-°p-Ibpw thWw.

Aßs\ Xs‚ \mSns\ ipNn-X-z-ap-s≈mcp \mSm°n am‰m≥ Hmtcm

Ipńbpw {ian-°p∂ Xe-Øn-te°v FØn-°m-\m-h-iy-amb {]h¿Ø-

\-ßƒ Cu ]mT- mK-Øn-eqsS \¬Im≥ {ian-°mw.

hrØn \ΩpsS i‡nhrØn \ΩpsS i‡nhrØn \ΩpsS i‡nhrØn \ΩpsS i‡nhrØn \ΩpsS i‡n4

112

So®¿ sSIvÃv

Bi

-b-ß

ƒ/[

mc-W

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/{]

{Inb

mti

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v, C

u®

, F

en F

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cp-I

p∂

kml

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BtcmK

y {]

iv\

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m≥

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p-∂p.

$h

oSpw ]

cn-k

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pw h

rØn-b

mbn k

q£n-°

p-

∂-X

n\v F

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v Xnc

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gn-b

p-∂p.

$sI

mX

pIp

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te

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$B

lm-c-Ø

n-eq-s

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h-≈

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km[

y-X-b

p≈ t

cmK

-ßƒ

Xnc

n-®-dn-b

m≥ I

gn-b

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$sI

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v, C

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tcmK

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nco-£

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vIqƒ

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w

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nco-£

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kma

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n‰v s{^

bnw

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mb ]

nco-U

p-Iƒ

: 10

]cn-kc-]-T\w

113

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mT`m-K

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¬ \

¬tI

≠ aqey-ß

ƒ / at\

m-mh

ßƒ

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y‡n-i

p-NnX

zhpw k

maq-l

nI-i

p-Nn-X

zhpw ]

men-t°

-≠-X

p≠v

$tcmK

w h

cm≥

k

m[y-X

-bp≈

k

ml-N

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ƒ Hgn-h

m-t°

-≠-X

p≠v

$sI

mXp-I

v, C

u®

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en

F∂

o P

nhn-I

fn-

eq-s

Sb

pw sh

≈-Ø

n-eq-s

Sb

pw ]

I-cp∂

tcmK

-ßƒ

]

nSn-s

]-Sm-X

n-cn-°

m≥

\

mw

Fs¥

√mw

sN

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v X

ncn-®

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v

{]h

¿Ø

n-°m≥

I

gn-b

p-∂p.

$h

y‡n i

pNnX

zw ]

men-°

p-Ib

pw i

pNnX

z

ioe

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n¿t±-i

n-°p-h

m\pw I

gn-b

p-∂p.

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rØn F

∂ B

ib

w {]

N-cn-∏

n-°m-\

p≈

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n-te

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gn-b

p-∂p.

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y‡n

ipN

n-Xzh

pw k

maq-l

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pw Dd-∏

p-h-cp-Ø

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n¬ X

s‚

]

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v {]

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n-°m≥

I

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X

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m≥ am¿

K-ß

ƒ D≠

v.

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n i

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ob

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y‡n i

pNnX

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h ]

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k

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kv e

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114

So®¿ sSIvÃv

bqWn-‰n-te-°v...

samUyqƒ 1

kvIn‰v

]mT- m-K-Ønse c≠v \mSp-I-fp-sSbpw Nn{X-ßfpw kw`m-j-Whpw ASn-ÿm-\-am°n

sImXpIv, Cu®, Fen F∂n-h-bpsS apJw-aqSn \n¿an®v, ¢mkn¬ kvIn‰v Ah-X-cn-

∏n-°-s´.

hrØn-bp≈ \mSpw hr-Øn-bn-√mØ \mSpw ˛ Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ tÃPn¬ Bh-i-y-amb

{Iao-I-cWw hcp-Ø-Ww.

kvIn‰v Ah-X-c-W-Øn\v tijw c≠v CS-ß-fn-sebpw hrØn-sb°p-dn®v ¢mkn¬

N¿® \S-°-s´.

{][m\ Bi-b-ß-fn-te-s°-Øn-°m≥ Bh-i-y-amb N¿®m kqN-I-ßƒ \¬I-Ww.

$ Fenbpw Iq´p-Imcpw \mSphn-Sp-hm≥ Imc-W-sa¥v?

$ CØcw Pohn-Isf \nßƒ Fhn-sS-sbm-s°-bmWv I≠n- p-≈Xv?

$ Ch¿ FØn-s∏´ \mSv Ch¿t°sd CjvS-s∏-Sm≥ Imc-W-sa¥v?

N¿®-bv°p-tijw c≠v \mSpw Xmc-X-a-y-s∏-SpØn \nK-a\w ]cn-k-c-]pkvX-I-

Øn-se-gp-Xs´. CXn¬ GXv \mń¬ Xma-kn-°m\mWv \nßƒ Gsd CjvS-

s∏-Sp-∂Xv? F¥p-sIm≠v? F∂ tNmZ-y-Øn-eqsS hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ ChnsS \S-

Ømw.

samU-yqƒ ˛ 2

\nco-£Ww

kvIqfns‚ Np‰p-]m-Sp-Iƒ \nco-£n-°m≥ Ah-k-c-ap-≠m-°-Ww. \nco£n-°m≥

t]mIp-∂-Xn-\p-ap≥]v Fs¥ms° Imc-y-ß-fmWv \nco-£n-t°-≠-sX∂v ¢mkn¬

N¿® sNøm≥ ad-°-cp-Xv. \nco-£n®v Is≠-Ønb Imc-y-ßƒ ]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-

Øn¬ Ipdn-°-s´.

" "ss{UtU''

kvIqfn¬ "ss{UtU' BN-cn-°-s´. IpńIƒ°v Bh-i-y-amb \n¿tZ-i-ßƒ bYm-

k-abw So®¿ \¬Ip-Ibpw thWw. Cu {]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ \n∂pw Inńb Adnhv

D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-sIm≠v Ipń-Iƒ hońepw "ss{UtU' BN-cn®v AXns‚

dnt∏m¿s´-gpXn hc-s´.

]cn-kc-]-T\w

115

sImXp-Ins‚ ap -Iƒ hncn™v IqØm-Sn-I-fm-Ip∂sXßs\-sb∂v \nco-

£n-°m≥ Ah-k-c-ap-≠m-°mw ¢mkv apdn-bn¬ Hcp ]m{X-Øn¬ sh≈-sa-

Sp-Øp-h-bv°-Ww. (sNfn-sh-≈tam NmW-I-sh-≈tam Bhmw.) FSpØp

shbv°p∂ Znhkw IrX-y-ambn Hm¿°Ww. Znh-khpw Ipń-Iƒ ]m{X-

Øn-ep≈ sh≈w \nco-£s´ Ggm-asØ Znhkw sh≈-Øn¬ IqØm-Sn-

Isf ImWmw. A∂v Xs∂ sh≈w Hgn®p If™v IqØm-Sn-Isf \in-∏n-

°-Ww. Cs√-¶n¬ IqØm-Sn -Iƒ ]q¿W-h-f¿®-sbØn

sImXpIpIfmbnamdpw.

thÃv_n≥ \n¿amWw

Hcp _°‰v (πmÃnIv _°t‰m, Aeq-an-\nbw _°t‰m D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.) IagvØn

h®v AXns‚ ]pdw `mKØv ]q¿W-ambn Hcp \yq-kvt]-∏¿ sh≈-Øn¬ ap°n Hń-

°p-I. AXn-\p-ap-I-fn¬ H≥]tXm ]tØm \yqkv t]∏¿ CtX cq]-Øn¬ I™n-

sh-≈-Øn¬ ap°n Hń-°p-I. Ah-km\w Iń Ipd™ Hcp Nm¿ v t]∏dpw Hń-

°pI. shbn-eØv h®v \∂mbn DW-ßn-b-tijw _°‰v Ducn-sb-Sp-°p-I. t]∏¿

_°-‰n\p apI-fn¬ Bh-i-y-amb \ndw \¬In `wKn-bm-°mw. ¢mkn¬ CXv thÃv

_°-‰mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°-s´.

"hnZ-ym-e-b-Ønepw hońepw sImXpIv, Cu®, Fen F∂nh s]cp-Im-Xn-cn-°m≥

Rm≥ sNbvvXXv' F∂ Xe-s°- n¬ Ipń Fgp-Xp∂ Imc-y-ßƒ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

\S-Ø-Ww. sSIvÃv _p°n¬ \¬Inb ""ipNn-Xzw ]men-°m≥ Rm≥ sNøp-∂Xv''

F∂ h¿°v jo‰v t]mse Chn-sSbpw B cq]-Øn-sem∂v Xøm-dm-°pa-t√m.

samU-yqƒ ˛ 3

\nco-£Ww ]ń-I-s∏-Sp-Ø¬

Xnf-∏n-®m-dnb sh≈w IpSn-°m≥ sIm≠p-h-cp-∂-h¿ Bscms°? F∂ tNmZ-y-Øn-

eqsS Cu `mKw N¿® sNømw sh≈-Øn-eqsS tcmKw ]I-cm≥ Imc-W-sa¥v?

tcmK-ßƒ GsXms° XpS-ßnb IrX-y-amb tNmZ-y-ßƒ \¬In-sIm≠v N¿®

apt∂m´p \bn-°-Ww.

_mIvSo-cnb apX-emb kq£va Pohn-I-fmWv Pe-Øn-eqsS tcmKw ]c-Øp-

∂-Xv. AXp-sIm≠v IpSn-°m-\p≈ sh≈w A©v an\n‰v \∂mbn Xnf-∏n-

°Ww. Xnf-∏n® sh≈w XWp-°m≥ th≠n ]®-sh≈w Hgn-°p-∂Xv

KpW-I-c-a-√. sh≈w X\nsb XWp-°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-°-Ww.

Cu®, Fen F∂o Pohn-Iƒ aqe-ap-≠m-Ip∂ {]iv\-ßfpw ChnsS N¿®bv°v

hnt[-b-am-°Ww. IqSmsX Cu Pohn-Iƒ ]c-Øp∂ tcmK-ßfpw ]ń-I-s∏-Sp-ØWw.

116

So®¿ sSIvÃv

ICT km[yX

sImXp-Iv, Cu® XpS-ßnb Pohn-Iƒ tcmKw ]I¿Øp∂ kml-N-cy-ßƒ a\- n-

em-°p-∂-Xn\v application-school resource std 5 F∂ en¶v ¢n°v sNøp-tºmƒ

e`n-°p∂ Pme-I-Ønse "ipNnXzw hońepw \mńepw' F∂-Xn¬ ¢n°v sNbvXv

tcmKw ]c-Øp∂ Pohn-Iƒ F∂ hoUntbm \nco-£n-°p-I.

ORS emb\n Xøm-dm-°¬

]m\ob NnIn-’-bpsS {]m[m-\yw N¿®-sN-bvXp-sIm≠v ¢mkn¬ ORS ]m\obw

Xøm-dm°p∂p.

Xnf-∏n-®m-dnb Hcp •mkv sh≈-Øn¬ Hcp kv]q¨ ]©-km-c, D∏v F∂nh

tN¿Øv \∂mbn Cf°n ebn-∏n®v emb\n Xøm-dm°mw. Hmd¬ dosslt{U-

j≥ tkmƒ v F∂-XmWv ORS F∂Xns‚ ]q¿W-cq]w

t]mÃ¿ \n¿amWw

t]mÃ¿ \n¿amWw {Kq∏p-I-fn¬ \¬Imw. kvIqfn¬ A\p-tbm-P-y-amb kY-e-ß-

fn¬ Ch ]Xn-∏n°-ep-am-hmw.

samU-yqƒ ˛ 4

sN°venÃv ]qcn-∏n-°¬

sSIvÃv _p°n¬ \¬Inb sN°venÃv hy-‡n-K-X-ambn SnIv sNø-s´. sXm -Sp-Øn-

cn-°p∂bmfpsS sN°p-en-Ãp-ambn Xmc-X-ayw sNø-s´. XpS¿∂v ipNn-Xzw ]men°m≥

"Rßƒ sNøp-∂Xv' F∂ cq]-Ønsemcp sN°v enÃv ¢mknepw Bbn-°qtS.

amXrI

ipNnXzw ]men-°m≥ Rßƒ

sNøp-∂Xv dk

nb

ch

n

kvt\

l

A_

p

$ F√m Znh-khpw Ipfn-°p∂p

$ \Jw shń hrØn-bm-°p∂p

$

$

$

$

$

amX

yp

Aº

nfn

]cn-kc-]-T\w

117

samU-yqƒ ˛ 5

¢_v {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

t]mÃ-dp-Iƒ, eLp-teJ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v N¿® sNøWw amXrIm t]mÃ-dp-

Iƒ (BtcmKyhIp-∏nt‚bpw a‰pw) ¢mkn¬ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ømw. AXp-t]mse

as‰m∂v \n¿an-°m-\m-hiys∏Smw. k¿th \SØmw, hm¿Øm sImfmjv \n¿an-

°mw.

¢mkn-semcp "ipNn-X-z-tk\' cq]o-I-cn®v hy-‡n-ip-Nn-X-zhpw kmaq-lnI ipNn-Xzhpw

]men-°p-∂pt≠m F∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

Ip´n ]men-°p-∂ ipNn-X-z-in-e-ßfpw Btcm-Ky ioe-ßfpw \nco-£n®v hne-bn-

cpØ¬ \SØWw.

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpw XpS¿ {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw

Ch Hmtcm {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS `mK-amtbm thdnt´m \S-Ømw. A\p-tbm-P-y-amb

IqSp-X¬ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Is≠-Øn \¬Ip-Ibpw, Ip´n-Iƒ sNbvXp-h-cp-∂h hne-

bn-cp-Ø¬ \S-Øp-Ibpw thWw.


D¬∏-∂-ßƒ

$ kvIn‰n-\mbn \n¿an® apJw-aq-Sn-Iƒ

$ hy‡n-ip-Nn-Xz-Nm¿´v

$ ss{UtU BN-cW dnt∏m¿ v

$ kvIqƒ ipNnXz {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS dnt∏m¿ v


$

118

So®¿ sSIvÃv


anI-®Xv icmicn icm-i-cn°p

Xmsg

$ HB, TB F∂n-h-bnse {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°p

]pdsa sa®-s∏´ Nne {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

IqSn \¬Im≥ Ign-™p.

$ Fen, sImXpIv, F∂n-h-cpsS kw`m-jWw

anI® coXn-bn¬ kvIn‰mbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-

°m≥ Ipń-Iƒ°v Ah-kcw Hcp-°n.

$ N¿®-I-fn¬ F√m Ipń -I -fp -sSbpw

]¶mfnØw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ Ign-™n- p-≠v.

$ "ss{UtU' F√m Ipń -I -fp -tSbpw

]¶mfnØtØmsS \S-Øm≥ Ign-™p.

$ thÃv_n≥ \n¿an-°m-\p≈ ]cn-io-e\w

\¬In.

$ ORS emb\n ¢mkn¬ Xøm-dm°n

$ F√m Ipń-I-tfbpw sN°v enÃv ]qcn-∏n-

°p∂ Xe-Øn-te°v FØn-°pI hgn

ipNnXz ioe-ßƒ ]men-°p-∂p-s≠∂v

Dd∏p hcp-Øp-hm≥ Ign-™p.

$ ipNn-X-z-tk-\-bn¬ kPo-h-ambn F√m Ipń-

I-sfbpw ]s¶-Sp-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

$ hy‡n ipNn-X-zhpw kmaq-lnI ipNn-X-zhpw

Hcp t]mse {]m[m-\-y -ap≈XmsW∂

t_m[-Øn-te°v F√mIpń -I-tfbpw

FØn-°m≥ Ign-™p.

]cn-kc-]-T\w

119

bqWn‰v ˛4

hrØn \ΩpsS i‡n

h¿°v jo‰v ˛ 1

hrØn-bn¬ Fs‚ am¿°v

hy‡n-Po-hn-X-Ønepw kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-Ønepw ]men-t°≠ \√ ioe-ßƒ \mw

Xncn-®-dn-™p-I-gn™p. Xmsg X∂n-cn-°p∂ ioe-ßƒ hmbn®v \nßƒ sNøp∂

Imcy-ßƒ "'AS-bm-fhpw A√m-Ø-hbv°v "' AS-bm-fhpw \¬Iq.

$ F√m-Zn-h-khpw Ipfn®v hrØn-bm-bmWv kvIqfn¬ FØp-∂-Xv.

$ s]mXp-ÿ-eØv ae-aq-{X-hn-k¿P\w \S-Øm-dn-√.

$ hoSv hrØn-bm-°m≥ AΩsb klm-bn-°m-dp-≠v.

$ I°q-kn¬ t]mb-Xn-\p-tijw ssIIm-ep-Iƒ tkm∏v D]-tbm-Kn®v Igp-Imdp≠v.

$ cmhn-sebpw sshIp-t∂-chpw ]√p tX°m-dp-≠v.

$ \Jw shń hrØn-bm-°m-dp-≠v.

$ `£-Wm-h-in-jvS-ßƒ hens-®-dn-bm-dn-√.

$ thÃv _°‰v IrXy-ambn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-dp-≠v.

$ hoSn-\p-Np‰pw sh≈w sIń-In-S-°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-°m-dn-√.

$ Xpd∂ph-®n-cn-°p-∂Xpw ]g-In-b-Xp-amb Blm-c-km-[-\-ßƒ Ign-°m-dn-√.

Hmtcm icn ()AS-bmfØn\pw 5 am¿°v hoXw \¬Iq. \nßƒ°v F{X-am¿°v

Inń F∂v Is≠-Øq.

hrØn-bn¬ F{X-am¿°v

apgp-h≥am¿°pw t\Sm≥ C\n Rm≥ {i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-ßƒ.

$

$

$

$

$

$

$

120

So®¿ sSIvÃv

h¿°v jo‰v ˛ 2

c≠v {Kma-ßƒ

ipNn-Xz-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ GXm\pw Imcy-ß-fmWv Xmsg ImWp∂ tImf-Øn-ep-

≈-Xv. c≠v {Kma-ß-fpsS ]ń-Ibpw NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Hmtcm {Kma-Øn\pw

A\p-tbm-Py-amb {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ tImf-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Is≠Øn ]ń-I-bn¬ FgpXq.

]hn-g-°-c-{Km-aw- -hr-Øn-bp-≈-{Kmaw

$

$

$

$

$

$

$

N∏p-N-h-dp-Iƒ Ip∂p-IqSn InS-°p∂p

aen-\-Pew sIń-°n-S-°p∂pZnh-khpw -hoSpw ]cn-k-chpw

hrØn-bm-°p∂ P\-ßƒ

amwkm-h-in-jvS-ßƒ kwkv°-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v {]tXyI kwhn-[m\w Hcp-°n-bn-´p-≠v.

s]mXp-ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ ae-aq-{X-hn-k¿P-\-Øn-\mbv {]tXyI kuIcyw C√.

N∏p-N-h-dp-Iƒ \nt£-]n-°m≥Nh‰p- Ip- -Iƒ ÿm]n-®n- p-≠v.

hoSpw ]cn-k-chpw hrØn-bm-°m≥P\-ßƒ {i≤n-°m-dn-√.

aen-\-Pew Hgp-In-t∏m-Ip-∂-Xn\vHmS-Iƒ ÿm]n-®n- p-≠v.

amwkm-h-in-jvS-ßƒ s]mXp-h-gn-bn¬ \nt£-]n-°p-∂p.

s]mXp-ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ ae-aq-{X-hnk¿P\Øn\mbn {]tXyI

kuIcyw Hcp-°n-bn- p-≠v.

apØp-°-c-{Km-aw- -hr-Øn-bn-√m-Ø-{Kmaw

$

$

$

$

$

$

$

]cn-kc-]-T\w

121

cpNn - tbmsS Icp - tØmsScpNn - tbmsS Icp - tØmsScpNn - tbmsS Icp - tØmsScpNn - tbmsS Icp - tØmsScpNn - tbmsS Icp - tØmsS5

BapJw

\nX-y-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ `£-W-Øns‚ {]m[m-\yw Xncn-®-dn-™-h-cmWv

\Ωƒ. hni∏S-°m≥ am{X-a√ icoc hf¿®-bpsS {]m[m-\yw IqSn

IW-°n-se-SpØpsIm≠v \mw `£W km[-\-ßƒ sXc-s™-Sp-

°p-∂p. cpNnbpw KpW-ta-∑bpap≈ Blmcw \ap-°m-h-i-y-am-Wv. Icp-

tØmsS hf-cm≥ \√ Blmcioe-ßƒ Ipń-I-fn¬ hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-

°-Ww. sshhn-[-y-ap≈ Blm-c-km-[-\-ßƒ, t]mj-I-ß-f-Sßnb

Blm-c-km-[-\-ßƒ, `£-W-Øn¬ Ah Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xns‚

{]m[m-\yw, kky-ßƒ P¥p-°ƒ F∂n-h-bn¬ \n∂v e`n-°p∂

`£-W-km-[-\-ßƒ, `£-y-h-kvXp-°-fpsS D]-tbmKw XpS-ßn-bh

Cu ]mT- m-K-Øn-eqsS Ipń-I-ƒ°vv e -y-am-IWw. £-Whp-ambn _‘-

s∏´ Nne aqe-y-ßƒIqSn Ipń-I-fn¬ hf¿tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. Blmcw

]mgm-°n°-f-b-cp-Xv F∂Xv Hmtcm Ipń-bp-tSbpw a\- nepw ]Xn-tb-

≠-Xp≠v. kvIqƒ D-®- -£-W-]-cn-]m-Sn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn Ipń-

Iƒ°v \√ ktμ-i-ßƒ ]I¿∂p \¬Ip-hm\pw Cu ]mT- mKw

klm-bn-°pw. `£-y-h-kvXp-°ƒ°mbn \mw A\-y-tZi-ßsf B{i-

bn-°p-∂p F∂ t_m[hpw kz-¥-ambn ]®-°-dn-tØm´w \n¿an-°m\pw

Irjn-bn-S-ßƒ kwc-£n-°p-hm-\p-ap≈ at\m- m-hw hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°m\pw

Cu ]mT- m-K-Øn-eqsS {ian-°-Ww. Hmtcm Ipń-bp-sSbpw CjvS- -£-

W-Øn¬ XpSßn Blmc temI-Øns‚ \∑-\n-d™ hgn-I-fn-eqsS

Ahs\ apt∂m´p \bn-°mw.

122

So®¿ sSIvÃv

Bi

-b-ß

ƒ/[

mc-W

-Iƒ

/{]

{Inb

mti

jn-I

ƒ]

T-\

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¿Ø

-\-ß

ƒ/X

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ƒ]

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ƒ

$i

cn-b

mb

h

f¿®

bv°

pw B

tcm-K

-y-

Øn\

pw `£

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Bh

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∂v

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n-®-dn™

v ]

d-b

m≥ I

gn-b

p-∂p.

$B

-h-i

-y-amb

t]

mj-I

-ßƒ

e

`n-°

p-∂-

Xn\

v B

lm-c-Ø

n¬ ssh

hn-[

-y-ap≈

`£

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m-[

-\-ß

ƒ

Dƒ

s∏

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sa∂

v \

n¿tZ-i

n°m≥

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p-∂p.

$ssh

hn-[

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B

lm-c

-km-[

-\-ß

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v.

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co-c

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n\pw

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m-Wv.

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hf¿®

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v Bh

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I-

ßƒ

hnh

n[ A

f-h

n¬ B

lmc

km[

-\-

ß-fn¬

A

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n-bn-c

n-°p-∂

p.

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lm-c

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ssh

hn-[

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lmc

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mb ]

nco-U

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bqWn-‰n-te-°v...

samUyqƒ 1

]mT- m-KØp≈ BapJ Nn{X-w ASn-ÿm-\-am°n ¢mkv apdn-bn¬ N¿® \S-°-Ww.

Ipń-I-fpsS CjvS-hn- -h-ßƒ, £-W-km-[-\-ßƒ, £Ww Ign-t°≠ BhiyIX,

`£Ww Ign-°msX hnZ-ym-e-b-Øn¬ h∂m¬ ]Tn-°m≥ Ign-bmØ Ahÿ,

{]mtZ-inIambn D≠m-°p∂ `£-W-hn- -h-ßƒ F∂n-h-sb√mw N¿®-bn¬ hcWw.

Fs¥√mw hn -h-ßƒ

\mw Blm-c-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ [m\-y-ßƒ Ipń-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

Acn, tKmXºv XpS-ßnb [m\-y-ßƒ Ipń-Iƒ°v ]cn-Nn-X-amWv. Ah sIm≠p-

≠m-°p∂ Blm-c-hn- -h-ßƒ Ah¿ Is≠-Øs´. ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s´. a‰v

[m\-y-ßƒ Ahsc ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. Ah sIm≠p-≠m-°p∂ Nne hn- -h-ß-

sf-¶nepw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°Ww.

DZm : tNmfw ˛ tNmf-s∏mcn, D∏p-amhv, ]p v

dmKn ˛ dmKn-]p v, dmKn-Ip-dp°v (sNdnb Ipń-Iƒ°p≈ Blm-cw)

Nma ˛ NmaI™n, D∏p-amhv

Xn\ ˛ D∏p-amhv, ]p v, ]mbkw

ta\n ]dbmw

\mw `£-W-Øn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]g-ßƒ, ]®-°-dn-Iƒ, ]b-dp-h¿K-ßƒ,

Ing-ßp-h¿K-ßƒ, Ce-°-dn-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh Ipń-Iƒ ]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ ]ń-

I-s∏-Sp-Ø-s´. Hmtcm Ipń°pw Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬ s]Sp∂ Hcp `£-y-h-kvXp-hns‚

t]cvv Fgp-Xnb \dp°v \¬Ip-I. Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Ah¿°p Inńb \dp-°nse

hkvXp-hns‚ ta∑ ]d-b-s´.

P¥p-°-fn¬ \n∂pw Blmcw

kk-y-ß-f¬ \n∂p am{X-a√ P¥p-°-fn¬ \n∂pw [mcmfw Blmckm[-\-ßƒ

e`n-°p-∂p-s≠∂v Ipń-Iƒ Adn-b-Ww. Hcp eLp N¿®-bn-eqsS Cu `£-W-km-[-

\-ßƒ Is≠Øn enÃv sNø-Ww. (]m¬, ap´, a’yw, amwkw XpS-ßn-b-h) Ch-

bn-tem-tcm∂pw D]-tbm-Kn®v D≠m-°p∂ hn -h-ßfpw Ipńsb ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ømw.

DZm : ]m¬ ˛ ssXcv, tamcv, ]mbkw, ]m¬t]S, ]\o¿, Nmb, Im∏n

IS-¶YmtIfn

`£-y-h-kvXp-°-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ GXm\pw IS-¶-Y-Iƒ Ipń-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-

Ø-Ww. Ipń-Iƒ Nne hkvXp-°-fpsS IS-¶-Y-Iƒ Is≠Øn hc-s´. ¢mkn¬

Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s´.

126

So®¿ sSIvÃv

FXm\pw DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ

apfIv ˛ kn¬°v k©n-bn¬ Nn√d ss]k

D≈n ˛ ]®bvs°cnbpw sh¥m¬ a[pcw

Ipcp-ap-fIv ˛ AIØv Xncn sXdpØv ]pdØv ap -bn- p.

aØ≥ ˛ Imf-In-S°pw Ib-tdm-Spw.

ap´ ˛ Hcp Ip∏n-bn¬ cs≠Æ

s\√n° ˛ BZyw Ibv°pw ]ns∂ a[p-cn°pw

tN\ ˛ ASn-]md, \Sp-hSn, tase-IpS

tXß ˛ ap°-Æ≥ N¥bv-°p-t]m-bn.

N°-hn-tijw

N°-hn-ti-j-Øn¬ N°-sIm-≠p-≠m-°p∂ [mcmfw hn -h-ß-sf-°p-dn®v kqNn-∏n-

®n- p-≠v. "N° hntijw' t]mse GsX-¶nepw Hcp `£y-h-kvXp-hns‚ hntijw

Xbm-dm-°m≥ \n¿tZin-°mw DZm : amß. GXm\pw `£-y-h-kvXp-°-fpsS t]cv

\¬Ip-I. Ah sIm≠v Fs¥√mw hn`h-ßƒ D≠m-°m-sa∂v Ipń-Iƒ Is≠-Ø-

s´.

amß ˛ Pyqkv, amßm-°dn, A®m¿, NΩ¥n

]gw ˛ Nn]vkv, ]gw s]mcn, ]mbkw

ap´ ˛ tI°v, Hmwe‰v, _pƒssk, ] vkv

samUyqƒ ˛ 2

t]mj-Im-lmcw

]mT-`m-KsØ Ipń-I-fpsS tUmIvS¿ ]d-bp∂ Imc-y-ßƒ Ipń-Iƒ hmbn-°s´

XpS¿∂v ¢mkn¬ CXp-ambn _‘-s∏´ N¿® \S-°-Ww. t]mj-Im-lm-c-°p-d-hp-

aqew tcmK-ßƒ, t]mjIKpW-ap≈ Blmc hkvXp-°ƒ, t]mj-Im-lm-chpw

Btcm-K-yhpw XpS-ßnb Imc-y-ßƒ N¿®-bn¬ hc-Ww. t]mj-Im-lm-c°p-d-hp-aqew

IjvS-s∏-Sp-∂-h-cpsS Nne Nn{X-ßƒ, hoUntbm ¢n∏nw-Kp-Iƒ F∂nh Cu Ahkc-

Øn¬ e`y-sa-¶n¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-°mw; t]mj-I-ßƒ e`n-°m≥ acp-∂p-I-fnepw

]m°‰pIfnepw t_mń-ep-I-fnepw e`n-°p∂ Btcm-K-y-]m-\ob s]mSn-I-sfbpw B{i-

bn-°msX ]gßƒ, ]®-°-dn-Iƒ, Ce-°-dn-Iƒ ]b-dp-h¿K-ßƒ, Ing-ßp-h¿K-ßƒ,

ap´, ]m¬, a’yw, amwkw F∂nh `£-W-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-ØWw F∂v IpńIsf

t_m[ys∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

`£-y-h-kvXp-°ƒ sXc-s™-Sp-°p-tºmƒ

KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ `£-y-h-kvXp-°ƒ sXc-s™-Sp°Ww F∂ Nn¥ Ipń-bn¬ D≠m-

]cn-kc-]-T\w

127

IWw. kvIqƒ ]cn-k-c-Øp≈ IS-Ifn¬ hn¬°p∂ KpW-\n-e-hm-c-an-√mØ

A®mdpIƒ, anTm-bn-Iƒ, ]e-lmc-ßƒ, sFkv{Io-ap-Iƒ, ]m\o-b-ßƒ F∂nh

sb°p-dn®v N¿® \S-°-Ww; ^mÃv ^pUv IS-I-fn¬ \n∂v \nc-¥cw `£Ww Ign-

®m-ep≈ {]iv\-ßsfbpw Ipń-bpsS {i≤-bn¬ sIm≠p-h-c-Ww. ]g-ßƒ, ]®-°-

dn-Iƒ F∂nh IgpIn D]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠-Xns‚ {]m[m-\yw N¿® sNø-Ww.

kmeUv \n¿am-Ww

]mIw sNbvXp Ign-°m-hp∂ `£-y-h-kvXp-°fpw ]mIw sNømsX Ign-°m-hp∂

`£-y-h-kvXp-°fpw Ipń-Iƒ ]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ ]ń-I-s∏-Sp-Ø-s´. Ipń-Iƒ

tiJ-cn-®p-sIm≠phcp∂ ]®-°-dn-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v ¢mkn¬ kmeUv D≠m-°m≥

{i-an-°-Ww. {]mtZ-in-I-ambn kmeUv \n¿am-W-Øn¬ hy-X-ym-k-ap-≠m-Imw. kmeUv

D≠m-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hkvXp-°-fn¬ am‰-ap-≠m-Imw. ssXcv Hgn® kmeUv,

hn\m-Kncn (kp¿°) tN¿Ø kmeUv, D∏p am{Xw tN¿Ø kmeUv, sNdp-\m-cß

tN¿Ø kmeUv F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ hy-X-y-kvX-X-Iƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ømw. Ipń-

Iƒ°v Adn-bm-hp∂ eLp ]mN-I-°p-dn∏v Fgp-Xp-hm-\p≈ Ah-k-chpw \¬I-

Ww.

samUyqƒ ˛ 3

A©v Iq´p-Im¿

\ΩpsS ico-c-Ønse ]t©-{μn-b-ßfpw Ah-bpsS [¿ahpw Ipń-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-

Sp-Ø-Ww. Hmtcm Ipńbpw So®¿ Hmtcm C{μn-b-ß-fpsS t]cv ]d-bp-tºmƒ sXm´p

ImWn-°-s´. ]t©-{μn-b-ß-fpsS [¿a-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v Hcp eLp Ifn-bm-hmw.

¢mkn¬ A©v `mK-Ømbn Hmtcm Ipń-Isf \n¿ØpI. IÆv, aq°v, \m°v, Xz°v,

sNhn F∂n-ßs\ Fgp-Xnb Im¿Up-Iƒ ¢mknse a‰p Ipń-Iƒ°v hoXn-®p-\¬IpI.

t\ctØ 5 `mK-Ømbn \n¬°p∂ Ipń-I-fn¬ Hcmƒ ImgvN-Iƒ ImWm≥ Rm≥

thWw F∂p ]d-bp-tºmƒ IÆv F∂v Im¿Uv Inńb IpńIƒ B Ipń°p Np‰pw

IqSn Xncn™v Im¿Uv Db¿Øn- ImWn-°-Ww. CXp-t]mse a‰p-≈-h¿ i_vZw

tIƒ°m≥ Rm≥ thWw, aWw Adn-bm-\mbv Rm≥ thWw, cpNn-b-dn-bm-\mbv

Rm≥ thWw, sXm´-dn-bm-\mbv Rm≥ thWw F∂n-ßs\ ]d-bp-Ibpw AXp-

ambn _‘-s∏- -h¿ Ipń-Iƒ°v Np‰pw Iq-S-Ww. C\n BZyw ]d™ Ipń (I≠-dn-

-bm≥ Rm≥ thWw) at‰-sX-¶nepw Ah-bh [¿aw ]d-bWw tbmPn® Im¿Up≈

Ipń-Iƒ AhnsS IqS-Ww. _m-°n-bp≈hcpw Hmtcm-∂ns‚ [¿a-ßƒ ]d-b-s´.

Ifn-bn¬ Iq´w sX‰n-®p-\n¬°p-∂-hsc F√m-h-tcbpw Hcp {Kq∏mbn am‰n \n¿ØpI.

ASpØ {]mh-iyw ]d-bp-tºmƒ HmSn-sb-Øm≥ Ah¿°v ho≠pw Ah-kcw \¬I-

Ww. Im¿Up-ambn Np‰pw IqSp∂ Ipń-Iƒ ˛ IÆ-p-sIm≠v Rm≥ B\sb I≠p.

sNhn-sIm≠v Rm≥ ]m v tI´p. F∂n-ßs\ Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Hmtcm Imc-y-ßƒ

]d-bm≥ \n¿tZ-in®v Ifn hn]p-e-s∏-Sp-Ømw.

128

So®¿ sSIvÃv

samUyqƒ ˛4

hrØn-bn-te°v

`£-W-Øn\p ap≥]pw tijhpw ssIbpw hmbpw IgptIWw F∂Xv Hmtcm Ipńbpw

ioe-am-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Ipń-I-fpsS ssII-fn¬ Agp°v t_m[-y-s∏-Sm≥ ]mT- m-K-Ønse

eLp ]co-£Ww {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. Ifn Ign-™-tijw ¢mkn-se-Øp∂

Ipń-I-fm-sW-¶n¬ Cu ]co-£Ww IqSp-X¬ \∂m-hpw. [mcmfw Agp-°p-Iƒ Ah-

cpsS ssII-fn¬ ]‰n-bn- p-≠m-Ipw.

samUyqƒ ˛5

D®-`-£Ww

kvIqƒ D®- -£W hn`h ]ń-I-bn¬ \n∂v Hcm-gvN-bn¬ Hmtcm Znh-k-tØbpw

hn -h-ßƒ Is≠Øn Ipń-Iƒ ]cn-kc ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ Fgp-Xs´. ]mT- m-K-Ønse

hni-∂n-cn-°p∂ Ipń-bpsS t]mkv‰¿ ImWn®v `£-W-an-√m-Ø-h-cpsS Zpcn-X-ßƒ

N¿® sNømw. kvIqƒ `£-W-im-e-bnepw ¢mknepw ]Xn-°m≥ Ipń-Iƒ t]mÃ¿

\n¿an-°-s´. Hcp-an-®n-cp∂v `£Ww Ign-°p-∂-Xn-s\-]-‰nbpw N¿®-bm-Imw.

samUyqƒ ˛6

AIs-e-\n-s∂-Øp∂ Iq´p-Im¿

Ipń-Iƒ hoń¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]®-°-dn-Iƒ enÃv sNø-s´. hoń¬ Irjn sNøp-

∂h, IS-bn¬ \n∂v hmßp∂h F∂n-ßs\ B ]®-°-dn-Isf Xcw Xncn°s´.

IqSp-Xepw IS-bn¬\n∂v hmßp-∂-Xm-sW∂v t_m[-y-s∏-Sm≥ CXv klm-b-I-amIpw.

ASpØp≈ ]®-°-dn-°S kμ¿i\w \SØn hnh-c-ti-J-cWw \S-Ømw. At\zjn-

®-dn-bp-∂ Imc-y-ßƒ ¢mkn¬ ]¶p-h-bv°-Ww. Ipń-I-fpsS {]tZ-isØ Irjn C\-

ß-sf-°p-dn®pw N¿®-bm-Imw.

hońepw hnZ-ym-e-b-Ønepw ]®-°-dn-tØm´w

¢mkn¬ F{X Ipń-I-fpsS hoń¬ ]®-°-dn-tØm- ap-s≠∂v ]d-b-s´. Fs¥-√mw;

Irjn-sN-øp∂p F∂p IqSn ]d-b-Ww. ¢mknse F√m Ipń-I-fp-tSbpw klI-c-W-

tØmsS hnZ-ym-e-b-Øn¬ amXr-I-bmbn Hcp ]®-°-dn-tØm´w \n¿an-°m≥ {ian-

°pI. Hmtcm Ipńbpw Cu amXrI Xs‚ hońepw XpS-cp∂p F∂v Dd∏p hcpØpI.

Irjn- sN-øm-Xn-cp-∂m¬

Irjn C√m-Xm-bm¬ D≠m-Ip∂ {]iv\-ßƒ ¢mkn¬ N¿® \S-Ø-Ww. Ipń-bpsS

{]tZ-isØ Irjn-ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ Irjn \S-Øp-∂pt≠m? AtXm Ah a‰m-h-i-y-ß-

ƒ°mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂pt≠m? F∂v At\-z-jn-°s´. Irjn-bn-S-ßƒ kwc-£n-

°pI F∂ ap{Zm-hm-Iyw Db¿Øn Ipń-Iƒ t]mÃ¿ \n¿an-°-s´.

]cn-kc-]-T\w

129

bqWn-‰n-eqsS IS∂p t]mIp-tºmƒ t]m¿ vt^m-fn-tbm-bn-te°v am‰m-hp∂ D¬∏-

∂-ßƒ

$ `£y-h--kvXp-°-fp-ambn _‘-s∏ v tiJ-cn® IS-¶-Y-Iƒ

$ Ip´n-Iƒ Fgp-Xnb "amß-bpsS hntijw'

$ ]®-°-dn-°S˛ kμ¿i\ dnt∏m¿ v

$ Ip´n-Iƒ Fgp-Xnb ]mN-I-°p-dn∏v

$ ]mT-- m-K-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v \n¬°p∂ h¿°vjo-‰p-Iƒ

$

130

So®¿ sSIvÃv


$ N¿®-I-fn¬ F√mIpń-I-fp-tSbpw ]¶m-fnØw

Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ Ign-™n- p-≠v.

$ Blmc hkvXp-°ƒ Xcw-Xn-cn®v (]g-ßƒ,

]®-°-dn-Iƒ...) ]ń-I-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ F√m Ipń-

Iƒ°pw Ign-™n- p-≠v.

$ ]mIw sNbvXpw ]mIw sNømsXbpw Ign-

°m-hp∂ Blm-c- km[-\-ßƒ Ipń-Iƒ ]ń-

I-s∏Sp-Øn-bn´p-≠v.

$ ]®-°-dn- km-eUv \n¿am-W-Øn¬ Ipń-I-fpsS

]¶m-fnØw Dd-∏p-hcp-Øm\pw Hcp-an-®n-cp∂v

Ign-°m\p≈ kμ¿ -sam-cp-°p-hm\pw

Ign™p.

$ hrØn-bp≈ ssIIƒ ˛ eLp- ]co-£Ww

hnP-b-I-c-ambn \SØm≥ Ign-™p.

$ kvIqƒ D®- -£W hn -h-ßƒ Ipń-Iƒ

]ń-I-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.

$ `£Ww ]mgm-°-cp-Xv F∂ ktμ-i-hp-ambn

_‘-s∏ v t]mÃ¿ \n¿amWw \S-Øphm≥

Ign-™p.

$ ]®°dn°Sbnte-°p≈ ô¬Uv{Sn -

∏n\mbp≈ Hcp°-ßƒ \∂mbn \SØm≥

Ign-™p.

$ ]®-°-dn-tØm´ \n¿am-W-Øn¬ F√m-h-cp-

tSbpw ]¶m-fnØw Dd∏m-°m≥ Ign™p.

$ ]t©-{μn-b-ßƒ ˛ sN°v-enÃv

F√mIpń-Ifpw ]qcn-∏n-®n- p-≠v.

$ ]T-\-t\- -ßƒ Dd-∏n-°m-\mbn \¬Inb Ifn-

I-fn¬ Ipń-I-fpsS ]¶m-fnØw Dd-∏n-°m\pw

Ifn hnP-bn-∏n-°m\pw Ign-™p.

anI-®Xv icmicn icm-i-cn°p

Xmsg

]cn-kc-]-T\w

131

bqWn‰v ˛5

cpNn-tbmsS Icp-tØmsS

h¿°v jo‰v ˛ 1

Blm-chpw Btcm-Kyhpw

Blm-c-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Nne Imcy-ß-fmWv Xmsg sImSp-Øn-´p-≈-Xv. Ah-

bn¬ icn-bmb Imcy-ßƒ°v AS-bm-f-hpw, sX‰mb Imcyßƒ°v AS-bm-

fhpw \¬Iq.

$ `£-W-Øn¬ ]®-°-dn-Iƒ IqSp-X¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-ØWw

$ [mcmfw t]mj-I-Kp-W-ßƒ D≈-XmWv Ce-°-dn-Iƒ

$ A®m¿ IqSp-X-embn `£-W-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-ØWw

$ ]g-ßƒ t]mj-I-ß-fpsS Ie-h-d-bmWv

$ F√m `£y-h-kvXp-°fpw ]mIw sNbvXv Ign-°Ww

$ icn-bmb `£-W-{Iaw tcmK-ßsf AI-‰p-∂p.

$ Ir{Xna \nd-hpw, aW-hpw, cpNn-bp-ap≈

Blm-c-km-[-\-ßƒ Btcm-Ky-Øn\v \√-XmWv

$ ]g-ßfpw, ]®-°-dn-Ifpw IgpIn D]-tbm-Kn-°Ww

$ ]g-Inb km[-\-ßƒ NqSm°n D]-tbm-Kn°mw

$ sshhn-[y-am¿∂ Blm-c-km-[-\-ßƒ

`£-W-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-ØWw

132

So®¿ sSIvÃv

h¿°v jo‰v ˛ 2

Blm-c-km-[-\-ßƒ

aq∂p IpSpw-_-Ønse Bfp-Iƒ Ign® Blm-c-km-[-\-ß-fpsS hnh-c-ß-fmWv Xmsg-

Im-Wp∂ ]´n-I-bn¬ sImSp-Øn- p-≈-Xv. Hmtcm IpSpw-_hpw Ign® Blm-c-km-[-

\-ßƒ C\w Xncn®v Fgp-Xmtam?

IpSpw_w ˛ 1 IpSpw_w ˛ 2 IpSpw_w ˛ 3

B∏nƒ ]m¬ ac-®o\n

tImgnap´ apcnß Xmdmhvap´

Acn Hmd©v sh≠

tN\ sNΩo≥ tNmfw

Noc ImS-ap´ Imt_Pv

Imc‰v Xmdmhv Cd®n aØn

B´n-d®n ]b¿ tImgnbnd®n

]m¬ tN\ ]m¬

Dgp∂v ]mhbv° ISe

Abe tKmXºv ssIX-®°

IpSpw_w ˛ 1 IpSpw_w ˛ 2 IpSpw_w ˛ 3

kky-Øn¬ \n∂pw

e`n-°p∂ Blm-c-

km-[-\-ßƒ

P¥p-°-fn¬ \n∂pw

e`n-°p∂ Blm-c-

km-[-\-ßƒ

\∑ hnf -bn°pw ssIIƒ\∑ hnf -bn°pw ssIIƒ\∑ hnf -bn°pw ssIIƒ\∑ hnf -bn°pw ssIIƒ\∑ hnf -bn°pw ssIIƒ6

BapJw

D]-Po-h-\-Øn-\mbn \mw Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Hmtcm sXmgn-en¬ G¿s∏-

Sp-∂p. sXmgn-se-Sp-°p∂ Hmtcm ssIIfpw \mSns‚ ]ptcm-K-Xn-

bn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-Ip-∂p. Hmtcm sXmgn-en\pw AXnt‚Xmb al-Xzhpw

{]m[m-\-y-hp-ap-≠v. CØcw henb Bi-b-ßƒ hfsc efn-X-ambn

N¿®-sN-øp-I-bm-Wn-hn-sS. \nX-y-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ \nc-h[n Bh-i-y-ß-fp-

s≠∂pw Ah \nd-th-‰p-∂-Xn-\mbn hnhn[ sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS

klmbw Bh-i-y-am-sW∂pw ]c-kv]cw B{i-bn-®p-am-{Xta \ap°p

Pohn-°m≥ Ignbq F∂pw Ipń-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-b-Ww. \mw D]-tbm-Kn-

°p∂ D¬∏-∂-ßƒ hnhn[ sXmgn¬ taJ-e-bn-eqsS IS-∂p-h-∂-mWv

\ΩpsS ssII-fn-se-Øp-∂sX∂v Ipńsb t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

]c-º-cm-KX sXmgn¬ D]-I-c-W-ßƒ B[p-\nI D]-I-c-W-ßƒ°pw

b{¥-ßƒ°pw hgn-am-dn-sb∂pw Ah tPmen- mcw eLq-I-cn-®n- p-s≠-

∂p-ap≈ Adnhv Ipń-I-fn¬ Pn⁄mk DW¿Øp-∂-h-bm-Wv. ho´p-

tPmen apX¬ ]e-Xcw tPmen-Iƒ \ΩpsS Np‰n-ep-aps≠∂pw Ahbv°p

Iq´mb {]bXv\w Bh-iy-am-sW∂pw Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ipń°v Ign-bWw.

Hmtcm sXmgn-ens‚bpw amlm-flyw Ipń Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn-eqsS `mhn-

bn¬ GXv sXmgn-enepw X\n°v G¿s∏-Sm-sa-∂p-≈ at\m- mhw Ipń-

bn¬ hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°m≥ Cu ]mT- mKØnse {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS

Ign-b-Ww.

134

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136

So®¿ sSIvÃv

bqWn-‰n-te-°v...

samUyqƒ 1

]nd-∂m-fm-tLmjw : (kvIn‰v)

knwl-cm-Ps‚ ]nd-∂m-fm-tLmjw arKß-fpsS apJwaqSn Xøm-dm°n Ipń-Iƒ

¢mkn¬ kvIn‰mbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s´.

XpS¿∂v N¿® \S-Ø-Ww. Pohn-X-Øn¬ \ap°v ]e-hn[ Bh-i-y-ß-fp-s≠∂pw

Ah \ndth‰m≥ a‰p-≈-h-cpsS klmbw IqSntb Xocq F∂ Bi-b-Øn-se-Øn-

°m-\m-h-i-y-amb kqN-I-ßƒ \¬In-s°m-≠mhWw N¿® \S-tØ-≠-Xv.

]ń-I-]q¿Øn-bm-°¬

Ipń-Iƒ ap≥ A\p-`-h-Øn¬ \n∂v sXmgn-ep-ambn _‘-s∏´v \¬Inb ]ńI

]q¿Øn-bm-°-s´.

sXmgn-ens\°pdn®v

sXmgn-ep-I-fpsS t]sc-gp-Xnb \dp-°p-Ifp≠m°Ww. Ipń-Iƒ \dp-s°-Sp-°-s´. \dp-

°n-se-gp-Xnb sXmgn¬ GXm-sW∂v ]d-b-s´. So®¿ _n._n.-bn¬ Ipdn-°-Ww. B

sXmgn-ep-ambn _‘-s∏ v Adn-bm-hp∂ Imc-y-ßƒ ]d-b-s´. Bh-i-y-am-b- k-μ¿`ß-

fn¬ So®¿ CS-s] v Iqń-t®¿°-Ww. Hmtcm Ipńbpw CXp-t]mse Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-

s´. Ipń-I-fpsS Ah-X-c-W-an-Ihv hne-bn-cp-Øp-a-t√m. sXmgn-ens‚ t]cv, sXmgn-

se-Sp-°p∂ Bsf hnfn-°p∂ t]sc¥v? Abmƒ sNøp∂ tkh-\-sa¥v? F∂o

Bi-b-ßƒ e`n-°m≥ th≠n-bp-≈-XmWv Cu {]h¿Ø\w. sXmgn-ep-Iƒ Ipń-

Iƒ ]cn-kc ]pkvX-I-Øn-se-gp-Xs´. Cu enÃn¬ \n∂v kz¥w {]tZ-i-Øp≈

sXmgn-ep-Iƒ GsX∂v Is≠-Ø-s´.- enÃn¬ C√m-Ø-hbpw kz¥w {]tZ-iØv

D≈-Xp-amb sXmgn-ep-Iƒ Iqń-t®¿°p-Ibpw sNø-s´.

sXmgn¬ k¿th

]mT-`m-K-Øp -\¬Inb "sXmgn¬ k¿th' F∂ {]h¿Ø\w XpS¿∂v sNøs´.

k¿th-bn-eqsS e`n® hnh-c-ßƒ A]-{K-Yn®v \nK-a-\-Øn-se-Ø-s´. hnhn[ ÿe-

ß-fn¬ \n∂v hcp∂ Ipń-Iƒ Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Ah-cpsS ]cn-k-csØ A©v hoSp-

I-fn¬ \n∂v hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°-Ww. AXns‚ t{ImUo-I-cWw ¢mkn¬ \S-

°pI hgn B {]tZ-iØv G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ Bfp-Iƒ GXv sXmgn-en-emWv G¿s∏-

ń-cn-°p-∂-sX∂v Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bp-a-t√m.

samU-yqƒ 2

]e-ssI-I-fn-eqsS

s\¬°r-jn-bpsS hnhn[ L -ßƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈XmWv "]e ssII-fn-

eqsS' F∂ {]h¿Ø\w. s\¬°r-jn-I≠ A\p- hw F√m {]Z-isØ Ipń-Iƒ°pw

I

]cn-kc-]-T\w

137

D≠m-bn-s°m-≈-W-sa-∂n-√. A\p-`-h-ap≈ Ipń-I-sf-s°m≠v ]d-bn-∏n-°p-Itbm

Nn{X-ßƒ, hoUntbm F∂nh D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-Itbm Bhmw. Hcp ô¬Uv

{Sn∏v \S-Øm≥ Ign-bp-sa-¶n¬ \√-Xv. XpS¿∂v "s\¬°rjn' F∂ Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-

°s´. s\√v- A-cn-bmbn \ΩpsS ssII-fn-se-Øp-∂Xv ImWn-°p∂ L -ß-fpsS

Nn{X-ßƒ°p Xmsg AXp-ambn _‘-s∏´ sXmgn-ep-Iƒ FgpXn tN¿°s´.

hkv{X-\n¿amWw

hnhn[ L -ß-fn-eq-sS-bmWv Hmtcmtcm Dev]-∂-ßfpw \ΩpsS ssII-fn-se-Øp-

∂-Xv. Cu L´-ßƒ°v {Iahpw D≠v F∂ Bi-b-am-Wv ChnsS \¬tI-≠-Xv.

GsX-¶nepw Hcp D¬∏∂w cq]-s∏-Sp∂Xns‚ hnhn[ L´-ßƒ {Iaw sX‰n®v

t_m¿Un¬ Fgp-Xp-I. eLp N¿®bv°ptijw Ipń-Iƒ Cu L -ßƒ {Ia-s∏-

SpØn ]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Øn-se-gp-X-s´.

hkv{X \n¿am-W-Øns‚ hnhn-[-L-´-ßƒ Edubuntu school Resource se ICTkm[yX {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

Fßs\ Xpd°mw

Edubuntu - School Resource - Std 5 - am‰-ßƒ ]e-Xcw ˛ hkv{X ]cn-Wmaw

samU-yqƒ 3

]gb Iq´p-Im-cs\ ]cn-N-b-s∏Smw

]g-b-Ime D]-I-c-W-ßfpw ]pXnb Nne D]-I-c-W-ßfpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw

Hmtcm tPmen°pw Hmtcm D]-I-cWw Bhiy-am-sW∂pw t_m[-y-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bpam-

Wn-hn-sS.

Ie∏ Bfl-KXw ]d-bp-∂-Xp-t]mseXs∂ ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-hm≥ {ian-°-

Ww. CXp-t]mse ]g-b-Ime D]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS Bfl-KXw Ipń-Iƒ ¢mkn¬ Ah-

X-cn-∏n-°-s´. Hcp sXmgn-ep-]-I-c-W-Øns‚ Bfl-IY Fgp-Xp-hm\pw Ah-kcw

\¬Imw

sXmgnepw D]-I-c-W-ßfpw

Hmtcm sXmgn-en\pw A\p-tbm-P-y-amb coXn-bn-emWv Hmtcm sXmgn-ep-]-I-c-Whpw

cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv F∂v DZm-l-cWw klnXw Ipń-Iƒ°v hy-‡-am-°n-

sIm-Sp-°-Ww. XpS¿∂v ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \¬In-bn-´p≈ ]ńI D]-tbm-K-s∏-

SpØn hy-‡X hcp-Ø-Ww. Ipń-Iƒ ]ńI ]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Øn-se-gp-Xs´. IqSp-

X¬ Iqń-t®¿°-ep-Iƒ ¢m v N¿®-bpsS `mK-ambn D≠m-I-Ww.

\ndw \¬I¬

sXmgn¬ D]-I-c-W-ßƒ°v \ndw \¬In, Ah-bpsS t]sc-gpXn, BcmWv Ch D]-

tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv, F¥n-\mWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv F∂o Imc-y-ßfpw Fgp-X-s´.

sXmgn-ep-]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS Nn{X-ßƒ tiJ-cn®v "B¬_w \n¿an-°p-I-bp-am-hmw.

138

So®¿ sSIvÃv

samU-yqƒ 4

sXmgn-ens‚ amlm-flyw

IpSpw-_-mwKßƒ Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw ho´p-tPm-en-I-fn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-IWw F∂ Bi-

b-amWv Cu {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS Ipń-Iƒ°v \¬tI-≠-Xv.

¢mkvapdn hrØn-bm-°p-∂-Xv, kvIqfpw ]cn-k-chpw hrØn-bm-°p-∂-Xv F∂o DZm-

l-W-c-ß-fn-eq-sS-bp≈ N¿® \S-°-Ww. XpS¿∂v ]mT- m-KØv \¬In-bn- p≈ Nn{X-

ßfpw kqN-I-ßfpw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

Rßƒ ]d-bs´

sXmgn-ens‚ alm-flyw Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw Hmtcm sXmgn-en\pw AXnt‚Xmb {]m[m-

\-yhpw am\-y-X-bp-ap-s≠∂v t_m[-y-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw th≠n-bm-hWw Cu kw`mjW

`mKw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xv. ¢mkv N¿®-bpsS `mK-ambn Hmtcm Ipń°pw

"F∂m¬ Rmt\m' F∂ `mKw ]d-bm\pw Fgp-Xm\pw kml-N-c-y-sam-cp°-Ww.

bqWn-‰n-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ t]m¿´vt^m-fn-tbm-bn-te°v am‰m-hp∂

D¬∏-∂-ßƒ

$ sXmgn¬ k¿sh-˛-dn-t∏m¿´v$ s\¬Irjn ˛ Ipdn∏v$ sXmgn¬ D]-I-c-W-Øns‚ Bfl-IY$ sXmgn¬ D]Ic-W-ßƒ-˛-Nn-{X-B¬_w$ ]mT- m-K-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v \¬Ip∂ h¿°vjo-‰p-Iƒ

$


anI-®Xv icm-icnicm-i-cn-

bn¬Xmsg$ TT, TB F∂n-h-bn-ep≈ {]h¿Ø-\ßƒ°p

]pdta anI® {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Is≠Øn

\¬Im≥ Ign-™p.

$ \ap°p Np‰pw \nc-h[n sXmgn-ep-I-fp-s≠∂v

Ipń-Isf t_m[-y-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-™p.

$ Hcp Dev∏∂w cq]-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\v hnhn[ sXmgn-

em-fn-I-fpsS klmbw Bh-i-y-am-sW∂v Ipń-

Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-™n- p-≠v.

$ sXmgn-ep-]-I-c-W-ßfpw Ah-bpsS D]-tbm-Khpw

Ipń-Iƒ a\- n-em-°n-bn- p-≠v.

$ Hmtcm sXmgn-en\pw AXnt‚Xmb am\-y-Xbpw

{]m[m-\-y-hp-ap-s≠∂ Xncn-®-dn-hn-te°v Ipń-

Isf FØn-°m≥ Ign-™p.

]cn-kc-]-T\w

139

bqWn‰v ˛6

\∑-hn-f-bn°pw ssIIƒ

h¿°v jo‰v ˛ 1

sXmgnse-Sp-°p-∂-hcpw ÿm]-\-ßfpw

Xmsg ImWp∂ NXp-c-ß-fn¬ Hcp-`m-KØv sXmgn-se-Sp-°p-∂-h-cpsSbpw adp-`m-

KØv ÿm]-\-ß-fp-tSbpw t]cp-Iƒ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. amXr-I-t\m°n A\p-tbm-

Py-am-bh hc®v tN¿°q.

A[ym-]-I≥ tImSXn

tUmIvS¿ h¿°v tjm∏v

h°o¬ ÃpUntbm

t]meokv Irjn- -h≥

t^mt´m-{Km-^¿ tlm´¬

sa°m-\n°v Bip-]{Xn

]mN-I-°m-c≥ t]mtÃm^okv

Irjn Hm^o-k¿ kvIqƒ

t]mÃvam≥ t]meokv tÃj≥

140

So®¿ sSIvÃv

h¿°v jo‰v ˛ 2Xmsg sImSp-Øn- p≈ sXmgn-ep-Iƒ°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb sXmgn-ep-]-I-c-W-ßƒ

Is≠Øn _eq-Wp-I-fn¬ Fgp-Xq.

tUmIvS¿ ao≥]n-Sp-Ø°m-c≥

t^mt´m{Km-^¿

ac-∏-Wn°m-c≥ Irjn-°m-c≥ s]bn‚¿

$ Iymad

$ {_jv

$ he

$ sÃX-kvtIm∏v

$ a¨sh´n

(ssItIm-´v)

$ Dfn

BapJw

]qºm-‰-Isf CjvS-s∏-SmØ Ipń-I-fp-≠m-In-√. {]Ir-Xn-bn¬ h¿W-®n-

d-Ip-Iƒ hncn-bn®v ]qhn¬ \n∂v ]qhn-te°v ]mdn-∏-d-°p∂ ImgvN

GsXmcp Ipń-tbbpw kt¥m-jn-∏n°pw. {]Ir-Xn-bnse CØ-c-Øn-

ep≈ kpμ-c-Im-gvN-Iƒ I≠n-cn-°m-\p≈ Ipń-I-fpsS {]Ir-XsØ

ê{]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-sIm≠v ]qºm-‰-I-fpsS h¿W-tem-

I-tØ°v \ap°v Ahsc FØn-°mw. ]pXnb ]pXnb At\-z-j-W-

ß-fn-eqsS ]qºm-‰-I-fpsS PohnXw Ipń ASp-Ø-dn-b-s´. ]qºm-‰-I-

fnse sshhn-[yw Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw Xs‚ Np‰p-]m-Sp≈ GXm\pw Nn{X-

i-e- -ß-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ ]d-bm\pw Ipń°v Ign-b-Ww. Nn{X-i-e- -ß-

fpsS Pohn-X-N-{I-Ønse hnhn[ L´-ßƒ \nco-£-W-Øn-eqsS

Is≠Øn ]d-bm≥ Ipń°v Ign-b-Ww. Ipń-Iƒt°sd CjvS-ap≈

Nn{X-i-e- -ß-sf-t∏mse a‰p Pohn-I-fp-tSbpw {]m[m-\yw Xncn-®-dn™v

Ahsb kwc-£n-°m-\p≈ at\m- mhw Ipń-bn¬ cq]s∏-SWw. h¿W-

®n-d-Ip-Iƒ hoin-hnio F∂ ]mT- m-K-Øn-eqsS Ipń-Ifpw ]qºm-‰-I-

fpsS h¿W-hn-kva-b-tem-IØv ]d∂v D√-kn-°-s´.

h¿W-®n -d -Ip -Iƒ hoin -hninh¿W-®n -d -Ip -Iƒ hoin -hninh¿W-®n -d -Ip -Iƒ hoin -hninh¿W-®n -d -Ip -Iƒ hoin -hninh¿W-®n -d -Ip -Iƒ hoin -hnin7

142

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h

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bps

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c-f-Ø

nse

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ƒ k

n.Un

$\

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vNp‰

pw h

nhn-[

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e-`-ß

ƒ Ds≠

∂v X

ncn-®

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m≥

Ign-b

p-∂p.

$F

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pw

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ƒ ]

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e h

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sf \

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n-°p∂

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p-∂p.

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dp-P

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vt\

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143

bqWn-‰n-te-°v...

samUyqƒ H∂v

]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse BapJ hnh-cWw hmbn-®p-sImt≠m, ]qºm-‰-I-fpsS hoUntbm

ImWn-®p-sImt≠m XpS-ßmw. ]qºm-‰-I-fpsS h¿W-tem-I-tØ°v Ipń-Isf FØn-

°m-\m-h-i-y-amb N¿®- \S-Ø-Ww. CjvS-ap≈ ]qºm-‰? ]qºm-‰-Iƒ Fhn-sS-sb√mw

ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p? \nß-sf-t∏mse ]qºm-‰-Iƒ°pw t]cp-I-fpt≠m? XpS-ßnb N¿®m

kqN-I-ßƒ D]-tbmKs∏Sp-Ømw. ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse 98˛mw t]Pv ChnsS D]-

tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ømw. Nn{X-ßfn¬ \n∂v CjvS-s∏´ ]qºm-‰sb Is≠-Øn AXns‚

t]cv ]d-b-s´. XpS¿∂v Nn{X-Ønse ]qºm-‰-I-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ enÃv sNø-s´. IrXyX

hcp-Øm≥ ho≠pw ]qºm-‰-I-fpsS hoUntbm kn.Un. {]Z¿in-∏n°mw. Ipń-Iƒ

]qºm-‰-Isf Xncn-®-dn-b-s´.

B¬_w Xbm-dm°mw

]qºm-‰-I-fpsS Nn{X-ßƒ tiJ-cn®v t]sc-gpXn B¬_w Xbm-dm-°m≥ Bh-i-y-

s∏-Smw. Xbm-dm-°nb B¬_w ¢mkn¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-°-s´.

samU-yqƒ c≠v

Nn{X-i-e- -ßƒ P∑-sa-Sp-°p-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb-∂mWv Cu `mKØv ]d-bp-∂-Xv. Nn{X-

Øn¬ ImWp∂ ]pgp-hns\ \nßƒ Fhn-sS-sb-¶nepw I≠n- pt≠m? sNSn-I-fpsS

Ce-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ sNdnb ap -Iƒ I≠n- pt≠m? XpS-ßnb tNmZ-y-ß-fn-eqsS Nn{X-

i-e- -ß-fpsS PohnX N{IsØ°p-dn®v N¿® \S-Ø-Ww. Nn{X-i-e- -ß-fpsS Pohn-

X-N{Iw ImWn-°p∂ hnUntbm kn.Un {]Z¿in-∏n-°mw. Nn{X-i-e- -Øns‚ PohnX

N{Iw \nco-£n-t°-≠-sX-ß-s\-sb∂v Ipń-Isf t_m[-y-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. hoSns‚

]cn-k-cØp≈ sNSn-I-fn¬ Nn{X-i-e- -Øns‚ ap´ Is≠Øn \nco-£n-°s´.

]yq∏ hfsc kq£n®v Ce-tbm-sSm∏w apdn-s®-Sp-°p-I. AXv Hcp

•mkn¬ \nt£-]n-°p-I. •mkv sImXp-Ip-h-e-sIm≠v aqSn sI´pI.

XpS¿∂v Ipń-Iƒ°v \nco-£n-°m-\mbn ¢mkv apdn-bn¬ sh°pI.

Nn{X-i-e- -am-bm¬ Xpd∂v hnSm≥ ad-°-cpXv.

Nn{Xie- -Øns‚ PohnX N{Iw ImWn-°p∂ kn.Un- \nco-£n®pw t\cn v \nco-

£n-®-Xp-amb Imc-y-ßfpw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-sIm≠v \nco-£-W-Ip-dn∏v ]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-

I-Øn¬ Fgp-X-s´. ie- -ß-fpsS Pohn-X-N{Iw ^vtfmNm¿´mbn hcbv-°p-Itbm,

Fgp-Xp-Itbm sNø-s´.

Rm≥ I≠ Nn{X-i-e- -ßƒ ˛ ie- -°m¿Uv \n¿amWw

]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \¬In-bn- p≈ Rm≥ I≠ Nn{X-i-e- -ßƒ F∂ {]h¿Ø-\-

Øn-te°v Nne tNmZ-y-ß-fn-eqsS Ipń-Isf FØn-°mw.

144

So®¿ sSIvÃv

$ F√m sNSn-I-fnepw Nn{X-i-e- -ßsf ImWm-dpt≠m?

$ ie- -ßsf Iq -tØm-sS-bmtWm ImWm-dp-≈Xv?

$ F√m Ime-ß-fnepw ie- -ßsf ImWm-dpt≠m?

{Itbm¨ D]-tbm-Kn®v Nn{X-i-e- -Øn\v \ndw \¬In at\m-l-c-am-°m≥ Ipń°v

Ah-kcw \¬IWw. IS-em-kp-sIm-≠v ]qºm-‰-Isf \n¿an-°p-tºmƒ h¿W-

t]-∏tdm aƒń-I-f¿ t\mó-kp-Itfm D]-tbm-Kn-®m¬ IqSp-X¬ BI¿j-I-am-°mw.

\n¿an® ]qºm-‰-Isf Hcp Nm¿ń¬ Hń®v ¢mkn¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-°-Ww. anTmbn IS-

em-kp-IƒsIm≠pw ]qºm-‰-Isf \n¿an-°mw.

samU-yqƒ aq∂v

]d-∂-I-ep-∂-h¿

$ {]Ir-Xn-bn¬ h¿W-hn-kvabw Xo¿°p∂ ]qºm-‰-Isf kwc-£n-t°-≠-Xt√?

$ ]qºm-‰-Iƒ C√m-Xm-hm≥ Imc-W-sa-¥mWv?

$ ]qºm-‰-Iƒ C√m-Xm-bm¬ {]Ir-Xn-bn¬ F¥v am‰am-Wp-≠m-IpI?

$ Ahsb kwc-£n-°m≥ \ap°v Fs¥ms° sNøm-\mIpw?

F∂o tNmZ-y-ß-fn-eqsS ]d-∂-I-ep-∂-h¿ F∂ `mKw hmbn-°m≥ ]d-bmw. hmb-\-

bv°p-tijw N¿® \S-°-Ww. SIET bpsS tIc-f-Ønse Nn{X-i-e-`-ßƒ F∂

kn.Un. D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

]qºm-‰-Isf am{X-a√ {]Ir-Xn-bnse a‰p Poh-Pm-e-ßtfbpw kwc-£n-t°-≠-Xp≠v

F∂ at\m- mhw Ipń-I-fn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Bh-i-y-amb N¿®-Iƒ ¢mkn¬ \S-

°-Ww.

XpS¿∂v kwc-£n-t°-≠-Xns‚ Bh-i-y-I-X-sb-°p-dn®v eLp Ipdn∏v ]cn-k-c-]p-

kvX-I-Øn-se-gp-X-s´. Nn{X-i-e- -ßsf \n¿an®v Hń® Nm¿ń¬ Ahsb kwc£n-

t°-≠-Xns‚ {]m[m-\yw t_m[-y-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ ktμ-i-ßƒ Fgp-X-s´.

Nn{X-i-e` ]m¿°v- \n¿am-Ww ˛ ]qºm-‰-I-fpsS kwc-£-W-Øn-\mbn kvIqfn¬

]qt¥m´w Hcp-°Ww. hońepw CXp-t]mse ]qt¥m´w Hcp-°m≥ Bh-i-y-s∏-SWw.

bqWn-‰neqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ t]m¿´vt^m-fn-tbm-bn-te°v am‰m-hp∂

D¬∏-∂-ßƒ

$ Nn{X-i-e-`-ßƒ˛B¬_w$ Nn{X-i-e- -Øns‚ Pohn-X-N-{Iw- -\n-co-£-W-°p-dn∏v, vtfmNm¿ v$ ie-`-°m¿Uv$ IS-emkv ]qºm-‰-Iƒ$ ]mT- m-K-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v \¬Ip∂ h¿°vjo-‰p-Iƒ

$

]cn-kc]-T\w

145


anI-®Xv icm-icnicm-i-cn-

bn¬Xmsg

$ Np‰pw ImWp∂ Nn{X-i-e- -ß-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ

F√m Ipń-I-sfbpw t_m[-y-s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-bn-

´p≠v

$ At\-z-j-W-Øn-eqsS GXm\pw Nn{X-i-e- -ß-

fpsS t]cpIƒ F\n°pw Ipń-Iƒ°pw Is≠-

Øm≥ Ign-™n- p-≠v.

$ ie- -ß-fpsS hoUntbm ImWn-®n- p-≠v.

$ Nn{X ie- -ß-fpsS PohnX N{Iw ImWn-°p∂

hoUntbm {]Z¿in-∏n-®n-´p≠v.

$ ]yq∏ tiJ-cn®v Nn{X-i-e- -Øns‚ Pohn-X-N{Iw

\nco-£n-°m≥ Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°n-bn- p-≠v.

$ Nn{X-i-e-`-Øns‚ PohnX N{Iw hc®v \nco-

£-W-°p-dn∏v F√m Ipń-Ifpw Fgp-Xn-bn- p-≠v.

$ Nn{X-i-e- -ßsf \nco-£n®v ie- -Im¿Uv F√m

Ipń-Ifpw Xbm-dm-°n-bn- p-≠v.

$ F√m Ipń-Ifpw IS-em-kp-sIm≠v ]qºm-‰-Isf

\n¿an®v ¢mkvapdn Ae-¶-cn-®n- p-≠v.

$ ]qºm-‰-Iƒ C√m-Xm-hp-∂Xpw, Ah-bpsS

A`mhw {]Ir-Xn-bn-ep-≠m-°p∂ am‰ßfpw

F√m-h-scbpw t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-™n- p-

≠v.

$ ]qºm-‰-I-sf-t∏mseXs∂ a‰p Poh-Pm-e-ß-fpw

kwc-£n-°--s∏-tS-≠-Xp-s≠∂ at\m-`mhw

F√m Ipń-I-fnepw D≠m-°n-sb-Sp-°p-∂-X-c-

Øn¬ DZm-l-cW klnXw N¿®-Iƒ \S-Øp-

∂-Xn¬ hnP-bn-®n- p-≠v.

146

So®¿ sSIvÃv

bqWn‰v ˛ 7

h¿W-®n-d-Ip-Iƒ hoin-hoin

h¿°v jo‰v ˛ 1

kt¥m-jhpw k¶-Shpw

Xmsg-Im-Wp∂ Imc-y-ßƒ hmbn®p t\m°q. CXn¬ Nne-Im-c-y-ßƒ ]qºm-‰bv°v

kt¥m-j-ap-≠m-°p∂ Imc-y-ß-fm-Wv. Nne Imc-y-ßƒ k¶-S-ap-≠m-°p∂

Imcyßfpw. Cu c≠p Imc-y-ßfpw ]ń-I- Xn-cn®v Fgp-Xmtam?

$ ]qt¥m- -Øn¬ \ndsb ]q°ƒ hncn™p \n¬°p∂p

$ Ipń-I-ƒ ]q°ƒ ]dn®v \in-∏n-°p-∂p.

$ Iq´p-Im-sc√mw ]qsºmSn \pI-cm≥ ]qt¥m- -Øn-se-Øn-bn- p-≠v.

$ sNSn-I-fnepw ]p°-fnepw Io-S-\m-in\nIƒ Xfn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

$ sNSn-I-sf√mw shń-\-in-∏n-®ncn°p-∂p.

$ ]q°mew hs∂-Øn.

$ ]d-∂p√kn-°m≥ ]‰nb [mcmfw sNSn-I-fp≈ {]tZiw

$ ]q°-fn√mØ \mSv

$ ]q°-fn¬ \ndsb tX\p-≠v.

$ ho´p-ap-‰-sØm∂pw ]qt¥m- -ß-fn√.

]qºm-‰-bpsS kt¥mjw ]qºm-‰-bpsS k¶Sw

$ $

$ $

$ $

$ $

$ $

]cn-kc]-T\w

147

h¿°v jo‰v ˛ 2

]qhpw ]qºm-‰bpw

an∂p-∏q-ºm‰ tX≥ tXSn \S-°p-I-bm-Wv. Hcp ]qhpt]mepw ImWp-∂n-√. CsXs¥mcp

\mSv ! an∂p-hn\v k¶-S-am-bn. Aß-Ise DÆqen apØ-»n-bpsS tXm -Øn¬ [mcmfw

]q°-fp-s≠∂v Ip™n-°nfn ]d-™p. ]t£ AhnsS FØm-\p≈ hgn an∂p-hn\v

Adn-bn-√. an∂p-hns\ klm-bn-°mtam?

148

So®¿ sSIvÃv

aÆn -eqsS \S°mwaÆn -eqsS \S°mwaÆn -eqsS \S°mwaÆn -eqsS \S°mwaÆn -eqsS \S°mw8

BapJw

Cu aÆn-emWv \msa√mw hkn-°p-∂-Xv. aÆns‚ {]m[m\yw Xncn-

®-dn-™-h-cmWv \Ωƒ. \ΩpsS Ipń-Ifpw aÆn¬I-fn-®v aÆns\

ASp-Ø-dn™v hf-c-Ww. AXn\p-X-Ip∂ Ht´sd {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv

Cu ]mT- m-K-Øn¬ N¿®-sN-øp-∂-Xv. aÆn¬ hf-cp∂ kky-ßsf

am{X-a√ Pohn-I-tfbpw Ipń-Iƒ Adn-b-Ww. \nco-£W km[y-X-Iƒ

Ah\v Xpd-∂p-sIm-Sp-°-Ww.

aÆns‚ ]nd-hn-sb-]‰n ASn-ÿm-\-Im-cy-ßƒ Hmtcm Ipńbpw Adn-

tb-≠-Xp≠v. hyXykvX C\w aÆp-Ifpw AhbpsS {]tXy-I-Xbpw

Ah\v Adn-bm≥ Ah-k-c-ap-≠m-I-Ww. aÆne-S-ßnb hkvXp-°ƒ,

sh≈w ]nSn-s®-Sp-°m-\p≈ aÆns‚ Ignhv XpS-ßn-bh eLp ]co-£-

W-Øn-eqsS Ipń°v Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bWw. aÆnepw hmbp AS-

ßn-bn- p≠v F∂Xv ]co-£-W-Øn-eqsS Is≠-Øp-tºmƒ AXv Ip n°v

IuXp-I-am-Ipw.

asÆm-en∏v F∂ henb hn]-Øn-s\-°p-dn®v IqSp-X-e-dn-bm≥ \ap°v

]mT- m-K-Øn-eqsS Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°mw. asÆm-en-∏p-X-S-bm-\p≈ am¿K-

ßfpw N¿®-sN-ømw. aÆv aen-\-am-°-cpXv F∂ henb ktμiw

Hmtcm Ipń°pw \¬Imw. πmÃnIv D]-tbm-K-Øns‚ {]iv\-ßƒ

Ah\v t\cn´v t_m[y-s∏-S-Ww. πmÃnIv amen-\y-Øn-s\-Xnsc

{]h¿Øn-°m-\p≈ at\m- m-hhpw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-b-Ww. aÆp-

sIm-≠p≠m°p∂ D¬∏-∂-ßƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sm\pw Nne \n¿amW

{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sm\pw Ahs\ {]m]vX-\m-°-mw.

aÆns‚ alXzw Ipń-I-fn-se-Øn-°m≥ Cu ]mT- m-K-Øn--eqsS \ap°v

{ian-°mw.

]cn-kc]-T\w

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151

bqWn-‰n-te-°v...

samUyqƒ 1

Bap-J-Nn{Xw

Bap-JNn{XsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n ¢mkn¬ eLp N¿® \S-Ømw.

-kq-N-I-ßƒ

$ \mw Pohn-°p-∂ -aÆv.

$ aÆn¬ hf-cp∂ ac-ßƒ, sNSn-Iƒ, Pohn-Iƒ

$ aÆpw Irjnbpw

aÆn-c-bpsS IØv

aÆn¬ [mcmfw Pohn-Iƒ hkn-°p-∂p≠v. Ipń-Iƒ°v ]cn-Nn-X-amb Hcp Pohnsb

ASp-Ø-dn-bm-\mWv aÆn-c-bpsS IØv \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Ipń-Iƒ shdp-t∏m-sSbpw

t]Sn-tbm-sSbpw ImWp∂ Cu Pohn-tbmSv IqSp-X¬ kvt\lw tXm∂m≥ Cu

IØv klm-bn-°pw.

{]Ir-Xn-bn-eqsS

]cn-k-csØ aÆv kq£vaambn \nco-£n-°m≥ Ipń-Iƒ°v Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww.

Ipń-Isf {Kq∏p-I-fm-°n- Xn-cn®v Hmtcm {]tZ-ihpw \nco-£n-°m≥ \n¿tZin-°mw.

Hmtcm {Kq∏n\pw Hcp lm≥Uvse≥sk-¶nepw \¬I-Ww. Hmtcm {Kq∏pw Is≠-

Ønb Pohn-I-fpsS enÃv ¢mkn¬ t{ImUo-I-cn-°-Ww. kq£va Pohn-I-sf-°p-dn-

®p≈ N¿®-bp-am-Imw.

samUyqƒ 2

aÆns‚ ]ndhn

I√p-Iƒ Iqń-bp-c®v a¨X-cn-I-fmbn amdp∂ {]h¿Ø-\w. Ipń-Iƒ sNbvXp-t\m-

°-s´. hnhn[ Xc-Øn-ep≈ I√p-Iƒ tiJ-cn®v {]h¿Ø\w sNøm≥ {i≤n-°Ww.

hnhn-[-Xcw aÆp-Iƒ

hnhn[ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Ipń-Iƒ I≠n- p≈ aÆp-Isf°pdn®v N¿®-sN-ømw. hnhn[

{]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \n∂v tiJ-cn® aÆp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v sNdnb B¬_w \n¿an-

°mw. sNdnb Ih-dp-Ifnem°n Iń-bp≈ Im¿Un¬ ]n≥sN-bvtXm, Iń-bp≈

Nm¿ń¬ hf-sh®v AIØv ]i-tX®v aÆv Hńt®m Cu {]h¿Ø\w \S-Ømw.

Hmtcm aÆn-\-Sn-bnepw aÆns‚ \ndw, tiJ-cn-®-ÿ-ew, GXp-Xcw aÆv, aÆns‚

{]tXy-IX F∂nh AS-ßnb Hcp eLp Ipdn-∏p-IqSn tN¿°mw.

152

So®¿ sSIvÃv

samUyqƒ 3

aÆn¬ Fs¥√mw?

]mT-`m-K-Øn¬ \n¿tZin® ÿe-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ aÆv tiJ-cn®v {]h¿Ø\w

\S-Ømw. aÆn¬ AS-ßnb hkvXp-°ƒ IrXy-ambn Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ ]mI-Øn¬

aÆv tiJ-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Bb-Xn\m¬ aÆv tiJ-cW ka-bØv So®-dpsS CS-s]-

S¬ Bh-iy-am-Wv. ]co-£Ww sNbvXv Is≠-Ønb Imcy-ßƒ Fgp-X-s´. Ipń-I-

tfm-sSm∏w Hcp henb ac-®p-hSv kμ¿in®v Ce-Ifpw a‰pw aÆn¬ s]mSn™p

tN¿∂Xv \nco-£n-°m\pw Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°mw.

samUyqƒ 4

aÆpw sh≈hpw

Pew ]nSn-®p-\n¿Øm-\p≈ hnhn-[-a-Æp-I-fpsS Ignhv ]cn-tim-[n-°m-\mWv ChnsS

{ian-°p-∂-Xv. Hcp eLp ]co-£-W-Øn-eqsSbmWv \mw AXv hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xv.

Bh-iy-amb kma-{Kn-Iƒ Hcp-°-Ww. aq∂p-Nn-c- -bnepw Xpey Af-hn¬ Pew Hgn-

°m≥ {i≤n-°-Ww. ^n√tdm kv]qtWm D]-tbm-Kn®v sh≈w Hgn-°p-∂-XmWv

DNn-Xw. •mkn¬ tiJ-cn® sh≈-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Ipń-Iƒ DØcw Is≠-

Ø-s´.

samUyqƒ 5

aÆn¬ Hfn-®n-cn-°p∂ hmbp

Hcp eLp ]co-£-W-Øn-eqsSbmWv Cu {]h¿Ø-\hpw \S-tØ-≠-Xv. •mkn-\p-]-

Icw A¬∏w henb Hcp Nn√p-]m{Xw e`n-°p-sa-¶n¬ AXv D]-tbm-Kn-°-Ww.

•mkn¬ sNdnb aÏ-´-Itf CSm≥ Ignbq F∂-Xp-sIm-≠mWv. aÏ-´-Iƒ

\∂mbn DW-ßn-b-h-bm-sW∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Ø-Ww. ]co-£-W-°p-dn∏v ]cn-k-c-]p-

kvX-I-Øn¬ Fgp-Xm≥ \n¿tZ-in-°-Ww.

samUyqƒ 6

asÆm-en∏v XS-bmw

asÆm-en-∏p-sIm-≠p≈ tZmj-ßƒ ¢mkn¬ N¿® \S-°-Ww. ]mT-`m-KØv

\n¿tZin® ]co-£Ww Ipń-Iƒ sNø-s´. aÏq\ Hcp-°¬, aÏ-´-Iƒ

tiJcn°¬, aÏ- -Iƒ Dd-∏n°¬ XpS-ßnb Imc-y-ßƒ°v So®-dpsS klmbhpw

th≠n hcpw. kvIqƒ ]cn-k-cØv asÆm-en∏n\v km[-y-X-bp≈ ÿe-ßƒ IpńIƒ

Is≠-Ø-s´. ]co-£-W-°p-dn∏v ]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ Fgp-Xm≥ \n¿-tZ-in-°Ww.

]cn-kc]-T\w

153

samUyqƒ 7

aÆv aen-\-am-°-cptX!

]mT`mK-Øn¬ \n¿tZ-in® {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS aÆn¬ ebn-°mØ amen-\y-ßsf

Ipń-Isf t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. c≠v Ipgn-I-fn-embn amen-\y-ßƒ aqSp∂ {]h¿Ø\w

GXm\pw Znhkw apºv \S-Ø-Ww. "t]\ ]d-bp∂p' F∂ hmb-\m-Ip-dn-∏n-eqsS

πmÃnIv amen\yw ASn-™p-Iq-Sn-bm-ep≈ `hn-jyØv Ipń-Isf t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Ø-

Ww. πmÃnIv D]-tbmKw ]c-am-h[n Ipd-bv°m-\p≈ at\m- mhw Ipń-I-fn¬ D≠m-

h-Ww. eLp t]mÃ-dp-Iƒ ÿm]n®v hnZym-e-b-Øn-s‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ {]Z¿in-

∏n-°mw.

hnZym-e-b-Øn¬ Ipń-I-fpsS kl-I-c-W-tØmsS \S-Øm-hp∂ Nne- Im-cy-ßƒ

$ hnZym-e-b-Øn-te°v πmÃnIv Ih-dp-Iƒ sIm≠p-h-cm-Xn-cn-°p-I.

$ hnZym-e-b-]-cn-k-csØ πmÃnIv amen-\y-ßƒ ]q¿W-ambpw \o°w-sN-øp-I.

$ πmÃnIv amen-\y-ßƒ \nt£-]n-°m≥ {]tXyIw Nh-‰p-Ip -Iƒ ÿm]n-°p-I.

$ Akw-ªn-bn¬ πmÃnIv D]-tbmKw Ipd-bv°m-\p≈ ktμ-i-ßƒ \¬Ip-I.

$ t]mÃ¿ \n¿an®v {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-I.

$ t]∏¿_mKv \n¿an®v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I.

samUyqƒ 8

cq]w amdpw aÆv

]mT- m-K-Ønse Nn{X-Øn¬ \n∂pw aÆp sIm≠v \n¿an® hkvXp-°fpw a‰p hkvXp-

°fpw Ipń-Iƒ ]ń-I-s∏-Sp-Øs´. Ipń-I-fpsS hoń¬ aÆv -sIm-≠p≈ ]m{X-ßƒ,

a‰v hkvXp-°ƒ Fs¥-√m-sa∂v tNmZn-°p-Ibpw enÃv sNøm≥ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw

sNømw. Ipń-Iƒ Is≠-ØmØ aÆp-sIm-≠p≈ hkvXp-°ƒ So®¿°v ]cn-N-b-

s∏-Sp-Ømw.

DZm: a¨Nn-cm-Xv, a¨{]-Xn-a-Iƒ

Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂Imcyw Bh-iy-am-sW-¶n¬ N¿®- sNømw

Xr°m-°-c-b-∏≥

HmW-°m-eØv ho´p-ap-‰Øv ]q°-f-sam-cp-°p∂Xnt\m-sSm∏w Xr°m-°-c-b-∏s‚

cq]hpw aÆp-sIm≠v \n¿an®v ]q°ƒ sIm≠v Ae-¶-cn-°pw. ]g-b-Im-e-ß-fn¬

154

So®¿ sSIvÃv

Cu cq]w \n¿an-°m≥ aÆv am{X-amWv D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. C∂v acw, πmÃnIv

XpS-ßn-b-h-sIm≠v \n¿an® cq]-ß-fmWv Gsd t]cpw D]-tbm-Kn-®p-h-cp-∂-Xv.

a¨]m{X \n¿amWw t\cn v I≠pa\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ kml-N-cy-ap-s≠-¶n¬

AXv Xo¿®-bmbpw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. F√m {]tZ-iØpw Cu kml-Ncyw

D≠m-h-W-sa-∂n-√. C√mØ CS-ß-fn¬ N¿®-I-fn-eq-sStbm hoUntbm {]Z¿i-\-

Øn-eq-sStbm Imcy-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°mw.

aÆpsIm≠v cq]-ßƒ \n¿an°mw

F√m Ipń-I-sfbpw ]¶m-fn-I-fm°n \S-Øm-hp∂ Hcp \n¿amW {]h¿Ø-\-amWv

]mT-`m-K-Øn-ep-≈Xv. Cu {]h¿Ø-\-Øn\v Bh-iy-amb kma-{Kn-Iƒ t\ctØ

kwL-Sn-∏n-°-Ww. aÆv D]-tbm-Kn®v Ipń-Iƒ°v CjvS-ap≈ a‰v cq]-ßƒ \n¿an-

°m\pw Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww. Ipń-Iƒ \n¿an® cq]-ß-fpsS Hcp {]Z¿i-\hpw

kwL-Sn∏n-°-Ww.

bqWn-‰neqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ t]m¿ vt^m-fn-tbm-bn-te°v am‰m-hp∂ D¬∏-

∂-ßƒ

$ aÆn-¬ Fs¥-√mw- -\n-co-£-W-°p-dn∏v

$ asÆm-en∏v ]-co-£-W-°p-dn∏v

$ a¨]m-{X-\n¿amWime˛ k-μ¿i\ dnt∏m¿´v


$

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anI-®Xv icm-icn icm-i-cn-°p

Xmsg

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]¶m-fnØw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ Ign-™p.

$ aÆn-ep≈ Pohn-I-tfbpw kky-ß-tfbpw

enÃv sNøm≥ Ipń-Iƒ°v Ign-™n- p≠v

$ ]co-£-W-ßƒ IrXy-X-tbmsSbpw

kq£v-a-X-tbm-sSbpw sNbvXv Ipń-Iƒ

]co-£--W-°p-dn∏v ]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬

tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.

$ ]mT- m-K-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v t]mÃ-dp-Iƒ

\n¿an-°m≥ Ign-™n- p-≠v.

$ a¨]m-{X-\n¿am-W-tI{μw kμ¿in-®v

Ipń-Iƒ°v Imc-y-ßƒ a\- n-em-°m≥

kμ¿`w Hcp-°m≥ Ign-™p.

$ Ifn-a-Æp-sIm≠v Ipń-Iƒ cq]-ßƒ

D≠m-°p-Ibpw Ah {]Z¿in-∏n-°m\p≈

Ah-kcw Hcp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

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kvIqfn¬ πmÃn-°ns‚ D]-tbmKw

\nb-{¥n-°m-\p≈ {iaw Ipń-Iƒ

\S-Øp-∂p-≠v.

156

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bqWn‰v ˛8

aÆn-eqsS \S°mw

h¿°v jo‰v ˛ 1

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Aen™p tNcmØ hkvXp-°fpw kwkvIcn-°m≥ {]tX-yIw kwhn-[m\w Hcp-

°nbn´p≠v. ]©m-b-Ønse {][m\ ÿe-ßfn¬ CXn-\mbn {]tXyIw Nh-‰p-Ip-

-Ifpw ÿm]n-®n- p-≠v.

aÆn¬Aen™ptNcp∂

amen-\-y-ßƒ

aÆn¬Aen-™p-tN-cmØ

amen-\-y-ßƒ

Xmsg ImSp-Øn-´p≈ hkvXp-°ƒ CXn¬ GXv Nh-‰p-Ip-´-bn-emWv \nt£-]n-

t°≠Xv? Xcw Xncn®p t\m°q.

hmg-bne t]∏¿ •mkv πmÃnIv Ih¿

]g-sØmen SqØv{_jv ac-°-jWw

sNcp∏v πmÃn-Ivt]\ anTmbn Ih¿

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aÆp-sIm-≠p≈ cq]-ßƒ

tZhp-hns‚ ho´n¬ aÆp-sIm≠v \n¿an® [mcmfw hkvXp°fp-≠v.- Xmsg ImWp∂

I≈n-I-fn¬ Ah-sb√mw Hfn-®n-cn-∏p-≠v. aÆp-sIm≠v \n¿an® B hkvXp-°-fpsS

t]cp-Iƒ Xmsg-bp≈ I≈n-I-fn¬ \n∂v Is≠Øn Fgp-Xmtam?

d I ew C e hv ]q

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kpc -£n -X -bm{Xkpc -£n -X -bm{Xkpc -£n -X -bm{Xkpc -£n -X -bm{Xkpc -£n -X -bm{X9

BapJw

tdmU-]-I-S-ßƒ A\p-Zn\w h¿[n®p hcp∂ Hcp Ime-L- -Øn-emWv

\mw Pohn°p-∂-Xv. {][m-\-ambpw tdmUv \nb-a-ß-ƒ ]men-°m-ØXmWv

CXn-\p-Im-c-Ww. {]mY-anI hnZym- ymk Ime-L- -Øn¬ Xs∂ tdmUv

\nb-a-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ [mcW Ipń-Ifn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-b-

Ww. "kpc-£n-X-bm{X' F∂ ]mT- m-K-Øn-eqsS \mw AXn-\p≈

{ia-amWv \S-Øp-∂Xv.

hml-\m-]-I-S-ßƒ D≠m-Im-\p≈ Imc-W-ßsf°pdn®v Ipń-Iƒ°v

]d-bm≥ Ign-b-Ww. Im¬\-S-bmbpw hml-\-ß-fnepw hnZym-ebØnse-

Øp∂ Ipń-Iƒ Xo¿®-bmbpw Im¬\-S-bm-{X-°mcpw hml-\-bm-{X-

°mcpw {i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-ßfpw Adn-™n--cn-°-Ww. ko{_m-sse≥,

AS-bm-f-hn-f-°p-Iƒ, {Sm^nIv Nn”-ßƒ XpS-ßn-bh Fs¥∂v Ipń°v

hy‡-ambpw t_m[y-s∏-S-Ww. sNdnb IfnbneqsSbpw N¿®-I-fn-eq-

sSbpw \nco-£-W-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw Cu Imcy-ßƒ Ipń-bn-se-Øn-°m≥

{ian-°-Ww. kpc-£n-X-bm-{X-bv°mbn Ht´sd Imcy-ßƒ Xm≥ {i≤n-

t°-≠-Xps≠∂v Hmtcm Ipńbpw Xncn-®-dn-b-Ww. tdmUv apdn®p IS-

°m≥ {]bm-k-s∏-Sp∂h¿ {]tXy-In®v ImgvNbv°v sh√p-hnfn t\cn-

Sp-∂-h¿, {]mbw-sN-∂-h¿ F∂n-hsc klm-bn-t°-≠Xv Xt‚bpwIqSn

IS-a-bm-sW∂pw. Cu ISa Ipń Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw AXv A\p-k-cn®v

{]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I F∂Xv Cu ]mT- m-K-Øns‚ e£y-ß-

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tdmUv \nb-a-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Imcy-ßƒ efn-X-ambn Cu ]mT- m-K-

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161

bqWn-‰n-te-°v...

samUyqƒ 1

]mT- m-KsØ BapJ Nn{X-Ønse hm¿Øm-sIm-fmjpw Nn{X-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn®v

N¿®-bn-te°v IS°mw. tdmU-]-IS hm¿Ø-Ifpw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ømw. ¢mkn¬

s]mXp-N¿® \S-°-s´. Ipń-Iƒ N¿®-bn-eqsS Is≠Ønb tdmUv A]-ISImc-W-

ßƒ enÃv sNø-Ww. ]mT- m-K-Øn¬ \¬Inb Imc-W-ß-fp-ambn HØp-t\m°n

Bh-iy-amb Iqń-t®¿°-ep-Iƒ \S-Øn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s´.

Im¬\-S--bm-{X-°m¿ tdmUn-eqsS k©-cn-°p-tºmƒ {i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-ßƒ hni-

Z-ambn N¿® \S-Ø-Ww. tdmUns‚ he-Xp-hiw tN¿∂v \S-t°--≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-

IX Ipń-Isf t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. ko{_m-sse≥, \S-∏mX F∂n-hbpw Ipń-

Iƒ°v Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-b-Ww. hoń¬ \n∂v hnZym-e-b-Øn-te°pw Xncn®pw

D≈ Ipń-I-fpsS bm{X N¿®m hnj-b-am-I-Ww. ]cn-k-c-{]-tZ-iØv "ko{_m-sse≥'

t\cn v ImWm≥ kuI-cy-ap-s≠-¶n¬ AXv {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. A√mØ ]£w

hoUntbm ¢n∏nwKvkv/Nn{X-ßƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ømw.

samUyqƒ ˛2

AS-bm-f-hn-f-°p-Iƒ

{Sm^nIv AS-bmf hnf-°p-I-fpsS Nn{X-ßƒ, hoUntbm ¢n∏nw-Kp-Iƒ F∂nh D]-

tbm-Kn®v Cu `mKw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°mw. AS-bmf hnf-°p-I-fnse \nd-ß-sf-°p-dn®v

N¿® \S-°-Ww. kn·¬ sse‰v hy‡-ambn hc®v ¢mkn¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-°m≥ {i≤n-

°p-I. Hmtcm Ipń°pw ]cn-kc]pkvX-I-Øn¬ AS-bmf hnf-°p-Iƒ hc®v \ndw

\¬Ip-hm-\pw Hmtcm \nd-ßfpw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv F¥m-sW∂v Fgp-Xp-hm\pw Ah-

kcw \¬I-Ww.

hml-\-ß-fn¬ k©-cn-°p∂ bm{X-°m¿ {i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-ßsf°p-dn®v ¢mkn¬

N¿® \S-°-Ww. CXp-ambn _‘-s∏ v \¬Im≥ DX-Ip∂ ]{X-hm¿Ø-Iƒ Ds≠-

¶n¬ ê-{]-Z-am-bn-cn-°pw. N¿®-bn-eqsS Is≠-Ønb Imcy-ßƒ t{ImUo-I-cn®v

]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ Fgp-Xm≥ \n¿tZ-in-°pIbpw thWw.

samUyqƒ ˛ 3

Ip™p-ssI-Ifpw henb klm-bhpw

IpńI-fn¬ at\m- m-hw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-Sp-°m≥ klm-b-I-amb coXn-bn¬ thWw

Cu hmb\m-°p-dn∏v Ah-X-cn-∏n-t°-≠Xv. CØcw Nne kμ¿ -ßƒ Ipń-Iƒ°v

]¶p-sh-°m-\p-≠m-Ipw. AXn\v Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww. A\p-tbm-Py-amb A\p- -h-

ßƒ So®¿°pIqSn ]¶p-sh-°m≥ Ign-™m¬ IqSp-X¬ ê-{]-Z-am-Ipw.

162

So®¿ sSIvÃv

sdbn¬]mfw apdn®pIS-°p-tºmƒ {i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-ßsf∏-‰nbpw ¢m n¬ N¿®

\S-°-Ww. A]-IS km[yX Ipń-Isf icn-bmbn t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. ]{X-hm¿Ø-

Iƒ Cu Ah-k-c-Øn¬ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ømw.

samUyqƒ ˛ 4

hml\w HmSn°mw

]mT- m-K-Øn¬ \n¿tZin® Ifn kvIqƒ {Ku≠n¬ icn-bmb Bkq-{X-W-tØmsS

\S-Ø-Ww. ]T\ t\ -ß-fpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ \S-Øm≥ IqSn Cu Ifn {]tbm-P-

\--s∏-Spw. F√m Ipń-I-fptSbpw ]¶m-fnØw Ifn-bn¬ Dd∏p hcp-Øm≥ {i≤n-°-

Ww.

"hml\w HmSn°mw' F∂ Ifn°p tijw ]mT- m-K-Øn¬ \n¿tZin® tNmZy-ß-fn-

eqsS ê-{]-Z-amb N¿® \S-°-Ww. Ipń-Isf {Kq∏p-I-fmbn Xncn®v, Im¬ \S-bm-

{X-°m¿ {i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-ßƒ, hml-\-bm-{X-°m¿ {i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-ßƒ, hml-

\-tam-Sn-°p--∂-h¿ {i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-ßƒ F∂nh Nm¿´p-I-fn¬ FgpXn ¢m n¬

{]Z¿in-∏n-°m≥ \n¿tZin-°mw. ]mT`m-K-Øn\v Ah-km\w \¬In-b -sN°venÃv

Ipń°v kzbw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn \¬Imw. kvIqfn-te-°p≈ bm{X (\S-∂v,

hml-\-Øn¬, ssk°n-fn¬) kpc-£n-X-am-°m≥ Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Fs¥√mw Imcy-

ßƒ {i≤n-t°-≠-Xp-s≠∂ tNmZy-Øn-eqsS Ipń tdmUv \nb-a-ßƒ Xncn-®-dn-

™n- pt≠m F∂ hne-bn-cp-Øepw ChnsS \SØmw.

Ipdn∏v

Cu ]mT`mK-Øn¬ "N¿®'bv°v Gsd {]m[m-\y-ap-≠v. ê-{]-Z-amb N¿®bv°v DX-

Ip∂ kqN-I-ßƒ \¬Im≥ So®¿ {i≤n-°-Ww. F√m Ipń-I-fp-sSbpw ]¶m-fnØw

Dd∏p hcp-ØWw. Hmtcm N¿®-bptSbpw Ah-km-\w Is≠-Ønb Imcy-ßƒ

t{ImUo-I-cn-°m\pw {i≤n-°-Ww.-B-h-iy-amb Imcy-ßƒ Ipń-bpsS ]cn-k-c-]p-

kvX-I-Øn¬ Fgp-Xm\pw \n¿tZ-in-°-Ww.


∂-ßƒ

$ {Sm^nIv AS-bm-f-hn-f-°p-Iƒ hc®v \ndw \¬In-bXv

$ tdmUv\nb-a-ßƒ ˛ sN°venÃv

$ kvIqfn-te-°p≈ bm{X kpc-£n-X-am-°m≥- -Rm≥ {i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-ßƒ- -

enÃv sNbvX-Xv.


$

]cn-kc-]-T\w

163



Xmsg

$ tdmU-]-I-S-ßƒ D≠m-Im-\p≈ Imc-W-ßƒ

Xncn-®-dn™v Ipń-Iƒ°v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm≥

Ign-™n- p-≠v.

$ Im¬\-S-bm-{X-°m-cpw, hml\w HmSn-°p-∂-

hcpw

]men-t°≠ \nb-a-ßƒ Xncn-®-dn™v ]d-

bm≥

Ipń-Iƒ°v Ign-bp-∂p-≠v.

$ {Sm^n°v AS-bmf hnf-°nse \nd-ßfpw Ah

kqNn-∏n-°p∂ \n¿tZi-ßfpw Xncn-®-dn™v

]d-bm\pw Nn{Xo-I-cn-°m\pw IpńIƒ°v

Ign-bp-∂p≠v.

$ hml-\-ß-fn¬ k©-cn-°p-tºmƒ ]men-

t°≠

\nb-a-ßƒ Fs¥-√m-amsW∂v F√m

Ipń-Iƒ°pw ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p-≠v.

$ tdmUv apdn®p IS-°m≥ {]bm-k-s∏-Sp-∂-hsc

klm-bn-°m-\p≈ at\m- mhw hf¿Øm≥ DX-

Ip∂ Xc-Øn¬ Ah-X-cWw \S-Øm≥ Ign-™p.

$ N¿®-I-fn¬ F√m-IpńI-fp-tSbpw ]¶m-fnØw

Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ Ign-™p.

164

So®¿ sSIvÃv

bqWn‰v ˛9

kpc-£n-X-bm{X

h¿°v jo‰v ˛ 1

GXm\pw Iq´p-Im-cpsS Bh-iy-ßfpw B Bh-iy-ßƒ \nd-th-‰p-tºmƒ kpc-£n-

X-Xz-Øn\p th≠n Ah¿ {i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-ß-fp-amWv Xmsg-bp≈ c≠v tImf-

ß-fn-embn {Iaw sX‰n®p sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. kpc-£n-X-bm-{X-°mbn Ahsc

klm-bn-°mtam?

Bh-iy-ßƒ

$ cmlp-en\v A—s‚ IS-bn-se-Øm≥

tdmUpap-dn-®p-I-S-°-Ww.

$ ^nZ°v tdmU-cn-In-ep≈ kvIqfn-se-

Øm≥ \S-∂p-t]m-I-Ww.

$ dm^n°v am¿°-‰n-se-Øm≥ hml-\-

Øn¬ bm{X sNø-Ww.

$ BZn-Xy Im¿ HmSn-®mWv ]m¿°n-

te°v t]mIp-∂-Xv.

$ amXyp ss_°n-emWv Znh-khpw

Hm^o-kn-se-Øp-∂-Xv.

{i≤n-t°-≠-Im-cy-ßƒ

$ tdmUns‚ he-Xp-hiw tN¿∂v \S-

°-Ww.

$ hml-\-Øn¬ bm{X-sN-øp-tºmƒ

ssIbpw Xebpw ]d-Øn-S-cpXv

$ {Sm^n°v AS-bmf hnf-°p-I-fnse

\n¿tZi-ßƒ A\p-k-cn-°-Ww. ko‰v

s_¬‰v [cn-°Ww

$ sl¬sa‰v [cn-°Ww

$ ko{_m-sse≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°Ww

]cn-kc-]-T\w

165

h¿°v jo‰v ˛ 2

"tdmUv \nb-a-ßƒ ]men-°q... Poh≥ c£n°q...' F∂ ktμiw Db¿Øn-s°m≠v

{Sm^nIv t]meokv kvIqfp-I-fn¬ a’cw kwL-Sn-∏n-®p.

a’-c-Øn-\mbn \¬Inb Nn{X-amWv Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Nn{X-Øn-ep≈

AS-bmf hnf-°n¬ tbmPn® \ndw \¬In Ah-bv°p-t\sc \n¿tZ-i-ßfpw FgpXq.

\ndp-ØpI Xbm-dm-IpI apt∂m- p-t]m-Ip-I.

166

So®¿ sSIvÃv

tIc -f -° -c -bn -eqsStIc -f -° -c -bn -eqsStIc -f -° -c -bn -eqsStIc -f -° -c -bn -eqsStIc -f -° -c -bn -eqsS10

BapJw

tIcfw F∂ t]cv Ipń tIń- p-≠m-Ipw. F∂m¬ \ΩpsS kwÿm-

\-Øns‚ t]cmWv tIc-f-sa-∂p≈ Adnhv F√m Ipń-Iƒ°pw D≠m-

I-W-sa-∂n-√. tIc-f-Øn-s\-°p-dn®v Hcp {]mY-anI AdnhmWv ChnsS

\¬Ip-hm≥ Dt±-in-®n-´p-≈-Xv. CXn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ at\m-lm-cn-

Xsb°p-dn®v ]d-bp-∂p≠v. `q]Sw F∂ kt¶Xw Ipń BZy-am-bm-

Wv ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. tIc-f-Øns‚ `q]Sw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-

eqsS ]Xn-\mev Pn√-I-fmWv tIc-f-Øn-ep-≈-sX∂v Ipń Xncn-®-dn-b-

Ww. AXn¬\n∂v kz¥w Pn√-bpsS `q]Sw IqSn Ipń Xncn-®-dn-tb-≠-

Xp-≠v. AXp-t]mse Pn√-sb-°p-dn®v Nne ASn-ÿm\ hnh-c-ßƒIqSn

Ipń-Iƒ Adn-b-Ww. Pn√-I-fpsS BIrXn Xncn-®-dn-bWw PnKvtkm

\n¿am-W-Øn-eqsS \n¿amW{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-te¿s∏-Sm\pw Ifn-I-fn-

eqsS ]Xn-\mev Pn√-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw Ipń-Iƒ°v ¢mkvap-dn-bn¬

Ah-k-c-sam-cp°n sImSp-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. HutZym-KnI Nn”-ßƒ ]cn-

N-b-s∏-Sm\pw Ah-bpsS Nn{X-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°m\pw Ipń-Iƒ°v Ign-b-

Ww. kz¥w ]nd-∂mfpw kvIqfns‚ ]nd-∂mfpw Xncn-®-dn™vv tIc-

f-cq-]o-I-cW Xob-Xnbpw Ipń a\ n-em-°-s´. ]nd-∂mƒ kΩm\w

F∂ mKw N¿®-sN-øp-∂-Xn-eqsS kl-Po-hn-I-tfm-Sp≈ kvt\lhpw

klm-bn-°m\p≈ a\ pw Ipń-I-fn-ep-≠m-hs´

]cn-kc]-T\w

167

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bqWn-‰n-te-°v...

samUyqƒ 1

Ah-[n-°mew

Ah-[n-°m-e-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Hcp N¿®-bn-eqsS ]mT- m-K-tØ°v {]th-in-°m-a-t√m.

tIc-f-Øns‚ at\m-lc Zriy-ß-fpsS Nn{X-ßƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ømw. Cu Nn{X-

ßƒ Ipń-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-b-s´. Cu Zriy-ßƒ t\cn v I≠ Ipń-I-fp-s≠-¶n¬ ]d-

bp-hm≥ Ah-kcw sImSp-°mw. ]n∂oSv ]mT- m-KØv \¬Inb Nn{X-ß-fpsS Hcp

eLp hnh-cWw So®¿ \¬I-Ww. Pn√-Iƒ, ÿe-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw F∂nh hnh-

c-W-Øn-epƒs∏-Sp-Øp-a-t√m.

samUyqƒ ˛2

`q]-S-hm-b\

`q]Sw F∂ kt¶Xw Ipń°v ]cn-Nn-X-a-√. AXn-\m¬ Nne cq]-tc-J-Iƒ

t_m¿Un¬ hc-®p-sIm≠v kqNn-∏n-°mw. DZm: ¢mkvapdn (an° ¢mkv apdn-Ifpw

NXp-cm-Ir-Xn-bn-em-bn-cn-°p-at√m) kvIqƒ {Ku≠v. Ch GsX-¶nepw H∂v ]cn-kc-

]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ hc-∏n°mw. XpS¿∂v `q]Sw {]Z¿in-∏n®p-sIm≠v \ΩpsS kwÿm-

\-Øns‚ hfsctbsd sNdnb Hcp cq]-Øns‚ Nn{X-amWv `q]-S-ambn ImWn-®n-cn-

°p-∂-sX∂v hni-Zo-I-cn°m-a-t√m.

Ipń-Iƒ `q]-Sw-t\m°n ]Xn-\mev Pn√-I-fpsS t]sc-gp-X-s´. kvIqfn¬ a‰p Pn√-

fn¬ \n∂p≈ Iq´p-Imtcm A[ym-]-Itcm Dt≠m Fs∂mcp At\zjW-am-hm-a-

t√m. \nßƒ GsXms° Pn√-I-fn¬ t]mbn- p≠v? F{X Pn√-I-fpsS t]cdnbmw?

GsXms° Pn√-I-fn-emWv \nßƒ°v _‘p-°fpw kplr-Øp-°-fp-ap-≈Xv? CØ-

c-Øn-ep≈ tNmZy-ß-fn-eqsS ]Xn-\mev Pn√-I-fp-sSbpw t]cp-Iƒ Ipń°v [mc-W-

bm-hpw.

samUyqƒ ˛ 3

Fs‚ Pn√

`q]-S-Øn¬ \n∂v kz¥w Pn√ Ipń-Iƒ Is≠-Øs´. Pn√-bnse Adn-bm-hp∂

ÿe-ß-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ ]c-am-h[n Fgp-X-s´. Ab¬ Pn√-Iƒ Is≠-Øm\pw Bh-

iy-s∏-Sm-a-t√m. hb-\mSv Pn√-sb-°p-dn®v a\p Fgp-Xn-b-Xp-t]mse kz¥w Pn√-sb-

°p-dn®pw Ipń-Iƒ Fgp-X-s´. Pn√-bnse {][m\ ÿe-ß-fpsS Nn{X-ßƒ ¢mkn¬

{]Z¿in-∏n-°-ep-am-Imw. hb-\mSv Pn√-bnse Ipń-Iƒ Ab¬ Pn√sb°pdn-®p≈

hnh-c-ßƒ Fgp-X-s´.

]cn-kc]-T\w

169

PnKvtkm \n¿amWw

arK-ß-fpsSbpw ]£n-I-fp-tSbpw PnKvtkm ¢mkn¬ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ømw Ifn-∏n-

°mw. XpS¿∂v tIc-f-Øns‚ `q]Sw PnKvtkm cq]-Øn¬ ¢mkn¬ \n¿an-°mw.

CXn-\mbn a‰p A[ym-]-I-cpsStbm apXn¿∂ Ipń-I-fptStbm klmbw tXSmw.

samUyqƒ ˛ 4

Nn{X-hn-tijw

¢mkn¬ Nn{X-®m¿´v {]Z¿in-∏n-®p-sIm-s≠mcp N¿® \SØmw. XpS¿∂v ]mT-]p-

kvX-I-Ønse Nn{X-ßƒ Xncn-®-dn™v Ah-bpsS Xmsg t]sc-gp-X-s´. tIcf

k¿°m¿ ap{Z-bpsS {]tXy-I-X-sb-°p-dn®pw ¢mkn¬ N¿® \S-°-Ww. ]mT-]p-kvX-

I-Øns‚ ]pdw-N- -bn-ep≈ k¿°m¿ap{Z Ipń-Iƒ Is≠-Ø-s´.

]nd-∂mƒ a[pcw

Ipń-I-fn¬ \∑bpw kvt\lhpw \nd-bm\pw a‰p-≈-hsc klm-bn-°m-\p≈ a\kpw

cq]-s∏-Sp∂ coXn-bn¬ Cu `mKw ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-at√m. ]{X-Øn¬ hcp∂

CØ-c-Ønep≈ hm¿Ø-Ifpw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-a-t√m. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ {]h¿Ø-

\-ßƒ sNbvX A\p- hw Ds≠-¶n¬ ]d-bs´. CØcw at\m- m-h-ß-fp-ap≈ Hcp

]pXp-X-e-apd D≠m-h-s´.

tIc-f-∏n-dhn

kz¥w ]nd-∂mfpw kvIqfns‚ ]nd-∂mfpw Is≠Øn Fgp-X-s´. tIc-f-Øns‚ ]nd-

∂mfpw kvIqfn¬ tIc-f-]n-d-hn-tbm-S-\p-_--‘n®v \S-°mdp≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw kqNn-

∏n-°mw.

]mT- m-K-Øns‚ Ah-km\w \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ {]h¿Ø\w hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\v Dt±-

in-®p-≈-Xm-Wv. sdbn¬th sse≥ ImWn-°p∂ tIc-f-Øns‚ `q]Sw Cu Ah-k-

-c-Øn¬ D]-tbm--Kn-°-Ww.


∂-ßƒ

$ Pn√-Iƒ-˛-]-ńI

$ Fs‚ Pn√- -hn-h-cWw

$ HutZym-KnI Nn”-ßƒ-˛-Nn-{X-ßƒ, hni-Zo-I-cWw


$

170

So®¿ sSIvÃv



Xmsg

$ ]mT-]p -kvXIw lm≥Uv_p°v F∂n-

hbnse {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°p-]p-dsa anI®

{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ I≠Øn \¬Im≥

Ign™p

$ tIcfw kpμ-c-am-sW∂v Ipń-Isf t_m[y-

s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ]mT-]p-kvX-IØnse Nn{X-

ßƒ°p ]p-dsa IqSp -X¬ Nn{X-ßƒ

\¬Im≥ Ign-™p.

$ `q]S hmb-\bv°v kvIqfnse `q]Sw

D]tbm-Ks∏Sp-Øm≥ Ign-™p.

$ ]Xn-\mev Pn√-I-sf Xncn-®-dn™v t]sc-gp-

Xm≥ F√m Ipń-I-ƒ°pw Ign-bp-∂p-≠v.

$ tIc-f-Øns‚ `q]-S-Øn¬ \n∂v kz¥w

Pn√ Is≠-Øm≥ F√m Ipń-Iƒ°pw Ign-

™n- p-≠v.

$ Pn√-sb-°p-dn®v Ah-iy-w th≠ hnh-c-ßƒ

Fgp-Xm≥ F√m-h¿°pw Ign-™n- p-≠v.

$ F√m {Kq∏nepw Bh-iy-amb klm-b-ßƒ

\¬In-sIm≠v PnKvtkm \n¿amWw \S-

Øm≥ Ign-™p.

$ HutZym-KnI Nn”-ßƒ F√m-hcpw Xncn-

®-dn-™n- p≠v.

$ kl-Po-hn-Isf kvt\ln-°m\pw klm-bn-

°m\pap≈ at\m- mhw Ipń-I-fnepw cq]-

s∏Sm\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \¬Im≥

Ign™p.

]cn-kc]-T\w

171

bqWn‰v ˛10

tIc-f-°-c-bn-eqsS

h¿°v jo‰v ˛ 1

`q]Sw ]cn-tim-[n®v Xmsg-]-d-bp∂ ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°q. (A-d-_n-°-Sepw Ab¬

kwÿm-\-ßfpw ImWn-°p∂ tIc-f-Øns‚ `q]Sw ¢mkn¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-®psIm≠p

thWw Cu h¿°vjo‰v \¬tI-≠-Xv.)

IS¬Xo-c-ap≈ aq∂n¬ IqSp-X¬ Ab¬ kwÿm-\-amb \nß-fpsS

Pn√-Iƒ Pn√-Iƒ AXn¿Øn Xan-gv\m-Sp-ambn AXn¿Øn Pn√-bpsS

Ifmbn hcp∂ ]¶n-Sp∂ Pn√-Iƒ Ab¬ Pn√-Iƒ

Pn√Iƒ

172

So®¿ sSIvÃv

h¿°v jo‰v ˛ 2

\ΩpsS kwÿm-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ GXm\pw hnh-c-ßƒ Xmsg H∂m-asØ

tImfØn¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Ah-bv°p-t\sc \¬Inb tImf-Øn¬ \n∂v icn-

bmb DØcw Is≠Øn \ndw \¬Iq.

\ΩpsS kwÿm\w I¿Æm-SI tIcfw Xan-gv\mSv

\ΩpsS amXr- mj ae-bmfw lnμn Cw•ojv

tIc-f-∏n-d-hn-Zn\w P\p-hcn 1 \hw-_¿ 1 Unkw-_¿ 1

\ΩpsS kwÿm\ arKw knwlw Pndm v B\

\ΩpsS kwÿm-\ -]£n ae-ap-g°n abn¬ XØ

thgm-º¬

\ΩpsS kwÿm\ a’yw Abe {kmhv Icn-ao≥

\ΩpsS kwÿm\ ]pjv]w Xmac IWn-s°m∂ Xpº

\ΩpsS kwÿm\ hr£w sXßv B¬ amhv

BapJw

Cu ]mT- m-K-Øn--eqsS `qan-imkv{Xw F∂ hnjbw BZy-ambn ]cn-

N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bm-Wv. qan-sb-°p-dn®v aq¿Ø-amb [mcW Ipń-Iƒ°n-

√. `qan-bpsS BIr-Xn, {à-Ww, cmhpw ]I-epw, IS¬`m-Kw, Ic- mKw

F∂o Bi-b-ß-fmWv XpS-°-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

`qan°v tKmfm-Ir-Xn-bm-Wp-≈-sX∂v Nn{X-Øn-eq-sSbpw Zriy-ß-fn-eq-

sSbpw t_m[y-s∏-SpØm-sa-¶nepw Cu hkvXpX A\p- -h-Øn-eqsS

t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Nne {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ]mT- m-K-Øn¬ \¬In-bn-

´p-≠v. AXn-\m¬ Cu {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ hfsc IrXy-X-tbm-sSbpw

Bh-iy-amb hni-Zo-I-c-W-tØm-sSbpw \¬tI-≠-Xp-≠v. F¶n¬ am{Xta

Aaq¿Ø-amb Bi-ßsf aq¿Ø-am-°m≥ km[n-°p-I-bp-≈q. sF.

kn. ‰n. km[yX Cu ]mT- m-K-Øn¬ \n¿_-‘ambpw D]-tbm-Kn-

°-Ww. IqSmsX a‰p tbmPy-amb ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-ßƒ D]-tbm-K-

s∏-SpØn ]co-£-W-Øn\pw \nco-£-W-Øn\pw Ipń°v Ah-k-c-ap-

≠m-°n-sIm-Sp-°-Ww. cmhpw ]Iepw A\p- -h-s∏-Sp-∂Xv, Ic- m-K-Øn-

s‚bpw IS¬`m-K-Øns‚bpw hep∏w F∂nh t_m[y-s∏-Sm≥ IrXy-

amb ]co-£-W-ßfpw {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw \¬In-bn- p-≠v. Ah ¢mkvapdn-

bn¬ sNøp-∂-tXm-Sp-IqSn `qan-sb-°p-dn®v \¬Im≥ Dt±-in® Bi-b-

ßƒ IrXy-ambn Ipń-I-fn-se-Øn-°m≥ A[ym-]n-Ibv°v Ign-bpw.

\mw hkn-°pw `qan\mw hkn-°pw `qan\mw hkn-°pw `qan\mw hkn-°pw `qan\mw hkn-°pw `qan11

174

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Bi

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mc-W

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v ]d-b

m≥

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p-∂p.

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F

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bv°

pw tKmf

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v ]co-

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v

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I

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fn®

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p∂p

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q∂n¬

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cb

pw c

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p-am-W

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v \nc

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w ˛

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.

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176

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bqWn-‰n-te-°v...

samUyqƒ 1

I∏nØms‚ bm{X

hnh-cWw hmbn®p-sIm≠v XpS-ßmw. XpS¿∂v Nne tNmZy-ßfneqsS N¿®bv°v

XpS-°-an-Smw.

$ `qan Dcp-≠-Xm-b-Xp-sIm≠v apt∂m- p-Xs∂ t]mbm¬ bm{X Bcw- n®ÿe-

Øp-Xs∂ FØm≥ Ign-bptam?

$

t•m_n-eqsS hnc¬ Nen-∏n-°¬

t•m_n¬ Hcp ÿeØv hnc¬h®v AhnsS Hcp AS-bmfw h®-Xn-\p-tijw B

hnc¬ t•m_n-eqsS apt∂m´p am{Xw Nen-∏n®v AS-bmfw h® ÿØp-Xs∂ FØn®v

Ipń-Iƒ°v GI-tZi [mcW \¬Imw. t_mfntem Dcp≠ as‰-s¥-¶nepw hkvXp-

°-fntem CXp-t]mse sNbvXp-t\m-°m≥ Ipń-Iƒ°v Ah-kcw \¬Imw.

¢mkvap-dn-bpƒs∏-Sp∂ sIńSw hc-bv°¬

sIń-S-Øn-s‚ hep∏w ]q¿W-ambn ImWp∂ AI-e-Øn¬ Ipń-Isf \n¿Øm≥

{i≤n-°-Ww. hc-bpsS ]q¿WX t\mt°-≠-Xn-√. `qan-bpsS Nn{Xw sF.-kn.‰n D]-

tbm-K-s∏-SpØn ImWn-°p-a-t√m. bYm¿Y-Øn¬ `qan-bpsS BIrXn PntbmbvUv

(Geoid) BWv. XpS-°-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ ChnsS tKmfm-IrXn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmepw

aXn-bm-hpw.

BIm-i-\n-co-£Ww

BImi\n-co-£Ww kqcy-s‚bpw, N{μ-s‚bpw BIrXn a\- n-em-°m≥ Dt±-in-®p-

≈-Xm-Wv. BIm-i-\n-co-£-W-Øn-\p≈ \n¿tZiw sImSp-°p-tºmƒ hfsc kq£n-

°-Ww. Hcn-°epw kqcys\ t\cn´v t\m°m-\p≈ \n¿tZiw sImSp-°-cp-Xv.

FIvksd ^nenw t]mep-≈h D]-tbm-Kn®v t\m°m-sa-¶nepw Ah-sbm∂pw ]q¿W-

ambpw kpc-£n-X-a-√. {]tXy-In®v ss{]adn ¢mkp-I-fnse IpńIƒ Kuchw a\ n-

em-°msX kqcys\ t\cn v t\m°p-hm≥ km[y-X-bp-≠v. henb ]m{X-Øn¬ sh≈-

sa-SpØv {]mtZ-inI D® ka-bØv (shbn-eØv \n∂m¬ kz¥w \ng¬Im-Wm≥

Ign-bmØ kabw) shbneØv h®m¬ ]m{X-Ønse sh≈-Øn¬ kqcys‚ {]Xn-

_nw_w ImWmw. Cu coXn-bn¬ kqcys‚ BIrXn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ømw. AkvX-

ab kqcy≥ ad-bp-∂-Xn\v sXm´p-apºv (kap-{Z-Øn-te°v Xmgp-∂-Xmbn A\p- -h-s∏-

Sp∂Xn\v sXm´p-apºv) kqcys\ t\m°m-hp-∂XmWv. cm{Xn BImiw \nco-£n-°p-

]cn-kc]-T\w

177

∂-Xn¬ {]iv\-ß-sfm-∂p-an-√. sF. kn. ‰n km[y-X-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v BIm-i-tKm-

f-ß-fpsS Nn{X-ßƒ ImWn-°p-a-t√m.

`qan-bp-tS-Xp-t]mse (tKmfmIr-Xn-bn-ep≈) BIr-Xn-bp≈ hkvXp-°sf

Xncn®dnb¬

Nn{XØn¬ \¬In-bn- p-≈-h-bpsS bYm¿Y cq]-ßƒ ImWn-°mw. IqSp-X¬ DZm-

l-c-W-ßƒ \¬Ip-a-t√m.

`qan-bpsS BIrXn hc-bv°¬

`qan-bpsS BIrXn hc®v t•m_n¬ ImWp-∂-Xp-t]mse hnhn[ \nd-ßƒ \¬In

`wKn-bm-°-s´.

samUyqƒ ˛2

Ccp´pw shfn-®hpw˛]co-£-Ww

]co-£Ww sNøm≥ Bh-iy-amb km[\ßƒ ap≥Iqń Hcp°Ww. IrXy-

ambnsNbvXv ImWn-°-Ww. hni-Zo-I-cWw Bh-iy-ap≈ ÿe-ß-fn¬ \¬I-Ww.

]cn-{I-aWw, km¶¬]nI A®p-X≠v F∂n-h-sbm∂pw Cu L -Øn¬ hni-Zo-I-cn-

°-W-sa-∂n-√. sNdn-b-¢mkv Bb-Xn-\m¬ Cu Bi-b-ßƒ k¶o¿W-am-tb-°m≥

km[y-X-bp-≠v. t•m_v Id°n {àWw t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw shfn®w amdn amdn

]Xn-°p∂XpsIm-≠mWv cm{Xnbpw, ]Iepw A\p- -h-s∏-Sp-∂-sX∂pw t_m[y-s∏-

Sp-Ø-Ww.

]¥pw tSm¿®pw D]-tbm-Kn®v Ipń-Iƒ°v ]co-£Ww sNbvXp-t\m-°m-\p≈ Ah-

kcw D≠m-°-Ww. Is≠-Ønb Imcy-ßƒ ]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ Fgp-Xs´. IqSp-

X¬ hy‡X hcp-Øm-\mbn sF. kn. ‰n. km[yX ChnsS D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

t•m_v \nco-£n-°m-\p≈ Ah-kcw D≠m-°-Ww. t•m_n¬ t\m°n \ΩpsS cmPyw

Is≠-Ø-s´. cmPyw Is≠-Øm-\p≈ Cu {]h¿Ø\w IuXp-I-Øn-\p-th≠n \¬In-

b-Xm-Wv.

Ipń-bpsS ]co-£-W-°p-dn∏v Ipńbpw, So®dpw kzbw hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\v hnt[-b-am-

°-Ww.

A[nIhnh-c-Ø-n\mbn sF.-kn.‰n km[yX D]-tbm-Kn-°pI

Edubuntu - application - science - Kstar F∂ {Ia-Øn¬ Kstar tkm v‰vsh-b¿

Xpd-°p-I. Xpd-∂p-h-cp∂ Pme-I-Ønse Tools sa\p-hn-ep≈ solar system F∂

k_v sa\p-hn¬ ¢n°v sNøp-I. Xpd-∂p-h-cp-∂ solar system PmeIw So®¿°v ê-

{]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.

178

So®¿ sSIvÃv

]co-£Ww sNøp-tºmƒ {]Imiw t•m_n-te°v ]Xn-∏n-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-

°p∂ tSm¿®v t•m_n-t\-°mƒ sNdp-Xm-bn-cn-°pw. bYm¿YØn¬ `qan-bpsS

F{Xtbm aSßv hen-∏amWv kqcy-\p-≈-sX∂v \ap-°-dn-bmw. t•m_n-t\-

°mƒ henb {]Imi t{kmX v D]-tbm-Kn®v Cu ]co-£Ww ¢mkn¬

sNøm≥ km[n-®m¬ IqSp-X¬ e-{]-Z-am-Ipw. As√-¶n¬ sF.-kn.Sn km[yX

D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn cmhpw ]Iepw ImWn-°p-tºmƒ Cu hkvXpX Ip´n-

Isf t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ {ian-°-Ww. IqSp-X¬ hy‡-Xbv°p A©mw

¢mknse ASn-ÿm\ imkv{Xw So®¿sSIvÃv bqWn‰v aq∂v "am\sØ

\ng¬Im-gvN-Iƒ' d^¿ sNøp-I.

samUyqƒ ˛ 3

h¿Ww hnXdn

t•m_v ImWn-®p-sIm≠v Cu {]h¿Ø\w sNø-Ww. IS-emkv aS-°n-bp≈ {]h¿Ø-

\w sNbvXv Bh-iy-amb hni-Zo-I-c-Ww \¬I-Ww.

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D¬∏-∂-ßƒ

$ `qan-bpsS Nn{Xw

$ ]¥v, tSm¿®v D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ ]co-£-W-°p-dn∏v

$ ]mT- m-K-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v \¬Ip-∂- h¿°v jo‰p-Iƒ

$

]cn-kc]-T\w

179



Xmsg

$ "I∏n-Øms‚ bm{X' `qan Dcp-≠-Xm-sW∂v

GI-tZi [mc-W-bp-≠m-°p-∂-co-Xn-bn¬

Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v.

$ t•m_n-eqsS hnc¬ Nen-∏n®v

I∏n-Øms‚ bm{X

t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.

$ kvIqƒ sIń-S-Øns‚ BIrXn hc-bv°m≥

F√m-h¿°pw Ign-™n- p-≠v.

$ `qan-bpsS BIrXn°v kam-\-amb hkvXp-

°ƒ Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ F√m Ipń-Iƒ°pw

Ign-™n-´p-≠v.

$ `qan-bpsS BIrXn hc®v \ndw \¬Im≥

Ipń-Iƒ°v Ign-™n-´p-≠v.

$ sF.-kn.Sn km[yX {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm≥

Ign-™n-´p-≠v.

$ IrXy-amb Bkq-{X-W-Øn-eqsS

]co-£Ww ¢mkn¬ sNøm≥

Ign-™n-´p≠v

$ \nco-£-W-°p-dn∏v F√m Ipń-Iƒ°pw

Xøm-dm-°m≥ Ign-™n-´p-≠v.

$ cmhpw ]Iepw A\p- -h-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-ß-s\-

sb∂v ]¥pw, tSm¿®pw D]-tbm-Kn®v

]co-£WØneqsS Ipń-Iƒ Is≠-Øm≥

{ian-®n-´p-≠v.

$ IS-emkv aS-°n-bp≈ ]co-£-W-Øn-eqsS

Ic- mKw, IS¬`mKw F{X F∂v

F√m-h¿°pw t_m[y-s∏- n- p≠v

180

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bqWn‰v ˛11

\mw hkn°pw `qan

h¿°v jo‰v ˛ 1Nn{Xw 1

Nn{Xw 2

`qankqcy≥

apI-fn¬ X∂n- p≈ Nn{Xw 1 ¬ `qan-bn¬ cm{Xnbpw, ]Iepw A\p- -h-s∏-Sp∂ `mK-

ßƒ°v hyXykvX \ndw \¬Iq. Nn{Xw 2 ¬ `qan-bpsS Nn{Xw hc®v cm{Xnbpw

]Iepw A\p- -h-s∏-Sp∂ `mK-ßƒ°v hyXykvX \ndw \¬Iq.

kqcy≥

]cn-kc]-T\w

181

h¿°v jo‰v ˛ 2

`qansb°p-dn-®p≈ ]mT- mKw ]Tn-®p-Ig-n-™-t∏mƒ DØ-a\v A—≥ ]mT- m-K-hp-

ambn _‘-s∏´ Iptd {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ \¬In. Ah-bn¬ \n∂v icn-bm-bhbpw

sX‰m-b-hbpw Is≠Øn ]ń-I-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Bh-iy-s∏- p. {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ Xmsg

\¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn°pw Ah ]ń-I-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≠m-hpI? \nßƒ

H∂v ]ń-I--s∏-Sp-Øm≥ {ian®p t\m°q.

$ `qan-bpsS BIrXn tKmfm-Ir-Xn-bmWv

$ `qan-bn¬ Ic `mK-amWv IqSp-X-ep-≈Xv

$ N{μ-s\-°p-dn®v ]Tn-°m≥ t•m_v klm-b-IamWv

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$ IS¬- m-K-amWv `qan-bn¬ IqSp-X¬ D≈Xv

$ `qan-sb-°p-dn®v ]Tn-°m≥ t•m_v klm-b-I-amWv

$ `qan Id-ßp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠mWv cmhpw, ]Iepw A\p- -h-s∏-Sp-∂Xv

$ t•m_n¬ \oe \nd-Øn¬ ImWp∂ `mKw IS-ens\bmWv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv

$ `qan°v ]c∂ BIr-Xn-bm-Wp-≈Xv

$ t•m_n¬ \oe-\n-d-Øn¬ kqNn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv Ic- m-K-am-Wv.

icn-bmb {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ sX‰mb {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ

$ $

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182

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BapJw

Blmcw t]mse-Øs∂ a\p-j-ys‚ {]mY-anI Bh-i-y-ß-fn¬s∏ -

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fn-tebpw IqSp-X¬ hnti-j-ß-ƒ Adnbm≥ "Dd-ßm\pw DSp-°m\pw'

F∂ ]mT- m-K-Øn-eqsS {ian-°p-I-bm-Wv. hnhn-[-Xcw ]m¿∏n-S-ßƒ,

]m¿∏n-S-Øns‚ {]m[m-\yw, ]m¿∏nS \n¿amW hkvXp-°ƒ, ]m¿∏nS

kuI-c-y-ßƒ, ]m¿∏nS \n¿amWw XpSßn ]m¿∏n-S-hp-ambn _‘-

s∏ v Ipń Adn-™n-cn-t°≠ Nne Imc-y-ßƒ ]mT- m-KØv hni-Zo-I-

cn-°p-∂p. hkv{X-Øns‚ {]m[m-\-yw, hnhn-[-Xcw hkv{X-ßƒ, hkv{X-

ßfpw \n¿amW hkvXp-°fpw XpSßn hkv{X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´

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£n-®pw, hnh-c-ti-J-cWw \S-Ønbpw Xcw-Xn-cn®pw, Bibw cq]o-I-

cn®pw apt∂dm≥ ]mT- m-KsØ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Ipńsb klm-bn-

°pw. hoSn-√m-Øh¿, hkv{Xw-hm-ßm≥ hI-bn-√m-Øh¿ XpSßn \ΩpsS

kaq-l-Ønse {]bm-k-a-\p- -hn-°p-∂-h-cpsS thZ-\-Iƒ Ipń-Iƒ

Xncn-®-dn-b-Ww. Ahsc klm-bn-°m-\p≈ at\m- mhw hf¿ØnsbSp-

°m\pw ]mT- m-KsØ {]h¿Ø--\-ß-fn-eqsS Ign-b-Ww. Cu ]mT- m-

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Dd-ßm-\pw -D -Sp -°m\pwDd -ßm-\pw -D -Sp -°m\pwDd -ßm-\pw -D -Sp -°m\pwDd -ßm-\pw -D -Sp -°m\pwDd -ßm-\pw -D -Sp -°m\pw12

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bqWn-‰n-te-°v...

samUyqƒ 1

hoSv ˛ {]tbm-P-\-ßƒ

]mT- m-K-Ønse BapJ Nn{XsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n ¢mkn¬ N¿®-\-S-Ømw. Pohn-

I-fp-sSbpw a\p-jy-s‚bpw hmk-ÿ-eamWv N¿®m-hn-j-bw. hoSp-sIm-≠p≈ {]tbm-

P-\-ßƒ Fs¥-√m-sa∂v ]d-bm≥ Ipń°v Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww. Ipń-Iƒ Is≠-

Ønb Imcy-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s´. t{ImUo-I-c-W-Øn-eqsS enÃv sNbvXv ]cn-k-

c-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ Ipdn-°-s´.

samU-yqƒ 2

]e-Xcw hoSp-Iƒ

GXp-Xcw hoSp-I-fmWv Ipń-bpsS {]tZ-iØv D≈-sX∂v Ipń-Iƒ Is≠-Ø-s´.

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\n-°p-∂-Xv. Ipń-Ifpw AtX coXn-bn¬ Is≠-Øm≥ {ian-°-s´. ]p√p-ta-™-h,

Hme-ta-™h F∂o Xc-ßƒ Nne {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ I≠n-s√∂p hcpw. Aß-s\-

sb-¶n¬ AXv Ipńsb ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. ASp-Ø-Im-e-Øv hym-]-I-ambn D]-

tbm-Kn-®p-h-cp∂ Aep-an-\nbw jo‰v, ss^_¿ jo‰v XpS-ßnbh-sb-°p-dn®pw N¿®

\S-°-Ww.

Ipń-I-fpsS {]tZ-iØv GXp-Xcw hoSp-I-fmWv IqSp-X¬? F∂ tNmZyw D∂-bn-®p-

sIm≠v Hcp eLp t{]mP-IvSn-\p≈ Ah-kcw \¬Imw. ]cn-k-c-Øp≈ GXm\pw

hoSp-Iƒ kμ¿in-t®m, ¢mknse Hmtcm Ipń-tbmSpw Ahs‚ hoSn-s\-°p-dn®v

tNmZn-®-dnt™m hnh-c-ti-J-cWw \SØn \nK-a-\-Øn-se-Ømw.

]mT-`m-KØp \¬Inb "A\q-hpw Iq´p-Imcpw" Xøm-dm-°nb ]ńI hni-I-e\w

sNbvXv Ipń-Iƒ ta¬°q-c, Xd, `nØn F∂nh \n¿an-°p-∂-Xn\v hnhn[ hkvXp-

°ƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p F∂v Is≠-Øs´. Ipń-bpsS kvIqƒ, hoSv F∂n-hn-S-ß-

fn¬ Xd, `nØn, ta¬°qc Ch \n¿an-°p-∂-Xn\v D]-tbm-Kn® hkvXp-°ƒ ]ń-I-

s∏-Sp-Øm\pw Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww. CXp-t]mse Hcp s_©nse Iq´p-Im-cpsS

hoSp-Ifnse hnh-chpw Is≠-Øm≥ \n¿tZ-in-°mw.

hnZ-ym-e-b-Øn-tebpw, hoń-tebpw apdn-Iƒ Ah-bpsS D]-tbm-K-ßƒ F∂nh eLp

N¿®°-pw hnt[-b-am-°-Ww. B¿`mSw Hgn-hm°n \ap°v AX-ym-h-iyw th≠ kuI-

c-y-ß-fmWv Hcpt°≠-sX∂v Ipń-Isf Hm¿a-s∏-Sp-Ømw. hońse apdn-Ifpw Ah-

bpsS D]-tbm-K-ß-fpw _‘-s∏´ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse ]ńI Ipń-Iƒ ]q¿Øn-

bm-°-s´. a‰v kuI-c-y-ßfpw Bh-i-y-sa-¶n¬ Dƒs∏-SpØn ]ńI hn]p-e-am-°mw.

186

So®¿ sSIvÃv

samU-yqƒ ˛ 3

hoSp-\n¿amWw

hoSp \n¿amWw an° Ipń-Ifpw I≠n- p-≠m-Ipw. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ hoSv \n¿amW

N¿® Ffp-∏-am-Ipw. hoSp \n¿amWw \S-°p-∂- Ip- n-Iƒ ¢mkn-ep-s≠-¶n¬ N¿®-

bn¬ AXp-IqSn {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ømw. hoSv \n¿am-W-Øns‚ {][m\ L´-ßƒ

Ipń-Iƒ°v Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ah-kcw Hcp-°-Ww. kvIqƒ ]cn-k-c-{]-tZ-iØv \n¿am-

W-Øn-en-cn-°p∂ hoSp-I-fp-s≠-¶n¬ AhnSw kμ¿in®v hnh-c-ti-J-cWw \SØmw.-

hoSp \n¿am-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v Fs¥√mw tPmen-Iƒ Ds≠∂v Ipń-Iƒ

Is≠Øn enÃv sNbvXv ]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ Ipdn-°-s´.

samU-yqƒ ˛ 4

hoSp-Iƒ ˛ hnhn-[-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬

kuI-cyw, kpc£, Imem-hÿ F∂n-h-sb√mw ]cn-K-Wn®v hoSp-Iƒ \n¿an-°p-

∂p-sh∂pw hnhn[ {]tZi-ß-fnse hoSp-Iƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏ v AXv Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw

Ipń°v Ign-b-Ww. ]mT- m-K-Ønse Gdp-amSw, vfm‰v, C•p, Xq¨hoSv XpS-ßnb

hmb-\m-Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ AXn\v klm-b-I-c-am-Ipw.

Ipń-bpsS hoSpw ]cn-k-chpw \∂mbn kwc-£n-°-W-sa∂v Hm¿a-s∏-SpØm-\pw,

]cn-ÿn-Xn°v CWßpw hn[w hoSpw ]cn-k-chpw Hcp-°-W-sa∂v Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw

]mT- m-K-Ønse Im¿´q¨ Ah-X-c-Whpw N¿®bpw klm-b-I-amIpw. ho´p-h-f-∏nse

ac-ßƒ, sNSn-Iƒ, N¿®-bn¬ hc-Ww. ]qt¥m-´-Øns‚ {]m[m-\yw {]tXyIw

Hm¿an-∏n-°mw.

samU-yqƒ ˛ 5

hoSp-≠m°mw

Ipń-I-fpsS `mh-\-bv°-\p-k-cn®v Hcp hoSns‚ amXrI \n¿an-°m≥ Ah-kcw \¬I-

Ww; Im¿Uvt_m¿Uv, Nm¿ v, I{XnI, ]i XpS-ßnb kma-{Kn-Iƒ Dd∏p-h-cp-Ø-

Ww. Ipń-Iƒ \n¿an® hoSp-I-fpsS {]Z¿i-\hpw Hcp-°-Ww.

hoSn-√m-Ø-h-cpsS Zpcn-X-ßƒ ˛ ¢mkn¬ N¿® \S-Ømw. ]{X-hm¿Ø-Iƒ, Nn{X-

ßƒ F∂nh CXn\v {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ømw. hoSn-√m-Ø-hsc klm-bn°m\p≈

at\m-`mhw hf¿Øm≥ DX-Ip∂-co-Xn-bn¬ DZm-l-c-W-k-lnXw N¿® \S-Øm≥

{i≤n-°p-I.

]cn-kc-]-T\w

187

samU-yqƒ ˛ 6

h¿W-°p-∏mbw

hkv{X-ß-fpsS {]m[m-\yhpw {]tbm-P-\hpw Ipń-Iƒ°v Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-b-Ww.

Ipń°v ]cn-Nn-X-amb ]£n-Iƒ, arK-ßƒ F∂n-h-bn¬ XpSßn ]mT- m-K-Øn-eqsS

¢mkn¬ N¿® \S-Øm≥ {i≤n-°-Ww. {]Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-amb \mcp-Iƒ, Ir{Xn-a-\m-cp-

Iƒ F∂nh D]-tbm-Kn®v hkv{X-ßƒ \n¿an-°p∂p F∂v Ipń°v Xncn-®-dn-bm≥

Ign-b-Ww. ]mT- m-K-Ønse eLp-Ip-dn-∏n-eqsS N¿® \S-Ømw. hnhn[ hkv{X-ß-

fpsS XpWn-Iƒ Ipńsb ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. hnhn[ XpWn-°-jvW-ßƒ tiJ-

cn®v Ipń-Iƒ sImfmjv \n¿an-°-s´. B¿`m-S-ambn ]ecpw hkv{X-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-

°p-tºmƒ Iodn-bXpw apjn-™-Xp-amb hkv{Xw [cn®p Ign-bp∂ Zcn-{Zcpw \ap-°n-

S-bn-eps≠∂v Ipń-Isf Hm¿a-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.


∂-ßƒ

$ "hoSp-\n¿amWw'˛k-μ¿i\ dnt∏m¿´v

$ Ipń-Iƒ \n¿an® hoSns‚ amXrI

$ hnhn-[-Xcw hoSp-I-fpsS Nn{X-ßƒ Ipń-Iƒ tiJ-cn-®Xv/hc-®Xv

$ hnhn-[-Xcw XpWn-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v Ipń-Iƒ \n¿an® cq]ßƒ


$

188

So®¿ sSIvÃv

$ N¿®-I-fn¬ F√m Ipń-I-fp-tSbpw ]¶m-

fnØw Dd-∏m-°m≥ Ign™p

$ hoSp -sIm-≠p≈ {]tbm-P-\-ßƒ

Ipń-Iƒ°v enÃv sNøm≥ Ign-™p.

$ Xs‚ {]tZ-iØv GsX√mw Xcw hoSp-

Iƒ Ds≠∂v Is≠Øn tcJ-s∏-Sp-

Øm≥ Ipń-Iƒ°v Ign-™n- p≠v

$ Xd, `nØn, ta¬°qc F∂nh \n¿an-

°m\p]tbm-Kn-°p∂ hkvXp-°ƒ Xncn-

®-dnbm\pw GXm\pw hoSp-Ifpw hnZym-

e-bhpw \nco-£n®v Ah tcJ-s∏-Sp-

Øm\pw Ipń-Iƒ°v Ign™p

$ Hmtcm Ipń°pw Xs‚ hoń-sebpw

hnZym-e-b-Øn-sebpw apdn-I-fpsS D]-

tbmKw ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p≠v.

$ hoSp\n¿amW ÿew kμ¿in-°m\pw

hnh-c-ti-J-cWw \S-Øm\pap≈ Ah-

kcw Hcp-°m≥ Ign-™p.

$ hnhn-[-{]t-Z-i-ß-fnse hoSp-Iƒ Ipń°v

t_m[y-s∏-Sp∂ coXn-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-

°m≥ Ign-™p.

$ F√m Ipń-Ifpw Ah-cpsS `mh-\-bv°-

\p-k-cn®v hoSns‚ amXr-I-Iƒ \n¿an®p.

$ hnhn-[-Xcw hkv{X-ßƒ Ipń-Isf ]cn-

N-b-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-™p.

$ hoSn-√m-Ø-h-cpsS Zpcn-X-ßƒ, hkv{Xw

hmßm≥ t]mepw Ign-hn√mØ Zcn-{Z-

cpsS {]bmkw F∂nh Ipńsb

t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-™p.



Xmsg

]cn-kc-]-T\w

189

bqWn‰v ˛12

Dd-ßm\pw DSp-°m-\pw

h¿°v jo‰v ˛ 1

Ip´∏≥tN- s‚ ho´n¬ [mcmfw apdn-I-fp-≠v. apdn-I-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ Xmsg sImSp-

Øn-cn-°p-∂p. Hmtcm apdn-bp-sSbpw D]-tbmKw F¥m-sW∂v Ip -∏≥ tN´≥ ]d™p

Xcpw. apdn GXm-sW∂v Is≠Øn Fgp-Xq.

$ InS-∏p-apdn $ ASp-°f $ Ipfn-apdn

$ kzoI-c-W-apdn $ I°qkv $ `£-W-apdn

$ Ie-hd

Blmcw Hcp-an-®n-cp∂v Ign-°m≥ Nne hoSp-I-fn¬

Cu apdn-bp-≠m-Ipw. Bh-iy-amb taibpw Itk-

cbpw Cu apdn-bn¬ Hcp-°n-bn- p-≠m-hpw.

`£-W-km-[-\-ßƒ, ]m{Xßƒ XpSßn ho´m-h-

iy-Øn-\m-h-iy-am-b- h-kvXp-°ƒ kq£n-°p-∂-Xn-

\p≈ apdn-bm-Wn-Xv. an°-hmdpw hoSp-I-fn¬ ASp-

°-f-tbmSv tN¿∂v Cu apdn ImWmw.

\mw kpJ-ambn InS-∂p-d-ßp-∂Xv Cu apdn-bn-em-

Wv. hn{i-a-Øn-\mbpw Cu apdn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.

icocw hrØn-bm°n kq£n-°p-∂-Xn\v th≠n-

bmWv \mw Ipfn-°p-∂-Xv. Ipfn-°m-\p≈ kuIcyw

Hcp-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv Cu apdn-bn-em-Wv.

190

So®¿ sSIvÃv

IpSpw-_-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb `£-W-km-[-\-ßƒ

]mNIw sNøp-∂Xv Cu apdn-bn-em-Wv. ASp-∏v, Ãu

XpS-ßnb GsX-¶nepw kwhn-[m\w ]mN-I-Øn-

\mbn ChnsS D≠m-Ipw.

ae-aq-{X-hn-k¿P-\-Øn-\mbn \mw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-

∂Xv Cu apdn-bm-Wv. F√m apdn-I-sfbpw t]mse

Xs∂ Cu apdnbpw \√-hÆw \mw hrØn-bmbn

kq£n-°p∂p.

AXn-Yn-Isf kzoI-cn-®n-cp-Øp-∂Xv Cu apdn-bn-em-

Wv. hn{i-a-Øn\pw hnt\m-Z-Øn-\pam-bp≈ Sn.hn

{Iao-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv an°-hmdpw Cu apdn-bn-em-

bn-cn°pw

]cn-kc-]-T\w

191

h¿°v jo‰v ˛ 2

]m¿∏n-Sw, hkv{Xw Ch-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ GXm\pw Imcy-ßƒ Xmsg sImSp°p-

∂p. icn-bmb Imcy-ßƒ°p-t\sc AS-bm-fhpw sX‰mb Imcy -

ßƒ°pt\sc AS-bm-fhpw \¬Iq.

$ sNΩn-cn-bm-Sns‚ tcmaw D]-tbm-Kn®v Iºnfn

hkv{X-ßƒ \n¿an-°p-∂p.

$ hoSp \n¿am-W-Øns‚ BZy-L´w ta¬°qc \n¿am-W-amWv

$ a™p-aq-Snb {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬, a™p-I- -Iƒ sIm≠v

\n¿an-°p∂ hoSns\ "C•p' F∂mWv hnfn-°p-∂Xv

$ ]£n-Iƒ°v ]d-°m≥ Ah-bpsS Xqh-ep-Iƒ klm-b-I-am-Ip∂p

$ ]´q-\q¬ ]qgp-hns‚ sIm°q¨ D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv ]cpØn

hkv{X-ßƒ \n¿an-°p-∂Xv

$ hoSpw ]cn-k-chpw hrØn-bmbn kq£n-°Ww

$ Ir{Xna \mcp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®pw hkv{X-ßƒ \n¿an-°p∂p

$ Htc Xc-Øn-ep≈ hoSp-I-fm-Wv F√m {]tZ-i-ß-fnepw

\n¿an-°p-∂-Xv.

· cce) ethics for school teachers)

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