12 MM

ddDDGG YYgg QQee SSGG jj ddGG ddDDGG ddhhddGG SSQQOO ,,11995566 YY IIffGG jj hhQQgg ddGGhh SSGG SS QQee eeLL ddDDGG ff 11998800 YY eehh ,,ffSSGG eeLLddGGhh SSddGG YYVVee ddGG ee ddGGdd ddDDcc hhee jj hhQQgghh ..GGhh

JJhh YYGGee HHhh ,,QQddGG jjff jjRR JJ ddGG YYGG ee ccHH LLJJ bbhh ..jjeeddGG ddGGhh jjhhQQGGddGG HH KKddGG JJQQGG YYddJJddGGhh ffSSGGhh ddjjGGhh ffddGGhh ffGGhh jjffGG GG ccSSddGGhh ffccddGGhh ffhhffGGhh SShhddGGhh jjddddGGhh HHddGGhh ffddGGhhjj hhQQgg cchh ..GGddGG JJ WWhh jjddGGhh jjOOQQhhGGhh jjddGGhhddGG HH ,,GG ZZhh ee GG SSddGG cc SSJJhh GG WWJJgg MMGGhh gg MM QQJJ cc ff ,,JJLLhh bbGGYYGGhh ggQQYYGG YYQQOOddGGhh HHCCGGhh RRCCGG)) ddGG OOLLhh jjGG JJ NN ee SSddGG QQGGee aa

..ddMM ee aaGG ((AATT cc YY

QdG WEG g dG Gg dCJ e dG c edG jRYEG FG Y c Y dG,M Qj CG hO j c H gGj dGh JdGgdGh jdG HJdG e dfG EG jCG j ghShCG aBG EG H qdGh edG JM Y Cf dGjDhd dN e gP oj M MQCG hEG S d qoj dHh Lh Y dG Ge

.J h fS dG

}llnn nnTT oorrppee nnhh llGG nn nnTT oorrppee rroonndd kkAA nnee ppAA nn ssddGG nnppee nnnnrrffnnCCGG ppssddGG nn oogg

nn ppssddGG nnhh nnoorrjj ssddGG nnhh nn rrQQ ssddGG pp ppHH rr oonndd oopp rr oojj nn oo pp ooJJ pp ppaamm rr nnppdd kk nnjjBB nndd nnppdd nnPP ppaa ss ppEEGG ppGG nn nn ssddGG uu oocc rrppee nnhh nn nn rrYYnnCCGG nnhh

nnhh oossnnnnnnjj :dG IQS |10-11

CMYK

ddDDGG MM Y IfCG j hQg QG SG j dG JdG dh,1956FGHG J fCG CG H

SdG c QGUEH CGH fdG h ,SG eL S Qe eL GOBG SQO ,IfCG fdGh

LdjjEG e ITG Jbd VJh jhQGdG MJ dG JHH Qe Jc j hQg . jdGh

.IeG jedG

dG HQM jnsdG sd Ibe icP ''j''h ''hQg'' SG e ,QG hCG dG SG j

.G Gg dG g j dG G JQ ec dG Y dG G j H ,OEGh

N g Sh Y dG U kGfi f CGh ,jhdG dG NBG g dG BGdG CG EG dG G j

dG YGG c HEGh cdGh jOEG SCG f ag JdG Vh dGh BGdG AV h .dG

Y YEG H c H e dG G Ggjh ,INCG G c d d ,jd jOG cG Y J

.g aGgCG

dH EG Y Jh ,SdG EG fBGdG dSdG f gh MGh g M dDG c L QhJ

.NBG dGh dEG OLdGh fEG YVH dGh

EG GfEG eh ,jeCG EG dG e AGdG e SGh jd Ic H j hQg c J

fCGh jfEGh fdG EG c H LJ bh ;fSEGh jRGdGh SdGh GdHh fhfCG

.fhfCGh ShdGh fdCGh HdGh jOQCGh dJdGh

dG SCa ,eDG EG jJh ,dH EG EG eDG Z IYO JFa dG g KCG d

Y G e .QdG Y dGh jdG KCdG fe kFf j dG g H J dG Gh

H dh .jOG dG GfCG e f C ke j CG L H gG jh dG g CGj Qb CG

e dG J J dG g C ,H WY e e dP a ,Y adG AGd j MCG

hQg c EG Oj dGh dG MoO b dG OLh GH J dG LdjjEG L EG .SSCG

.j

dG g f AGQh e JdG gh ;MVhh BGdG M e Ie FG g CG T

Y IhY ,IdG hCG dG dh ,dG EG Ud dG jdG Y j jdG dhCG eN g

.g c f AGQh e Oe g Lj fCG

Hbh YCG J dG ,dG g IAGb Y jNBG j jdG Ea ,FG g AV Yh

.H QJ eN ej ,d jOdG jW EG gTJh

Va EG fEG OJh QdG gP jdG e kYf J dG dG bJ j ,iNCG L e

fCG VGdG a dG g eCG ,Gh bd e ,SdG b e dG MGREG KDJ h ,LdjjEG

dG edG dG e cCG Jd HOCG IdG Y cJ fc d QdG Y dG KCG Gg d J

dG jJh dG g g j hQg d MdG dG CG ij CG dH j eh ,dEG j

.ffEG

f EG d Gg ej eSEG dG j dG YGdGh dG dG CG EG IQTEG e H

EG e EG IOdH EG j d Ggh ,IadG LdjjEG f LdGh G dG jO Y OHG

.kGQSO d d dG dN d VY dG fBGdG FGdGh dG EG LdGh ,G gG J Y dGh

b ...EGh FGOCG e H LGh g ,QedGh OdG jhg f H J dGh jOG dG dM EG dHh

.SG bdG f

g S dG Hh ,FdG QhdG Gg JY Y NCG b j hQg Y EG :b GPEG df

BGdG H Yh dG IOdGh dGh dG dN e jdG dG T S dG SdG dG

.dG

Y jhQGdG JL dG QGdG ,fSGh jOdG ,jG SG dG :JdG YCG J

G dG ,gQEG aj SEG ,TdG :jhQGd jedG LdjjEG ,TeCG Y YdG ,dG

YVG ,BGdG nb ,ScddG OGM AGQh ,gQEG OGM AGQh ,SdG1-2-,3:dG S FM fehdG1-,2QfG ,dCG hC ,IFdG CG , ,QdG jPcCG ,QdG YN ,dG EG j dG

dG RYEG ,gdG dG ,Sj dG ,Se dG ,jQdG Y bO HLEG ,kGDS jY QdG jf

Ph dG H ,dG dG ,dG jW BGdG ,dG Gg IM M ,e c dG ,GdCG

Ie ,QdG Mh OG ,gJ ,dG N ,ka CGH b jedG ,GG Y dG e FGQ

,dG IG ,JdG G Ie ,dG IG ,YG RG Ie ,G IG ,IQdG

e S ,G QdG ,Id G UCG ,dG IG ,dG f IG ,VdG IG

QGSCG ,JhdG IG ,FdG cdG AGG IG ,dG oj dH ,GGDNA..

e ,dG bG ,GG Y MQ ,dG MQ ,dG N Ge :WCd JdG c h

G dG1-,2 ,fEG L GG24,dG ,QdG FbUCG Y ,G dG IM kYS.SOdG :IG G IH ,JEH N j dG

bNCG npdG ,BGdG SSCG gG :fBGb YVe hJ dG iNCG JdG YCG Jh

Ed jS a ,BGdG 1-2-,3 fMhdG dG ,G :eDd G ihCG ,gG gdSdG J ,dG ASCG ,aG QGSCG ,BGdG aG T ,dG S IdG ,BGdG Y ,BGdG

:oG fEG hY ,SdG ce ,QdG H ,BGdG e HLEG ,BGdG SSCG gG ,BGdG dOGh

,kGHCG J ,dG j ,BGdG YdG gCG ,BGdG IdG ,dG J ,gG jO ,KdG ,dG

M ,BGdG e eY Qe ,BGdG dG gCG ,gG fEG T ,G BGdG MCG

Y dG ,dG SHc ,dG N ,eDG MQ ,SQ J ,J CG b ,eG EG ,gGdG dG

dG dL e Y ,BGdG IG G ,mBG1-2-,3d VJ dG GAGaG ,Sj SQedG ,BGdG QGSCG H ,BGdG dG j c ,f J GP ,dG c JG gCG ,jQdG Y SEG

.BGdG EG j jdG dhCG ,BGdG dGh dG ,e c j

QQddGG EEGGIYdG J jdG g CG g jhQGdG jdG Qf UN a J AGQh dG

M dHh ,G M jhQGdG fCG CG a .jG SdG c Y j dG

S HQCGh G N dG OLH dG Gbh hCG fjOCG Y hdG J ,dG OLh

b .e c Y dhDe Jh ,jdG Y j kLGh jdG g MO j dd .INCG

Gg a f ka f CG jCJQG dd ,c e c e cCG CGj CG Qd UdG J

.VG

gh fBGdG jBG AV Y dG g c dhJ dG fEG YVG L T

fBGdG jBH J dG YVG c MT .fe e dGh dG c EG SdG YJ

dG dGh dG SCG N e QdG gP DhdG hCG d kfe J jH

e J CG dG jGh YLG dG L AGqd c JdG YG

dhCG M ,IMGh L dG IAGb e QdG q dG FGhdG SCG Gg .Jh

Gj h dG g JMG dG FH GhKCJ ,H hj h fMhdG QeCG aj jdG

.H YbG ANEG e

N e dhj hCG Oe H dDG c e Zh dG Gg CGj CG Qd

fEG PEG kGL Ie bG ha e IOSG Zj jdG dhCG eCG .YL be

.jNBG EG HQ Y dGh JYfH AOEG e S

. jd eN j dG Ld c dG dG g VYh IAGb gG CG EG aVEG

EG jdG f hjj jd f dd ,bEG jZ SCH dG g FG VY

.kGc kfY d J dG g EG :jNBG

dG id ,dG jf IOLG dG g e P Y j CG Qd G e

.IGh G jdG OGH dG QOG g VJ dG

J J hCG Jd T f Lh ,dG e Z c dG Gg d

dG J Fj VhY hCG Ve YVe VY eZ SCG hCG ,dG c Y

.dG GfG EG ODJh

IedG

j hQg

LGe:

Y fi NQhG

jjGGee

JdG Y

dG IOh

IQdG J dG

dG GQG:QhG

FdG cdGh GQhCG

ja f f:dG S

Jd IjdG UGG

dG Qd G jQdG

N

Q q``dG `jN

LGG

8

10

16

48

70

80

112

124

134

160

162

172

IQdG H dG g e :L H kL af dG ''IQdG'' M dG GDdG Cd

QhdGh dG A C ;SCG g e oJ e kGQOf ?dG Ah SdG Jb

cCG ATCG g CG g IFdG Ida .edG JM G SdG J VGe

.VG bh H gG J gCG

ADa ,H G dG EG S If hj jdG SdG H IdG g fG

dG dG Gd ka .VG Y dG H JLM j e ae J SdG

.AT d ''dCe''h''he'' J kM gh ,OYh dCe g dM e Qhj e a

GjdG e fi VQCGh ,AdG kFGO OLe dGh ,LCG d C j Hda

, kGHCG j cCG RGJh ,kjL kaZ d C LQG AdG e JCJ b dG

.jh ijh j fEGh

QS ajh ,Ie hC Gj fCch dM j jh dG jDhdG g j e d

kGQGe Cjh ,dG CGjh .eeCG MQ SGh baBG ij IdG g j dG dCG

.''?GPe LC''h ''c''h ''GP'' :e SCG kGQGJh

CGj .dP H IOG GdG J d QG Gg e dM e dG eCj eh

dG FGh ,dG dM Qhj e ,AT c OY Z kT g CG GQOEG

AT c CG jdG ijh ,dCG e dG j dG CGj Mh ;G FdG

Ibh Mh ae P m dN b e a Y eh Fa jH d oNh oN b

L N e dG Q dG IQb jDhQ Y kGQOb dG J e Sh;e

.gLhCG dG bG

}pprrnnddGG ppaa pprrnnJJ ppddGG pprr ooddGG nnhh ppQQ nnssddGG nnhh pp rrssddGG ppnnpp rrNNGG nnhh pp VV rrQQnnCCGG nnhh ppGG nnhh nn ssddGG pp rr nnNN ppaa ss ppEEGG

uu oocc rrppee nn ppaa ssnnHH nnhh nnppJJ rrnnee nn rrnnHH nnVV rrQQnnCCGG ppppHH nnrrMMnnCC nnaa mmAA nnee rrppee ppAA nn ssddGG nnppee ooddGG nn nnrrffnnCCGG nnee nnhh nnSS ssddGG oo nnrrnnjj nnppHH

nnoo pp rrnnjj mm rr nnppdd mmnnjjBB pp VV rrQQnnCCGG nnhh ppAA nn ssddGG nnrrnnHH pp ss nnooGG ppnn ssddGG nnhh pp nnjj uuddGG ppjj pp rrnnJJ nnhh mmssHHGG nnOO|

:IdG IQS)164(

Gg gCG Qf dh ,VQCG Y G FdG Ad QhV JdG OLh EG

dH j e YSh '' ?fEG I jQhdG UdG gCG g e'' :Cf CG YeCG

.AGdGh AGh cCG:GDdG Gd Gc

SSCG LMG g RGJ J dG G eGdG e g AGG JdG EG

dh ,G FdG Ic gCG GP dG iNCG fRGJ gh .VQCG Y

Ggh G GRdG e bO f Y Gh IQGG LQO dG e d a

.Y H RGdG Y a dG AGG JdG FXh e kjCG

bd FdG QG CG hG a ,G Gg Y AGG JdG da J

ITG IOSG GGh fEG d ,dG g VQCG Y Id eRdG

Ea dG Gdh ;dP e q dG fCG EG J eLCG C ;dG bdG e

e G dG Y e Oj bW T Y GGh fEG EG J dG bdG

Hf dG dG IOLe dG bda :G S Yh .UN LH JdG

JdG NJ .dG bdG TCG e NBG T g JY Ibh .cCf dG Gh

j h .Ie Y JH dPh eLCG jL e f d bdG g

eRdG dG bdG e Jh JdG e iJ a dG Y fGG Vh

.eLC

EG- iNCG G FdG e dG Y -FGZ fEG Y JdG IQb OJ

dG jN H ITe dG bdG GSG e q dG gjN cJ W

d bW EG dG bW ,cdG Gg IY ,dG jN h .fGG hCG

Y N e c bdG g qJ a AGdG N e UeG fGGh

.FdG cdH J UN

cdH dG e dG q dG G G OCG hCG ,jQhdG dBG LJ

OG e jQhdG OGG -UG JG - dG f jh .GQhCG FdG

GfCG e f c e kjCG KdG fh .QLh dG S NGO j gh AGh

.dG

GPEG ,dG H e Je J dG dBG g e dBG c Ie cGJ g

e ,dG d j f dP Y e NCdh .dH dG a gGMEG oa

AG d jQhdG dG YhCG C FdG cdH dG dG Gd G

e iNCG AGLCG EG f a AGdG fEG e dG GPEG Mh ;IOe

.eCG jf dHh ,L

CGh ,CN hH J CG j dG IOLG fCG L CG G Gg jh

ANGh Je EG ODj ,H dG dG a j IOLG dG N hCG CN

.dEG j dG ddG

dG Ie12

G QGL eRdGAZ G eRHhfG dG

ac cJ

ac AZ

QH cJ

jQcJG(bdG H) e dG dG

jQfcJG

AGN ISH

SSCG dG

RG cdG

RG Gc L

ehRjQ

G eRHhfCG dG

IGdG AZIGdG ee

U cJ

IGdG IGdG

JdG G

ddGGhh ..HH UUNN jjhhcc OOGGee ee bb cc ddCCjjhh ,,HH ee flfl bbCCGG YY JJddGG GG MM ee jjGG GGffCCGG bbHH YY flfl ddGGhh JJddGG dd UUNN qqggCCGG jj YYCCGG ddGG

..HH FFGGZZ UU YY JJQQbb

j hQg 13

ddGG bbddGG JJ UUeeGG jj ddGG

OOLLGG aahhQQddGGHHddGG jjdd bbQQddGG

OOLLGG ccjjOO EEGG OOLLGG AAGGhh AAGGddGG

flfl YY HH ddGG,,cchhCCGGhh RRLL EEGG IIGG ddGG gghh

,,cc ee bbQQhh EEGGhh

MMGGhh MMee RRhhJJ..GG ee ddCCHH

dG AV

6CO2

6H2O

ahQc

RL

C6H

12O

6

6O2

cCG

Ae+

HdG cCG K

ahQc AV

ahQc

RL+

cCG

HdG cCG K

AG

Y f d j S ddG dG Jh H cGdG g SQf eY

cdG Qf dG JdG J QYG H NCf eYh ,bdGh dG e c Qb

.jdGh gG

UGNh J jd f ch ,dG JdG e f e f e cCG g

J kjCG gh ,GfCG L IOLG edG FdG fCG f EG aVEH IG

MdG AdGh .dGh dGh adG dBGh KdG fCG j a Yf e ja

CG j iNCG dBGh (dGh QGh GQhCG ) gDhGLCG g JdG j dG

.dG e dG L CG ,dG dG j M Y hH LJ

j a .''dGNG Qj H Ie'' fCH fCG g hUG AdG j

Y Y hCG FGLCG MCG a ,JdG dch ,FGLCG MCG oa GPEG j CG G SH

.dG g EG ODj H dG

IOLe J CG j M ,GNG U dG UN d dG fCG L

edG fCG g Cf c'':DhdG EG aj gG dG Ggh .f bdG

.'' ?JdG

dh ,d HLEG Y QdG e f d SCG H iNCG Ie fCG Cd

.H JG dG fCGh FdG cdG gh dG Y dBG gCG hM c

,bdG fCG g J CG dM e gGf dG QgRCGh QTCd G e g

M dG Y wY e b Gj e M f AJ e ,FdG cdG IgX e

IOLG GRdG H e HdG cCG K RZ JdG QNG g ?VG bdG

eEH g ?eG HdG cCG K RZ c OM g ?AGdG fE AGdG

jQhdG OGG Y G e h QG Y J dG dBG J JdG

e fl YGfCG a J d kef JdG CfCG g ?HdG e FdG d

?AGh AGdG d HfCG

,''aOG'' EG JdG QX d HLEG Y H QdG jf Y aGG Cj

YG JdG e Ff OY Cf kaU X dG JdG e MGh f e fCG Y qjh

aOH Cf f d IG dGh dGh FGdc UGG CGh ,kjCG aOHh

dG ADg jh .JGAYOG Y kY kdO Gej CG Gj d ;kjCG

dG Ie14

Je b aOH G hdG qEG dH IOQh Z hCG QG hCG jdG f EG

dG J j IMGh Jf N eCdG CG M ,dG H Y fl Lh

Y VH dG iNCG dBGh G dG Gg jh .edG Qh j dG

J dG g h .QdG jH eDj jdG e ah aOG gjQS U

Y K CG d j Ggh h UN H U JdG cJ a ,IMGh f

fS dG g dG Gg MUh Y c e G bdG dG Gg SQ bQN

:G FdG L Y fS jh dG d CG , dOCG j dG Jh

}nngg nnhh mmAA rr nnTT ss oocc nnnn nnNN nnhh llnn ppMM nnUU oonndd rroonnJJ rrnndd nnhh llnndd nnhh oonndd oooonnjj ssffnnCCGG pp VV rrQQnnCCGG nnhh ppGG nnhh`ddGG oojjppnnHH

ll pp nnYY mmAA rr nnTT uuooppHH@mmAA rr nnTT uu oocc nn nnYY nngg nnhh oohh oooo rrYY nnaa mmAA rr nnTT uu oocc ooppdd nnNN nn oogg ss ppEEGG nnnndd ppEEGG nn rroottHH nnQQ ddGG ooppdd nnPPppcc nnhh :fCG IQS | l-101102

j hQg 15

f - IG jQGSG h dG dG RGdG QhO gCG d dG - JdG

IG UG g Hh ,G FdG id NBG f CG e kf Ya cCG KJ

CG hCG HdG VJh f S oJ CG kfMCG jh ,HU hH JdG KJ

.Kd JgR Y IM

hj fCG e ZdG Y AdG gPCG Ge j dGh JdG KdG f EG

.kjgX kH

UUCCGG ddGG JJ HH CCGGJJ IIjjLL IIMMMGh c ddG KJ Y J d e L d d JdG H

f g jdG H KdG d f Cj dG jG a .UN W SGH

dG jS a g JdG id ahe L KJ Sh aCGh ,UCG W

.fl AGLCG EG

-UG fCG H IY- (jJ hCG jdG H) KdG jW J

GSH jdGh YCG KJ :G S a ,JdG e c Od LP H

VQCG j f gh WdG dM eCG ,''FGdG ZCG ''`H oJ aCG jS

.QH T VQCG jS jdG d J GQeL H Ka

f d VQCG Y bGQhCG e b bh j JdG e e GfCG EG dH

G dG dG j :e .NBGBryophyllum daigremontianumkFJ SGYCG

.e IM CGJh VQCG Y jdG Jh ,bGQhCG aM Y)1(

eQ HJ Y bGQhCG J eY FGSG fdG e iNCG JdG H

f J CGJ b bh h ,bQdG IYb M dG SGYCG CGJ e YS WQ

.UCG j jL )2(

fNCG GPEG ?e b H g g ?Kj d d SSCGh QhdG AdG g e

G dG a H GDdG Gg Y HLEG dG a QYG H HdG eCG

.OG d

`dG cJ I g UGN Jd Ea G FdG L eDNA

18

dhGdG fjG

QhG YdG QL

QG e

QhG

..ddGG MMhh QQhhddGG SSHH JJ iiNNCCGG JJddGG HH CCTT ffCCTT WWddGGhh ddhhGGddGG ff EEGG..LL YY QQhhGG YYGGHH jjJJ NN ee GGddGG hhCCGG VVQQCCGG SS YY JJ eeEEGG JJddGG gghh

jjNN ee NN cc LLJJLL JJ ddGG JJddGG

ddGG GG eeGG LLddPP HHhh ddHH JJCCGG bbGG AAGGLLCCdd

FFGG jj JJff JJ..CCGG dd ff

AAddEEGG SSGGHH jj ddGG JJQQffhhjjOO aahhHH ff

e

QhG

fH f

dG Ie

fdh FGZ Y j c ?j c ?dG Kj c NBG .gjN

jN ASG hH gZh eG g LJ ?a dG QGe g e ?Wh FGQh

jN Jh ,FdG cdH GQhCG b c ae dG QL jN h .dG

Jh IT LJ QNHh .HdG e QhG S dG AG QGe dc GQhCG

G CG dG UGN L LJ h.dG j a CG ec jL f jd

.e j U AL c h ,N c UdG OCH ec

f d dG e AL c fG eG YCG eh c dG g

.jL

EG J CG dG jN e N c NGO IOLG edG eG EG

dG AGLCG g .HdG IOLG GdGh OG EG hCG f dG EG hCG ;adG

EG G Se j ch ,dG J dG

dBG LdG C fEG N JHhd efH

CG j da ,fCH dG Vh

jQhdG dG JdG j e g j

.JHhdG J fC KdGh d

jQhdG eG Vh dG g J dG qEG

FdG L e eCG g c JdG jN

c dN g ,T hH ,J dG ,dG G

jh .jJh H Y gh ,ec H AT

fBGdG jBG e OY G g EG dG

:dG

}pp rr nnNN ppaa ii nnnnJJ nnee kkbb nn ppWW mmGG nnhh nn nnSS nn rr nnSS nnnn nnNN ppddGG

mmQQ oo ooaa rrppee ii nnnnJJ rr nngg nn nnnnddGG ppLL rrQQ nnaa mm oohh nnnnJJ rrppee pp nnrrMM ssddGG

j hQg 19

cc EEaa AAGGddGG JJ ddGG ddGG MM IIcc ee ZZddHHjj ffGG IIQQddGG hh ..ee aaGGjj ee EEGG NNCCjj ff

..MMdd MM jj gghh JJddGG MMCCGG

ppnnMM nngg nnhh kk ppSS nnNN oo nnnnddGG nnrrnndd ppEEGG pp nnrrnnjj pp rrnnJJ ss nncc nn nnnnddGG ppLL rrQQnnCCGG ssooKK:G IQS |l4-3

}llpp nnNN ll ppnndd ddGG ss ppEEGG kkII ss nn rrooee ooVV rrQQnnCCGG oopp rroo nnaa kkAA nnee ppAA nn ssddGG nnppee nn nnrrffnnCCGG ddGG ssnnCCGG nnnnJJ rrnnddnnCCGG |IQS

:G63

GG KKddGGoJh .G KdH dG fDGh IcG KdG AYCG SGH KdG j

d ;dGh KdG jN Zh dGh dG e UGG aNG QgRCG

fEG gh ,f SSCG FXdG d QgRCG a cdG dG Gg e ZdH

.J dG iNCG KdG jN Jh gQf dGh KJ jN

EG J CG g gQhOh ,d jcdG jG gh dG QZ j QgRCG J Y

.dG jQGSG d Jh f ddG QgRCG jfCG AYCG

JdG a ,dG QZ SQE ej dG dBG hCG UG jW f d

J f gCGh .jdG Ib e iNCG Jf J H GG e J

ddG hCG f dG e NBG kJf j f c CG M T hH g JdG

.dG dG EG dG QZ j CG kGL G a dG Gdh ,f

g j M HdG a UN dG Y N Va c

jdG MdG dG QZ M J ch ?G dG QZ M e jdG

?IG hdGh

.gQfG fCGh dG QZ cJ SQf eY SCG g Y GG S

e H ICe L :dG QZ

eh (QgRCd jcdG AYCG) jSCG oj e T Y IOe g dG QZ

d kGgL jh dG CGj dUh Yh ;IgdG e LQG dG EG j K

.dG QZ IM Me hCG g gh .dG dG

dG Ie20

GG ddGG MM ee YY IIQQddGG VVJJjjNN NNGGOO hh ..NNBBGG ddGG YY HH

MM jjhh jjbb HH GGPP gghh ddGG ffEEGG....GG ee ddCCGG 11

ee jjee ffEEGG SSee JJddGG JJ

GGgg ddGGhh AAGGddGG ddGG MM

JJ MM gg GG ee FFddGG OOddGG

bbGG LLGGee ddGG YY MM

..GG

dH iJ dG dH jY e e a dG QZ cJ Y If d

hj GdG Id W QZ M c M) IOG2W QZ M M eCG ,he

ha dG200dG QZ M dCJh .G e dCG e AL hGh (he

.(HfCG N) cCG N IGfi (Ide N) Jf f N e

QhdG eh ,KJ jN NGO j hH dG QZ e M c f CG

H Ea dG Gdh ;LQG QNCG e Mh JM j kGL ICfl J CG

QGd LQG dG eCG .''dG dG''Yj QGH fi gh kGL jb hdG

j h ,dG he g e M ehe cCG jdG IOG gh cCG Ya

,fCGh eGG iPCG hJ IOG gh .BG M c H FdG cJ

oJG a jCGQ ch .dG dH hCG ddG IQGG LQH KCJ dP Y IhYh

dG a ,JdG OLh jQGS kGL dG dG QZ j bOh Ic WMG

a dG QZ QfG jW fc e dG Gg Hh ,jb ehe IO kGL e

OGYCH dG QZ M J dP EG aVEH ,CG dG Y IH ae M vM AdG

.dG YJ j V

dG JQb Y d J dG c a dG Qd bdG cdG e Mj e

e jdG dP EG TCG bh .a f CG e Wh ,N dG ATCG L gJ

:UN GQTEG a ddG jBG h .dG BGdG jBG

}mmGG nnrr ppUU oorrnnZZ nnhh llGG nnrr ppUU ll ppnnff nnhh ll rrQQ nnRR nnhh mmnn rrYYnnCCGG rrppee llssnnLL nnhh llGG nnQQpphh nnnnooee ll nnppbb pp VV rrQQnnCCGG ppaa nnhh

nnoo pp rrnnjj mm rr nnppdd mmjjBB nnppdd nnPP ppaa ss ppEEGG pp ooccooCCGG ppaa mm rrnnHH nn nnYY nn nn rrnnHH oo uu nnooff nnhh mm ppMMGG nnhh mmAA nnppHH nn rroojj|

:YdG IQS4

Y Nh .J c QgRCG EG dG QZ Ud fl jW g keY

dG Y Me hCG-QfG-1-jCG hCG TGa hCG f H dG QZ jhCG iNCG IM2 .AGdG GQJ -

jjddHH GG ddGG QQZZjh .dS QGSG LCG e W QZ d jdG e JdG e jdG J

j hQg 23

SGH dG . . . dGh dGh HdGh QGh dGh dG e Jf J

,f dG e iNCG Jf EG JdG e bdG G g dG jdG

.dG J GHh

HLEG J dG SCG e jdGh gJ AdG j f IY g GJ e

QZ M J c:G S Y dP eh ,jdG SGH dG UH Y

dG c ?f a e Jf jdG Ye BG e dG

c ?NBG e J CG hO jfCG dG AYCG EG UdG dG Mj dG

ch ? e dG MG CG e jdG H JdG e BG J

?dG je Y dP a

SGQO fQc eL e jah Sf . Qc T SCG g Y HLEd

a ,dH ge dEG UdG dG FdG fch .jdG SGH G JdG

FGg ejO cJ GP QgRCG jdH G Jd CG jah Sf cG

dG Ie24

ddGG IIdd gg GGGG GG GGgg EEGG..jjddGG jjWW YY MMdd jj ddGG

.AGdG e dG QZ e Ic c L e (ejOhjCG)

SCG g Y HLEd ?KCJ g e ?JdG ejOhjCG cdG Gg g e

AGdG GQJ e TdG idG J .''ejOhjCG cdG'' j GPe f CG Y

J dG LCGh ejOhjCG idH Jh AGdG cG LCG Y

JdG H Jh .''ejOhjCG cdG GP'' LCG YJ AGdG dG

dP Y e aCGh ,d jdG e J d kGL a H ejOhjCG cJ

.HdG jQfl

eejjOOhhjjCCGG jjQQGG

'':g jdG SGH dG SQj jah Sf Qc L GDS gCG j Q

V OY OLh e ZdG Y gZ hO f a EG W QZ M c J c

J j dG JdG SQj AdG L e Gg '' ? AGdG dG QZ M e

.dG Whfl HdG RGcCG UNh jdG SGH

fDeh Ice jQG cGJh , jG gYh YJQH jQG GP QTCG J

kN e Gb gh .fl QTCG hCG f IdG LJ CG h

dG WG EG dH j dG dG QZ dG dG d Sd jQG

.GdG g H J EG

fDG jQG dCJh .iNCG H IMGdG Jh I qcG e cCG fDG jQG qEG

Y cGdG gh .GQhCG cGd He GHCG e jdG dMh ce Qfi e

h b d d) kMe ke TM c Jh .dG TG He ZCG T

jQY JjH YCG h HdG J IU IFGR SCG MGh AN e dDe (e

TGM NCJ dEd Ie jQG J eYh ,(QhdG fjY J Gd)

.NdG e jcdG jQG W QZ H Y H YdG

,hG EG dH NdG e dG QZ UN cGJ LJ dP EG aVEH

NDjh dG QZ H j dP Hh ,HO HH Ie fDG hG TGM :e

e cGJ EG dG H fDG jQG Jh .d NGdG EG dH

j hQg 25

IQd eIce

Ice Whfl IQH

fDe Whfl IQHGNG fG Me

IgLh Vf jfCG IQHGNG fd

dG) dG M(jcdG KdG jN

jd hG AGIQdG jKdGjfCG jHdG

M jdG EG jcdG dG

WhG QhdGjfCG (jHdG)

NEG

NEG IbIQdG fEG

NEG

AGjdGdH IT d dG

IQd ejfCG

Whfl IQHa jfCG

IQd e

H) jGdG(fl

G

jfCG IQHVf

IgLh Vf Ice IQHGNG fd

jfCG KJ N

jcP jKJ jN

Whfl IQHa jfCG

JJhh ,,jjKKddGG SSddGG MMff ee JJddGG ZZCCGG ee ((WWhhGG)) jjHH qqddGG QQhhddGG GGPP QQTTCCGG JJ..JJddGG ee ddGG GGgg KKddGG MMGGee IIQQddGG

G

WWhhflfl ff qqdd IIQQUU

fDG jQG c .Se hX kGjL kJf QhdG oJ dP Hh .QhdG

,hG ce e kGL jb (G) dG a J dG a ,iNCG I UN

dG EG j d fC G g EG j CG dG QZ Y dG e kjgXh

dCG g hJ hCG IdG eh .cG EG UN e NdG Y hG e NGdG

.e d g CG KCG SGQdG d jQG d e

UG dG f Y c a h P N e H joLCG

CG Jh .AGdG e i dG RH IA IU fdH cM bGe h .jQH

dgdG EG NdG dS UN eGh ,AGdG i dH J IdG fddG

.hG dG

jJ J GSH jdG PdG fddG cM jJ dP H

.YSh jdG G Jh JedG IY QdG K ,UN aGZJa

j :khCG ,W H jdG cM Z jQG CG SG Fd kJ ocG

e EG Sh jFGO cH cM dP H K ,GQhCG SGH cG EG jdG G

j hQg 27

MM ((jjddGG HH GG)) FFGGddGG QQddGG jjYY GGcc GGQQhhOO jjffCCGG jjHHddGG IIQQddGGIIQQddGG ccee ff jj FFGGddGG QQddaa ..ddGG

aa jj QQGG MM ffGGQQhhOO HHhh ((CCGG ddGG)),,((`HH ddGG)) IIQQddGG SS YY GGKKDDee IITTddGGIIQQHH ddGG ddGG MM CCGGJJ KK eehh

jjddGG aa ee jjddGG MMddGG FFGGYYIIQQddGG FFGGddGG QQddGG LLJJ jjhh ..(( ddGG))

jjddGG IIGGRRGG jjccddGG IIQQddGG ff jjffCCGGjjHHEEGG GGQQhhCCGG VVJJ ::SSCCGG EEGG IIQQddGG..jjffCCGG jjHHddGG IIQQddHH GG ddGG

jdG

Vf Z jH

e

jcP M

CG

EG-IdG NCG Jh eGhO H QhJ dG - jdG oLh :kfK .dG J

Qd kaO J dG JGAf H jQG :kdK .hG ce EG ODJ e

.NCG f LJh SCG EG jdG IdG

dGh .cG g H OG G EG AGdG dG QZ e j

J CG j -dG H qJ dG-KdG dG CG g gH IjG

.dG g Y jQd edG dG Cjh .dGe

L c -jCG JdG edG Y Me GQJ g CG QdG jf Y qJ

;aOG g Jd bdG cdG S Ea jdG g IYd kahh ,-G FdG

.jQG KJ d bdG cdG f CG j YdG Gg H Qf dh

G G g Jh .KJ f hH UGJ CG M dd G Z e

QTCG ICf e jQG KdG f Lh NBG h ;jQflh HdG QTCG Y dH

e Ia Y O OLd j CG dG jQG cd G Z eh ,kM HdG

EG Lj NBG cd K RGcCd jdG Oj dG cdG qEG .fl MGe edG

bdG Lj CG QhdG e S e ch ,VdG LJ M EG ODJ dG GdG

.KdG f j CG G a cGdG g MCG oa GPEG fC f CG hH f

S dG jGh hG dG N LGd dSG g EG jCG f CG H

.QdG jd NBG RCe Ggh ,aOH

eCG fEG ?AGLCG H a ,adH Md dG e MGh AL Cj CG G e

dG G MO d .j

Cf AT c CH QdG jf GAYOG

CG G a dG Gdh ,aOH

H fc gQX e jQG

N b dG C bdG efh edG

.dc

dG Ie28

WWhhGG IIddGG JJaacchh TTCCGG GGPP

..YYeehh IIOOee

G S a ,dG QZ M OUG qJ HdG QTC iNCG Ge g

EG dG QZ f e j Ggh ZCG GWCG keY jfCG jQG J

.LQO fOCG

QZ dG jQG M XdG JJ H GQhCG YJ dP Y IhY

.AGdG GQJ YS e H G L e OdG dG

kJ fl ach MCGh TCG d dG QZ GfCG c HdG W QZ qEG

QJ JG e ac d e dd W QZ M qEG :e dEG j dG dd

jQG oJh .VQCG Y J dG Gdh ,iNCG dd jQG H J dG AGdG

d jQG IG gh ,dd dG QZ M e SJ FGg GQJ YG

YC AGdG GQd (dG) IdG g JdG J H dG QZ d a

jdH G dG QZ G J jdG H J fDG jQa ,iNCG fl

.a dG jN PDj CG dG

dG QZ dEG j c JdG H J dG FbdG HGdG hCG WMG J

cCG dG QZ e Ic c j da ,GJ H dP Y jh AGdG KG

dG dG QZ H dG KCj dHh ,dEG Y e j M EG G e

cCG HdG IT Y oj ce hfl c CG dP e .IjY SC j CG

j hQg 29

ff GGQQhhCCGG EEGGjjeeCCGG HHddGGSSddGG IIOOLLGG

UU ffGGYY JJ HH

jjWW YY ddGGddGG MM..

e5 G IMGh HU IT Jh ,dG W QZ M e5^12QZ M H

.iNCG G FdH fQe OY Zh V bQ gh ,dG W)3(

,FGdG hCG HdG e kGOY jdG dG dG QZ LGj S ZdH

,dG) JdG H QgRCG J AGdG dG QZ Kj eY dd ,GQhCG gGMEG

QgRCG LJh .ef Z bGQhCG GJ H dEG j M bGQhCG b (dG . . ,RG

J dG g h ,dEG d HdGh (G) dG dG e bCG KK

.dG QZ cM eCG kFY j H e GQhCG

Jh kf jW ae j CG G JdG g SGH dG Qd

EG FGg H IOhG dG QZ M aJ CG :e ddG M aG

FGg L jd dG HdG W QZ M CG J bh ,gZ e HCG ae

EG J ae J CG300 ddG AGdG GQJ c)4(M gCG dP RGjh ;

hO d jdG H dfi G aG g e J dG QZ e GfCG BG CG

.H Va CG CG

aagg ff ddGG QQZZ MM LLJJ

:NBG ke NCf jdG SGH noG Jd gG GG aCG H f d

g J CG j dG Gdh ,aGgCG EG d ke GOfi kGQe jQGdG J

:g hQdG Geh .ag EG d hQdG Q dG kGL bO HM

ac e jG hdG FN e aGj e EG aVEH GdG YSh G IQb

bO ae g J CG j dP EG aVEHh .S e d bdG dG e ,AGdG

dG Y eCG Gg EG f dh ;g IFdG hdGh dG e cH

Y jh .ag EG UdG jh Qe Y j hQdG Ea EGh bO SH

ag hQdG j d UdG c dGh YL H dG SG

HMh YL Y f g dG Hh jdG dG CG VGdG eh .H

.dY Jh bO

d ag f jJh hQdG f jQG KdG d bdG dG j

dG Ie30

jdG G NCG bh , kGL SM jJ e e Hh bH fi AT c

,dG . . . GQhCG Th jQd G adGh AGdG QJ G e UdG e

.eG g SSCG Y KdG N Hh

g QX c Y GDdG JdG IG cGdG g e OLh j

cdG Gg j CG g ,NBG GDH GDdG Gg Y d dh ,dBG

?aOe fi jQG

dG dGh SGQdG e jW GS f g jQGdG NGO H G dG qEG

J dGh jQG IG cGdGh .aGh AcdH j d AGN S

J hQdG CH AYOGh ,f jdH N jQGdG j dG dG

CH AYOc e Z AT g FGY Qe JH ag j CG fCGh aOH

bdG cGdGh ,f jdH ag EG HG dG QZ jOdG Z cG

.aOG f g jQG

G bW M aGh IQdG dG QZ J CG dH G e

GPEGh ,jG e Y Y IQY g dG QZ a G jf h .MdG g

Ae d hfl eG CH d h .cQe Z GQP e Ye fCG a

.jdG dG dG dG f g dG Y G eH

b YVG jdG CG gh CG HdG QTCG J iNCG eg f g

Q dG Y e T hO Ggh CN CG hO bO H dG LGH J dG

dP EG J dG QTCG bh VQCG EG Gh qdG e eH dG Lj dG dG

:jBG g

}...... nnppbbGG nnnndd nnjj uuddGG nnrr nnSS rrQQnnCCGG nnhh:G IQS |.22

Y e J dS ch .f dH ASG hH dG JdG L J

dG je e jdG GQJ IY j dG G Ggh .JCf e H dG

AT a jCGQ ch .fl MG Y e fCG e ZdH HU hO j BG Mh

dH ee dBG g e dBG c C dG bJh SG fe j

ddG jf j Ga gGMEG HZ hCG oa GPEGh ,edGh G gZ e fG

.dG e dG Gd JdG

j hQg 31

g gQhO J GQOEG hCG IOGQEG hCG AcP jd d dG fCG g CG VGdG e

dG a ,aG h G IdG P J dG e ,dN e eCH J dG GMCG

LhCG dG g da .UdG OCG M AT d Nh c AT c j

:dG jBG dG Gg J dG jh ,ch eLh M AT c

}nn nnYY ddGG ssnnCCGG GG oonn rrnnppdd ss oonnrrnnHH oorreennCCGG oo ssnnnnnnjj ss oonnrrppee pp VV rrQQnnCCGG nnppee nnhh mmGG nnhh nn nnSS nnrr nnSS nnnn nnNN ppddGG ddGG

kkrr ppYY mmAA rr nnTT uuooppHH nn nnMMnnCCGG rr nnbb ddGG ssnnCCGG nnhh lljjpp nnbb mmAA rr nnTT uu oocc| :dG IQS.12

e hCG ke hCG kbO kLdJ kGREG f fCG f CG Y dG g f d

ddGG GG GGGG EEGGJJ SSddGG hhJJMM ff XXHH

JJ LLCCGG ee ddGGddGG NN bbhh ..ddGG

JJddGGhh GGGGeehh SSee HH

IIOOLLGG ddGG ddPPUU bbhh ,,ffGG

bbSS OOLLGG ZZddGG..ddGG jj TT YY

poe cP e AGQh CG ,T hH ,f a :j qhQh bH d dG a J c

CGh ,jGQOh ae hhP fl SfoCG g dH b e CG dH f f . poe hCG

X ATCG g CH Y qjh j CG dP H MC h .Me d bO a g

.YGH Y fh G AcP Qf f .edG Y gMd

if .jRGG OCG Y Ieh bdG jZ fCH IOhe oN FdG L EG

jG j dG CG T fOCG g dh .ASG hH dM e ff jCG Gg

a dG NBG AT c JdGh .Yeh G FdG L dN a ,AdGh

:JSh HbQ a NBG Hh dG N dG fCG H gOLh Y

} ppnnGG ttppnnddGG nnnndd ddGG ss ppEEGG nnhh pp VV rrQQnnCCGG ppaa nnee nnhh ppGG nnhh nn ssddGG ppaa nnee oonndd:G IQS |o.64

}ss ppEEGG mm nnbb nnQQ nnhh rrppee oo oo rrnnJJ nnee nnhh pprrnnddGG nnhh uunnddGG ppaa nnee oonn rrnnjj nnhh nn oogg ss ppEEGG nn oonn rrnnjj nn pprrnnddGG ooppJJ nnnnee oo nnrr ppYY nnhh

mm ppooee mmnnppcc ppaa ss ppEEGG mm ppHH nnjj nn nnhh mm rrWW nnQQ nn nnhh pp VV rrQQnnCCGG pp nnoo ooXX ppaa mmssnnMM nn nnhh nn oonn rrnnjj |

:fCG IQS59

ddGG AAKKCCGG GG dG dG QZ SGH KJ JdG dG H Ea kHS fcP c

.TGdGh dGh QdGh GG e fGG

dG fGGh -W QZ H fGd J dG- JdG H bdG gPCG

H IN dSCH dG H Y G FdG g KDJh .LGdG GH J

CG FdG OYG c AdG h .OG AdGh NCG f jQGSG Y aG

,CGdG Gg N MdG Ff qH M ,bdG g G kU kGQhO J JdG

JGSG JG dh ,fGG S Y KCdG Teh ka kGQhO J Jda

.W QZ dG fGG Ld de

GdG Y iNCG fGGh QdG J d fdG GQTEG qCG dP e

Ua jd QgRCG d e IOLG MdG c JJ c ,Qfd IgGh VdG

UN jgR FGhQ gh ,dG a WCG Ie Ad G H dG

.ke SG bdG FG G)5(

j hQg 33

j Y Hh ,dG Y Ad GN W JdG J MCG H h

j GHh dG f dG dG IG dG QZ GQP S dG GG

.ag dG

FFGGddGG ,,ddGG ,,ddGG::JJddGG eeJJ ddGG ddSSCCGGY j fEG H a dP dh ,QgRCG OLH G YEG dG Yj

FGdG e e GQTEG IgdG J e e j ea .IgdG MQ gh ICae

EG LJ a dG SGH G TJ dG QgRCG eCG ,MdG b IG Td

.dG j Ggh ,MdG Lj M cG)6(

GSH fGG J a bGdG h ,fGdC jOTQEG XdH JdG oJ

QgRCd fdG GG d MQ dG JdG H J h.b GQOEH IG g

:dP Y IG eCG MCGh ,dEG GG d MdG ecephelanthera

h (dG dG e f) cQhCG e U gh AGG beltflowersJ dG AbQdG

J H .SG G HdG

beltflowers dG j dG MdG AbQdG

cephelantherad IG g AGG

dG qEa ,f bdG h ,dh ,f AdG

jg J ''GQhCG Wb'' `H ahG jdG

dG dG j eYh .vc G JdG

EG LH j fEa AbQdG QgRCG H

J L dh .kjCG AGG QgRCG J

GHh AdG gG kMQ j d dG

.Gg dG J S Y

SGH CG H f GDdG Gg GL JCj

'' YJ IGOCG spectrophotometerSd IGOCG)''

dG Ie34

JJ HH ffGGddCCGG JJ ffdd IIggRR ee QQggRR gg..GGdd OOjj ddGG QQddGG VVhh YY eeee

.(e Le H fi hCG IOe e QOdG FdG dG e fl bCG AdG IT

JgdG e QG Ad LG dG H dG Y Qj dG dG CG oY

AbQdG e QG LG dG H Gh CG dG CG e ZdH NBG Hh;G

dG dG d QgRCG H dG dG jDhQ j fC AGG e QG dPh

AbQdG Igd gJ dG dGh d g eY da .NG Gg jDhQ j

e fCG Y gGJh Jh AbQdG fH J dG AGG IgdG QhJ dG Jh

e G Hd Oj dP dGh IG cQhCG j if ch .f dG

.AbQdG IgdG)7(

G j h.YGH d H Gd J IFL Y JdG FdG H J

:dP dG

j fdG Yj f Y d dSQ ,dG jQdG Y gh ,de ja

:jRGdG HdG

hCG dG UCG fd j ,jCG Kd J dG (FGSG f) fdG QgRCG jd''

e IOe GfCG dG g QhJh .ddG dG GLQCGh dG dG JHh

GfCG H Nojh . kGHCG oJ fGLQCG QgRCG Ea ojCGQ ch ,TGdG

j H ;dJdGh AGdG QgRCG NGO (jdG AGLCG ) eWN TGdG

.gG J dCe OYG gh .hCG dG AGdG QgRCG Y NBG H

MM MM LLCCGG ee ddGG AAHH SSMM LLCCGG aaddGG QQggRR JJ ddGG ffGGhh ..AAGG SS YY GG QQggddGG LLJJ ddGG ddGGjj IIggddGG dd JJhh ,,OOQQddGG ddGG EEGG LLCCGG gg JJ ddGG YY hhMM HH ffCCGG ddGG gg

..JJ bb IIggddGG gg CCHH GGGG HH EEGG ddSSQQ

fd J GPEGh , kGRhH bCG J hCG QgRCG H J QgREG e hCG dG jf h

.''kHS G QgRCG WGN NJh TGdG a edG e)8(

JdG Jh .ke Gh dG e e g IgdG d J Ea de M c

IgdG Y OGOj eYh ,a gQgRCG J eY d MdG e dG fd J dG

kAg J b bW G aj dG Gd dG dHh ;MQ jh fd j

.WEG Y AT hCG MdG e dG jd dG JdG IQjH

dG IdG FGdG gh GG hCG QdG d iNCG jW JdG J

IgdG dh .GG -J dG -QdG JdG Jh .gQgRCG e J

kMQ g CG QJ dG IG qJ ea .dM e Gd jdG QXEG UN

Igd EG J eYh ,FGdG Qe f ITe J dP H ,e dH kffl kGjd

QZ N f IG Jh ;H dG QZ j FYh ,MdG Y CG h

g MdG ag EG .dH J GHh JQGR iNCG IgR e H Y dG dG

.H J dG G QhdH J fc EGh ,FGQ T dG MdG EG UdG

dG Ie36

gghh ddGG ccPP ddGG YY IIQQddGG hhjjhh ,,UUbb ff IIccQQhhCCGG QQddGG YY JJ YYCCGG IIQQddGG ..IIccQQhhCCGG jj CCGG eeddGG ee II ddGG ccPP hhjjhh ..ff ffCCGG ee XX IIccQQhhCCGG JJ hhjjff ddHH ddPP HH ddGG jjhh ..ddGG SSCCGGQQ IIccQQhhCCGG dd MM JJ AAKKCCGG gg hh..ddHH IIccQQhhCCGG ff bbYY QQJJ YY jjGG GGMMCCGG ee HH hh ..iiNNCCGG IIccQQhhCCGG

ddGG GGNN ddSSCCGGdG MdG JdG gh .GG e dSCG J JdG H qEG b

EG dH HJ e IOSH JdG e GfCG g Jh .GG j

c dG fCG dh T jd -IBGG cQhCG - cQhCG GfCG MCGh .GG

YJ Se Fc IOe W Y QOb cQhCG e dG Gg CG Mh ,dG j

.dG QcP ehdG

.J d GG J dG JdG e NBG f g Ub f cQhCG EG

;NBG EG f e dSCG Jh c jdG g J dG cQhCG GfCG OYh

j :e .SCd SCGQ a NBG dG eCG YCd SCGQh dG fCG j H

.cQhCG J TCG J dG Gdh .fdG jdG AGdG dG cQhCG)9 (

IgR aM J M QHdG fCG dG cQhCG Yj cQhCG e NBG f j

.dEG j a QHdG cP CG LQd LCG Y QHdG fCG T dG cQhCG

CG fc EGh M dEG GG L cQhCG a GfCG H Jh

FFaa ffGG LLjjhhLL HH

GGgghh ..UUddGGLLjj ddGG ffGG

ddGG HHGGccQQhhCCGGhh

gg CCGG dd jjUU ee gg FFddGG

..JJ ddGG

hhjj qqddGG ccPP CCGG YYCCGG IIQQddGG MMjjGGGG GGgghh ,,ffCCGG XX ddGG QQggddGG iiMMEEGG JJdd IIcc JJ GGccQQhhCCaa jjdd WWHH ddGG ((ZZRR)) jjQQhh TThh ddGG ffCCGGRRGGaaEEGG YY JJccfifi YY jjCCGG IIQQddGG jjdd

..ff FFGGddGG

H IgdG e NCG QHdG cd eBG dG J gh ,WG Y MQ

CG IgdG Y j dG QHdG cP hjh .GL Y Wh QHdG fCG T

QZ j GG Gg Hh ,H cQhCG W QZ j dd fh ,hGj

.f d iNCG IgR EG j eY H G dG)10(

e dG Gg KJ dBG EG .eg cQhCG gh fGG fCG T j NBG f g

cQhCG ia .kM ge dGSCG L aG dG VGQCG j dG cQhCG

HHdG QcP J Hh .QHdG fCG kc jh b T Y a IMGh bQh eg

J hGdG bh j eYh .GdG bh e Jh LCG HHdG fEG

J Mh .QcdG g d jW f S YCG EG Jh VQCG e fEG

.QcdG Uh Jh hGdH UN FGQ J dG

Ggh ,fEG Uh e YSCG b cQhCG EG J fCG UN Ie HHdG Qcd

fCG fCch hj dG a cQhCG EG QGG QHO fCG jCG LJ fC e Vh

d He FGQ J cQhCG EG HHdG QcP J eYh .dG J QHdG

cP j FGdG g KCJ h ,cQhCG Jf MJh HHdG fEG Y QJ dG

c j IgdG e hdG hj eYh ,hGdG khfi cQhCG Y QHdG

IgR EG QHdG j eY jdG Hh .X Y hCG SCGQ N dG QH fi

.dG H j H G dG QZ Ea fK cQhCG)11(bY g jCGQ ch .

GPEG fC dG Kd G vL e jdG Gg h .QHdGh eg cQhCG H eh Ze

dG e NBG f EG dG QZ IG GPEG NBG H hCG ,H dEG j

.dG j a f

dGh eg cQhCG H OLG aGdG Gg e dG eCG e jdG J

eh .bdG g dG g QgRCG H NG j MCG H h .dG

IgdG e dG dP C QgRCG H NJ CG GG d kG qL dG e :d

EG Jh WG g EG dH NJ CG GG Jh e dG QZ Lj M

a .fGG e Ofi d fl H Md Ne jd JdG Hh .dG QZ

MQ EG d dG g NGO f dG aJ G H G S

.dH dG j e J CG iNCG M Fd G e H dG fEG .IgdG

dG QgRCG J Y QJ iNCG GG Hh da ,iNCG Mf e

TGdc a jdG WG GP Gd h ,bO jJ HfCG d

.QgRCG g J CG GQdGh)12 (

dG dTCGh GG H kbO kaGJh kefG g CG d J HdG eCG qEG

.H e H JdG H dch JdG SJ

J CG ''Gh dG J dG'' dOdG bdG g G e

Ea ADd ka .f QdG jf e bJ a ,jQdG Yj c aOG

CG eEG Y H G dG e J IM CG qCG :g YR M dG AUG

dG JdG a dG AUG dB kJh dG g h .J hCG IjL dBG QJ

,gQgRCG T J hCG ANG eEG Y UG T cJ H GG e oJ

cJ H QgRCG e a dG Gg oJ dG GG Y f jdHh

eJ dG FYCG cJ oJ CG hCG dG f H J CG jdG FYCG

.AGdG

j hQg 39

if JdG e gZ hCG jdG jdG HfCG GP JdG EG f eY d

TGdG e G FdG J dch ,f CG e J hCG J CG QJ fCG

.GQdGh

dG G e adG hCG dOdG bdG g e IG- QgRCG SG

.Gg ej M IjY Gd GG Gg Y dH -J

e G FdG H J dG dSCd b Le g BG M MT e

c CG UdG g L iJ b fEG .eOb LC IG b Y d JdG

dG Ie40

jj ddGG GGddhh ,,dd QQggRRCCGG HH JJ..dd ccGG GG FFddGG bb ee JJQQggRRCCGG MMQQ YY jjGG aaGG JJhhIIQQccGG QQggRRCCGGhh ..GG FFddGG gg iiMMEEGGdd CCHH JJ aaGG bb ee JJ jj ddGGGGPP hhCCGG NNCCGG ddGG EEGG FFee hhCCGG AAHH ffGGddCCGGHHhh ..jjdd jjbb FFGGhhQQ ddhh HH dd AAddGG aaGG JJ FFGGddGG ggIIHH jjCCGG QQggRRCCGG gg JJhh ..ddHH ffeejjgg CCGG ddPP ee jjhh ..MMdd LLffEEGG..HH eecc ffEEGG jj FFddGGddGG IIQQbb QQKKBBGG ee ffGG GGgg CCGG TThh

MMddGG MMddGG..((1133))

TT JJ IIcc GGQQhhCCGG YY jjddHH IIGG ddGG GGgg ccee jjhh ..''''jjddGG SSHHOO--TThhHH'''' `ddHH TTJJhh ..ddGG gg IIggRR jj jjSS bbQQddGG ccddGGhhCCGG ee AALL JJ aa ddGG MM CCHH jjCCGG ddGGEEGG UUddGG IIMM jjCCGG JJ ddGG GGddhh ..FFeeaa GGPP ffcc GGPPEEGG EEGG ddGG MM eeddGG JJ ddGG IIMM CCGG dd jj gg eehh ..eeMM ddGG MM HH JJ aa ,,ddHH ddGG HHiiNNCCGG jjKK IIggRR EEGG JJ KK eehh ,,IIcc TT YY JJKK ddGG VVdd IIggddGG SSCCGG EEGG hhddHH hhCCGG JJ MMddGG MM GGcc HH JJ dd ddGG EEGG JJ..SSCCGG ff JJ dd iiNNCCGG IIggRR ee jjdd GGYY iiJJ IIUU bbjj YY IIaa HH ddGG jjhhjjddGG JJff YYSSGG ddGG ddhh ..GG gg

HH KKddGG ..((1144))

JdG YO dG SCd e J CG J J QOG g d LdH

GQOEGh dG e UGa ,oJ Y c fC ;dG QZ QfG Y GS

CH kL f a .VGh dG EG f f dG HGh QGdG PJGh

.f Ae eH dG g d GQOEG jd d dG

,jdG SGH dG QZ Qf Se ejOhjCG cJ CG dG ''j''

Y QJ d fCG ''a'' iNCG JdG eCG .f jdG j M L ch

;W QZ d GG e J dG Gdh ,jdG e adG IOSG

H hh ,KdG J d gf GG CG j fCH JdG ''J''c

Hh .GG T Y j CG j e Y JdG Jh .dP d dSCG

Fc Y SGH FGhdG oJ fEa IM d da FGQ CGh MQ CG cG

j eh GG J dG MdG W Y Jh ,ke SG bdG gJh

dG QJ fEa GG MdGh FGdG J GPEGh .H Jh OGe e

'''' fEa dP EG aVEH ;''OG dG''`H Jh VdG e Sd iNCG jH

Yh S dG f aGh dG e NBG f EG S dG dG QZ QGe

''J'' Jda .bhCG fCGh dG aCH dG QZ fEH J SSCG Gg

.UG GH ''FbdG GAGLEG PJH J''h dG QZ Uh Y MG

jQdG Gg j bGdG h .M j CG jQdG Gg e qEG ,dH

C IQcG JGSEG e kjCG j CG OY f j h ,G YGb c

jdG Ib j CG j h dGh G Qj h edG j h Qj dG

L Y CG j h ,d Lj J CG H Qj CG h ,gGh

e d j dSCG qCG Qj CG j dP Y IhYh ,b gj e IM

.c oP CG Y

S oG e CGh ,VG Gg EG dG L CG eh ,dG c e

.fGGh JdG H bdG FSG T g CH SG j a

bdG dG Gg d jh .dG H e e G FdG g oN d

YdG H bO Y d GGh JdG N dG IdG CG dOG G e

j hQg 41

hhCCGG ggddhh ..bbYYCCGG jj MMQQ HH QQggRRCCGG HH JJ..GGGGhh QQddGG HH UUGG dd ffee IIGG gg hhJJffSS ddGG CCGG ddPP ,,GGHHCCGG QQggRRCCGG JJ ee GGgg CCGG EEGGSSGGHH JJ jjGGeehh UU GGPP MM FFcc NN JJhh

..ddGG YY EEGGhh ddGG HHddGG MMddGG GGgg EEGG JJ CCGG

dG J dG U e qfEG .NBG gMCG d Nh ec JLMG QJh

Y G Yh G Jbh dG Y Y NBG dO fEG .AT H jh kGL j

.fEG H fQe Y c

dG dG IS fC H J dG QG H h gOLh S dG J

Lh Y dG QTCG bh . c N jh ,dG AT c Nh e N

orsdG nh} :dG BGdG G g EG ppGG nnoo rrnnjj oonn ssddGG nnhh |[:MdG IQS6

AAGG JJddGG KKddGGhh ddEEGGJdG Y j dG QZ SGH KdG Ea FdG OYG e dG Y

c oG bh .f jdH KJ kjCG jH Jf gh .VQCG S Y IOLG

Y dEG jH Kjh dG j ''GShR'' Y oO f hCG1787Y b e

.dac a jEG dG)15(

QZ M CG HdG Y IOLG JdG Y j dEG CH OYG S qEG

.dG Y Jh J AG eJ dG HdG Jf W

Gg CG AG dG QZ dEH KJ dG JdG Y jLoCG dG SGQdG XCG

.WQh f QdG jf a Lh NBG Ve

EG AG Y W QZ J dG JdG J31T e kGL fl We kYf

eh ,LQCG L EG jdG40 EG AG S ie kGe4800IH e

hX ,dG Y f Lh M ,JdG g TY bh .jfCG L cJ

.SG jhGdG GdG EG FGSG jG HdG e kGAH e fl)16(

jdG Mh ,fC VG Gg M QdG IYO eCG Ic HU X

IhYh ;VQCG Y TY CG H eGSG JdG CGH Kd jW c dEa

EG jQdG YO ,jdG g eSG jdG JdG H g CG J dP Y

e J CG Gj CG ADg j h;''AG EG LQ dG IgG JdG ''`H J

J CG Gej c ,IOdG J ch AG EG JdG IOY S Y Yh

.JJG dG dfG TCd

j hQg 43

Aa kHS VhCG ch .AG UGN H e QdG IYO eCG iNCG e Cf

cH DdG dG eh QhdG J EG ODJh H ,dG QZ QfG dG SJ H

IH ae EG j hCG JdG oj b qe hCG e Z Fe GQJ LoJ b ;G

fc c AG H FG JdG J eGdG g e ZdG Yh ,S Y

:JdG g Y eCG H dEGh .AG S dG e d jdG H oN

jjddddGGJ dP Hh ,AG j dG dG b IcG jddG QgRCG QJ

g oN bh.jfCG UGG GP JdG EG J d jH Jh dG L

hJ dG g Yh ,IM J M dG EG dH QdG Y gYJ jH IgdG

dG Gg h .JdG Ib e Jh dM e GQhCG Jh .hc Yc IgdG

QZ j dG dG Y Ad dG GKCdG e jG d eDj UG cdG

Y IMGdG HS e fc dG dG YJ dG Y IgdG J eYh .dG

GQhCG a dG Qd eG AYCG Jh .AG S Y Ie AGQd e iNCG

dG Ie44

YY IIQQddGG ccCCGG jjHH NN ddGG CCGG dd jjhh ..MMdd MM dd AAGG jjddddGG ff jjSSddGG GGKKCCJJ eehhee YY IIQQOObb MMdd MM LL YYhh ffeehh QQggRRCCGG dd GG bbddGG aaee

..FFGG

cP Y

cP ffCG f

IgR

QZ oJ fCG c ,AGdG e f bCH M cG Y IQOb Ie YTCc J dG

.AG S a jddG W

gQL jW S jf AG S Y J fEa fDG dG QgRCG EG dH eCG

Yj kS ke e dG Y fDG IgdG GQhCG Jh ,cdG b hCG IdG

IgdG eY bGdG h .fDG dG e HGbG Y IcG d L Ib N Y

QZ j jdG Hh ,ke JgdG h gf J fEa fDG e dH IcG

.dEG jh fDG IgdG KdG Y EG dG)17(

AG S Y gQX K AG e J eY dG Qd IcG IgdG jM EG

IgdG UGNh .kUN kGJ j leCG jH cG e q dG d gQNGh

bh .dG eQ Y kJeJCG oJ dGh dG eG IdG QGH T g

G eh e b e jW ce O f QGdG g X

K ,eCG OH QGdG fEG Y dG ANCG g fc fCG T h .YdG

f EG UdG h oUh QYG H gNCG QdG Y iNCG ANCG X

.IG Qd f Se H j

Qb e e dG Y :jddG Vh e fQe SGQdG g f YO

IMGh Ua dG jda hC ch .IMGh UH iS jddG IdG

;MdG LCd AdG Ua V dG g H hCG e ke Lf f GSG EG .a

j d fd dG e j S dG Ea qEGh ,WN f fDG IgdG qj d

Y M jddG dEG JGSG J CG G a jCGQ ch .KdG

.AG W QZ SQEG e q cH oN b dG CG j Ggh .MGe

jjOOddddGGQL edG MGdG W Y j gh ,da dEG JGSG NBG Fe f

.AG S EG Je dG QZ M LQCJh ,FGT T dG Gg jh .a

aVEH ,jdG f e YCG eY RGMEG e jOddG f q dG Ggh

H a HO GQgHch JhH e dG QZ FGT J dP EG

JdG dG cGe e jG G j h.jW kaW e AG S Y dG

j hQg 45

g GUG Yh .fDG JdG J M dG d Oj eY g aSG

.h dH dEG j dG Y J dG fDG dG KdG AYCH cGG)18(

SSddGGg h.d ee j hCG AG S a W QZ j dG JdG Y K d

J CG OHCG KK dEG fCG d GfCG Hh .GoH dG Qd j dG

.dG

CG C AG a J dG J e HU cCG AG dEG JGSEG J EG

QZ Ja dG Gdh ,dEG Y c KCJ d S dG QZ cM W J

.AG S Y dJG e UCG AG fDG dH dG

oN fC AG kFGO jQdG MGS Y OLG dG SdG j dP eh

QZ M SdG J h.S dEd HdG jOH hdG d JGSH

QgRCG AYCH d G j K jW WTCG hCG FGL H AG IQhG W

.KdG e dG fDG)19(

dG Ie46

GGSSHH ffDDGG ddGG EEGG jjccddGG MMdd MM jjEEGG HH-- ggHH HH --''''jjOOddddGG'''' ff jj..QQGGhh GG ccMM ee GGee MMddGGhh JJGG YY IIQQddHH JJ ddGGhh jjccGGddGG GG JJSSGG

fCG fcP f

dG M

Y SCGQcP

G

j hQg 47

ddPP ee ZZddHHhh ..AAGG SS JJMM cc jj ffCC FFGG JJddGG bbHH YY ''''SSddGG'''' ff jjSSGG dd ddGG GGgg ccPP CCGG YYCCGG ddGG ee jjhh ..ffCCGG EEGG MMdd MM jjEEGG ccPP jj

..AAGG SS MM AAddGG jj dd IIGG gg YYCCGG ffCCGG CCGG ,,ddGG YY IIQQbb GGPP NN

cP f fCG f

dG M

cGe J dG aG FGT H SG jOddGh SdG W QZ jj

JdG N dG dG GHEG e g cdG dG Gg CG T qCG g dh .dG

.H dG gh AG MdEG JGSGh FG

SGH MQ fCG b fDG IgdG AYCG EG J dG jcdG G J

KdG IN gCG gh ,IQdG jd gL AT ch .iNCG bf SGH hCG jdG

.Igd dG cdG e kGAH dG Gg f CG G eh .G

J (IgdG fCdG Y IMh) cCG hCG IMGh Hc LJ QgRCG ZCG ce

dG b YJ jS h (IgdG be e YCG AG) G YJh e jf

.QhdH UG dG Y j e SCG h

d FH e Sh G Y jcdG AYCG e JCj dG dG QZ j

GPEGh , kGL eg dG FdG Xhh .dG b SGH G EG j dP Hh ,HO

J Y QJ a dG b G EG UdG e dG QZ M J

.i k oS gJ M dG H e dG M dG FdG Gg j dd ,QhdG

.IcGh fDG KdG jN AdG M IQdG Jh

kaQ kHfCG G a dhf H -Ice KJ N c hCG -W QZ M c QJ

g e fCG c f gh .dG b N e G NJh SCG f kLe

J jdG Hh .dG QJh G Njh ,SCG EG fCG jh .HfCG

H a e MdG QJh dG a G dG e dG iMEG IGf

MdH j kUN kf e jcG G JGf e a fdG dG IGf eCG .IQdG

.dH QdG Gg jh .jjh

Wfi IQH d jh MGQ Ia MdG Njh ,AH dG J dG H

L Jf g fDGh IcG G jG OH ,e IQH c AGdG QO

J eY hCG MGG fC IQdG Qd kGL e fhDG gh ,AGdG e fhDeh

Qe EG ddh AGdG fEG Y IQOb GQhCG hCG QhL IQd j VQCG

.bdG Gg N dG e d FGZ

ggRR ff KKJJ dd flfl YYCCGG ddGG iijjddGG ee jjhh ..NNEEGG hhOOee GG FFKKUUJJ GGPP IIOOee MMGGee YY jj KKddGG CCGGIIQQddGG eeCCGG ..((IIQQddGG)) GG ffEEGG EEGG UUhhhh IIccddGG EEGGhh ,,JJddGG iiMMEE IIggRR aa ffGG EEGG

..aa jjKKddGG AAYYCCGG jj IIggdd VVYY ee

GNG fG

KdG YfCG

jfCG jKJ N

jcP jKJ NVf jfCG jN eGNG fd IgL

e fl MGeEG dG Y

cP c

cdG KdG Y

a J dG Igd bd eRdG jcdG dG

IgdG

hOG NGG c

LhOe IGd b

jdG IGf

e AGjS

hRehd G IGf

dG Ib

hfl AGZd R

(IQdG) GIQdGIdGgdG dG

dG e j S dG G

ggddGG ddGG

cP c

je cJ Ljh ,cdH bGdG Yf e g dM G AGdGh G EG

kjQhV kGQe J fCG EG aVEH ,QhdG jd GQgHdGh JhdG e dY

dG QhdG jJh j FG aCG IK c h ;G FdGh dG jd

.LQG IdG cJ EG AG c EG qdG dG e kGAH j

e NBG kJf j CG f c CG gh CG iNCG eg J dCe g

dG j iNCG a e d e Y W QZ M g GPEGh .f dG

d IQdG QJ dd fh ,G EG d NdH dG Qd j h ,Gg

.J OLh)20(

j hQg 51

IdG QGL

IGdG QhH

IdG Y ScCG

HQc QGLddddGGhh jjddGGhh eeddGG ee FFGGddGG OOGGGG EEGGMM SShh JJ GG QQddGGhh ccGGddGG LLJJ ddGG

ccGGddGG JJhh ..AAMMCCGG bbdd AAGGZZ ddcchh QQhhdd jjJJhhee ZZddHH GGcc aaNNGG ddGG HH YY aaNNHH GGhh

FFGGhhHH aa ..ff AAGG SSGGHHhh IIMMGGhh HHJJ ee CCJJ ffCCGG..QQGG dd FFGGQQ PP ddTTCCGGhh JJbbGGeehh

IdG J d J IT a b Igd W QZ M S GPEG G S a

S gG dG M kb fh bf CG dG g Y G eh .dG QK

Y CGJ CG h ,f dG e dG QZ M JdG e a IgR .cP

.dG H J a dc J GPEG eCG ,f dG e fc GPEG dG

f d FdG dG QZ CG j dG -fDG IgdG e CG M c

eCG dBG g ZEG Y CG qJ c ?g HG H j CG qJ -Ofi Q kJ

dG IN c j dG AcdG CG T g d ?jdG dG QZ M

.L EG L e GfCG jQGSG d YQdG jdG H IgdG dBG g U

? gQJ MGe N IQdG GPe ?IQdG L Qd SG dG f g e

d kah IQdG oU ?L dG jG f g e ?HdG e J eY S GPe

.kee G c dG h LMG

Ggh , kGL jb IOdG J (QhdG Z) QhdG dG LQG dG EG

d kah SG jdH jh LGJ dG LQG GjdG e j cdG

T IOe J QhdG H QJ e INCG MG :dP eh .a LJ dG

.RdGh AG GKCd QhdG ehe d dG Ojh ,LQG SCG Y ehe

GfCH IQdG ZCG qoJ Qh .G Gg Y IgdG IM bdG cGdG J

IQHh ,bQ AH AdUdG M J G S Yh ,dG d kJ OGG e fl

bCG a AG eh dG QhdG ZCG eCG .m Sb N H fi J RdG

.YGfC kJ fl eMCGh kTCG QhdG YCG dP EG aVEGh ,gZ e KCGh

RL QhH e) YdG b jW Id J CG Y dG QhdG H AGdG c Jh

. . MCG dG ,dG) Ad ee H Yd bCG Ia EG dG Jh ,(dG

.(dG

dG Ie52

AGjdG

QhdG Z

eG dGIQdG

QG ,,eedd HH TT QQhhddGG JJKKGGQQddGG eeGG aacc ffCC

IIQQddhh ..ee AALL ddGG JJddUUJJ YY jj QQNN JJ

jj cchh GG SS YYhh ..ggeeIIQQdd EEaa YYCCGG VVddGG GG eejj MM LLMM jj FFGGZZ ffhhflfl

FFddGG ccddGG YY CCGGJJhh ,,ffEEGGEEGG YYCCGG ddGG iijjhh ..hhGG

iiMMEEGG ffGG bbhh ff ddGGNNGGHH ddGG QQhhddGG dd JJjjMM

aa iiNNCCGG QQddGG eeCCGG ..AAGGddGG EEGG..AAGGddGG YY ddGG QQhhddGG ee PP

ccJJ gg HH GG SSddGGhhYY IIQQddGG ee ddGG UUGG

..ddHH GG ddGGjdG SGH gQhH Jf e P

QQhhddGG QQffGG ::ddGG bbhh(da jdG L) gQhd gf Y JdG eJ dG dSCG J

CG dG Gh IdG QhdG :G S Yh .f c QhH cJ NH

jh .HU jCG hH Jh jdG c eY kGQa J AGg f NCG e J

gQhH iNCG Jf J H ,VQCG Y J CG gQhH KJ d JdG H

.aZ NGO IQdG Y j dG qdG jH dP jh ,dG jH

iNCG QhH oJ H dG TCG aL H JdG d QhdG ZCG Jh

.fGG hCG jdG e LQN eGH gKCJ Y Jjfi

QQffHH ggQQhhHH JJ ddGG JJddGG

SSGG QQGG AAbb

Kd kGL G-QfG Y dG ej dG dSCG f eY

Ab e JdG H J:G S a . kGL SMh bO fCG if -JdG

.d f NGO j dG QG Ab CGJ eYh .QhdG d JGdG Jb QG

ehe J Ad LQG IdG CG LQO EG FdG Gg V OGOj Ia Hh

eh NGO OLG FdG AdG TJ Gg j eYh .gfR Y kGH a dG

.G WoCG hQU KCG e QhdG)21(

dH AdG CGJ eY FdH IQdG Z PEG , kGL SM g dBG EG

J GhCG b dG dG Gg CGH GPEGh .edG dG bh QfG jh

a jf j MG Gg eh .dG j d Ggh QhdG J b AdG

.ke G bdG H dPh ,GHCG dG Gg e aR dh .dG

f QJ b - jGdG e Lh b J CG j dG -dBG g CH AYOEGh

.dG hCG G hCG dG Y ke d cCdH g dG je H BGh e GO d

EG j CG j AT ch QhdG fh ,NGH OLG FdGh ,QhdG ZCG EG

dG Ie54

ddGG YYCCGG EEGG IIQQddGGJJ gghh QQGG IITT QQhhHH

eeGG jjGG ee GG EEGGaa iiNNCCGG QQddGG eeCCGG ..dd

ggQQhhHH JJ ddGG JJddGG HHGG SSGG GGPP

gg SSGG gghh ..bbddGGQQhhddGG GGWW YY JJ ddGG

..AAGGddGG

M N CG j h eJ IAH Y dG dG QGSG jh .MGh bh OLdG

N dG g J dG EG NBG Hh .a Y h ec H jGdG e Cf fCG dG

.jdG dG Gg

GGQQddGG IITThh GG qqRRddGG

J dG d ce jH dh ,f JGdG dG jH GRdG KJ j

eYh .JOjR Y kVY FdG H GRdG QhH QfG jh .SG QG Ab

fG e SCG j d LGG fG Ea dG jCG MCG dG IQGM OGOJ

H dG Nd f f EG ICa IQdG Z jh .dG j dG

.gG L J NGO IdG AGOdG QhdG Ea jdG Hh ,fG

SEH ahG jRGdG IdG g QfG jH QhH f kM JdG cCG MCG

a QhdG J CG gQhH Qf bdG jh IdG ea .''GQg''

EG J12 .Ic ae J ,IdG EG dH ,gh , kGe)22(

eeGGGG QQhhddGG

fL e j H I a , kGL e J HhQhCG ddGh dG Qhd

jh .QhJ CG QhdG g CG LQd G W e IQdG Rh Sjh .a MGh

h ,Ic IYe Qhd J CG jdG J GHh ,kf de bGe kdZ ddG

.N H Ic ae J CG f M GQhdG SGH Qhd)23(

H ZCG NGO -HG jeCG J dG -dKdG QTCG QhdG J

PEG ,fGG gG UN jd d fCG dP AGQh dGh ,VQCG Y WS

U fCG EG aVEH WEG Y dG j LQG geh FGQ d d fCG

Jb e J CG dG dG fdG Y IdG g KJ dh .dG

.VQCG aoJh LQG

f dG cQj kbfl g C dKd e dG dG g J

dG Ie56

.dGh bGdG g c Y j CG

IdG keW d CG -jeCG L j VQb gh -WZCG GM j

IdG j CG IOG eeCG fSCG H WZCG jh ,FGdG Y dG

GM Ljh .IQdG EG d dH dG20eEH dh ,Ib c NGO bH

CG H jh N NGO L dG H j dd ,Lh cCj CG WZCG

H a dG Y j d dG H j fCG e ZdHh .IU M aj

IjL IT a QhdG cCG j ddh ,jb IcGP M Ad fCG EG cCjh

.S GM H)24(G FdG g J h.aOH ZdG Gg Cj dH

Gg Y eCG gh .N FdG g oN d .aOH dG H

N dG gh ,G g de g dG EG .bQN M f gh dG edG

.dG ZdG dP H CfCGh UGN H FdG jg

hhddGG LL eeCCGG JJ ddGG QQhhddGGJQOe e ILh Ia H G FdG KdG jN qCH J IYb g

J CG QhHh dG W QZ a ,JdG Y Gg j h .dG d

H dG edG j dP EG aVEH .CG dG Y IH eCG B M

.dG e Mh GS H dGh Id Hb J QhH a ,CG dG JQOe

QhH c Y R e g dG dG IQdG e edG QhH OLh

aGdG G EG LH JdG QhH Jh .edG e jW Gd M AdG e JdG

c d aGJ d M ac Z IQGG CG J eYh ,J d dG e e bhCG

eYh ,IQGG Jd IG HdG J H QhdG J d iNCG hdG

edG IdG W QYG H NCG hO jdG Jh dG CGJ SG dG Y

dG H QU T QhH L oh bh .CG dG JQOe e e dG

.J hCG J CG hH

d dG CG ?LQG dG dG Qj CG j GPe . kGL e VdG Gg EG

j hQg 57

Y J dG NGO dBG :iNCG MG g e eCd H eCG HJ Y Qj

c dG J dh .dH kGeCG J fCG d c ICa QJ dG bj K ,VdG

?NGO jQhdG dG fCG c ?Qj CG dG Gg

G IdG ffl eG g Lh ,H dG Gg dG p j dH

eY gQJ jEG j kef edG IQH h .hCG dG ICf e dG IQH

.f AJ e aOH j CG cdG Gg G eh . kGOQH kGL OJ

fc eh ,''jQdG IdG'' jQdG YO dG G dG eR c eh

G dM Y JdG oj f J Ea eYG IdG g N KM dG aOG

.ke e AT g

.AH f M Jh aG YCG Xfi G GRG J f jdH

,ehG Y IQdH IQhH J d NBG e gh

e Xfi QhH H M jdL jdCG gh

H fh d jdG G147VJ Y S

AKCG AdG dfG jM ONE dhG OG N Ad

.fdG dG G)25(

G IQGG LQO H AH OdG j

e gNCG dG -QhdG H CG LQd GQdG e

Y Id OJ CG - S BG IY Y L

.d SG HWdGh IQGG aJh Gd gNCG)26(

Y IQdG NGO IOG Ea kL f c

.G J LQN Ib e AGdG e e c

d CG hCG NGO IQGd fGe CG fCH dGh

e J ee Y AH G dG e Qd IQdG

Ia fCH UJ CG j JGdG JGQd c QG

jOY Z IOe eCG fh .''jY Z'' Mh e Z

dG Ie58

JJ CCGG ''''HHddGG'''' ff QQhhHH JJ MM jjWW GGdd HHddGG SS

..ffEEdd FFGG IIQQGGGG LLQQOO

dGh a M dG G H HGQ hH QG e G e IU b e hJ

IQGG fc GPEG QJ CG dJ MGe h IQGG LQO J CG dP eh ,LQG

JGDe Z hdG CG Qd edG dBG g e G e b h .gQd Se

Z hdG H SMEG gQJ bd a Y j e Jh g QJ PDSh

.G iG EG IQGG LQO JJ eY bJ e gQJ Jh ,SG

aOG SGH hG cdG Gg e QhdG FGdG dBG g J

hdG L ehe e jH QhdG U d bGdG h .jQdG Yj c

.dG

.IdG QhdG g M OLhh N FO J dG j

}oorrppee oo pp rrooff kkGG nnNN oorrppee nnrrLL nn rrNNnnCC nnaa mmAA rr nnTT uucc nnnnnnff ppppHH nnrrLL nn rrNNnnCC nnaa kkAA nnee ppAA nn ssddGG nnppee nn nnrrffnnCCGG ppddGG nngg nnhh

kkppnn rrooee nn ssee ttddGG nnhh nnoorrjj ssddGG nnhh mmnnYYnnCCGG rrppee llssnnLL nnhh llnnppffGG nnOO llGG nnrrppbb nn pprr nnWW rrppee pp rrssddGG nnppee nnhh kk ppccGG nnnnooee vvnnMM

ooppeerrDD oojj mm rr nnppdd mmnnjjBB rrooppdd nnPP ppaa ss ppEEGG pp pprrnnjj nnhh nn nnrrKKnnCCGG GG nnPP ppEEGG pp pp nnnnKK nndd ppEEGG GGhh oo oorrffGG mmppHH nnnnooee nnrrnnZZ nnhh|IQS

:fCG99

AAGG JJ ddGG QQhhddGG8800kkeejj H d iNCG QhH g IOQdG G hX ehe J dG QhdG fL EG

hCG J CG hH kej fK I AG AdG j Hh ,jW Id AG AdG e

Ib NGO Xfi a eCH J dh ,dG RL IQH g QhdG g TCGh .J

dG AGdG e fhDc a ae jW Md L e c CG EG aVEH , kGL Sb

QG e eCG ,AG e dOj e hCG (dZ K hJ Rh IMh g dG) H fh

.AG S Y aW AdG e q H e a

d QhH d AG SGH QhH Sj dG dG e NBG f dG AdUa EG

.dG S Qh dh M J dh dG RL QhH M H)27(

Sc AG GSH YJ dG Jd Ie gCG Ea HdG dG jCGQ c

FSG Vh Ga bGdG h .aG VQCG EG J eY a J gQhH CG g d

j hQg 59

Gg dh ,AG eJ M dGh TfH JdG QhH CGJ f c fC kGL leh

gQhH J dG Jda ,UG dG cJ H HS IQcG JdG Y j

,AG eJ M TfH CGJ JdG g fc GPEGh .IYdG H J AG SGH

CG J JdG g dh ,jW eCG e Je b J fEa ,iNCG JdG c

.a J dG hdG SJ eY dBG H J

dG FSG UGG gh .SJ dG cGdG aCG JdG L

g JdG e e GfCG AG ehe UN Qhd J c'' :dG GDdG j

:GDdG Gd Gc dG RL e NCd ?ehG g EG LM

1AG jW Ia AdG Y IQOb J d he cd dG QhH -

. Ad ehe UGN dh Sb gQa dG Gdh

!!aaOOee dd GGgghh

2dGh ,jdG MQ OdG AGdG e cCG AGZ EG QhdG g -

.dG RL IQH Z NGO bH YVe HG

!!aaOOHH jj kkjjCCGG GGgghh

3fCG ''J '' M QhdG J -

.aG VQCG EG Uh

!!aaOOee jjCCGG gg JJ CCGG hh

gQH QhdG g oU jCGQ c

,eMCGh AGdG e fRflh ,SdG

ehe d IG UGN L QNHh

QhdG S .IQhdG Y jW Gd

Gg c GPEG HdG EG J CG b h

IdG oS CG -bH G cdG

f -AGdG e G hGh SG

.aOG

dG Ie60

JJddGG ee ddGG RRLL ee ddGG ddUUaa JJ..AAGG YY ggQQhhHH JJ ddGG

,Gc AT j CG dH

.QhdG TfG bdG d Oj dGh

AGh AGdG c CG T fOCG g dh

HdG EG UdG e dG QhdG

hCG Acd f pCJ (FbdG HGdG QNH)

.f QhdG GQb

g qc CG dG g qLh qY dG EG

N dG a bdG SdGh HG

dG gh ,FNh JLM j gh QhdG

.G AcdGh FfqdG dG

} mmQQGG nn rr ppppHH oo nnrr ppYY mmAA rr nnTT tt oocc nnhh|:YdG IQS8

} nn ppaa nnrrnnrrffnnCCGG nnhh nn ppSSGG nnhh nnQQ nn ppaa nnrr nnrrddnnCCGG nnhh nngg nnff rrOO nnnnee nnVV rrQQnnCCGG nnhh

mmhh ooRR rrnnee mmAA rr nnTT uu oocc rrppee|:G IQS19

QQLLCCee MM --ddGGgZ Y fl jH UGN QhdG d

eY ge FM Jh ,ahG QhdG e

jR H Ie IQH NCf e YO ,f

Ie bGdG d d hCG IdG e ke kjOY jdG dG Gg hj Q ;cCd dU

g YJ jh .H dG gG dG gh dG e dG Gg Ad kGL eg

Vh Y Qj dG da ,JdG GfCG e Y Y dG SGH JdG

IG QhdG g j dG dG jW Y Gg j CG QNG H HdG QhH

aj M TYCG EG jh -d kGL GL W gh -jdG dH

.VQCG

Gg d eW g fc QhdG dG OLG dG CG dG j Q

j hQg 61

ZZHH MM ffEEGG ddGG RRLL QQhhHH CCGGJJNN bbhh ..AAGG YY jjWW MMQQ HH WWddGG

NN GGHHCCGG AAGG YY KKDDjj IIQQHH QQhhddGG gg..MMddGG JJ

fEa TYCG EG QhdG d dG dj dG OG c e Zda .WN OYG

eCG ,cCd AT Y dG j jdG Hh ,qdG jh LQG dG iS cCj

HdG kfae oa IQdG YJ dBG j dG IQdG b)28(dG CH AYOGh ;

e e d hJ IOfi UGN Qhd j CG JQ dG CGh ae Y Gg c j

.kY bGh Z AYOG g f dG e d N hCG dG

,dG h dG d fEG ,dOdG bdG g f Y Y g CH d

.GQOEG Gg e dG J dG fEG ,c UGN j dN g H

} nnooppff nnbb oonndd ww oocc pp VV rrQQnnCCGG nnhh ppGG nnhh nn ssddGG ppaa rrnnee oonndd nnhh:hdG IQS |26

ff EEGG IIQQddGG TTffEEGG ::hhCCGG MMGG

Gd eM G g -G G e IU kb J dG - QhdG

eG L IQdG NGO LJh .JdG Y eG BG NGH dG G

jf bdG GdG e kGAH UdG OCG M H a S dG dH G

.S dG QdGh gQgRCG EG bS NGO HfCG EG gQhL

dG Ie62

IIQQddGG GG IIQQddGG..ddGG EEGG ggKKJJhh ddffGGEEGG IIQQddGG HH jj ddaa

KK eehh ,,HHddGG iiee eeeeCCGG AAGG YY ddHH jj

ddGG GGgg YYhh ,,IIQQddGG eeFFGG AAGG QQXX ggjj

iiee dd jj gg eehh ..ddooLL aa ,,LLhhYY ddGG YY

jjWWhh IIQQccGG IIQQddGG TTee ooee ddGG jjJJ

..ddGG HH

IQdG CGJ .TfG g IgR EG IQdG Me hCG J dG H

bh ,AdGh HWdGh Adc Se eGY CJ eY dG VQCG IOLG

.dG CGJh J bdG j eYh S J dP

Ad QhdG VJ CG j hCG G .TfEG Y MGG e OY g

Gg jGH Y h ,jCG dG Y IQOb Jh NGO IOLG jG WJ d

jG Yh;fG jG CGJ MG g h ,dG QGh YdG CGj dG

e kGc kGQb dG g c Jh .dH UG dG H CGJ d dG

.bdG

M dG e hCG Qe EG IQdG dh ,AGdG EG IQdG J d

IQdG c PEG .gQhL SGH HG jdG Z OGG Y CG J

?J d L dG FGZ

Y Y e dG e IQdG MG j .IQdG H GDdG Gg GL j

dG AGd QhdG h ,VQCG a Jh YJ M IQdG eJh dG

.UG FGZ fEG Y a IQOb J Me EG J M eLCG

jG CGJh HdG e AG IQdG NCJh .Se hdG J eY TfEG CGj

f jGH g -U QL hCG jh IQdG Z j dP Hh ;fG G

j hQg 63

..ffEEdd RRddGG AAGG RRhhHH YY JJ ddHHhh ,,QQhhddGG ee ddGG AAGG YY ddGG QQddGG EEGG

.GQhCGh dG S dG YGdG QJ dP H K HdG SCG H jh -QG

jh AdG f YCG H jG dG dG j K VQCG TfEG CGj

UG FGZ fEG CGj CG dG j hCG GQhCG J Mh .Ib cCG d

.FdG cdG hCG dG SGH

AT g HdG QhdG e CJ dG Jda ,he eCG BG M MT e

.M Ie IdG dG J H d ,T d dCeh he

H j CG e N K GMEG HU eGdG e kGOY J dG IQdG

.ba e HdG e eGZc

dG JdG q .AdG EG UdGh HdG e RhdG g MdG IQdG g EG

QdG AV f AH e Qa e fCch dG dG bS TfEG CGH

L gJ fEG ,HPG Ib LGe HdG e RJ gh ,K Rh ba Lj fCch

.Y J dG FjdG fGdG

Jh iPCG hH e f VH bdG QhG GP IdG IQdG J

.geJh ATCG J dG HdG e QJh YH

dG jW ZEH dPh AdG EG UdG e dG TQ Q AGLEG

H YG TdG JdG qJ ; kGL ge FdG fch .Ye FSH IQdG YCG

dG dG je kjb kV J hCG YCG f jW J Y CG Y d c

J dHh ,G jW J YJh T J dG Jda .Y AdG

.QdG AV f LJ eY HU jCG Y

VQJ a dP J eYh .HdG e J eY kFGO OY H YGdG J

dG Ie64

ffCCGG JJ KK ,,dddd FFGG YYGG jj MM JJSS ee QQhhddGG JJ..FFGGYY ee gg cc ee HHddGG iiee SS aa QQddGGhh

j Ggh .SCG f e HPG Ib iNCG Mf e QhG J H ,HPG Ib

Gg Y HLEdh '' ?fl gH f dG e GY j c'' :e GDS

.JdG dBG H Y If f CG H j GDdG

fCG jd QGh Yda .HPGh AdG:JdG j eY g

.edG jd SM

dG YG TdG eCG .HPG GQTEH e d QG jN g

HPGh Ad SG gh ,AdG AGREG GL SM jN a YCG f j

Ggh .dG G EG G dG e G bCG J jG IOLG

.kjOY j GPEG QGh YdG J Y kjCG GQOb GaG)29(

jG CGJ M OY Z Vh eCG fCG if fcP e EG iNCG Mf e ff GPEG

dG e fl kebCG d T Jh fl gG dG dG J dG

.fl gH QGh YdG j dP EG aVEH

EG YdG LJh HPG Ib e kaGe HdG Y f QG LJ BG eCd

dG YdGh QG b e gG HdG T cM EG .HdG S f YCG

eh fG jG hT Oj GPe hCG e ; SCG e jdG gdG J kf

c ?a S dG G N c J c ?a J dG jdG EG gToj

?YCG EG QG jN J Cc Va

QGdG j dG CG VGdG e .SCG g MGh gL GL g

Z eh ;Va CG H L jh jQhdG fCG j hCG jh

dG jG J h ,fCG g hM NBG M Fc CG NJ j CG G

j hQg 65

Le JdG CG eGdG g L d J .kjCG dP J CG dG e j

e dCj dG cGdG N YCG AcP g j CG j fCG CG ;iNCG IH efih

fOCG g d .Y ODd jdG d Hh SG GQGdG NCd jG TQCGh dG

.dG Q J dG M g FdG G g CG T

dG Ie66

GGddGG jj ffEEGG QQhhddGG CCGGJJ eeYYggRRhhHH hhOO NNBBGG ffee CCGG hhCCGG HH jj ddGG

IIQQddaa ..ddGG TTCCHH JJ dd YYCCGG EEGGHH FFGGZZ UU TTJJ ffEEGG CCGGJJ ddGG

jjhh ..FFddGG ccddGG YY AAGGLLEEGG SSGGHHddHH TT UU ff jjQQddGG IIQQddGG ee

QQhhddGG JJ YYCCGG ff QQhhddGG JJ HHhh ..CCGGJJ dd HHddGG YYCCGG ff aa TT

NN AAGGddGG dd eeRRddGG OOGGGG UUeeHH..FFddGG ccddGG YY

QG .1 UCG

.2 fdG QG

.3G

.4Af

.5 IQdG AZ

.6dhCG bQdG

.7dG dSG e j NCG YdG

HHddGG YY JJ ddGG YYGGddGGX ke f j a ,kFGO Se H HdG e j dG YdG j b

GPEG -VdG Gg e FdG cdH dG HU j dHh ;c f hCG IU

G YdG oj dG g h ;TG dG AV j fC -dG SG

LJ f YGd CG-FdG YdH ahG -dG g Jh .AdG Qe H

Ve Y J fCG if fGGh dH JdG Qf eYh .Ad SM

H a YCH AdG SG j G S Y dG C AdH SMEG

h G J dG Gdh ,AdG S bCG Y dBG K Jd

.HPG Ibh AdG Y IG jd bdG LdG fCG H dH jW

dG- G fG We JdG NGO Ad SG fCG fL EG cJ

-OhG Z fG Y IQOb jN e dDe L f gh SH J

dG We kFGO jG GPEGh .edG jdGh QhG GWCG IOY IOLG

T f c NCjh .e H J dG j Ga TfEG N f jdH

L jG c GPEGh .QhGh YGd G dG dG j dG kJ

dG Ea Se hdG fc GPEG eCG , jhGH dG S a iNCG L e cCG

H e H bS YG dG Ljh .f bdG WG c dG CGj

OGh AH dG OhS dG- QhG J iNCG Mf eh .IH Lj dG AdG

.jd HPd SG LdG fCG H SG dG aCH -HdG e jQhdG

fCG M FGY H VQCG J QhG CG OYG hCG IdG e

H aGgCG EG G jQGdG e QhG SG RJ SG dG Gg H

.oeh bO

kaGe j f CG C NBG EG f e dBG g dG dG j

Z j eodG d e YCG G S a ,UG G Jee e

e b HQ H GdG ITh SOdG SCG IQdG fh ,Y e jCG IY

.edG(30)

j hQg 67

IY fRhh QeCG IY dW kJf dG IQdG L j d Me hCG g TfEG

Ea dG H JdG YCG EG ZCGh SCG EG QhG LJ Hh .WCG

dG J dG fedGh ,KdGh ,dG f fCG) NGO IOLG fCG

.e CG Y hCG NCJ CG g dh jS CJ (bJ K eh d fGh dG

HfCG Ea L e dG KJ ILCG QJ H G S Y fC kGL e Ggh

jCG G HfCG hCG Ad j d EGh ;iNCG L e QJ (dGh Ad) bdG

kLCG j CG j d dG Gg e CG EG kGf H KJ dBG QJ d gCG

.YdG IYG dBd gCG g J h ,M

dG Ie68

IIQQHH ZZ EEaa IIQQddGG ee VVGGhh gg cchh ,,QQhhddHH GG ddGG JJ MMff ee HH aa JJddGG JJddGG GGgg NNGGOO eeddGG IIQQddGG ddhh ,,ddGG UU IIOOee ee jj MM XXGG HHHH jj ddGGYY eeCCGG FFYY QQccGG ddGG HHUU JJ CCGG hhOO dddd FFGG YYGG jj eeYY ffEEGG CCGGJJ ddGG

..QQGG ff IIQQddGG hh ffEEGG

dGh dG dOdG bd SG dG Gd fl a M ch

AT g-AdG e QdG IYO YR c- MGe Y QdGh .aOG f j

.e

jeh IMGh IQH NCd .H j CG T C H HH dP Y gd

f dH HdG afh Gh dG f e IQH jL L Y j

dG IQdG CG iS dG GfCG M J edG e Ia Mh ;gH fh

Y J d iNCG IOG Ea ffG e d ,dG Y Xh HdG T gYQR

H g dP dGh .dG BG H ffG dh f dG Sh .dG

jQhdG eG L IT dG a .IQd UG dG Vh

CG UdG c J c ,m Gh GQOEG OLh JdG fCG L Jh .dG d

NJ kcGQOEG g CG oJ a dG Y H FGY GMCG f CJ JdG

.JdG Af

OCH AT c jh j dN OLh Y dO g G dG Gg EG dH

dG -IQdG QX gh-JdG IM e Me hCG VH d J c;UdG

:BGdG G g EG Lh Y dG jh .J dG IjdG

}rroorr nn nnaa kkee nnooMM oo nnrr nnnnnndd ooAA nnnnff rrnndd nn ooYY ppQQGG ssddGG oorrnnff rrnnCCGG oonnff ooYY nnQQ rrnnJJ rr oo rrffnnCCGG nnCCGG nn ooKK rrnnJJ nnee rr oo rrjjnnCCGG nn nnaannCCGG

nn ooss nnnnJJ|: bGdG IQS65-63

j hQg 69

a ddh ,IG b Y J d FdG cdG H dG EG JdG

QhL EG LM a G d HSGh ,HdG IOLG OGh AG EG

AG d dG e VQCG YH QfG g QhG g Xhh .HdG

H- dG H e ZdG Y -JdG QhL J dP Y IhYh ;OGh

gCG UG g oJh .HdH dG e WCG IY EG fRh j CG dG JdG

.G H G jdG dGh HdG fG fC Qhd Ie

CGd bdH gjhd fi jd dh; Gg H d Ge EG QhG

; kGQeCG J dG dG EG OGh AG d ILCG CG jd LJ h AG S H

?dP J c PEG , AG Jh SGh Me Y J CG QhG dh

??ddGG GGgg jj cc WQ e J b IT J Q200IQN ;dG kjJ AG e d

b Y d kGQa AG e dG g IdG J CG jh ,dEG dH Ic

.IG(31)

Y GQhCG EG dG Lj dG OGh AG HdG kY J dG QhG SJ

QhG jf UGJh .G J j VQCG e Ad QhG Sh ;ZCGh dG

jGh LQG AdG Y QG EG AG Njh , M HdG YCG AG Y dG

b c EG f j g eh dG f EG jG Y dP Hh ;jdG

.dG

EG kGL Ie Y g bdG Fa H dG H j dG dG g bGdG

.AdG J Y Gg fY M c H he Z Gj dG S CG LQO

e QTCG '' GG V'' f e SCG Gg OLh cG bh200S

;HPG AGREG g AG cM J c bH j fb CG cG j dh ,e

g Hh .IOfi dBG Y jdG e OY Vh g Y AdG SG e a

OL fi fch .e M EG Ic bG J Q g MT dG QdG

Vh U e YVG dG gh .GG V f dG GQOEG g AdG

ch QTCG AG f a .dG Gg Qj dG AcdG Y dOCG MCG g

.qLh Y dG N e g dG AT

ddGG QQhhLL ddGG ffAG JdG NCJ LQG dG e bCG QG jN NGdG dG j eY

Gg Oj eY gCGh .a L eY QG e AG NCJ JdG CG CG ,QG e

dG H RGJ g j CG jh .QhG AG e dG dG c g VG

eY QG e AG NCj CG dG Y RGdG Gg j dh ,LQGh NGdG

CG dG j eY GQhCG SGH NGO e AG jh ;NGdG dG j

dG Ie72

G

bQdG

AG

QG

AG

dG Q NGdG dG

jQL GT

AG

AG

bQh e eAG

dG HfCG

j hQg 73

QQGG dd ddGG ccddGG

H f e W AdG f G f

jQL GT

QG b

J JdG Qha .dG (dG) GQhdG RL AYCG L idG dG Y IQdG VJAG H HfCG g Jh .bdG HfCG jW Y dG YCG EG AG jh ,HdG e AG UeH.cJ HU jCG hO GL IjY QeCG JQG Yh dG M dG AGLCG L EG G FGdG OGGhGg CG T h ,QNh ge J dh g dG AL HCG EG QhG e OGd RG dG Ggh

.LhY dG gh AT c N dG U e g dG.g qh QhG b cJ a QdG EG JQdG eCG

.RGdG j d QG e YCG NGdG dG j eY

NCG j dG Ea dG G e H YCG HdG AG ie c GPEG

c GPEG iNCG Mf eh .jdG GQV d j e gh ,YCG LQG dG C AG

dG C QG e AG J CG dG N J d H bCG AG ie

h .dG RGJ Y ad AG W EG S dG EG H , ke S LQG

.h dG j S dG c

dG ie J e dBG Y dG QhL CG d j Ggh

.f hCG IOjR hH IOfi G

HHddGG ee ffjjCCGG QQhhGG NNCCJJ ccYJ ed HdG e e fjCG dG QL IOLG jG QJ

cdG CG e ZdG Y dH NGO EG fjCG NCJ CG dG jN Jh .G

. kGL e Y gh ,HdG e Ie dCH cCG dG fjCG d NGdG)32(

cJ GP e EG YCG cJ GP e e OGd f j dG hdG

.HdG e fjCG QhG M dG g j dG Ea jCGQ c dh ,NCG

.bdG e Ic c J dG gh

fjCG cJh AdG jPf :G AZ Y fjCG Qhe GKDj eY gh

.fL Y

HG Ud dG QNG j GPe .SCG H Cf CH edG jg d

IOLG UdG L QG N J CG j .''G'' e khCG NCd ?HdG e

c bf UdG CG J CG j c ,J d -IMGh IMGh- dG

GPEG ?Y sCG j c .NBG kGDS Cd .LM gQYH gOh dG AGLCG

a j GPe .H Lh iNCG UY g fc GPEG ,aU d HdG fc

?iNCG UdG Y Y d

jG e Lh UY eeCG Vh GPEG NBGh Y H CG e d g

Gg kjQJ J c GPEG ?H j CG c ?QSdGh jGh ddGh

Y j CG G e dh ,UdG g H EG j CG j Q VG

j CG dG eEH c iMCH hCG ?dG JdG J a ,bdG UdG

dG g J CG G e g ?J dEG dH e IG CGh H UdG

T H g GG EG ?aOG J dG je e U H i dG

Hh YCG H SCG g f d .aOe M dP j CG ''e''

dG Ie74

?AfG Y AKCG j GPeh QhG dG FfG UG g e d cCG

QQhhGG FFffGG IOe TCH J dG OGh UdH j a FdG ae LGd

g e ?H aNG g e ?Y c e J dG OGG CG ?LJ jCGh dG

dSCH FdG SC UdG g ?ge a HG MG hCG QdG

g AjdG f Lh e ATCG EG ff GPEG ?QdG g FjdG hCG FdG

OG H dG g ?eeCG Vh GPEG kSe kJ OGG g f CG f

?fd hCG T N e

EG ;kjJ f g IOQGdG SCG Y HLCG Sh ,DhdG f CG

FL ae g eG hCG SQG e SG aa ,G Gg kGN dG j CG

c dG G e eCG IG g NCdh .bO M EG dG UJ M ac Zh

.OH ae f

,d SSCG e b .eLCG OG e eGZc KK e j e g

J eLCG dc jd j GPEG G S a .jQhdG jOH IOLe gh

fCG EG j CG chCG j d jM g j GPEGh .Jb eYh fSCG

J jOU hCG SJH jd j GPEGh ;dG N hCG HZg jd j d fC

.YH fh FHdG dG eLCG jN

Jc dh ,dG G IOLG f jdH HdG OG LJ

g e G FdG e dG Jh ;fl HdG IOLG dTCGh FXhh

UdG dH NCJ CG J H JdG fCG oL G S Yh .OG

H LdG Yh ,fl eh eGSG d UdG gh ;HdG e L dG

.dG e fl bCG EG UeG

QSdGh LhdG e FQ UY EG IL H j c dG j

g e NCJ CG JdG J Hh .jdGh jGh ddGh SJdGh

j hQg 75

j dG LhdG e j VdG Ea HdG e ITe OGG80eh ,AGdG e %

Y HdG e LM NCa AGdG e ITe Y G AGG Jd dP

.HdG jH LG GdG UeG jW

, kGL IU H d U H dG Qd kjCG jQhV iNCG UY g

.hQdGh jdGh fdGhGh SdGh QdGh jG YG g Jh

Ad FQ UY KK EG JdG IQcG Y KdG OG EG aVEH

,HdG cCG K e Y h HdGh LhQdGh cCG gh

.ec Y dG UdG EG JdG L h .AGh ,cCGh

fl Y CJ kGL b H hCG kGL Ic H UdG g NoCG GPEG

.dG

dG Ie76

cc GGPPEEaa ..ee IIQQddGG GG OOGGGG HH ee eeLLCC IIGG ffGG OOGGGG ee WW ffCCGG VVddHH aa JJddGG eeCCGG ..eeCCGG GGHH ddGG jj dd ffEEaa RRddGG ddGG ee GGaaGGhh ff jj ee MMGGddGG

OOGGGG ee ddGG ddGG HH ee ggdd eeRRddGG ffGG OOGGGG HH JJ ffCCGG CCGG ..ddGG jjee ee ddGGiidd HH YY gg HH ,,HH jj CCGG OOddGG ffEEGG YY jj ddGG gghh ..HHddGG IIOOLLGG

..JJddGG IIGG gg YYOOhhCCGG ddGG ddEEGG IIQQddGG VVjj GGgghh ,,JJddGG

j hQg 77

ddGG QQGGdd FFddGG FFXXddGG

jadG UdG HdGjdG OGG jL L Lj AGdG

cCGjdG OGG jL ZCG Lj AGdG LhQdGjdG OGG jL ZCG Lj HdG

HdG (hRCG) LhdG.HTeh eCG VMCGh JhdG Lj jdG UdG

IIddGG jjGG hhCCGG GGQQddGG GGPP FFGGddGG OOGGGG

QdG `dGh jhdG VMCG Lj HdGATPjQdG GdGh SJdGjG RGJ Yh FG RGdG Y Gh fCG J j HdG

jdG fCG Hh JhdG Lj HdG ddGjhdG FSd jfK bf jh fCG ZCGh ZCG Yh G S Y KDj HdG jGNGO RGdG Y ajh ,fCG ZC M gh ,ahQdG cJ Lj HdG

eSjdG

IIddGG jjGG hhCCGG GGQQddGG GGPP FFGGddGG OOGGGG

jG jh ,hdEG bf e ddG AGLCGh chjdG fCG ZCG cJ Lj HdGcJ .ahQdG QdG.jG RGJ Y G h FdG cdG Y j HdG GfCG ZCG J EG ODj HdG

hQdG.GQgHQdG d jQhV j b HdG UQG.chCG cJh fCG d QhV HdG

SdG.hdEG bfh chjdG fCG ZC dG AG cJ j HdG.GdG jCG Jh LhdG d QhV HdG jde

..GG ggQQOOee ee ggaaHH ddGG bb cchh FFXXhhhh dd eeRRddGG UUddGG dd jj YYCCGG hhGG EEGGeeRR JJ gghh ,,aa YY ddGG UUddGG gg iiSS ddGG ddhh IIjjYY UUYY YY HHddaa

HH JJ HH ddGG ffEEGG YY jj ddGG ddGGhh bbddGG ddGG gghh ..jjGG ddGG dddd..HHQQ ddEEHH ddPPhh ddSS HH JJddGG

dd eeRRddGG jjhhddGG UUddGG

IQGG LQO UN g EG HdG LhdG Ic ODJ G S Yh

YGdG fh ,fGLQCG AGM H QXh QGUG EG ODj e dG H ,ddG

eI Gd78

ddGG LLhhddGGhh HHQQddGG IIQQhhOO

jjQQJJ LLjj JJddGG bbHH ee gghh ((jjQQaa SSffffGGQQ)) GG ff QQddGG EEGG IIQQddGG MMjjee iiddGG IIFFddGG jj ddGG jj LLddGG GGgghh ..GGQQGGOOGGddGG FFGGgg JJggRR JJhh ..ddGG ff

ddGG bbee dd JJ ggGG jj ddGG ddGG OOYY ff SSCCGG EEGG IIQQddGG iijjhh ..ddGG TTCCGGddGG gg jjGG gghh ,,ddGG TTCCGG SSHH RR ddGG GGQQhhCCGG IIOOLLGG jjaa ..AAGGddGG

..TTCCGG JJ ff ddGG LLJJ

HdG cCG K HdG cCG K

GSGG ObdG

LhdG

e jHLhd ISCGLhf

fGM fl

feCG ceGd fi jH

GdG eCG

e jY OGeHdG H

HQdG IQhOLhdG IQhO

(dG ,RdG ,dG) QMCG Obh

(adG) dG-HdG cCG K

cdG YFdG

LhfY

jY OGee

HQcY

Lhf ISCG

H GdCG Jh ,dG N QSdG f jh .NCe EG ODjh fG

bGQhCGh g YGH J c ,f fS Jh GLQCG hCG dG EG JdG

HdG JdG d kGL g Y QSdGh .HGP J gQgRCG CG c V dG

SG dH HdG e Sh fjCG g OLh Ea QNHh ;QhdG fEGh

.d U d QhV)33(

CG d j GPe ?g fjCG AfG dBG JdG CG d S GPe

dG hCG kGL dG NCG hCG L dG a dh OG GfCG L NCG JdG

.dG J H RGdG f j dG g ?OG e kGL

j hQg 79

IT Y HdG dG dG FjdG fg a HH L M

K IdG RH b jGdG h .dG HQ iMEG SdG H NCGh dG

OGR fRh CG La GS N Qhe H fK Ie fRh75 HdG CG e ,keGZc

FjdG ch .IG g N eGZ H iS J dG a dG AYdG

dG IT MdG dG J AYdG HdG CG HdG g fg a

jJ J b j CG j PEG d HdG e kGL IU c SG b dG CG

.NBG e e)34(

OG fL EG- J a ;FGZ fEG Y a HdG JdG J

ee SGH dh FdG OG NCJh .G e HdG cCG Kh AG- HdG

IOG MGG J bh .FdG cdG H J dHh bGQhCG Ie

.dG g keg kGQhO J dG GQhCG Y If f CG G e FdG cd

GGQQhhCCdd ddGG ccddGGMf G AMCG Y b e hCG dG cdG f Lh e JdG SGQO Y

bdG g GQhCG J dh ,bdG fE kGL Ieh bO fCG GQhCG CG

.QG e HdG cCG K e IQGG NCG EG

SGh GQhCd LQG SCGh ,GQhCd LQG cdG Y If khCG d

jQhdG (cCG Wh HdG cCG K UeG e) GRdG OJ e

.FdG cd

,dG e jb J CG e jG L Gh jdG GQhCG T q

jG L EG j CG dG AV eEHh SCG H GRdG OJ j Gg Hh

eh jY GQhCG J GPEG S GPe dh .FdG cdH J dG

GY e ,FdG cdH dG J a NBG FGY hCG Sg T CG d ch

fEG Y IQOb J d JdG CG j Ggh .dG TC ITe VG WG

h .FdG EG dH bdG f dP Y jh .mc H cCG hCG bdG

J FdG AfG UN a .G Gg Y ''UG dG GP fCG J

Me h ,dG f d JdG GQhCG aj e Ggh ,AdG EG bQdG fCG

GQhCd LdjdG cdG Y If f CG Yh .YhCG VJ dG JdG dP

.jG gCG GP dG g c f d

gh :eOCG ;W HQCG e fe kcJ if VdH ee bQh EG ff GPEG

GKCdG e bQdG jM g gQhOh QdG J h ,SCGh bQdG YCG J dG

.eOCG e LQG dG Jh PdH Ad J Z T W :IdG .LQG

,jG e W e keY fe fCG if bQdG e NGdG dG EG f eYh

J dG ILG dG gh a GK U H QdH Z jN e

q dG SEG dG JCJh ;FdG cdG H Jh ,NGdG dG

a jCGQ ch .dG Gg jG W H FGg L gh .dG e bQdG

EG dH Ic gCG d dG Ggh .bQdG H e Xh dG g e W

jj aCG H YRJh AdG J CG e bQdG q fC FdG cdG Y

dG Ie82

((jjQQaa SSffffGGQQ)) GG ff QQddGG EEGG IIQQddGG MMjjJJggRR JJhh ..ddGG ff jjQQJJ LLjj JJddGG bbHH ee gghh

IIFFddGG jj ddGG jj LLddGG GGgghh ..GGQQGGOOGGddGG FFGGggff SSCCGG EEGG IIQQddGG iijjhh ..ddGG TTCCGG ee iiddGG..AAGGddGG ddGG bbee dd JJ ggGG jj ddGG ddGG OOYY

TTCCGG SSHH RR ddGG GGQQhhCCGG IIOOLLGG jjaa..TTCCGG JJ ff ddGG LLJJ ddGG gg jjGG gghh ,,ddGG

FGSG jG HdG Ljh .FdG cdGh dG H dG Y JQb

: kGL e SCG Gdh ,dG GQhCG GP JdG d Yf G S Y dG

mhe H ke YG JdG bCG L EG j CG dG AV Y dG a

CG QhdG e j e Ggh ,MCG ZCG IH j Gh c QTCG M

dG TCG NJ M WG J h .AdG J d bQdG Me e JdG jJ

,AGdG fEG e dG j d Ic J CG GQhCG SC QhdG e HH

. jW MCH d FGSG JdG VJ IG g Hh

hdG g fC SdGh aG NG IdG GQhCG LJ fK Mf e

Gah AG J OGORG bQdG S c a , kGL kGe IQGG Ga j NG

AG M e H U AdG J dG bQdG S Ea dG Gdh ;IQGG

bQdG Y

bQd VY e

AGN ISHjdG

AdG HfCGchCG HdG cCG K

fOY

dG IdG

dG TCG

HfCGG

AGN GSH

dG IdG

f WSCG

cchh ..JJff bbQQdd VVYY ee ffGG EEGG IIQQddGG iijjHHQQCCGG ee eeYY IIQQHH JJddGG bbQQddGG ddCCJJ ddGG ee jj

YY WW cchh ..((WW HHQQCCGG)) ffCCGG ee GGffCCGGHHbbhh ,,PPddHH AAdd MMSS YY ee IIcc UUJJYY FFGGMMGGhh ,,IIcc LLQQHH ddGG TTCCGG UUee

ddGG AAdd UUeeGGhh bbQQddGG JJ JJ ccGGJJFFddGG ccddGG dd FFGGLLEEGGhh.

,Ic je EG j jhGdG dG GQhCG Tfa ,jObG dG cCH

Gg FdG cdG jh .GQhCG H cGTCG QdG f G S Yh

.AG J dG dG dG b e dG

G OLa bQdG M U e fC AG Ga Y d j dP EG

,dG jd dBG LJ dG Gdh ,AG e je IQ Vj eOCG bdG

SH eEG G a LQO dG jW Y FGdG dG d jW d dGh

.LG M H hCG

H J dG MdG dG g d FdG cdG H d AdG dG EG

EG LJh G e HdG cCG K Y CG kjCG d G a ,MdG GQhCG

.bGQhCG IOLG G SGH dH J gh ,FdG cdG H J dG WG

bbOO JJ ::IIddGGcCG K NCGh AGh AdG f g GQhCG S Y jG eG g QhO

M J hCG J CG d h .AGdG e FdG cdG d QhdG HdG

cCG K e bQdG jN H AG QHh cCG OJ j J eYh .LG

oJh FdG fEG j jdG Hh .FdG cdG d G HdG

.e IOSd HG OGG

dG Ie84

HH SSTT aaNNGG gg CCGG JJQQddGG ee jjee FFGGSSEEGG JJddGGhh jjhhGGddGG JJddGG

..ddGGhh ccddGG MMff

GKCdG j GQhCG e dG fG LJ fCG G S gCG MCG

S Y dG AG J dG G fc dh .M fOCG EG dG TC jPDG

,QGSH AG J j jW Gd d Ve fd Ic OGYCH GQhCG

.AG f f dG dG g h

Y G a jh .AGdGh bQdG H GRdG OH G G cJ j

dGh (HdG cCG Kh HWdGh IQGGh AdG je) LQG hdG

GRdG OJ Y bZEG hCG G a jh .a AG ie UN d NGdG

.AGh

eGdG L QYG H NCG e U G H bO UJ g

J AGdG Jh RdGh IQGG LQOh HWdG je Ea f ch ;LQG

.IG hdG e J H GQhCG e h .FGO

IQGd dGh dG b e JdG VJ :cP S e d ke g OQfh

EG ,AG Y a d dG W kc hCG kFL e ee Jh jW Ia G AGdGh

h .FdG cdH d QdG HdG cCG K UeG JdG g CG

dG C dG g e Gg d eEG Qb Me G J jOdG hdG

.e J CG G Y dG Gd kjS h ee e HWdG Ga j

HdG cCG K RZ e d IQG NG J dG JdG Hh

K d Fc e JdG g Jh .bQdG EG AGdG e da cCG H

.e ee fc d M bGQhCG HdG cCG)35(d G g HZ dh

HdG cCG K RZ UeG j fC jJ CG j CG d eCG bdG

e S f J FdG G g CG Y dO Ggh .dd f h

L aJ M a a H JdG j dG Ggh .edG Y aOG

C ;aOG f QJh Cf b G J CG dG Gdh ,UY

aCH G H J d N NBG Hh J -bdG dH cH - G

. jW

j hQg 85

jjQQddGG ff LLhh ee bbQQddGG QQJJbH J gh ,dG dH NCG L IQfi jd Ie fCG g jCGQ c

dG Cf c ? kGL IdG G g fCG aGJ c .dG je e

?f AJ e jdGh bdG dG Gg Cj CG G e g ?GQhCG G

.kFGO f g S HGL Ea SCG g QdG jf Y aGG dCS GPEG

GDdG Y HLEG Sh ,G EG J be VGaGh GJ S

dG Ie86

VV NNCCGG LL OO dd JJddGG bbQQddGG hhJJaa JJddGG bbQQddGG aa dd ddhh ..ddGGbbQQNN JJ aa CCGG dd jjGG FFSSddHH GGLLgg ee IIMMGGhh jjddGGhh ..UUddGG eeEEGG ddHH iiddGG ggCCGG GGPP UUddGGHH ddGG jjddGG JJhh ..JJddGG bbQQddGGbbQQdd FFGGhh QQGGGG RRGGddGG YY GGHHddGG ccCCGG KK RRdd ddGG ddcchhcchh ..LLQQGG AAGGddGG ee bbQQddGG NNGGOO PPddHH jjddGG JJ bbQQddGG GG ee jjYY JJQQHH JJhh ,,bbQQdd ddGG ddGG,,AAGG EEGG ddGG LLMM MM ffEEGGhh ffEEGGee LLQQGG SSddGG UUGG GGddGG JJhhjjddGG ffGG YY YY IIKKDDGG eeGGddGG

..bbffGGhh

Jf bQde

jdG

jjddGG ccJJ jj JJff bbQQdd ee

h J dG QdGh dG Jfh QgRCGh QTCGh JdG GfCG ''Cf'' c

.

fCG j JdG QJ UH jQdG b e YVG jdG J j eY

efGh J QGJ Y Cf bQdG CG J jf Jh .d e S GAYOG

.IG dG fCG)36(SSCG dG YdG Gg Y CS dG SCG BG dh

:d

j hQg 87

EEGG jjddGG LLjjhh ..ddGG GGhhPP YY IIMMGGddGG ddGG GGhhPP JJddGG jjddGG XXhh JJgg JJ IIMMGGddGG ddGG GGhhPP aa ..JJddGG ee YYddGG cc ((IIYYGG)) IIffddGG jjGG NNGGGGhhPP jjGGhh ..ddUUddGG MM aa ddGG GGhhPP eeCCGG ..SS GGWWCCGGhh VV ccee GGPP jjGGIIffddGG jjGG FFNN jjWW YYhh ..IIddGG jjNN ee NN ee IIee ffHH jjCCGG JJ IIMMGGddGG ddGG

..LLhhNNhh AAGGhh HHddGG ccCCGG KK NNOO JJ YY JJ jjddGG IIOOLLGG

IfS N

e IfS jN

e IfS N

dG GhP e jHGdG fIMGdG dG GhP e G

?LefGh YdG g KM c -

?G Jh H e ,GQhCG EG d aOe CG f -

YCGh QTCGh QgRCGh JdG GfCG e jG H BG Cf c -

?FGdG JdG g e

j Ve ch ,SCG d e hCG Y HLCG jCG jQdG id d

.G Y a J gjQH EG JdG Af Ghj CG jQdG

H N e QJ bQdG CG VJ jG jf g iNCG jf Mh

.d)37(

.jdG g e CJ dG SCG iNCG Ie d

d dG L e IOfi ceCG X JdG dG e b CG M c

?GQhCG EG

f bO cGH GQhCG H GQhCG CG dh ?GQhCG EG d c ,dP Hh

? OGYCHh a

jf M OLdG EG GdG g e JdG S X c .kb LGQOCG d

?jG

.dG Gg e SCG Y jQdG id Y HLEG LJ

GMC f JdG X:dG g ka MJ CG jQdG jf jJ e

M e QdG Cfh aOH kjCG hdGh dG Cfh ,aOH Cf

aOe .aOH GQhCG G dG Cf dch ,iNCG aO QdG

!.a Y dG UG H GQhCG J eCG NBG h iNCG J

Cf fCG Y qj dG- GQhCG cGdG L CG M g

bQdG dBG L Cf jQdG Mh .f bdG jS JCG -aOH

fCG hCG AYCG CH QdG G Cj f bdG h ,edG Y kjQJ aOH

dG H Je dBG g CG h .W H jdG J J dG

e e fdG Md kJ fC aOH Cf gGMEG EG f CG GdG e a

L LJ CG j dG Gdh .gCG GP J fC NG b S jQdG

dG Ie88

.dG j d f bdG GQhCGh dGh QhG IG fCG

e dG G FdG L e N CG hO bdG fCH JdG L oh

f d EG GQhCG S e kGAH FN J CG hH Gg ej EG N

;gQK fG EG gQhL QX e ,G eLCG W EG NCG fd e ,dG

f CG dG H M G eh .Y hCG f CG bdG cGdG g j

.(G S Y FdG cdG) fCG g e CG fEG f hCG

cGJ a ,aOH J GQhCG CG Y dOCG MCG g HdG g

OLh j bdG dG Ggh .dH Jh dG Jh dG LH d UN

dG ,dG Q dG fCG T g dh .AT c Y QOb ,AT j ,jb e

.jdG dG GH GQhCG N

FFddGG ccddGG IIeeH IG SCH dG VQCG h ,Id U d VQCG cc U

,dG Y goH EG G dG RdG je e ,Y FdG bdG fRGdG

Q ob GPEG .VQCG IQGM EG Jd FdG dG e ,dG Ae OLh EG G eh

FjdG fRGdG Y G j CG a J CG IG J dG fd

OGG dch VQCG Y G FdG J d HPG Y Z :e .LddGh

.VQCG Y IG Ad jQhV JdG J dG

cdH jdG OGG g fE dG H j dG dG YJ kHS fTCG ch

dG dG g -UG FGZ j dG CH f CG dG-FdG

dG jN cGJ OLh dG jh .G FdG e gZ Y fl JdG

SGHh ,dG AV e ITG IOSG J (GG hCG fEG jN Y fl)

SGH fGGh dG dG-dG TCG dG jN cGdG g

.FdG cdG Y J jdG Hh ,UN FSH fJ bW EG-dG

M h GQhCG h FdG cdG H j dG g dG d dH

JdG J dG QdG M Yj dG jN Lj U Y g H dG jN

j hQg 89

e dCH kGMGh QdG M M jh .dG H J dG gh NCG fd

M j dG -QdG M QGL jh ;H EG iJ dG Gdh ,G

g e if ch .FdG cdG Y keg kGQhO -G e e FH GMGh

iMEG gh .jG dG g c dG gh ,dG dH a bQCG

.FdG cd gG FG

QQGGSSCCHH NNGGRR ee ::QQddGG MM:e FdG cdG Y h Ye TCG QdG M LJ

,ehRjQ ,fCG ,fCG ,LQNh NGO ZCG ,RjcjdGRNA ,DNA.JJh

:G S a ,gCG jZ Xh d e MGh ch ,dG H TCG g

AdG f dCjh ;LQGh NGdG OGG aJ QdG LQG AdG j

G jL a cJ ,UGbCG hCG jdG J e L e NGdG

e J jS H e jdGh ,FdG cd jQhdG fCGh (QdG)

Ad dG UeG CG j Ggh .dG Ad UeG YCH J '' fGZ'' Yj

.cCG FV cJ H dG Y kGQOb j cCG

fCG Y j (V f) ehS Yj Y f RjcjdH j

EG aVEG iNCG DNAh (G G eG j jQ hf M) RNAM)

J .ehRjdGh (G jG L LJ eg Fc IOe j jQ hf

e QdG MDNA .LfG J c e JhH ehRjQh

Ie dG g c hM gh FdG cdG iNCG eg f g

M IOLG QdG UCG e BG J .MJ H kGL Ib

.fdG e dCG e AL N Sb eR dG Ad MGh bh QdG

Yd jW S fCG Y QdG M FdG cdG Y AdG Qj

YS H YdG dG bCG H J j fCG EG ,Fc

Me j FdG cdG CG VGdG e dh .gH dEG hjh IdG

.''FVdG YdG''h ''FdG YdG'' `H aJ

dG Ie90

FFddGG YYddGG-YCH jdG J dG TCG a ,Ie eM dG TCG J

AdG) bCG LG dGh .JdG eJ dG kjJ f G g -FG AdG

AdG G h .(MCG AdG) WCG LG dG e cCG bW a (QRCG

hCG ahQdG h . fl Le kGWCG G e iNCG GfCG H FG

AGG WG AdG khCG -FdG cdG Y FdG G - QdG

Jh .j H NCG AdG UeG QdG j h .FG dG e AbQdGh

.Y j dG NCG AdG e J bGQhCG C IOY AGN JdG)38(

hj dG j dG TC G UeH FdG cdG Y CGJ

j hQg 91

AAGGGG IISSdd ddGG ccddGG

IIOOLLGG AAGGGG GGSSddGG EEGGddGG JJ ddGG gg JJddGG IIQQddGGhh ..FFddGG ccddGG HHAAGGNN IISSHH ffGGIIUU ffCC GG IIeeEEGG MM jjhh GGLL GG..GG ee ddCCHH MMGGhh EEGGYY AAGGGG IISSddGG hhYY JJ GGLL IIjjYY AAYYCCGG..FFddGG ccddGG YY AAGGLLEEHHIIjjYY MMGGee ee IINNCCGG ddCCJJhhgg hh .. HH GGjj gg NNGGOO IIGG ddGG

..FFaa YYHHhh jjGG GGddGG

IdG AZIdG

dG jG Y hG dG Y a FdG cdG

jdG

a NcdG Y

FdG

LQG AdG

NGdG AdG

RG GbQ Ib

RG G

RhGAGG ISdG

bQdG e bQ e

CG khCG G e GDdG Gg Y d ?dG g QdG CGj c .dG NCG

.QdG Y jh QdG M NGO Lj dG jcjdG cJ SQf

eY FdG cd FdG YdG CGJh . () h (CG) QdG e Yf g

dG IQdG if ch .AdG d IYG dG hCG Gh ''CG QdG''

eh YG Gh QdG jL ,jcjd dG dG VJ

FdG eG e Yf gh .FdG eG YJ GMH e hdEG1

FdG eGh.2.YdG ce Yj dG ''CG Qj'' AL EG AdG bW Jh

ddG fhdd IOjR dG TCG UeG e Y G dG bdG Jh

dJ MGe bdH dG fhdEG g Jh .YdG ce bdG Iba

.AG e cCG Y d

eG'' e IOG fhdEG oJh .fhdEG aJ g MG g

FdG''1FdG eG'' e fhdEH.''2eG'' e IOG fhdEG eCG

dG Ie92

ddGG FFGG AAddGG ee flfl YYTTEEGG eehhOO JJ aa ..aa ff ddGG dd bbddGG QQee ddGG JJjj ddGG FFGG AAddGG WW IIQQddGG iijjhh ..ee JJddGG UUNNhh GG GG FFddGG JJ

bbddGG PP AAGG JJddGG JJhh ..MMCCGG ddGG PP AAGG bbWW ee YYCCGG bbWW CCHH ddGG QQRRCCGG DDhhLL..FFddGG ccddGG YY AAGGLLEEGG YYCCGG

dG a TCGec TCG dG TCG

FG dG

,SdG GOOJ ,jdG GOOJAGG TG QGOGdG TEG

LG dG IOjR bdG IOjRdG

FdG''2AG Y cCG j dd fh ,AG e Yhe fhdEH a

.fhdEGh fJhdG dch

NGO EG AG e fJhdG e fhdEG f j hdEG aJ jf

+ LhQdG eM AL e Jh jcjdG' NADPjhqf FK jOCG eJf)

AL jh .(SdGNADPH .Gg e

f e eM EG eM e fhdEG aJ AKCG jcjdG AZ Y JhH Cj

SdG KK SjOCG d edG bdG oJh ,fhdEG fATP

Lj dG bdG J Ggh ,(bW EG dG UG JY G eJ)

.dG g jf GSd IgL AGZ d dG

Y e hCG AG g -YJ c f CG dhM dG -GMCG g

j hQg 93

ddGG ddGGhh ..GGSSddGG IIOOLLGG RRhhHH jjee NNGGOO JJ JJddGG QQddGG IIOOee EEGGjj ddGG IISSddGG ee AALL EEGG ggee GG GGgg CCHH ff CCGG jjhh ..MMGGddGG GG ccJJ VVjj YYCCGG

aaOOGG KKCCHH dd QQGG ccddGG GGgg jj CCGG GG eehh ..HH ddCCGG ee GGMMGGhh MM..LLhhYY ddGG IIQQHH bbflfl OOLLddGG AATT CCGG ee ee JJddGG bbQQddaa ..ddGG

G AZ

YdG ce

hdEG f RL

SjOCG Sa KK

YdG ce

dG AV

2 H+

chCG RZchCG RZLhQdG jCG

AG jL

H+H

((aahhQQddGG)) QQddGG NNGGOO jj ddGG GG ccJJ

Sa KKf Qa+SjOCG

Sa KjOCG eCG Jf

chCG RZ

SjOCG Sa KK

G dh ,FGZ fE Jd jQhV bdG CG a T h .FdG cdG

fE UN Y) UN J H -iNCG dG J CG j -Y

.(ObdG

FFVVddGG YYddGGhCG FVdG YdH G-FdG cdG e fdG MG- dG g J

oJh .''dG dG''`H ahG QdG M We h ,dc IQhOATP

jLh bdH fGNADPHcCG K UfE FdG YdG e dG

dhCG IOc FVdG Yd FdG dG jh ,Y Hc EG HdG

.G L iNCG jY c

g dG YdG S FdG G Gj d dG AdG MG

je e -iNCG jW jCH oj CG dG-dG HdG dG oj .g

.G FdG fCG bdG Qe HdG jh .dG

FdG cdG YJ AKCG fl UGN GP iNCG cGJh fCG J

dG bdH j CG -JG QJ H e- dG fl CG j h .ec hH

e dCH GMGh M j dG dH Y NGO dG a ;JdG H J

h ,JdG GfCG L CN hH dG je e YG dG Jh .G

cdG eG SSCG OGG c H N h YdG JJ ANCG

.FdG

HS IQcG IG dG OJ M ,FdG cdG Y NBG fL g

.G Fd SSCG cCGh RcdG fE FdG cdG jf JdG

SGHh .fGGh dG b e c JdG J dG G g oJh

Gg H G FdG L Jh .eJh gjN bdG J dG Gg

.dG bW e dG

dG AKCG FdG cdG Y oS dG bdG UGN Y dG j

ge Qof g dG Lh e dG g EG oj eYh ,FdG G jQG

dG Ie94

dG e G AdG bW UGN Ea Gd ,d fl H dG bdG UJ

.dG FdG YdG fE QdG eRdG bdG LH J CG

cdG dG AV gCG f CG H j bdG RGdG Gg f d

.FdGmc H fe JdG g hCG ?FdG cd kN dG AV J g

?JY FdG cdG CGJh jW JCj AV qCG d

.AdG bW AGREG QdG SM H FdG cdH dG JdG J

d dG TCGh .UN Le W P GAV J QdG OGe CG g G dGh

AV H c fG g NBG Hh .QdG Lj dG dG LG dG

.QdGh dG

dG'' Hc bdG fG Gg Y jeCG dG jjZ QL j

:''adG

UeH FdG cdG dBG CGJh ... FdG cdG Y QdG AL oj

da ,U d GP AdG j CG j Gg dh .QdG AL e AdG

RG j a ,RdG RH dP f CG h .HG H j d WG

EG dH f AdGh .IdG J Y LG J CG j e Ib SG

e e c QdG AL jh Sc J da FdG cdG

j a dGh dGh QdG H ZJ g j GPEGh .RdG RL

.dG dG g dG d CG oj Ggh ;FdG cdG)39(

cdG j d Se dG J hdG c J CG j RjEH

j hQg 95

FFddGG ccddGG YY MMGGee

YY ddGG TTCCGG JJ eeYYddGG NN JJ JJddGG bbQQddGG

JJ FFYY ,,bbQQdd ffGGVV IIOOLLGG QQddGG ccGGJJ

jjHH AAGGGG GGSSddGGTTCCGG IIOOLLGG bbddGG

..jjhhcc bbWW EEGG ddGGGGSSHH ddGG jj QQhhHHhh

gg EEGG ..AAGGddGG dd bbddGG ggUUNN EEGG ggee ddGG GGQQddGGAAddGG SSGG RRjjEEGG IIjjTT

NNGGOO jjee QQZZ SS eeee HH YY JJddGG

ee NN ddHH JJaa LLCChh ..jjddGG ddGG

ccddGG YY NN jjeeYYddGG SSGGQQOO jj FFddGG

UU CC ddGG FFddGGGGgg cc eehh ..HHee IIjjYY

gg GGjjaa ddGG ddGGeeCCGG ..ddGG HH jj GGgg AAGGOOCCGG YY bbJJ aa JJddGG

IIaaee ddGG jjee ee ddGGAAGGddGGhh cchhCCGG dd ddHH

....eeRRddGG

dG AV

AdG OLH JG YdG

RhG

dc IQhO

OGGh RG SiNCG

chCG RZ

KSaJf

eCGjOCG

SajOCG

KKSaSjOCG

AG jL

QSaf

AdH JG Z YdG

j CG g .dH j CG NBG GDS f CG BG G e Sh .FdG

?QdG jL H J dG G hCG dG JJ edG Y J M b

g CG Yj jdG -QdG jf Y aGG j GDdG Gg Y HLEG

JdG Ea ,fl H g fc d'' :aOG f KM dG SM fRGJ

e J S G FdG C kjCG dG J FdG cdG Y J

FdG cdH JdG J d fC ,kc WN G Gg CG H .''.jG VdG

jh .dG e OdG AdG e dG J fGh ZJ J CG j

:dH WG G Gg -QdG IYO MCG -jjZ QL dG

.dG AV UGN e dG IM J CG ,e J hM AG j b''

fl dG IQGM fc GPEG QdG fi j CG NBG AL YSH c g

a ,dH g GDdG Gg Y HLEG EG ?dG fl GAV d gf jh

fhdEG H AdG UeG jh .HG GdCG P AdG jG

f g eCG GH d G dG SGh YCG bW Y d jG

GPEGh ,bdG e Mh fJa e AdG dCj dP Y IhYh ,AG c e

g bGdG h . . .J UeG Y qEa WN bW GP fJdG fc

`J `SdG Gg NG Yh ,jG Fjah dG Fja H bO SJ

.''e IG)40(

aaOOee FFddGG ccddGG jj CCGG iNCG Ie SCG e Y Lf CG ,VGdG FG g L e ZdH

(FdG cdG) dG Gg CG cCf CG h ,QdG jf YO hj jd

e Vh dGh gJ dG dBG d dG Vh rne .aOG f pCj

g NBG Hh ?dG Gd N dG jN CG f CG feEH g ?j IU

jdG e fC , cCdH g GG EG ?Nh dG Gg a dG g dG CG

,Gf dG bdG dG Gg J gh .dG hCG dG J dG jN CG

CG j PEG ,dH jCG GG ?eh ja H Y f g g dG g PEG

j hQg 97

dCH kGMGh RhJ Me j dG G Gg CG dG g fEG j

G G Gg NGO j e Ige M j bGdG fEa ,G e

.dG dH

,dH SCG Y HLEG fc GP f jQdG GAYOG e eCf eY

.JdG QX c M HLEG cCG qVJ Sh

e QJ g c fCGh ,MGe Y Cf G FdG L CG QdG jf YJ

g if CH U YdG Gg j CG g eCG dh .G EG dG

S Y Vfh .FdG cdG Y NGO IOLG bCG OY Of CG feEH

g CG G100OLh e ZdG Y) FdG cdG Y h QhV Y

GY X Y FG g e CG d VGaG cCG GPEGh ,(bGdG H cCG OGYCG

CG j dG g a ,kJGP GdGJ fCG Vdh ,aOH -jQdG Yj c-

UdG g QJ d Mh ;UdG H Qd dG j QfG Ia g J

bf CG G eh .NBG H Z kG