Religious Revivalism in America

The First Great Awakening

Began in 1739 outpouring of European Protestant revivalism

spread to British North America Religion became an emotional

commitment Charismatic ministers Preached to emotions rather than intellect

Jonathan Edwards

Congregationalist

“The God that holds you over the pit of Hell, much as one holds you over a spider or other loathsome insect over the fire, abhors you.”

George Whitefieldthe “rockstar”

Toured America preaching charismatically After tour in 1741, number of people in

Connecticut alone jumped from 630 to 3,217

New Lights vs. Old Lights

New Lights- revivalists Baptists Presbyterians

Old Lights- rationalist clergy Anglican Presbyterian Congregational

The Great Awakening’s Long Term Effects

Presbyterians formed rival branches between New and Old Lights

Decrease in Anglicans, Quakers, and Congregationalists influences

Increased Presbyterian and Baptist membership

Colleges

College of New Jersey (Princeton)-Presbyterians

King’s College (Columbia)-Anglicans College of Rhode Island (Brown)-Baptists Queen’s College (Rutgers)-Dutch Reform Dartmouth College-Congregationalists

Minority Influences

Women gained more rights Were granted right to speak in some New

Light churches Beginning of Black Protestantism Native Americans

Had New Light missionaries residing in the colonies

Second Great Awakening

Started in Connecticut in 1790s- ran to 1830s Charles G. Finney, Presbyterian minister,

conducted revivals in towns like Rome and Utica, New York, 1820s

Western New York was the scene of intense revivalism and known as “Burned Over District”

Rochester Revival involved all denominations Stressed perfectionism( Persons could become

perfected in faith through own efforts – rejected predestination)

Women’s involvement continued to increase

Second great awakening “spins off” a number of new (and, in some cases, very different!) sects

Unitarians

split from Congregationalist Church in New England

Believed that Jesus was just a great teacher and not actually divine

Stressed character building by modeling Jesus

Attracted wealthy, educated

Mormons Joseph Smith, founder of Mormonism,

wondered which denomination was right or wrong or if they were “all wrong together”

“Mormonism is to Christianity as Christianity is to Judaism”

Began to move west gradually because they wanted to be closer to Native Americans who they thought were offshoots of ancient Hebrew tribes in America

He had a revelation sanctioning polygyny, eventually settled in present day Utah, escaping constant harassment from NY to ILL

Shakers Official name: United society of Believers in Christ’s

Second Appearing

Founded by Mother Ann Lee in 1700s in England

Came to America, 1770s in New Lebanon, New York

Name of “Shakers” came from convulsive religious dance that was part of their ceremonies

Established communal groups, practiced celibacy

Produced sturdy and simple yet elegant furniture

Charles G. Finney, evangelist

Mother Ann Lee, Shakers

Joseph Smith, Mormonism

William Ellery Channing, Unitarians

1920’s Fundamentalism

Expansion of Catholic and Jewish population, and the growth of science

“The Fundamentals”- a series of essays published in 1909-1914

Fundamentalists insisted on the literal truth of the Bible, included Genesis account of Creation (therefore very troubled by claims of Darwin)

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution

Teaching evolution was barred in many public schools

William Jennings Bryan-endorsed anti-evolution cause

John T. Scopes Accepted American Civil Liberties Union offer

to challenge the barred theory of evolution Summarized the theory to a science class,

was arrested

Darwin Cont.

Defense team headed by Clarence Darrow-Bryan assisted in prosecution Insisted on literal veracity of every Bible story Dismissed evolution theory

Scopes convicted, (fined $100, later reversed on procedural error)

William Jennings

Bryan

Darrow and Bryan

John T. Scopes

Results of Scopes Trial

Numerous states passed anti-evolution laws after 1925 Southern and western states most effected

Textbook publishers deleted or modified evolution information Avoid offending local school boards

WOMEN’S MOVEMENT'S

Seneca falls to suffrage

Seneca Falls

Why: Women couldn’t own property, retain

their own earnings, or vote. Were deemed as, “guardians of the

home” and were limited to this area. Considered less then men in all respects

except in the home. They were even discriminated against by

abolition leaders in America. Women fed up with 2nd class citizen

status!

Declaration of Sentiments

How: In 1848 Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady

Stanton organized a women’s rights convention at Seneca Falls.

They drafted a Declaration which stated that all men and women are created equal.

First women’s rights convention in America

Women’s movement overshadowed

Reasons: Married women gained the right to own

property which satisfied many women. The close association with abolitionism hurt

the movement. Faced competition from both the temperance

and education movements which gave women a more popular cause outside of the home.

With the civil war on the horizon the women’s movement got pushed to the backburner in many American’s minds.

Women in the Old South

Planters often had to move their families due to a failed crop season. This disrupted the wife’s social circle as well

as her family ties extremely hard on women who had grown up

with the elegance of the east only to be uprooted and isolated in the southwest.

Many women had to deal with the presence of mulatto children who were daily reminders of their husbands, “indiscretions.”

The Civil War

Effect on women: In the absence of many men, women

worked in fields or factories to provide for their families and aid the war effort.

Women also became field nurses and volunteered in soldier societies.

Many women felt that due to their huge presence during the war that this would bring about women’s rights.

Huge Letdown In 1863 Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B.

Anthony started the Women’s National Loyal League

Its goal was to receive enough signatures on a petition that would call for the abolishment of slavery.

Despite their high hopes women were still paid less in the workplace and not valued for their aid in the civil war since charity and benevolent acts fell under the sphere of domesticity.

What was even more disappointing was the fact that though most abolitionist supported women on their views on slavery, they laughed at the idea of female suffrage.

Split in the Cause The 14th and 15th amendments:

The 14th amendment states that all are citizens if they were born in this country.

The 15th amendment prohibited the denial of suffrage based on race, color, or previous servitude. (But not sex!!!()

National Woman suffrage association Led by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Stanton They denounced their one time male allies They campaigned for a federal women’s suffrage

amendment. American Woman Suffrage Association

Led by Julia Ward Howe and Lucy stone This group remained loyal to the male abolitionist who

believed that once black men had the vote then women could later on jump on the bandwagon.

They also campaigned for women’s suffrage in the states.

War on discrimination

In 1869 and 1870 both Wyoming and Utah enfranchised women. Unfortunately neither one of the movements could sway other territories.

In 1872 Susan B. Anthony led a group of 70 women to vote nationwide. She was indicted, convicted and fined.

Minor v. Happersett In 1872 Virginia Minor, a Missouri suffragist,

brought a suit, along with her husband, against the registrar who prohibited her from voting.

The supreme court ruled that a state could constitutionally deny women the vote.

Women and work in the Industrial era

Single women Many young, single women viewed

factory work as a positive opportunity. It was a way for them to earn their own

wages and be truly independent. With the introduction of the typewriter

and telephone women with high school education could earn up to $8.

Married women Those who had to work often took in

boarders, did laundry, worked in factories and mended clothing.

These women were paid less then men.

Labor Unions

With long hours, harsh conditions, and little pay workers began to organize.

Knights of labor Formed by Uriah Stephens in 1869, it excluded

only bankers, doctors, lawyers, stockbrokers, and pro gamblers.

They demanded equal pay for women and welcomed female members.

A member called mother Jones was a feisty Irish immigrant who recruited thousands of workers.

National Labor Union This group was formed by William Sylvis in 1866 He supported women in the workplace and even

elected a female as a national officer.

Victorian Era

Due to the new Victorian morals women of middle to upper class status were expected to know their place and stay within the borders of the home.

They were praised as protectors of the hearth though this was a double edge sword.

Men viewed the home as the place were women could be creative and dominating and no were else.

The New Woman

The constraints of Victorian doctrine loosened as the decade progressed

Women’s colleges like Mount Holyoke and Wellesley & Smith opened their doors to more athletic and truly education based programs instead of, “wife prep programs.”

Female writers like Kate Chopin and Mary Freeman pushed the envelop on the social status of women.

Unfortunately, not many things changed for the poor and working class women of America who didn’t have the time or means to get involved in politics or enroll in college.

The Progressive Era

Campaign for Suffrage: Carrie Chapman Catt was a reformer

from Iowa who became the president of the National Woman Suffrage Association in 1900.

She was a zealous advocate for the women’s vote and argued that it would empower women not only outside the home but within it making them better caretakers.

Militants: Alice Paul of New Jersey broke from the

NAWSA’s and formed the National Woman’s party which focused on winning the support of congress and the president for an amendment on the female vote.

19th Amendment

After years of struggle and their valiant efforts in World War 1 both the majority of Congress and President Wilson were persuaded to adopt the women’s suffrage.

It was ratified in 1920 and guaranteed women the right to vote in all elections.

Catt later went on to form the League of women voters which kept women up to date on candidates and their platforms.

Other Effects of the Progressive Era

Women made advances in many areas, such as: Equality in schools Liberalizing marriages and lifting some of the

stigma from divorces Reducing discrimination in the workplace

through more educated women and more liberal thinking

Recognition of women’s rights to own property

Opening the door for the topic of birth control and sex though it was not legally recognized till 1965. Margaret Sanger was the nurse who wrote The

Woman Rebel which dealt with this taboo topic. Mary Dennett wrote The Sex Side of Life which

discussed human reproduction in a straightforward manner.

Both women were ostracized and their works banned for being, “obscene.”

Women Of the Movement

Susan B. Anthony Carrie Catt

Alice Paul

Elizabeth Stanton

EVOLUTION OF SLAVERY

FINAL REVIEW

In the beginning…

1619 - first Africans brought to Jamestown

Racially discriminated against Not everyone was sold as slaves;

indentured servants Fewer whites kept as indentured servants Treated as slaves, becomes status

Increased Demand for Slavery

Reduced migration Higher wages in England

Dependable workforce Thought slavery provided stable workforce Bacon’s Rebellion demonstrated power of

racism, farmer’s wanted total control Cheap Labor

Crops required it

Triangle Trade

From America rum and sugar shipped out to Africa, rum and guns for slaves

Middle Passage to West Indies 12 million shipped in horrible conditions Sugar cane back to a New England port

for rum making

Just for “Hair” aka Kristi

Slavery in the Colonies

By 1660 Maryland defined slavery as lifelong and inherited

Slave population tripled in late sixteen-hundreds

1640’s islands became largely slave economy, harsh slave codes (Barbados Slave Code)

Carolinas become like mini-feudal systems

Slavery in the Colonies

Chesapeake society divided between wealthy planters and a small number of black slaves and poor farmers

Racial slavery developed in 3 stages: From 1619-1640 distinguished by documents,

black or white, not all Africans assumed slaves for life

From 1640-1660 more and more blacks and Indians treated as slaves for life, became inherited

Slavery regulated by law after 1660, formally codified by farmer ellites

Crops of the Colonies

• Carolinas, West Indies, Virginia, Maryland, etc.

• Slaves needed to produce these crops on large scale Rice The low country Ga, SC Cotton (minimal til after Cotton Gin

(1796) Tobacco – Va, Md, NC Sugar cane – La after 1803 (LA purchase) Indigo – SC, GA

Redefining the Color Line

Gains for African-Americans More legal protection and equality 13 states permitted voting by 1796

End 1790’s the tide turns Slave rebellion St. Domingo Seemed more of a threat to Southerners

Losses for African-Americans Excluded from military, citizenship Took vote away Fugitive Slave Law

Stono Rebellion

South Carolina, 1739- Causes not especially clear

Spanish encouraging escaped slaves “Security Act” passed requiring all whites

to carry guns to church Slaves gather at Stono River bridge, go to

gun shop, kill 2 owners, arm themselves First slave revolt in America Radically tightened slave codes

Slavery entering 1800’s

Cotton gin, cotton much more profitable, higher demand for slaves

1808 - Congress prohibits importation of slaves

Agriculture primary economic support in the South

Peculiar Institution “Good for both slave and master”

Fugitive Slave Law

Fugitive Slave Law- captured slaves, return to Southern owners

Enforcement of law added to aggrieved feelings

Some states made it a crime to use their jail to hold slaves

Federal government’s jurisdiction, paid all costs of enforcement

Slave Life

Cotton is King Most in the South labored in fields, some

worked as house servants, in factories, construction, skilled workers

Varied from plantation to plantation; some treated humanely, others abused, but all deprived of freedom

Families split up Slaves contested status in many ways Social structure of South, 4 main groups

Slave Culture

Pidgin-cultural language, mix of English and African languages

Ex: “Me Tarzan You Jane” Religions: Muslims, Christians, and native

African Music and dance extremely expressive,

spirituals Banjo an African instrument

The Abolition Movement

Second Great Awakening persuaded more people of the evils of slavery

Moderates-wanted emancipation to take place slowly and with the cooperation of slave owners

Immediatists-wanted emancipation at once, e.g. William Lloyd Garrison and the Liberator

Harriet Tubman-Underground Railroad

Frederick Douglas published newspaper called The North Star

The North and the South

The Southern economy was dependent upon agriculture and required use of slavery

Led to the “peculiar institution” The North was becoming more and more

industrialized towards the mid-1800s Becoming the nation’s commercial center Banking, communications, transportation

and industry prevalent Slavery less necessary in the North

because of immigrants and other workers

Approaching the Civil War

The Compromise of 1850 - Led to Southern hostility and possibility of secession

Kansas-Nebraska Act - bill introduced by Stephen A. Douglas to divide Nebraska territory and Kansas territory and let them decide slave or free

NATIVISMBY MILDA BALCIUS AND JESS MCDANIEL

OriginsA. Definition: an opposition to immigration,

originating in U.S. politics and its roots in the country's historic role as a melting pot.

B. Major arguments of nativism: Government expense: Government expenses may

exceed tax revenue relating to new immigrants. Language: Isolate themselves in their own

communities and refuse to learn the local language. Employment: take jobs from native citizens. Patriotism: Damage a sense of community and

nationality. Consumption: Increase the consumption of scarce

resources. Welfare: Make heavy use of social welfare systems. Overpopulation: May sometimes overpopulate

countries Culture: can replace native culture with their own.

Leading to Nativism

A. Earliest movement stemmed from a flood of Irish and French refugees in 1790.

B. Major cause for 19th century nativism was the Bible riots in 1840’s.

I. The riots involved the subject of the removal of the Bible from public schools.

Nativist movement A. The political party of the nativist

movement was the American or the Know - Nothing Party.

I. They got their name due to the members saying “I know nothing” if asked about its secret proceedings.

II. They were anti-foreign and anti-Catholic.

B.It originated from an alarm on the part of native-born Americans about the increase of German and Irish immigrants during the 1840's and 1850's.

C.37 million immigrants came to America.

PolicyA. Alien and Sedition Acts (1798) – 4 internal

laws passed by Congress to limit immigration and restrict press.

(1).Naturalization Law [June 18] – required that aliens be residents for 14 years instead of 5 years before they became eligible for U.S. citizenship, last 5 years in the same place.

(2). Alien Act [June 25] - authorizing the President to deport aliens "dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States" during peacetime .

(3). Alien Enemies Act [July 6] - act allowed the wartime arrest, imprisonment and deportation of any alien subject to an enemy power.

Twenty-five men, most of them editors of Republican newspapers, were arrested and their newspapers forced to shut down.

A. Quota Laws - two laws passed to limit immigrants based on nationality. I. 1882 the US passes the Exclusion Act due to

a peak in Chinese immigration, which bars Chinese laborers from coming into the US for 10 years. The act was subsequently extended.

II.1921 act limited immigration to 3% of the number of foreign-born immigrants from a given nation counted in the 1910 Census (max of 357,000)

III. 1924 act was passed to make sure they would include immigrants from south and east Europe which based the quota on the Census of 1890.

Policy [Continued]

Legal IssuesA. Sacco and Vanzetti I. Artists and intellectuals were a minority

that were against nativist prejudice and supported the Italian immigrants Sacco and Vanzetti.

(1) 1921 were convicts in Massachusetts convicted of robbery and murder.

(2) Liberals were protesting against the trials, saying they were discriminated against because they were poor Irish immigrants who were anarchists.

(3) after 6 years, they were executed in 1926.

Reasons for discriminationA. Over a million foreigners immigrated

into the US between 1919-1921. I. Mainly Catholics and Jews from

eastern and southern Europe. II. Prejudice of native-born Catholics was

re-ignited. III. Fear of competition for jobs.

B. Isolationists wanted minimal contact with Europe and thought the immigrants were radicals who might start a revolution. C. Red Scare:

I. A fear of communist, anarchist influx in the population who take jobs from natives and cause revolutions.

Who came/ Why?

A. Immigrants were: I. Irish, Germans, Poles, Russians, Jews,

Ukrainians, Slovaks, Hungarians, Romanians, Italians and Greeks

II. 81% of immigrants are from southern and eastern Europe in 1907.

B. Why they came:I. 1890 more Europeans started to immigrate to America due to politics, hunger and religion (push and pull factors).II. Cheaper land in America.

Anti-German nativism1840- 1920

A. Distrusted due to their:

separatist social structure

opposition to prohibition

attachment to their native tongue over English

neutrality in World War IGerman population in the U.S. in 1872

Anti-Chinese nativism

A. Emphasized driving out Chinese immigrants, causing an influx of Mexican workers into the west for the railroads.

B. Drove out many into smaller towns with riots in San Francisco and legislature prohibiting employers from hiring Chinese workers. First page in the Exclusion Act

Who didn’t come/ Why?

A. Chinese I. 1862 Congress passes the first

law restricting immigration with the 1862 law forbidding American vessels to transport Chinese immigrants to the U.S.

II. 1880 US signs agreement with China to regulate but not exclude Chinese laborers.

Who didn’t come/ Why?

B. Europeans I. The outbreak of World War I

stopped European immigration to America.

II. Espionage Act [1917] - dealt a $10,000 fine and 20 years' imprisonment for interfering with the recruiting of troops or the release of information dealing with national defense.

(1). Over the next few months around 900 went to prison under the Espionage Act.

Quick Fact By 1890, NYC had more Italians than

in Naples, more Germans than in Hamburg and twice as many Irish as in Dublin.