} nn nnddGG uunnQQ oojj pp nnnndd ooqqffEEGGhh|:AGdG192

jj hhQQgg

GG

fGdG

ddDDGG MM

Y IfCG j hQg QG SG j dG JdG dh,1956FGHG J fCG CG HSdG c QGUEH CGH fdG h ,SG eL S Qe eL GOBG SQO ,IfCG fdGh

LdjjEG e ITG Jbd VJh jhQGdG MJ dG JHH Qe Jc j hQg . jdGh

.IeG jedG

j nsdG sd Ibe icP ''j''h ''hQg'' SG e ,QG hCG dG SG j

g j dG G JQ ec dG Y dG G j H ,OEGh dG HQM

CGh ,jhdG dG NBG g dG BGdG CG EG dG G j .G Gg dG

f ag JdG Vh dGh BGdG AV h .dG N g Sh Y dG U kGfi f

d d ,jd jOG cG Y J dG YGG c HEGh cdGh jOEG SCG

.g aGgCG Y YEG H c H e dG G Ggjh ,INCG G c

dGh dH EG Y Jh ,SdG EG fBGdG dSdG f gh MGh g M dDG c L QhJ

.NBG dGh dEG OLdGh fEG YVH

EG GfEG eh ,jeCG EG dG e AGdG e SGh jd Ic H j hQg c J

dJdGh fCGh jfEGh fdG EG c H LJ bh ;fSEGh jRGdGh SdGh GdHh fhfCG

.fhfCGh ShdGh fdCGh HdGh jOQCGh

Gh dG SCa ,eDG EG jJh ,dH EG EG eDG Z IYO JFa dG g KCG d

CGj Qb CG Y G e .QdG Y dGh jdG KCdG fe kFf j dG g H J dG

AGd j MCG H dh .jOG dG GfCG e f C ke j CG L H gG jh dG g

L EG .SSCG e dG J J dG g C ,H WY e e dP a ,Y adG

.j hQg c EG Oj dGh dG M oO b dG OLh GH J dG LdjjEG

g dG g f AGQh e JdG gh ;MVhh BGdG M e Ie FG g CG T

fCG Y IhY ,IdG hCG dG dh ,dG EG Ud dG jdG Y j jdG dhCG eN

.g c f AGQh e Oe g Lj

gTJh Hbh YCG J dG ,dG g IAGb Y jNBG j jdG Ea ,FG g AV Yh

.H QJ eN ej ,d jOdG jW EG

Va EG fEG OJh QdG gP jdG e kYf J dG dG bJ j ,iNCG L e

J fCG VGdG a dG g eCG ,Gh bd e ,SdG b e dG MGREG KDJ h ,LdjjEG

,dEG j dG edG dG e cCG Jd HOCG IdG Y cJ fc d QdG Y dG KCG Gg d

.ffEG dG jJh dG g g j hQg d MdG dG CG ij CG dH j eh

OHG f EG d Gg ej eSEG dG j dG YGdGh dG dG CG EG IQTEG e H

J Y dGh EG e EG IOdH EG j d Ggh ,IadG LdjjEG f LdGh G dG jO Y

dG dM EG dHh . kGQSO d d dG dN d VY dG fBGdG FGdGh dG EG LdGh ,G gG

.SG bdG f b ...EGh FGOCG e H LGh g ,QedGh OdG jhg f H J dGh jOG

dG g S dG Hh ,FdG QhdG Gg JY Y NCG b j hQg Y EG :b GPEG df

.dG BGdG H Yh dG IOdGh dGh dG dN e jdG dG T S dG SdG

,dG Y jhQGdG JL dG QGdG ,fSGh jOdG ,jG SG dG :JdG YCG J

AGQh ,SdG G dG ,gQEG aj SEG ,TdG :jhQGd jedG LdjjEG ,TeCG Y YdG

YVG ,BGdG nb ,ScddG OGM AGQh ,gQEG OGM1-2-,3fehdG :dG S FM1-,2 QdG jf QfG ,dCG hC ,IFdG CG , ,QdG jPcCG ,QdG YN ,dG EG j dG

dG ,GdCG dG RYEG ,gdG dG ,Sj dG ,Se dG ,jQdG Y bO HLEG ,kGDS jY

Y dG e FGQ Ph dG H ,dG dG ,dG jW BGdG ,dG Gg IM M ,e c

,G IG ,IQdG Ie ,QdG Mh OG ,gJ ,dG N , ,ka CGH b jedG ,GG

IG ,VdG IG ,dG IG ,JdG G Ie ,dG IG ,YG RG Ie

,dG oj dH ,GG e S ,G QdG ,Id G UCG ,dG IG ,dG f

QGSCG ,JhdG IG ,FdG cdG AGG IGDNA..

,QdG FbUCG Y ,GhdG Y ,GG Y ,!jhQGO c WCG jCG :WCd JdG ch

.SOdG :IG G IH ,JEH N j dG ,dG

bNCG n pdG ,BGdG SSCG gG :fBGb YVe hJ dG iNCG JdG YCG Jh

Ed jS a ,BGdG1-2-,3,BGdG fMhdG dG ,G :eDd G ihCG ,gG g,BGdG dOGh dSdG J ,dG ASCG ,aG QGSCG ,BGdG aG T ,dG S IdG ,BGdG Y

jO ,KdG ,dG :oG fEG hY ,SdG ce ,QdG H ,BGdG e HLEG ,BGdG SSCG gG

T ,G BGdG MCG , kGHCG J ,dG j ,BGdG YdG gCG ,BGdG IdG ,dG J ,gG

CG b ,eG EG ,gGdG dG M ,BGdG e eY Qe ,BGdG dG gCG ,gG fEG

e Y ,BGdG IG G ,mBG Y dG ,dG SHc ,dG N ,eDG MQ ,SQ J ,J

dG dL1-2-,3GP ,dG c JG gCG ,jQdG Y SEG d VJ dG GAGaG ,Sj SQedhCG ,BGdG dGh dG ,e c j dG ,BGdG QGSCG H ,BGdG dG j c ,f J

.BGdG EG j jdG

jjGGddGG BBGGddGG ddGG RRYYGG ::hhGG ddGG

ee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

dG Af . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

dG O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

VQG Y GhdG fG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

aG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

VQG jhc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

G dG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20

LdG GP AdG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

G dG W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26

G Xh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92

cMG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32

jG Ie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34

G GhRG S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36

edG f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37

QeG f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38

QeG J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40

bGdG jdG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44

NCH gMCG j GdG GdG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46

NGdG LGeCGh QdG X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48

cH J dG G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51

G M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62

HUG H fG jg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63

GG YY BBGGddGG jj ddGG eeGG ddGG ddGG

ee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65

fdG hdG QfG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66

ddGG BBGGddGG jjQQddGG RRYYGG ddddGG ddGG

dG BGdG eg c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71

dG BGdG e M dG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74

ddGG cc BBGGddGG ::UUNN .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..7777

ddGGQQddGG jjff YYNN ::HHGGddGG

ee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79

jhQGd dG QfG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80

ddGG RRYYCCGGGGddGG

9

YOh ,dG d kjOg d dG BGdG Jh fS dG fCG kfb Y HQCG e

MdG a fCG dG dG eh ,dG GH dG Y G EG Ghj CG EG SdG

.ffEd MdG TG SG dG NBG S edG j Mh

e ke fc KEG gJ jj dG dG Gh ,gj dG BGdG SCG

dG FG e Y OLh bGh g gG g iMEG .Jh fS dG Y

dG BGdG cP b jdG dG LdJ N e EG acG f dG

b1400.eY

dG FG e dG g Ea dP e dh ,Y c d dG BGdG dH

dG LdJ N e EG acG j BGdG jBG Yh bH Y Y dG

kdO j a j BGdG c dG bdG ahe J FG gh .jdG

.dG c g BGdG CG Y NBG

c dG bdG dG ie EG f CG d H ,BGdG dG RYEG f Mh

.a j BGdG

ke dG MdG j a HdG G c BGdG a f dG HdG dG a

dG d eRdG dG FSdG dG a ,d SSCG dG GGh aGH

S Y GVaG d .HdG LCG Y gKQh aGH ebCG dG eBG ,dGh

.dY L aW Yh e VQCG CG GhYGh ,ba AdG J G CG G

.YCG AdG b J IYCG g G CG hj Gfc c

BGdG dGRCG dG Y IFS fc dG jQSCG GOYG g c dh

:J dG j YdG IQS a .dG} nnnnff rrhh nnnnJJ mm nn nnYY pprrnnppHH ppGG nnhh nn qqddGG nn nnaa nnQQ ppnnddGG ooddGG|IQS:YdG2dG h .G H fe ba J AdG CH OYG HCG jBG g

,bdG dP cQj CG MCG eEH j e FM df iNCG YVG e

N ,dG N :b e IOe YVe SSCG ee Y c BGda

. VQCG Y IG j dG bdG RGdGh ,G dG cJ ,fEG

.BGdG f dG dG RYEG H Y If a BGh

eeee

dH fG WG

Ce cGdG

TG

g gdG dH fG WG

IQGM WG cCG

dH fG WG

IOQH We dG

:JBG jBH dG Af dG BGdG j

}oojjppnnHH pp VVQQnnCCGG nnhh ppGG nnhh nn ssddGG|: IdG IQS117

dG e e kc aGJ dG Af Y dG BGdG j dG eG g

jOG OHCG H dG CG gOe f EG dG AjdG AY UJ a .jG

Ggh .GL b bh M dG ''dG QfG'' j Y f edGh

FGhOh .IMGh f QfG f fCGh dG e N dG CG j dG QfG

jGH Y G MdG dG dG g dG QfG CG Y J jG dG

.Lh ch dG

e N edGh bdGh IOa ,IOG SG AT g j ,dG QfG b

EG J dG FG gh .dG N e EG gJ dG dG dM

e BGdG Y YCG jG AjdG N e kGNDe1400.keY

10

YY ((SSff)) cceeGG AAddGG ddcchh WWGG ddGG cc YYddGG ddGG ee YY SSGG GG,,11999922SSGGddGG GG ddGG ddGG JJ ddGG jjddGG gg RRYY ,,ddGG QQffGG bbhh YY JJ kkGGQQKKBBGG jj GG

..ddGG ee NN

ddGG AAff

dH fG WG

We g dG gdG

IQM

ddGG QQXX IIOOhh

Y HQCG b fCG dG dG BGdG Uh d

jf ,FGdG QW dG Y a c bh kfb

:JCj c dG O

nAB n qdGh} nngg nn nnnnHH

nn oo ppSS oonndd ssff ppEEGG nnhh mmjjnnCCHH| :jQGdG47

WGe IQce jBG gcJ c AdG ch

Ie gh .AdGh dG ,dG BGdG e IY

,iNCG Hh .G GH IQce dG ,iNCG

,Oj hCG ,Sj dG CG c dG BGdG Ea

.g ejCG dG dEG N dG dG f gh

dG IdG fc jdG dG a a

gh HK W d dG CG g dG IFdG IMdG

MGh HCG dh .RCG e OLe

jG dG SGH jLCG dG HGh

.fH Oj fCGh jGH d G dG CG c

ShdG AjdG Y KCG jdG dG jGH a

kjf ed QL dG fdG dH Gh

.Oj fCGh FGO cM dG CH

Y bGG N e jCG KCG G g

1929,cG dH AdG bGe N aGGh dG CG Hg jhOEG ceCG dG Y

ddGG HHJJhh HHgg jjhhOOCCGG

eedd QQLL

ddGG OO

12

..IIcc YYHH ee OO ddMM ddGGhh ddGG QQffCCGG ee

..jj ddHH HH OOGG ddGG AAddGG jjhh

AT c a j dG dG CG j Ggh .FGO H dG H Y GH J

.FGO H Oe c g dG H Y lGH FGO H

Oj dG CG J CG J dG GdG IG MG YSG dh

dH Ggh ,MCG Y ahe a J bh BGdG MT G gh ,e H

.cCH dG cM dG dG c fC

13

:JBG g GhdG N Y iNCG jBG g

}ppGG nnhh nn ssddGG ssnnCCGG GGhh nn nncc nnjj ppssddGG nnnnjj rrnndd nnhhnnCCGG

ppee nnrrnnLL nnhh nnoogg nn rrnn nn nnaa kkrrJJ nnQQ nnnnff nnccVVQQnnCCGG nnhh

nnooppeerrDD oojj nnnnaannCCGG xxnnMM mmAA nnTT ssoocc ppAA nnGG|:AfCG30

.kc J AGLCG Y dd Jh ,GeGh NG H j JdG ch

AT IOh j ,edG hCG jdG jh HdG dG a a e ''ga'' dh

YhQG IQdG e dG hN dP Y eh .e JQ cJ j hCG ed c

.HdG

jBG cJ .eG g QYG H jNBG dG jBG Y fK If f fYO

gGMEG LN M dG SGH bJ K ,JdG dM fc VQCGh GhdG CG

IMGh f CG if dG QfG hCG cf eY dd kJh .iNCG e

dG ''VQCGh GhdG'' AT c iNCG Hh .dG IOe c J fc

IH dG g fG eYh .JdG dM dG g V fc ,H N b J

.cCH dG T N dG g N eh IOG a S

eJ kaGJ if dG acH dG BGdG G dG Qf eY

dG EG dEG UdG j dG acG g CG gG j h ,H

.jdG

ddGG QQffCCGG jjffhh.. ddGG QQffdd jjeeQQ ffGG iiff

ddGG NN JJ ddGG CCGG XXCCGGhh ddGG YY ggHH YY jjff

QQffdd jjHH jjff WW ddhh AAddGG HH bb ..ddGG ee

ddGG ffOO ddGG QQffGG MM aaJJ ddGG ddOOGG ddhh ddGG

,,ddGG YY ddee LL

ffCCGGVVQQCCGG YY AAddGG

16

e c CG Y cCJ g dG BGdG dGh dG Y jG N

.Ofi a j

}nn rr ssddGG nnhh nnQQssddGG nnhh nnddGG nnnn nnNN ppssddGG nn oogg nnhh

nnoonn rrnnjj mmnn nnaappaa wwoocc nn nnnnddGG nnhh|:AfCG33

J dG j M jCG iNCG jBG Qce eCG Ggh

} pp nnddGG ppjj pp nnddGG oojjpprrnnJJ nnppdd nnPP nndd mm nnnn rr ooppdd pprrnnJJ oo rr ssddGG nnhh|:j38

.Gg fY dG bGG N e acG BGdG IQcG FG g

J Ic YH dG Ea dG AG kahh720.000H YdG kGec

jJ J dG CG j Ggh .dG SCGQ j e a a dG

17.280.000QbCGh cGdG c jCG dG eh .dG kGec

J dG aG f Jh dG HPG f V J dG YUG

.He jH J dG dG c Ea dP EG aVEHh .dG

HG GGh aCG hCG GQGH Ae c dG CG dG BGdG cP bh

:J db dPh ,gfcP d

} ppooooGG ppGG nnPP ppAABB nn ssddGG nnhh| :jQGdG7

aaCCGG

OOQQYY

IIggddGG

VVQQCCGG

jjGG

GG

hhQQSSSSffGGQQhhGG

ff

JJHH

bb

dGdG

18

k H FG Qj e c dCJ ,dG I H FG Qj e g

V J K LCG ch QbCG g cc c h cGc d dG g eh

.bH Hfih IOfi GQGe

ZJh fH UG a jhdG GLCG e L c j dG je e

jCG J fG e dG Ea dP EG aVEH .iNCG GLCG e eJ

.d IOfi GQGe

jCG GG EG H jhdG GLCG Y Ie dG aCG dh

Nh .flh Hfi GQGe Y YH jCG

GLCG e jhdG GLCG g WJ JcM

.GHCG e WJ h iG

jdG a J bh f BGdG Ca cCdHh

J h g ejCG IOLG HdG

je bG UdG d J dG jG bGG

dG aG fc h ,AdG e GedG

G e j ddh ,dG g c Iae FjdGh

hCG GQGGh dH Ae AdG CG KEG kY

eh .G H dG jBG Y Y dG aCG

f dG BGdG d e eCG Gg c a dP

?dG c BGdGh ch ,bdG dP

,,ddGG IIOOLLGG ffGG ee ggZZ cc

jjGG jj ,,YYGG IIQQddGG gg ffee EEaa

jj kkee GGQQGGee dd GG PPGG flfl QQee VV

..jjhhddGG GGLLCCGG ee ZZ ee JJ ZZHH VV

ccGGddGG aa jjhhddGG GGLLGG cc

dd GGGG MMhh ddGGhh dd HHddGG QQbbCCGGhh

..ggee bbHH HHGGhh IIOOGG UUGG ccaaGG

GGgg VVhh ccCCHH ddGG ddNN ddGG ZZ eehh

??MMhh eeddGG RRGGddGG

}ppQQ nnssddGG nn nnYY nnddGG ooQQ qqnnoojj uunnppHH nnVV rrQQCCGG nnhh ppGG nn nn ssddGG nnnn nnNN

pprrnnjj lloocc nn nnnnddGG nnhh nn rr qqddGG nn ss nnSS nnhh pp ddGG YY nnQQ nnssddGG ooQQ qqnnoojj nnhh

ooQQ ssnnddGG oojj pp nnddGG nn oogg nnnnCCGG kkqq nnooee mm nnLLppCC|:edG5

dG Ud dG BGdG eG GQdG EG

g jBG IQcG jdG c ka , qbO ge GQY

Q qch ,gQGOCGh d GPEG edG Q qc HdH jh ,Qc a e

.H Y H Vh GPEG G

QdG Y dG Q qJ M BGdG QcG UdG Ggh

,dG T M bO ee j dG Y QdG Q qJh

VQCG fc GPEG EG kU j CG UdG Ggh

BGdG gcP OQh b VQCG jhc CG j Ggh ,jhc

fCH cdG j gh ,OG HdG dG f dG dG

,dG Y g Y ke fl dG gG fc bdG dP

HG ch me S Y IQY VQCG CG j c PEG

.G Gg SSCG Y e fc dG GdGh

EG dEG UdG f ee J BGdG jBG Ea Gg eh

Uh GQdG OCH AL dG dG c BGdGh c ,VG dG

?dG

19

VVQQCCGG jjhhcc

20

FN e e UN EG gfG dG BGdG N e Jh fS dG j

db AdG

} nn ooVV ppooee nnppJJ nnjjGG nnAA rrnnYY rroogg nnhh kkXX oorrnnee kk rr nnSS nnAABB nn qqddGG nnrr nnnnLL nnhh| :AfCG32

.jdG dG jLCG dG dG HCG KCG b UG g

FXh ODj VQCH j dG G da

e dG ej M a ,IG jQGS jQhV

Y dG e fEa IdGh IdG RdG

.G FdG AGjEGh VQCG S

T j G dG Ea dP EG aVEH

Gh .G Fd PDG AdG e JBG AdG

IQdG Z YTEd EG j G dG CG

Leh dG a TCGh FG AdG e

.Id SSCG YTEG g ch .QhH jOGdG

FL H gQh j dG dG a TCa

dG d GL jQhV ,G dG Y a

.IG b Y G FdG Adh JdG FdG

e J dG IcG dG a YTEG dZ

dG hRhCG W N e J j dG

dG e jQhVh IOhfi c EG J h G

.VQCG EG dG a

Gg Y J G d FbdG XdG g

AdG OH e VQCG j G dG EG H ,G

HHGG ddGG UUHH GG jj GG ddGG

aa TTGG ..VVQQGG YY IIdd TTGG ee

HH ddGG GG JJ GG SS YY ddGG

GG JJdd jj ddGG ffGG QQGGHHhh FFLL

GG FFddGG ddhh FFddGG ccddGG HH JJ

.. IIGG bb YY AAddHH

GG ddGG

JJ VVddGG IIQQddGG gg

JJQQGG TThh YY gghh RRddGG

jjhhddGG GGLLGG cc GG ..VVQQHH

JJ bb AAddGG JJ ddGG

ddhh VVQQGG YY GGNN GGjjJJ

NN ddGG JJhh ffSS ddGG

GG ddGG LL NN ccCCHH

gg HHhh ..dd kkeeMM kkSS

RRddGG ee EEaa UUGG jjGG

JJ ffGG PPGG ,,VVQQGG PPDDJJ

..GG ddGG

jj ddGG GG hhjj IIOOYYhh ..GG ddGG ggaajj ddGG jjGG LLhhCCHH GGhhjj GG hhOO AAddGG GG hhjj SSddGG ee

IIGG jjddGG ffhhjjQQGG RRddGG MMGG SS KKMMGG IIaa GG OOJJ YYGG IIQQddGG ..ddGG GGgg OOLLhh dd ddGG YY

UUNN ddhh ..aa dd HHbb ZZ kkffee ee YYLL VVQQGG YY RRddGG jjee dd GG ddGG OOLLhh ddhh ..cceeGG

cc IIeehh ,,SSddHH ddGG dd ee ddHH GGgghh ..IIGG bb YY eeBBGG AAddHH FFdd JJ GG ddGG HH jj ddGG jjGG

..ddGG BBGGddGG YY

21

YY jj FFgg cc JJ ddGG JJ ddGG bbddGG

HH FFee hhjj MMGGhh QQffaa ..ggGGee QQJJ ddGG ddGG

GG ..TThhgg jjee YY ddGG ddGG dd HHee jjQQPP bb

ddGG HH bbddGG gg eeGGddGG QQKKGG ee fifi ddGG

..ddGG aa GGMMhh GG

eeYY ,,jjddGG IIdd kkee FFee gg VVQQGG GG jjHH ff MMhh

IIjjTT IIOOhhHH aa OOff LLQQGG AAddGG GG GG ddGG ee ff

GG JJ227700..GG ddGG HH ddGG ee MM ,,ddGG LLQQOO

jjGGhh ffddGG TTGGhh jjhhddGG GGLLGG ee VVQQCCdd bbGGhh YYQQOO JJhh WWGG VVQQGG MM ee JJ SSJJZZGG WW

GGeeddGG GG aa VVQQGG JJ ddGG eeMMGG gg ..ddGG aa GGMMhh SSJJZZGG WW IIggee YYGG IIQQddGG ..IIQQddGG

gg GG gg gg GG ee jjHH fifi ddGG GG JJ ddGG aaccGG gg cc ..AAddGG ee JJ bb ddGG JJddGG bbddGG ee GG FFddGG

ee ddGG CCGGddGG YY aaYY ddGG jjGG11440000..'''' kkXXfifi kkSS AAddGG LLhh'''' ::JJ ddbb NN ee YY

22

23

EG j dG G270.dG je LQO

EG aVEa ,IQdG GKCdG e VQCG j dG g a G dG dh

,WG VQCG M Y f W gh dCG a GH j e Ea G dG

Y QJ dG) YTEG g .cc OJ dG IQdG YTEG e kbGh kYQO J

fd ,dCG a GM OLh dh .G Fd (QGSH dG e gZh dG

dG) dG GQfG hCG LhdG IG bd dG GQfG

.VQCG eO b (dG FGO H

:JCj e dBG a GM gCG Y ShQ g QcO j

Ggh ,dG dG cGdG bH e c e YCG ac VQCG EG G ''

Ggh .dG WG G Y hDG g dGh jG e G VQCd dG dG

GQfG e VQCG j dG dBG a YTEG QO j dG g WG G

e h .VQCG S Y IG fc kGOLe QdG Gg j dh .YTEG

e Ie F bG WG M Ib dh ,dG jG cch VQCG iS QdG Gg

EG .We M jd d cd HG IgdG cc Mh ,WG VQCG M Ib

''.VQCH UN ja J g YTEG dBG a QO1

g e a MGh QfG j dG bdG EG

H Fe Ib OJ kGNDe Jb M dG GQfG

N H .Thg a dCG dG H T jQP b

WG HEG CG Md gQfG e YS fKh

a IQGG Uhh ,jOY Z cM XCG UdG

EG kGec Nh Fe JQG Y G dG1500

.je LQO

gh .VQCG a j ee kef g Ea QNHh

,GNDe EG OLH Gj AdG CG EG .LQG GjdG e jh Y j

VQCG Z Y dG BGdG N e IH hb e fNCG Jh fS dG dh

.kbGh kYQO j dG G

24

FXh e Xh EG Jh fS dG j ,QdG IQS e IY jOG jBG

:J a ''LdG'' gh AdG

} rrLLssddGG ppGG nnPP ppAABB nn ssddGG nnhh| :QdG11

.SQEG IOYEG e jCG h ,LQG : LdG dEG Qj IQdG g

W ch W IY e e VQCH j dG G dG Ea e g ch

jd BGh .VQCG EG dSQEG hCG AdG EG d VJ dG YTEG IOYEG gQhO d

.VQCH dG G dG H J dG SQEG IOYEG Y eCG H N e

) SHhdG W13-15S e OdG e AG QH (VQCG a kGec. kGe LJ K dGh VQCG

JQG Y J dG hRhCG W25TCGh IQdG YTEG J kGec.AdG EG LJh AdG e JBG dG a

e fl We EG LJh VQCG e J dG jOGdG Le J SjEG W

JGh jdGh YGPEG dG fEa dHh ,YdG QbCG e e dG

. GQeCG aG jW SdG

gZh dG Y QJ dG jhdG YTEG FL J fEa SZG W eCG

.VQCG EG J CG b AdG EG dG e

HCG EG J dG G dG W FN e UG g CG Gh

c BGdG CH j Gg Ea ,iNCG Ieh ,hb b dG BGdG cP b INCG

.dG

LLddGG GGPP AAddGG

25

SHhdG

S hRhGSHhdG

ShRhGSfjG

SHhdG

ddGG WW ee WW cc

YY aaddGG ggOOhhOOee dd GG

YY SSffjjGG WWhh ,,ddGG

LLee JJ GG SS

ee ccee ee JJ ddGG jjOOGGddGG

UUhh ddHH dd VVQQGG GG

..IIHH aaee GG ddGG

GG ddGG hhRRhhGG WW

ddGG TTGG VVQQGG YY

aa ..YY IIGG eeJJ bb

ffddGG TTGG JJ hhRRhhGG

ddGG aa TTcc IIQQddGG

ee ggjjGG ffee AAddGG GG

QQGGVVGGhh VVQQGG GG UUddGG

..YY IIHH

LLGG ee QQhhVV AAGG OOLLhh GG

MMGGhh ..VVQQGG YY IIGG

QQeeGG JJ GG eeGGddGG

iiMMGG SSHHhhddGG WW gg

WW ..GG ddGG WW

AAGG QQHH SSHHhhddGG

GG ee VVQQGG SS ee YYddGG

GG iiNNGG IIee OOjjhh jj

..QQeeGG TT YY VVQQGG

e dDe AdG CG gh dG BGdG jBG IQce dG Y iNCG M g

.W S

}kk ppnnLL pp VV rrQQnnCCGG ppaa ssee oonndd nnnn nnNN ppnnddGG nn oogg

nnrr nnSS ssooggGG ss nn nnaa ppAABB nn ssddGG nnppEEGG ii nnnn rrSSGG ssooKK

ll pp nnYY mmAA nnTT pp ooppHH nn oogg nnhh mmGG nnhh nn nnSS| :IdG29

}nnrr nnSS ssoogg nn nn nnaa .... ll nnNNooOO nnppgg nnhh ppAABB nn ssddGG nndd ppEEGG ii nnnn rrSSGG ssooKK

nnAABB nn ssddGG qqssjj nnRR nnhh nnggnnrreeCCGG mmAABB nn nnSS uuoocc ppaa nnMM rrhhnnCCGG nnhh pp rrnnee rrnnjj mmGG nnhh nn nnSS

ddGG ppjj pp nnddGG oojjpprrnnJJ nnppdd nnPP kk rr ppMM nnhh nnppHH nn nnppHH nnrrff ooddGG| :a11-12

G dG

VQCG

eehh,, IIdd jjQQhhddGG eeGG cc VVQQCCGG

GGhh QQcc jj ddGG GG ddGG eeGG gg

ee ee GG ddGG CCGG ddGG ffhh ..AAMMCCdd

WW OOYYhh..HH aa HH flfl IIjjYY WW

GGgghh.. jjBBGG OOQQhh ccWW SS gg GG ddGG

GGddGG GGee ee IIee jjQQ hhOO

GG ddGG WW

26

27

jBG J dG GhdG ch

EG IQTEd J dG BGdG e Ic

Y dd J c ,fdG a AdG

hCG ddH NCG eh .cCH dG

j G dG CG if CG d

.W S e

CG dG hG e fEa dHh

J fl W e j G dG

.dG H a

G d Ea dP EG aVEHh

S e ,dG BGdG j c ke ,j

MdG e Uh h .jdH W

:j dG

j G dG CG AdG Lh''

J dG gh .W IY e

GfCGh V h FjdG FN

EG bCG dG .a IOLG GRdG

Jh SHhdG J VQCG90e %a dG dG .G dG M

W eCG .SJGdG J SHhdG

hRhG

S G

50c

15c

SedG

ScG

SHh

dG

S

JGd

G

jf

jG

bb AAddGG CCGG jj ffbb 1144 bb SSddGG cc HH

ee JJ AAddGG CCHH ee HH GGddGG ccPP IIMMGGhh

ddGG eeGG..SS gg ddGG gg OOYY CCGGhh flfl WW

GG ddGG WW OOYY CCGG GG UUjj aa jjGG

..SS HH ee GG WW SS gg VVQQCCHH GG

28

dG dGh .dG a TCG dG SJGdG e AG dP a hRhCG

Jh ,ShG a J fEa SedG eCG .SG J SJGSG ah

VQCG Z e LQG dG eCG .SjEH SedG W fjCG GRdG

e fEa G480 EG960.ScEG Jh kGc2

j G dG CG if HdG LG IQcG dG OY MCG GPEG

.jBG Qce g c e ,W S e Gj

SHhdG

SJGdG

SfhRhCG

SG

SedG

SfjCG

SjEG

jBG Y TG NBG RYEG gh12 MhCGh'' :J db gh ,a IQS e

jCGQ c U Ggh .e AS d L dG Ea iNCG Hh .''geCG AS c

FdG dh jdG jM FXh dG g e MGh d Ea ,HdG dG

e jG EG G jJ H hGJ e Xh d W c .VQCG Y J dG G

.IQdG RdG QKBG e VQCG jMh jOGdG Le Yh IQdG YTEG

dG LGG MCG IQce FXdG g e IMGh Ea G S YhJCj cZ :

dGh jdGh G jJh ,SHhdG J dG dG W S d G VQCG

.Y j3

J hO acG G e j dG FG g J CG Y Ie fEG

e bH dG BGdG IQce jdG dG1400.keY

29

J dG j M d e LdL Xh EG fQfCG dG BGdG j

} rrppppHH nn ppnnJJ rrnnCCGG nn ppSSGG nnhhnnQQ pp VV rrQQnnCCGG ppaa rr nnnnLL nnhh| :AfCG31

.HdG GRGgG hM CG G FXh e CG cP b jBG Ea Mf c

G SdG G - 0-10

-20

-30

-40

-50

IdG H IdG

IGdG Ibh VQCG

IGdG Ib e S Vj aCG dG

HHQQVV QQhhLL dd GG

VVQQGG SS

hh SSHH jjGG ddcchh))

UU aaSS441133((

fjH QL ddG fG dBG ShdG QdG UdG HhQhG

iiff,,dd ffHH IIQQUU

HHQQVV GGQQhhLL dd CCGG

jjJJ)) ..OOJJhhcc VVQQCCGG

UU ,,ccddcc ,,VVQQGG

222200((

SdG

G S

G QL

cdGdG ieSdG

IGdG Ib

GG jj NNGG VVJJ HH

,,TT OOJJhhGG JJ GG

YY)) ddGG ggQQhhLL HH

UU ,,ddhh ,,HHJJ ,,VVQQGG

..115588((

km

GG XXhh

jQdG Ib

EG QdG J fCG PEG ,dG BGdG hf Y MCG Y ahe J G gh

.jG LdG acG Ff N e

Y FU bfGh c Y CJ G Ea acG d ahh

e ibCG dJ H e U OJ eYh .VQCG IdG e J

G d J dG VCG d Y GOGeG d VQCG UJh iNCG

ebCG d CG j Ggh .JGh

Lh Y gdG M hJ VQCG

.VQCG

G H dG UdG MCG Jh

:JCj c

GQdG a J dG ceCG ''

a LJ dG WG c cS cCG

SS GG ddGG OOGGeeGG ee

JJ ffEEaa VVQQGG SS aa cc VVQQGG

..JJddcc ddGG HH ee VVQQGG FFUU flfl

ccMM FFUU ee VVQQGG IIddGG JJ

GG ddGG UUNNhh ,,FFGGOO

ddGG VVQQGG IIddGG JJhh HHddGG GGRRGGggGG

..kkGGLLccee HH JJ

30

31

.''ThCG cCG H VQCG IdG J G SS 4

H G FXh e XdG g EG dG BGdG jBG iMEG QTCG bh

.OJhCH G

} kkGGOO nnJJ rrhhnnCCGG nn nn ppGG nnhh kkGGOO nnppee nnVV rrQQnnCCGG pp nnrrnnff rrnnddnnCCGG| :CdG6 -7

VQG S W ah OGeH J G Ea g UG fh

h VQCG IdG J fEa jdG Hh .H e H dG g AdG ceCG

IQdG W hCG FU GG(magma).dG eH TCG G a QNHh

.Se G b J

e j ZdGh ,ZdG dG HOCG ahe g dG Xhh

VQCG S jdG OGG aO f j VQCG IdG Y RGJ '' :j

. ''HPG V KCJ 5

G HCGh jG LdG cG dG d G QhdG Gg

.G Jh fS dG M Y c hb e dG BGdG Y c ,RdH

} rrppppHH nn ppnnJJ rrnnCCGG nn ppSSGG nnhhnnQQ pp VV rrQQnnCCGG ppaa rr nnnnLL nnhh| :AfCG31

32

cM g H hJ c IeL d G CG dG BGdG jBG iMEG J

FGO

} nnoo nnrrnnJJ nn nn ppGG ii nnnnJJ nnhh

ppnn ssddGG ssnnee tt oonnJJ nnppgg nnhh kkII nnppee nnLL| :dG88

VQCG IdG EG M ,Y LGJ dG VQCG cM EG OJ G cM EG

CG dG VaG jdG dG jGH .ac e YCG ThCG W a J

gG dP H aG K fJ jGH Y Ue fc GQdG CG ZGh OdG

.H Y HGh bJ dHh fl

N H VG dG fK EG M Y c ZGh CG LdG Qj h

Y f d de ZGh j ch .Jah Y keY1915fc VQCG dG Ea

b dG H e 500S dG VQCG e IdG dG gh ,Y e

.HG dG ILGe fc dG

bh180a ,fl gH aG b EG dG fG kjJ Y e

,dGh cQfCGh dGSGh jaCG Jh fGhfdG dG JQdG g iMEG

Hh dG ASH SGh ddG ceCGh HhQhCG Th SGQdG iNCG S a

Qhe150 .UG bCG EG SGQdGh fGhfdG fG GaG Gg Y keY e

QJ VQCG S Y FGO cM g jdG fG Y fG dG GQdGh

.VQCG IdG AG EG HdG f kGJ cG gh ,kjS GS H

:JCj AdG MT jdG dG jGH G g cG Hh

GG ccMM

33

Me J jdG ThCG e dG dGh VQCG IdG ''100e kjJ c

g Ea ,FdG J :IG jd kahh ,UCG iNCG Yh ,SSCG FU S EG

gjJ b g GQdG cMh .G bh GQdG e eM VQCG J FdG

1 -5LdL kGJ S fEa dH FdG J ah .dG GS

. ''b WCG G j G S Y S a ,VQCG6

dG jBG QTCG b Jh fS dG CG gh g gcP j e f g

GG e jG dG SG dGh .GG Y fCG Y GQdG cM EG

.cG g Y d QdG7

FG g c dG dG BGdG RYEG Lh MCG c dP Ea dHh

kGNDe EG acG j jG dG CG M ,dG.

S e 135 b

S e 65 b

dG

IdG e HdG fG

S e 50 H VQG

VQG IdG e bdG fG

S e 50 H

((QQddGG GG ddGG ee)) QQddGG GGGG hhGG GGQQddGG ccMM

G Y IQdG

c J ddG

GQdG Vh c

G VaG GPG VG

QdG GG

H j S

je a IJdG

j S dG

c GQdG Vh

.IQdG Y GJ

S e200 b

34

dG j SH S IQS a ,dG BGdG dEG QTCG dG dG UdG MCG jG

:J

} pp SS ss ppdd ooppaa nnnnee nnhh lljjpp nnTT llSSCC nnHH pp ppaa nnjjppnnGG nnrrdd nnffnnCCGG nnhh| :jG25

dG RG H e g jBG g jG H N dG ''dfCG'' IQY CG dG j b

jG CG gh d G G EG f eY dh ,SdG H d jG N dG CG H j

acG N e J a , kGja kY GRYEG J jBG CG Qf ,AdG e Fja SQCG

.LQG AdG V e AL b Y OLG jG CG jG FdG

ea ,c IGf J dG dG OG EG

jG fEG e dG FG cdG dG

e H cG EG j CG ja ,H

.LQdG e je H EG IQGG J M dG

fEa e e ie jG c iJ eYh

j e EG jh j jdHh ,e dG j

H j K ICa DhV Xj ) dG G hCG ,H

Jh jG Y Rf dG ALQCG J QfG Gd ch (GS hCG QT H

.jhdG GLCd HPG IdG H CG EG GdG

QfG Y Lf Rf SGH VQCG EG f H ,VQCG e j jG CG j Gg c

kY ahe J dG G g CG VGdG eh .dG jBG cJ c ke ,AdG

.H Mj BGdG c M OG HdG dG

jjjjMM cc

jjGG IIee

35

} rrppee nnhh ooVV rrQQnnCCGG oopp ooJJ ssppee nnss oocc nnGG nnhhrrRRnnCCGG nnnn nnNN ppddGG nn nnrr ooSS

nn oonn rrnnjj ssppee nnhh rrpp pp oonnffnnCCGG|[ :j36

O d ''j h'' IQY CG EG ,fCGh cdG IOY H OGj GhRCG e CG e

GjO H jdG dG f a ,g ejCG dG g iMEG c bh ,dP e ShCG

Y AjdG Hf IFL1933cG Gg .FK H bfl IOG c jf MW KG Y

CG j ''KdG '' hCG ''DadG'' S dG

)IOGmatter)dG gV e FK J

IOG V ) janti-matter).e

''IOG V '' fhdEG Ea dP Y

V '' fJhH H .Le T

.dS T ''IOG

dG LGG MCG IQce G g

:JBG dG Y

IQdG hO AGLCG e AL d Lj)

)1,d ce T j d f( jdG CGe '' Mhuncertainty''Ea

hOG VGh hOG G

L h GhdG Y GdG j

. (eCG8

GG GGhhRRCCGG SS

36

jf Y c e Ggh .Y M g edG f Ve CG dG K d

SdG j bdG dP a .jdG dG e hCG GdG dG M jjG

g KCG jjG dCG CG EG .dG M j CG G e fCGh f e edG CG

h ,YdGh dG Y j edG CG KCG PEG ,dG jdG N e VH G

ee j dG dG BGdG ASH ,MCG VdG GH eCG Gg EG jjG j

:J db CGbG ,VG Gg Y jBG H J PEG ,edG f Y

}nnuuHH nnQQ nn ppYY kkee rrnnjj ssppEEGG nnhh nn rrYY nnhh ooddGG nnpp rroojj nndd nnhh ppGG nn nndd ppHH nnnnffoo pprrnn rrnnjj nnhh

nnhh tt oonnJJ ssuuee mmnn nnSS pprrddnnCC nncc|[G :47

eeddGG ff

Y ec H bdG e bj

M a ,SdG b e cGQOG jW

GL jW edG e e Ia hJ

Y Ib hJ b ,e T Y

G f dh .NG T

Le G f M Y e

fhO a ,dG hG YdG e

.U H bdG j j

37

}nn nncc mm rrnnjj ppaa pprrnndd ppEEGG oooo rrnnjj ssooKK pp VV rrQQnnCCGG nndd ppEEGG ppAABB nn ssddGG nnppee nnrreennCCGG oouuHH nnoojj

nnhh tt oonnJJ ssuuee mmnn nnSS nnrrddnnCCGG oo ooQQGG nn rrppee|IdG :5

} mmnn nnSS nnrrddnnCCGG nn pp rr nnNN oo ooQQGG nn rrppee nn nncc mm rrnnjj ppaa pprrnndd ppEEGG oohh ttddGG nnhh oonnppFFnnGG oooo rrnnJJ|Q:4

MCG H fCGh fl H bdG j SdG CG EG J jBG Hh

H QhS dG QGG Ggh , kGL jW fCG Y edG e Ib Ia SdG Qj

kGL kVJ ke j G j dNh SdG

:IdG g Y

}rrGGoodd nnbb .. nnpp ppSS nnOO nn nnYY pp VV rrQQnnCCGG ppaa rroorrppnndd rr nncc nn nnbbppEEGG nn nnbb .. nnjj qqOO nnddGG pp nn rr nnaa mm rrnnjj nn rrnnHH rrhhnnCCGG kkee rrnnjj nnrrppnndd

nn oonn rrnnJJ rroorr oocc rroossffnnCCGG rrnndd kk pp nnbb ppEEGG rroorrppnndd|:eDG112-114

CGH dG BGdG IQce edG f ch

Y hdH610fCG Y NBG kdO j Oe

.Se c

38

EG AdG e j fCG g G Y dG BGdG gjEG j dG eG iMEG

:j c NdG IQS IQce G gh .QH VQCG

pndG nh }kk rrnnee kkII nnrrnnHH ppppHH nnff rr nnffnnCC nnaa mmQQ nnnnppHH kkAABB nnee ppAABB nn ssddGG nnppee nnssnnff

nnooLLnn rrooJJ nnppdd nnnncc|[ :NdG11

QJh ,jG HCG N e iNCG Ie cG G e HG dG g

kjJ VQCG e j IMGdG fdG fCG HCG g16Ggh .G e W e

J IMGdG dG J dG dG CG j513he bdG Gg .AG e W jJ

fRGe IQhO QhJ G CG j Ggh .S N VQCG Y J dG G d

Y IG J Y .Hfih

SdG SG d Mh ,VQCG

IaG LddG FSh c

Ghj CG Gj a dG

jH IQhdG g fEG

N hM Oh .YU

S dOG g H

j H N EG dP ODj

dP dh .VQCG Y IG

J Y c h GHCG j

e QeCG e dG f

.dG BGdG cj c

QQeeCCGG ff

GG JJ PPGG ,,HHKK cc gg QQeeGG TT YY iiNNGG IIee VVQQGG GG OOdd YY cc JJ ddGG GG cc GG551133ddGG GGgg ..''''QQHH AAee AAddGG ee qqff ddGGhh'''' ::JJ ddbb ddGG BBGGddGG ddGG QQTTGG HHddGG ddGG gg .. kkWW jjJJ

..IIGG ddHHhh ,,ddGG RRGGddGG QQGGSS GGLL ee ddGG

16.000.000 tons/sec16.000.000 tons/sec

16.000.000 tons/sec16.000.000 tons/sec

40

G e j h .edG e jW kMOQ kGc kGd QeCG J c X

.GQGOGdG cG H EG QeCG J MGe cG

OGG'' J hCG MG :MGe K Y G j acG d ahh

G Gb CGJ gHh dG J dP Hh ;jdG e AGdG EG d dhCG

.QdH

Uh J dG j PEG ,bO H dG g cj G d BGdG Uhh

:jdG H G J

}ppAABB nn ssddGG ppaa oo oo oorrnn nnaa kkHH nn nnSS ooppoo nnaa nnnnjj uuddGG oo ppSS rroojj ppnnddGG ooddGG

GG nnPPppEE nnaa ppppdd ppNN rrppee oooo rrnnjj nnrrOO nnddGG ii nnnn nnaa kk nnppcc oooo nnrrnnjj nnhh ooAABB nnnnjj nnrr nncc

nnhh oo pprrnn rrnnjj rroogg GG nnPPppEEGG pp ppOO nn ppYY rrppee ooAABB nnnnjj nnnnee ppppHH nn nnUUnnCCGG|[ :hdG48

:Y jH jBG gO dG KdG MGG BG dh

.''nnj pqdG o pS roj pndG odG'' :hCG MG

f G FH aPb J G ZJ dGh dG AGdG Ya EG

g G dG EG aJh eCH dG jG g jdG dP H .AdG

f Y dG Gb Jh Fe aCc J G AdG J dG jG

.IU Gb T Y QdG e YdG AG QH M

:fdG MG

} kk nnppcc oooo nnrrnnjj nnhh ooAA nnnnjj nnrr nncc ppAA nn ssddGG ppaa oo oo oorrnn nnaa kknnHH nn nnSS ooppoo nnaa|

QQeeCCGG qqJJ

41

.AGdG QdG FL hCG G GQH M j dG AG QH e dG J

H e e IMGdG b j) kGL IU dG g G Gb Ch01^0-02^0.dH AdG J GHh ,AdG ALQCG Jh AGdG J dG Ea (e

:ddG MG} ppppdd ppNN rrppee oo oo rrnnjj nn rrOO nnddGG ii nnnn nnaa|G Gb d KJ QdG FLh G GQH dG G FL EG

.VQCG Y dH CGjh dG j AGdG e KCG j dG G Ea GHh

e cCG H ,dG BGdH IQce G J MGe e Me c Ea if ch

dG gGdG e c e G g a dG H Mhe MGG g Ea ,dP

Lh ,jCG IgdG g M dG dG Jh fS dG fYCG a iNCG

.acG e hb b BGdG Sd ahe eCG

ddPP HH ..GG JJ MMGGee ee MMee hhGG gghh ..AAGGddGG AAGG GGbb JJ cc JJ YYGG VVddGG IIQQddGG

gg GG JJ MMGGee cchh ..GG dd JJhh AAGGddHH JJhh jjMM GG ddGG AAGG GGbb JJJJ SS

..ddGG BBGGddGG IIQQccee

42

:G J Y ddG eG dG BGdG e iNCG jBG cJh

}oooo nnrrnnjj ssooKK oonnrrnnHH oouuddnnDD oojj ssooKK kkHH nn nnSS ppLLrroojj nnddGG ssnnCCGG nnnnJJ rrnnddnnCCGGppAABB nn ssddGG nnppee oouunnoojj nnhh ppppdd ppNN rrppee oooo rrnnjj nnrrOO nnddGG iinn nnaa kkee nnccooQQ

nnYY oo ooaa pp rrnnjj nnhh ooAABB nnnnjj nnee ppppHH oo ppoo nnaa mmOOnnnnHH rrppee nn ppaa mm nn ppLL ppee

QQ nnrrHHnnCC ppHH oonnggrrnnjj ppppbb rrnnHH nn nnSS ooOO nnnnjj ooAABB nnnnjj nnee|[ :QdG43

.IG dG d dH Le Ff EG GUJ dG SQj jdG AdG EG

gh cdG J MGe a .IOfi MGeh f ah Jh J IG da

:g IG dG GfCG MCG

.jdG SGH aJ hCG dG M adG Me g :hCG MG

dG H e jdG aO dG dG cGJ M dG Me g :fdG MG

. cCG Z d9

Ea H e J eY IdG dG CG M cGdG Me g :ddG MG

IdG dG YdG FGdG QdG

dG ce b FGdG Qda ,OGOj

J dG GQdG e ibCG j

GQdG gh ,aGWCG Y

Ea ddh kjOY j dG L

Gg . kGOU cGJ HdG hCG dG

EG gO j d OdG dG

G dG e IOhH cG We

Jh OdGh G M J M

G M J eYh .cCG K cCG

43

Qj H FGdG GQdG Y kGL K OdGh

Y IG dG e dH CGJ M Y

.gZh OH M hCG e T10

OUQCG AY CG FGO cf CG jh

Hh dG J UJ Gaj jG

IQG dG GSG N e EG Xhh

eh SGGh YdG QbCGh GFdG e

eG g fYCG Jh fS dG CG VGdG

b dG Y1400.a d J eR S

ddGG IIddGG ddGG ::CCGG

ddGG)) ddGG ee

((ccGGddGG

ddGG JJ eeYY ::

ddGG HH ee IIddGG

YYddGG FFGGddGG QQddGG EEaa

OOGGOOjj ccGG ddGG NNGGOO

..ddGG ccGGJJ GGHHhh

ccGGJJ ddHHhh ddGG jj YYddGG FFGGddGG QQddGG GGgg

GG ddGG LL OO jj OOddGG ddGG GG ..ddGG

JJ MM GG ddGG ee IIOOhhHH ccGG WWGG

KKGG JJ eeYYhh ..ccCCaa ccGG JJhh OOddGGhh GG MM

ee ddHH CCGGJJ IIYYddGG FFGGddGG GGQQddGG YYJJ GG ee

gghh ......ddGG OOHH MM hhGG QQeeGG TT YY IIGG ddGG

HHQQGG jjCCGG ddGG BBGGddGG IIQQccee ddGG GG

KK ....'''' ::JJ ddGG jj MM ,,hhbb ee QQddGG IIQQSS ee

''''..ddNN ee jj OOddGG iiaa HH ddDDjj

CCGG

IIddGG ccGGddGG ddGG jjddGG

cc ee ddGG HH ee hh

ddGG CCGG iiJJ CCGG ::ddGG jjBBGG OOQQhh

..HH ddDDjj KK HHSS LLjj

44

G J CGh ''bGd'' fc UN d jdG CG dG BGdG jBG iMEG cJ

:Jh fS dG j ,UG d c JCj

}nnee nnhh oo oooocc nnrr nn rrSSnnCC nnaa kkAABB nnee ppAABB nn ssddGG nnppee nnrrdd nnffnnCC nnaa nnppbbGG nnnndd nnnnjj uuddGG nnrr nnSS rrQQnnCCGG nnhh

nnppff ppRR nnppHH oonndd rrooffnnCCGG|[ :G22

jGH Mh .jdG g QeCG J e hCG MG CG EG IQTEG g jBG g

dh .dG jdG c iS QeCGh jdG H bY CG J jdG dG

.QeCG J Y LfEG jdG QhO KCG jG OUQCG Y acG

:JCj c J jd LfEG XdG

HR Y dG AGdG Ya e d M OGYCG g Gh QdG S Y

ij dG bdG jG e BG YdG g a J dG dG h .G

G AdG SH J dG jG g .AGdG J GG e MGdG gb

.G dG e dG dG EG JJh jdG Y VQCG e G QdH J

GdG g J .g AG QH e J M YCG YJQG EG jG g jdG

.QeCG T Y VQCG Y J K Z T Y H e hCG

e dG jH AGdG j dG AG QH ''J'' jdG Ea ij ch

.IWG dG jJ YJ jdHh dG

G Gb J CG G Z e d UG g J jdG CG d

.G OLh fh ,G dG e dG dG

jBG cP b QeCG J jd SGh bdG QhdG Gg CG g G dGh

gGdG Y dG dG a j SdG c eR IY hb e dG BGdG jBG e

.dG

bbGGddGG jjddGG

45

ddHH GG jjLL CCGGaa ,,AAGG SS aa JJ ddGG jjddGG SSGGHH JJ GGeeaa ,, GGeeGG JJ MMGGee JJ YYGG IIQQddGG

gg gghh ..AAGGddGG GGeeGG ffJJ ddGG YYddGG aa ,,iiNNGG JJ IIMMGGddGG GGeeGG JJ ee YYSS ccGG gghh ..jjFFGGOO jjHH

..''''AAee AAddGG ee ddffCCaa bbGGdd jjddGG SSQQGGhh'''' ::JJ ddbb ddGG BBGGddGG ggccPP OOQQhh ddGG gghh ..QQeeGG JJ ee hhGG MMGG

46

:JCj c dG BGdG cP GNCG EG J dG QdG FN iMEG

} pp nn pp rrnnjj llnnRRrrnnHH nnoonnrrnnHH pp nn ppnnrrnnjj pp rrjj nnrrnnddGG nnnnnnee|:MdG19-20

AY j M dG gDhe j CG hO H e J QdG a

''dG OGfG'' J Fja Ib EG dP AdG LQCGh . kGNDe EG aGZfbhCG

G ac NG j dG dG OGfG M .IQhG QdG e NG

.kbQ kFM H CG d c ke H e NG e 11

c fCG e dG G g cP b BGdG c c eCG gd G fGh

.aGZfbhCGh dG OGfGh AjdH jGQO Y SdG a j bh j

WG G SG HG dG

G e Me f

e bG WG360% SG HG e

met

er

QW L e e YG MG f5^360%

HHGG ddGG ee NNJJ ..SSGG HHGG ddGG QQLLhh eehh ,,jjbb GGQQJJhh JJYY GGeeGG gg

JJ MMee ffhh aacchh JJQQGGMM ddhh QQWW LL ee YY WWGG GG GG SSGG

..HH jj GGLLMM gg

jj GGddGG GGddGG..NNBBHH ggMMCCGG

Y IPNCe QW L IQU

.YUG QbG

48

}ppee ll rrnnee ppppbb rr nnaa rrppee ll rrnnee oo nnrrnnjj xxuuoodd mmrrnnHH ppaa mmoo oonncc rrhhnnCCGG

rrnnnnjj rrnndd oo nnnnjj nnnn rrNNnnCCGG GG nnPPppEEGG mm rrnnHH nn rr nnaa nn oo rrnnHH ll nnoo ooXX llnn nnSS ppppbb rr nnaa

mmQQttff ppee oonndd nnnnaa kkGGQQooff oonndd ooddGG pp nnrrnnjj rrnndd nnee nnhh nnggGG nnnnjj|[ :QdG40

:JCj c QdG Y edG dG ''G '' c j

AV g d dG Gg a ,hO eh e Fe Y Y IOLe dG CG ''

. ''dG AV Lj a e dCG ae Y eCG ,kjJ12

FdG FNh Qd edG dG Y dG J CG dG jd J bh

H QJ dG UGda ,a IOLG G ch ge Me fh a G

CG CG hG eh .eG g e Y G AdG dN jG dG

UN Ge OLh hO kGe HQCG e cCG dG Y Uj CG j fEG

dG Gh dG WG IG b Y j CG fEd h ,dP Y YJ

EG J200.GG g hO fhO eh Ge

UdG g cG AdG NCJ dG c HdG dG GG Zh

e QdG IQS OQh dG '' H X'' IQY CG j e Ggh .QdG Y

1400Ge a J bh QdG Y U ee j BGdG ch eY

.dG BGdG RYEG Lh e Lh EG d YCG UdG fEG J

jBG OQh e Ea dP EG aVEHh40 J db e QdG IQS e}ppaa mm nnoo oo nncc llnn nnSS ppppbb rr nnaa ppee ll rrnnee ppppbb rr nnaa rrppee ll rrnnee oo nnrrnnjj mm uuoodd mmrrnnHH|e jCG NBG Lh EG gfG j

,dG BGdG RYEG Lh

..NNGGddGG LLGGeeCCGGhh QQddGG XX

jG fdG GhOG SGH jLG dG HG c

H e g G3 G30S Y j dG Qf e FHdG dG GdG ZG QRG dG GY e .dG

eG .(SG IQdG) ,hG e FG iNG J IMGh

Y Y1000g (YG IQdG) kGHG Qd OLh a eIQS e HQG jG dG BGdG dG QTG dG G

b QdG1400 keY

50

dG OhM Y NGO GeCG OLh kGNDe AdG cG''

NGdG GeCG gh ,G adG GP G W H IOLG

G e ac YCG dG G C Gh QdG G YCG J

dG LG e ke J NGdG LG gh .gJ dG

e Y SG j H IOG dH jDhQ fCG EG ,e Jh

.''e e MG f hCG AG IQGM J SGQO N13

IQcG hdG e J H aGJ dG BGdG IQcG GQdGh

NGdG GeCG jDhQ QJ a dG GeCG jDhQ eEH c GPEGh ,YCG

IQS dEG gfG Jh fS dG d e Ea eRdG GQNG AGLEG hO

bh EG AdG j dG QdG Y G e dG Gg M QdG

.Jh fS dG c g BGdG CG iNCG Ie j kGL NCe

c e

ac bG eNGdG GeG

dG GeG GGeeGG IIQQddGG gg

UUddGG ddGG NNGGddGG

ee WW HH jj ddGG

JJ MM ,,aaddGG flfl

aacc YYGG ddGG ddGG

GG gg ..ddGG ddGG ee

BBGGddGG YYGG ddGG ddGG

jjGG ddGG4400eeYY HHQQGG bb QQddGG IIQQSS

ddGG jj ,, kkffbb

..kkGGNNDDee GG jjGG

51

} mm nn ppWW nnNN mmnnHH ppPP nncc mmnn ppUU nnff ,, ppnn ppUU ssdd ppHH nn nn rrnnnndd ppnn nnjj rrnndd rrppnndd ssnncc|:dG15-16

dG HCG c a .gd e YCG jBG ''WN HPc Uf'' J EG

edG e FXh IQGOEG Y dhDG , (UdG ) L eCG G CG kGNDe jLCG

S dG EG G g Xh AdG j h .G e G L J

b dEG QTCG dG BGdG CG M INCG1400 .keY

h .G e eeCG G S G L e G NGO ff GPEGh

g Xh M HCG NBG j ''LdjdGh jdG SSCG'' GH c

:JCj e AL G

e eCG d dGh QeCG bGY dGh aGhdG j EG ''

QaCG e gh ,L eCG G CG ,G e eeCG dG Ua

.'' ZedG IdG WGGh14

fEa jdG aGhdG Y dhDe G g H j a fCG jCG dG jh

..d XdG cG g fCG j15

Yh ,dG Y dhDe G e G g PEG

b Y dhDeh WG hCG dG YCH Gh aGhdG

.dG hCG dG

e aGJ ''WN HPc Uf'' IQY CG VGdG eh

AdG j dG G g .YCG eG hdG

e dG BGdG cP b keY S b EG acG

.IH GS

e

UdG

ccHH JJ ddGG GG

52

ca Ed SdG IYO QWEG YG YVG e dG cP Y BGdG AL

OLh Y dd MCG H fGGh iNCG fMCG JdGh fMCG GhdG

cP Y Aa N dG EG SdG jBG e dG YO c .Jh fS dG

: gL geh H e dG MGGh fEG N

}nnoo rrooJJ ssee oorrjjnnCCGG nn nnaannCCGG .. nn oobb uu nnooJJ nn nnnn nnaa rroocc nn rrnn nnNN oorrnnff

nn nnppdd nnGG oorrnnff rrnnCCGG oonnff oooo rrnnJJ rrooffCCGG nnAA|[:bGdG57-59

.jBG e gZ ch jBG g IQce fEG N jRYEG LdG EG

dG TY fEG aj CG j dG dG eG H jBG cP bh

:eG g eh .OG HdG

.G FdG e e AL e H ec H G e j fEG EG -

.H dG J e CG MH j G EG -

.MdG e We K j G EG -

d SSCG IOG CG cCdH GaY j BGdG c M GTY jdG SdG EG

H dj dG ch .G dG N cdG e j dG G FdH bY d

YCG jBG gcJ dG eG Yf dh H EG j VGh c TG J

EG dG j ee gh ,bdG dP SdG id kee c ie

.jdG dG

:iNCG J IMGh eG g Y dh

ffEEGG IIOOhh

53

GG FFddGG ee IIbb

LdG j G dG N250 dG aJ .bdG f f e

UG e f dCG EG dN J h CG L bT MQ250EG UdG e

f H J dG jdG J FbO dG dG jf h .jdG

FdG d fEG gL g Ggh ,H a IMGh je G GQP e IQP

:J db BGdG Mj e Ggh a e U b H c G

}iikk ooSS nnnnrroojj nnCCGG oo nnff ppEEGG oo nnrrnnjjnnCCGG

nn rroojj mm ppssee ppee kk nn rrooff oonnjj rrnnddnnCCGG| :edG36-37

b e H G FdG c e j fEG CG j BGdG Ea if ch

SGH EG J Y M j IQdG J dG jdG Ggh e U

.Se dEG UCG e IQY fCG Y dO j jG dG

FFSS iiff IIQQddGG gg TT

UUGG ee ..MMddGG bb jjee

225500ccddGG aajj ff eeGG JJ aa ddGG HH

JJ SS ddGG ddGG ..jjddGG

ee aa IIMMGGhh gg jjddGG

bb YY HH ff ddGG UUGG

ffGG GG MMhh ..IIGG

HH GG FFddGG cc ee jj

ggccPP OOQQhh ee UU bb ee

GG''''::JJ ddbb ddGG BBGGddGG

..'''' ee ee ff jj

54

GG GG

j H gMh dG e dCj dG Y j dG H G FdG

QhdG dG Y e a fl FXh d FGdG g .FGdG e je e

cM J bfG H h MdG Ne Y VMCG dh d bdG ed

.dG

BGdG dEG j jG dG cG dG eG g CG gd G eh

j G G j M dG

} mm nnrreennCCGG mm nn rrttff ppee nn nnff ppEEGG nn rrnn nnNN ssff ppEEGG

kkGG ppnnHH kk pp nnSS oo nnrr nnnnnnaa pp ppnnrrssff|[ :fEG2

e N fEG CG Y Ojh N fCG Y G EG Qj jCG iNCG jBG h

G Gg e

}ppee pp nnff ppEEGG nnrr nnNN CCGG nnnnHH nnhh oo nnnn nnNN mmAA rr nnTT ssoocc nn nnrrMMnnCCGG ppddGG

mm ppnnee mmAABB ssee ppee mmnnddnn ooSS rrppee oonn rrnnff nnnnnnLL ssooKK ..mm ppWW|[ :IdG7-8

.AdG e b aCG hCG UN hCG e J dS ch

e QOU BGdG CG Y j Ggh ,c e AL EG J fe e e c h

dG IOGQEG g .G Gg UJ OCG J dGh fEG N dG dG IOGQCG

fEG dN J dG IOGQEG g.

55

OOddGG LL

bCG Y hCG CG jN O OdG L CG FdG OYG c jb eR M

M VG Gg Y fl ee fYCG BGdG dh . CGh CG jN O

GPEG f e J KfCGh IQcdG CG cP

} nn rrooJJ GG nnPPppEEGG mm nn rrttff ppee nnffooCCGG nnhh nn nnccssddGG pp rrnnLL rrhhssddGG nnnn nnNN oossffnnCCGG nnhh|[ :dG45-46

gYCG dG eG bO KCG LddGh G Y UG GQdG EG

d QhO ICGG Gh LdG e f O OdG L CG BG a bh dG GdG

.dG g

e KG OdG L j FdG dG g ehRehdG46keRehc

g ehRehdG gh fEG H j Y dhDe G ehRec J xh

y h QcdG xx.MCG g ehRehdG T j M ,fEG

hRehc j y hRehc j a IQcdH G G IdG xIdG

.KfCH G G

ccddGG GG ddGG BBGGddGG OOQQhh

ee ee ff ee jj ffGGhh

cc jjbb bbhh MM ffGG GG ,,

ddddGG LL GG FFddGG OOYYGG

jj hh ..GG jjNN OO

ggOOQQhhGG ddGG eeGG gg ddGG

ddGG GG ddGG BBGGddGG

ggZZhh eeGG gghh ..jjddGG

ffGG NN MM UUddGG ee

ee ddGG BBGGddGG ggccPP OOQQhh

..hhbb

56

RReehhddGGyRReehhddGG jj aa ,,IIQQccddGG FFNN jj

xccGG hheehhddGG aa gg GG jjHH ..KKffGG FFNN

gg GG YY GG FFddGG ..KKffGG FFNN OOjj ddGG

FFddGG gg ddddGG LL jj eeYY aa ddGG jjGG ccJJ cc iiNNGG HHhh ..GGhhhh ccGG eeRReehhddGG ddGG ddGG

gg BBGGddGG GG YY kkMM ddOO JJ jj ddGG BBGGddGG cc MM eeee JJ ddGG eeGG gg ..GG ee JJCCjj ddGG GG

..JJhh ffSS ddGG cc

cdG LJ dG ehRehdG g e IMGh WH CGj fEG J EG

VHEG N J dG fCd G G fe ch .GhRCG T Y fCGh

G G iNCG Mf e cG hRehc G e jdG hN H CG

cG'' hRehc Y j gMCG dG e fl Yf J LdxdGh '' Gh'' hRehc Y j yY f e ICGG e cG hRehc G GPEG .''

hRehc Y dG fc GPEGh fCG OdG j LdG e cG hRehc

.GcP OdG j Gh

.ICGG jH e J dG cdG ehRec O OdG L EG iNCG Hh

jdG dG G Y j CG b eG g e CG j h

Gdh fCG L Oj OdG L CG J fc GQG e dG Ea dHh

.fCG CG GPEG ee ICGG fc

e fb Y KK b aGG g J ee c dG BGdG CG M

dG G EG H ICGG EG Oj OdG L UCG CG EG QTCGh fEG L cG

.LdG e JCj

MMddHH JJ ddGG ddGG

fEG jJ M d dG BGdG j dG FG J fSCG GPEG

.GL e Y Ge iNCG Ie Of

IMdG G .j G OdG gL Ea ICGG jH LdG f J eY

bdG '' J dGZygoteN e dGdH kGQa CGJ S LddG e ''

''G J b J jdG h fGembryoGj CG dH Ggh ''

.HShG IY EG SdG

j EGh ,GdG QJ Ia j G dh

AGLCG) dfi SGH HdG QhG J c e MdG

CG d JQG Gg N eh .(QhG e TG

.JdGh L e d jQhdG OGG Y j16

a ,Ija fBGb Ie J GdH dG gh

d Jh fS dG j CG MQ G QJ Uh

:J j PEG (Y)

}nnnn nnNN .. nnnn nnNN ppddGG nnuuHH nnQQ pp rrSS ppHH CCGG nn rrbbGG

oonn rrccnnCCGG nnttHH nnQQ nnhh CCGG nn rrbbGG ..mm nn nnYY rrppee nn nnff ppEEGG|[ :dG1-3

dGh e e j dG AdG g dG dGh

d H j dG dG Ud jCG J aH

.dG

G QJ Ud SG dG GSG Ea kWh

Jh fS dG e Mh BGdG CG iNCG Ie J CG MQ

.dG c fCGh

ddGG jj ,,QQJJ ee hhGG MMGG

QQGGHH JJ MMdd TT YY JJddGGhh MMQQ

YYGG IIQQddGG ..GG OO ee iidd MMddGG

GGgghh ddGG ee bb ee JJ MMdd gg

jjGG LLGG YY ccGG ddGG ddGG

kkffbb YY HHQQGG ee ddGG BBGGddGG QQccee

ee jj ddGGAAddGG gghh ,,YY HH

jj ddGG ddGG UUdd JJ gghh ,,ee

..AAeeddGG dd HH

57

58

ddGG MM JJ ddGG ddGG

J MGe M dG BGdG cj eG LhCG e e NBG Lh g

dP H J hCG dG J M jBG JcP a j CG MQ fEG

dG

}nn rrnn nnnnaa kknn rrooee nn nnnn nnddGG nn rrnn nnnnaa kk nnnn nnYY nn nn rrttddGG nn rrnn nnNN ooKK

kkrr nnNN rr nnffCC nnffnnCCGG ssooKK kkrrnndd nn nnppddGG nnff rr nnnnnnaa kkee nnppYY nnnn rrooGG

nnppppdd nnGG oo nnrrMMnnCCGG ooddGG nnnnQQ nnnn nnaa nn nnNNBBGG|[:eDG14

Ia M CG MQ G QJ SQj dG dG gh LCG Y G X

e jW Idh dG Gdh MGh bh J dGh dG CG Vj jb

e VQJ jBG g CG SdG YOG edG

HShG HCG dh dG FG

dG QdG H gDhGLEG eCG dG IQG

.ke U BGdG MdG CG c

CG KCG HShG HCG g

Uh c j CG MQ NGO G QJ

ahdG fCG J khCa ,BGdG jBG

jN gH J K ,G Y EG J dG

dG fCG H e QJ dG dG

M d Jh H e J K dH

.dGbbhh GG MMQQ jjJJ ccGG WW YY

..ee MMee ddGG ggcc

59

:j c fEG J GY Y If MJ c VGh

h ,dCG T dG NCJh G QfH dG dG CGj HdG SCG N''

. ''.dG TCG M Vh dG NCJ edG SCG Nh HdG SCG jf17

e kec kefG j G J MG dG BGdG Uh Ea QNHh

jG LCG Y e.

dd IIOOGG MMGGGG ccPP YY BBGGddGG AALL

jjGG ccJJ cchh ..GG MMQQ ddddGG1144eeGG MMQQ GG YY EEaa eeDDGG IIQQSS

..ddGG jjHH JJ KK hhGG JJ

jjGG QQddGG GGgg JJhh ffSS ddGG jjhh

ffaa kkeeYY GG aa'''' ''''ddHH ddGG

..'''' kk ddGG

60

CCGG HH GG dd KKddGG MMGGGG

MGe K Y j MdG fEG N CG EG BGdG QTCG d

}mm nnoo ooXX ppaa mm rr nnNN pprrnnHH uuee kkrr nnNN rrooppJJ nnsseeooCCGG pp ooooHH ppaa rroooooo rrnnjj

nn ooaa nn rrooJJ ssffnnCC nnaa nn oogg ppEEGG nnnndd ppEEGG oorrooGG oonndd rroottHH nnQQ ooddGG ooooppdd nnPP mmnnKK|[:edG6

MGe K N e eCG MQ j fEG CG EG J jBG Ea ij ch

K J G QJ MGe CG jG LddG Y c a dHh .IOfi

UNG S qQJ dG LCG Y c c M .CG MQ e IOfi We

c G S a .QG Gg aG SSCG e eG g CG dG

: j e CGf G Gg SSCG Le gh ''jdG LCG Y SSCG''

G b e Me gh hCG MG MGe K Y J MdG IG CG

M Jh G Me J K ,hCG dGh YSCG Jh G MG

Mh edG SCG e dG G Me gH JCJ K ,edG SCG jf

. IOdG18

G b e MG

jG e Y J eYh ,fG Y G jdG J MG g

:W K f Jh dG jG J M MdG QGL f aJ

.G Me '' VdG Z G MG

dG a j dG MG g Nh fh HSCG N J fdG MG

61

.jG e W T Y QdH SSCG ILCGh AYCG CGJ kM

G Me

,IOdG M Jh G e edG SCG CGJ MG g ,ddG MG

dW ij fCG ZQh Gjh Lh d fEG fCch hj G CG IOG FN eh

GM MG g Jh FYCG c J ah GS KK

.IOdG Ye M G j M YSCG KdG

d ad J eCG MQ G QJ M eG g

Y c BGdG a dP eh .jG bGG J OLh

.iNCG Y FM Y c c e JjBG jRYEG jH

Gh bdG eG g YCG b dG BGdG ch

VGh dO IQOf SdG jCG H dG eG fc bh

fS dG c g H H c d dG BGdG CG Y

.Jh

ffGG GG GG eeddGG IIQQSS ee SSOOddGG jjGG JJ

ddHHhh ..IIOOfifi MMGGee KKKK YY eeGG MMQQ jj

GG QQJJ GG jjGG LLGG YY cc aa

..GG MMQQ ee IIOOfifi WWee KK jj

62

N d e N g CG M

ddG d R AGZ Qe d dG

dG M .VGeCG V Ye jdh

dG LdJ J dG YdG

QG Gg Y Vj jG

.AGdG QOe e RYEG

e IjL IFa J j c

dG FG iMEGh .CG M FGa

Ia j CG CG M Y dG cG

.jd Ie dG Y EG YVdG19dGh

j e ee fYCG b Jh fS

.kjM EG dG

dah Jh fS dG j M

.fb Y HQCG e eY

}oorrnn nnnnMM pprrjj nnppddGGppHH nn nnff ppEEGG nnrr ssUU nnhh nnhh

pp rrnnee nnYY ppaa oooodd nnppaa nnhh mm rrgg nnhh nn nnYY kk rrgg nnhh ootteeooCCGG

ppnnGG ssnndd ppEEGG nnrrjj nnppddGG nnppdd nnhh ppdd rroo rrTTGG ppnnCCGG o|[:d14

CCGG MM

63

Ea JG j CG Jh fS dG Y dG e fCG dG BGdG cj M

HUCG H Ve M GcJ g

}nnCCGG nn nnYY nnjj ppQQ ppOO nnbb nnnnHH .. oonnee nnppYY nnnnrrnnff qqddnnCCGG oo nnff ppEEGG oo nnrrnnjjnnCCGG

oonnff nnnnHH nn uu nnooff|[:edG3-4

.GL UN e d HUCG H Y cdG EG

hCG IG b Y fEG ch ,Mh H UN Ija g fEG c H C

.HUCG H e IG Y d G cQOCG

gh .MU T Y eh e dO HUCG H j e Ggh

.dG Gg LCG e dG AfCG c J

bh Y SdG dG EG j dG Ve CG g G fG dh

.gCG hCG e CG d d jOY N fCG Y dG EG hj SdG c dP

,bdG dP SdG e MCG f J dG dG EG dG j BGdG dh

.g ejCG EG J dG gCG EG gfG jh

FFGGddGG aa ffGG cc

HH jjdd HHGG

HHhh ..IIjjaa HHUUGG

SSddGG jjgg EEaa iiNNGG

SShhDDhhQQ HH IIee

ddGG ffhh ..HHUUGG

HH ffQQee GGgg

GG GG ddGG

..gg eejjGG

ffEEGG jjggHHUUCCGG HH

BBGGddGG jj ddGG eeGG

GG MM ddGG

65

bH CJ b fH j dG BGdG RYEG fGL e NBG RYEG fL

jBa .G G GMCG e dG27YCG G S Y dG IQS e.QdG b GJ e fc dG e j S fCH IQdG eDG

} ssoo ooNNrrnnnndd uunnrrdd ppHH nnjjrrDDhh ttddGG oonndd ooSS nnQQ oossddGG nnnn nnUU rrnnnndd

rroo nnSShhooAA ooQQ nnppuunnooee nnppppeeBBGG oossddGG nnAA nnTT rrppEEGG nnGG nnnnrrddGG nnpp rr nnrrddGG

nnnnnnnnaa GG oonn rrnnJJ rrnndd nnee nnpp nn nnaa nn ooaa nnnnJJ nndd nnjj pp uu nnooee nnhh

kkjj pp nnbb kkrr nnaa nnppdd nnPP pphh ooOO rrppee|/dG )27(

G Ea dHh ,NBG H IAdG JW M fCG if jBG HHh

cPh .e GNO gHh ,OdG S c dG N M Gj CG hCG GYSG

gh ,dG BGdG IdG jRYEG fGG MCG EG d G S e

NBG ke fdG hdG g Jh .dG dG c g BGdG CG Y NBG kdO j

Y j gcP c e kdZh ,G Y dG BGdG gOQj dG QNCG Y

G Gg gd IQKEG dG cCGh .bdG dP Sd ahe J ee

GZ ehdG CG g G dG dH cP Y JCf S dG jQdG

dG jBG ''VQCG fOCG ''H dG BGdG dEG QTCG e gh ,VQCG e f fOCG

SdG AGLE dG dP eRdG dG Z eh .VG Gg Y J

.dEG MdG N e EG J dP ae Ea dG e f fOCG jh

eeee

h

66

jBG CG G Y dG BGdG j Y ge NBG e

e bdG AG gh fdG jQWGeEG EG J dG hdG IQS e hCG

g eg fdG jQWGeEG CG jBG g cJ PEG .fehdG jQWGeEG

.b bH dP H J S dh ,AGf

}rrppppnnnnZZ pprrnnHH rrppee rroogg nnhh pp VV rrQQnnCC rrddGG nnff rrOOnnCCGG ppaa oohh ttddGG rrnn ppooZZ GGmmppnnee rrnnjj nnhh oorrnnHH rrppee nnhh oorr nnbb rrppee oorreennCC rrddGG ppssppdd nnpp ppSS pp rrppHH ppaa nnoo pprrnn nnSS

nnooppeerrDD oorrddGG oonn rrnnjj|/hdG )1-4(

HG JSG dG

ffddGG hhddGG QQffGG

67

ee JJhh ..YYddGG QQbbGG SSGGHH NNGG YYGG IIQQddGGhh ..ffddGG hhddGG SSddGG gg MM GG ddGG VVMM

ddGG SS iiee JJ MM ddGG ee ee ffOOGG gghh dd IIHH339955..kkGGee

Y df VG Gg Y J dG jBG gh620S H jOeEG jBG QTCG bh ,KdG SdG j Y fdG jQWGeEG g e kjJ GS

.jb iNCG ce dG hRj S fdG hdG CG

AH eCG L L FN e M fdG hdG fY a dHh

SdG j a ,iNCG Ie gQfG G e c ddh ,G Y jQWGeEG

a ,jOQedGh dGh QaG jCG e c H gGdG MdG G g a

j CG bg GfBG fdG QWGeEG eCa ,dG QGSCG EG QaG Uh

j eYh ,G f J GeCG EG jh FdG dG dGh gdG

V IdG e dG dCG ,GeCG EG dMh jfhdG KdG M jPCG ,ac dP

OGh e c KdG SdG GZ a .QfG Qe EG jQWGeEG Uhh bg

SSddGG

dd bbGG ddGG

dG eh ah jQSh ch jaGdG

.fdG G b e fc20

eoJ CG bj Gfc G Ea QNHh

dG J dh .fdG jQWGeEG

CG d hdG IQS e hCG jBG df

Z dG R S fdG jQWGeEG

e GH dG Ggh .g e GS H

EG H aO LQO EG cG dG YCG

Gg CG GXh ,fBGdG jBG g e jdG

.j d BGdG OYG dG

hf e GS dG Qj e Hh

dG dG h ,hdG IQS e hCG jBG

Y e Y627H SM ce bh FGN b fdGh SQdG jQWGeEG

g nSdG fdG ng IG g h .if

UJ b TCG Hh .cG GHQh be Z

IOYEG Y JLCG hdG e Ige EG SdG

.Y GdSG dG VGQCG21

dG YCG dG hdG f Ea eCG jf

.ec dG BGdG

gh ,jBG g NBG RYEG Lh g

MCG Y ahe J aGL M QJ fCG

CG fJ hdG IQS e ddG jBa .bdG dP

68

69

.VQCG e e fOCG cG GhN b Gfc ehdG

H M j HdG ''VQCG fOCG'' Jh

c C ,R J dG Gg dh,kjb fe SdG

HdG dH fOCG a .G GH jBG g CJ fOCG

ddh .dG J VQCGh ,e geh ,O e e

.dG kVfG eCG cCG ge VQCG fOCG Ea

H N dG G MGe gCG CG gd Gh

,Sd JQNh hdG g Y SCGh SdGh hdG

G dG VM kVfG dG We cCG M

OQCGh jQS e c a WJ e j dG

g VQCG S ie jh ah395 kGee e fOCG ka G g j ,dG S

.VQCG

Sd j G H JQG CG eCG e gCGh

CG G e c ddh ,jG SdG J Z

WG cCG G g CG bdG dP T CG j

BGdG cP G g Ea dP eh ,dG kVfG

.dEG Mh g BGdG CG Y iNCG Ie cDj GghGG ddGG VV NNGG YYGG IIQQddGG

JJQQGG jj jj ..YYddGG QQbbGG ee

SSddGG JJ NN ee GG GG ddGG

GG OOGG HHGG gg ..jjGG

VVQQGG ee ee ffOOGG ccGG.

BBGGddGG jjQQddGG GGGG

71

eegg ccBBGGddGG IIQQccGG

b fc jQJ ee dG e M BGdG IOQGdG UdG H c

bH SG b BGdG c c CG X bh .jb bh M MCG j GS H

72

Gg SGh .dG H HdG a hCG IAGb j e g j h ,.dG gGWh

.jJ S Fe b e EG VdG

Y dG aZhdG HdG d M 1799 TQ M cG Y )

Rosetta Stone) Y EG OJ Hc Yh196fCG g HdG Md UN fc ..

T gh )fdG HdGh ,aZhdG dG :fl Hc H He fc

GGgg HHhh aaZZhhddGG ddGG RReeQQ MMhh aa aa ddGG YY SSddGG ddGG MM ''''eegg '''' MM eeee gg JJ

ee AAddGG YY ::aa ))ee QQMMCCGG ddee YY hhDDeehh YYaa ee HHee TT cc ''''eegg'''' CCGG XX GG

hhDDee cchh YYaa ee ee cc BBGGddGG eegg ccPP OOhhQQhh gg ddEEGG ffGG jj ddGG ddGGhh ..((ddGG

..ddGG ddPP aajj ffEEGG CCGG jj eeee BBGGddGG OOQQhhCCGG CCGG ..AAddGG YYCCGG YY

73

J ffdG dH G IYh .ffdG dH HdGh ,aZhdG d jhdG HdG

dG b e ec H aZhdG HdG d M bh .dG jG dG ReQ M

Yh e b d Y AGVCG J dHh .''eT Ga '' fdG

e IQM M b ee Y M Ggh .dG H G jQdG eG

.YLG JMh fjOCG Mh dG

c ...YV J e ee EG UdG aZhdG dG d M KEG Y

a ''g '' e dM IOLe jM a , HdG g GQce eg SG

.Ya e HG e fc EG IQTEG OJh ,SG Gg Oj22

L Y GOYG Hc dG '' IjG G UTCG ''Seb eCG

Y eg SG Oa dG jG QMCGh bdGh GdCG L IOQGdG eG

.QMCG de Y Y hDG dG c fCG23

VQe YR H fCG gh e M EG J d X dG dG fch

OQh c e ,() Se dG Y e j c eg Ea FGYCGh BGdG

CG BGdG if Gd .AdGh FfEG YCG Y hDeh Ya e He ch ,BGdG

jKCG G g e e Hj Ggh ,d Y U AH eg e j Ya

:dGh

}nnjj ppdd rrppbb rrhhnnCC nnaa pprrnnZZ mmnndd ppEEGG rrppee rroonndd oorrpp nnYY nnee ooCC nn nnrrddGG nnttjjnnCCGG nnjj oo rr nnYYrrppaa nn nnbb nnhh

uuff ppEEGG nnhh nnSSooee ppnndd ppEEGG nndd ppEEGG oo pp ssWWnnCCGG uu nnnndd kkMMrr nnUU ppdd nnrrLL nnaa pp uuddGG nn nnYY oo nnee nngg

nnppHH ppPP nnrrddGG rrppee oott ooXXnnCC nndd| /dG )38(

WH Ic YGe g dG jG HdG eg SG cG EG UGh

Y e H dEG j c fC ,J dG Y e BGdG CG KCGh BGdG V

MCG CG b e GfBG ae eEG j jQJ ee(U)SdG

74

BBGGddGG IIOOQQGGddGG ddCCGGddGG ee MM MM

b ()Sj dG TY a ,dG e TY dG MdG dG g () Se j

.hb IH

gfG Yj(dG Y ) Se Yh Sj Y dG BGdG CGf eY

:GfBG e cM Y jM Y ''G''d j BGda, e J

}nnssff ppEEGG nn nnbb oo nnss nncc ssnn nnaa pp rrnnppdd oo rr pp rrnn rrSSnnCCGG ppppHH ppffoo rrFFGG oopp nnrrddGG nn nnbb nnhh llppeennCCGG llppnnee nnrrjj nnnndd nn rrnnrrddGG|

/Sj)54(

() Se Y cG Y jM Y ''Ya ''d BGdG j H

}rrPPppEEGG nnppFFGG nn rrSS ppEEGG ppnnHH rrCC rrSS nnaa mmnnuunnHH mmnnjjBBGG nn rrppJJ nnSSooee nnrrnnJJBBGG rrnnnndd nnhh

GG kkQQoo rrnnee nnSSooee nnjj nntt ooXXnnCC nndd uuff ppEEGG oo rr nnYYrrppaa nndd nn nn nnaa rrooggnnAA nnLL|/AGSEG)101(

:e cG jg H dG NG S Y jQdG dG fJh

G OdG G j h ,G dG Y j SG ''Ya '' c fc

G dG '' CGH a c ''Ya '' c SG eCG .c SG Gg j dG

)IY edG ISCG Y CGH dG ''jG1539 -1292jdG ISCG Y h( .

)945 -730.bdGh GMG QXEG LCG e J ''Ya'' c fc (.

75

Gd ,dG G dG ()Sj dG TY a ,BGd G SCG j g

a () Se eCG .''G '' d H ,''Ya ''d e M Y G dG j

.''Ya ''d j G c dG dG G ,jG G dG TY

.dG e jQJ Y WEG j bdG hdG g e a fCG T h

dG JHc IAGb Y IQdG d H dG e jQJ CG b b fcP H

EG UdG M Gg SGh .OG HGdG dG VfGh fh e G dG

G BGdG a f dG dG MCG j a Gd .Y SdG dG gReQ M

h J dG dOCG V NBG dO Ggh . dG jQdG M e ee

.J dG Y e c BGdG CG Y

UUNN

77

.G g BGdG AL e c CG :L IMGh M j BG M fgT e c

j FM g G Y a OQh dG eGh dG YVG M Fa

dG iG EG ff e GPEG UN dG jBG YCG dG edG ahe J CG

BGdG CG Y L dO Gg CG VGdG eh .edG dP kGFS c dG LddGh

.H AT c Sh dGh AT c dN jdG dG c g BGdG dG c e d

bJ Y Y a j ''Gc aNG a GhLd dG Z Y e c dh'' :J dbh

Gg RYEG Lh e Lh j H ej J a ee c CG jCG cDj H a BGdG

.SG dG

iMEG .d MdG OdG QYGh kjS dG GH g M fEG j eh

:d Jh fS dG j jBG

} nn oonnMMrrooJJ rrooss nnnndd GG oossJJGG nnhh oo ooppssJJ nnaa llnnQQ nnooee oo nnrrdd nnffnnCCGG llnnppcc GG nnnngg nnhh|:fCG155

:Jh fS j iNCG jBG h

} rr oorrnnrr nnaa nnAABB nnTT nnee nnhh ppeerrDD oorr nnaa nnAABB nnTT nnnnaa rroouuHH ssQQ ppee ttnnGG pp oobb nnhh|:dG29

} oo nn nnccnnPP nnAABB nnTT nnnnaa llII nnppccrrnnJJ nnssff ppEEGG nncc|:Y11-12

ddGG cc BBGGddGG

QdG jf YNQdG jf YN

79

ee,kGjfh jOg Sd SQCG dG dG c RYEG Lh H Y K d

a dG EG SdG YOh G dG fCG Y kdO a dfCG dG GG Lh

.QeCG g hcj M H Ghjh Qb M hQ qa dG N c GcQd

Y aZ SdG L jJ dG LdjjCG e jdG g ejCG dh

e d SSCG QaCG N e jdG Hh H dG bJ CG hh G M

jhQGdG jdG J dG jOG LdjjCG LdjjCG g RHCG eh ,dG

dh .jOG dEG J dG dG SSCG fCG YJh QdG jH ahG

KEG e QfG adG IeL IOe e fG IG CG YJ dG jhQGdG

CG G e ddh ,UJ OCG M Q qbh N dG N e dG CG M

Idh g H dG N e d G FdG CG YJ dG jhQGdG jdG J

.U ,adG

IG a ,g QdG jf MJ dG acG if CG kLe dh

RGdG SM ie f CG OG Y ,G S a ,geh e

j dG G dG Mf CG AMCG Y h ,GQdG Y J dG

jGh fCGh JhdG Hh dBG ge g ch ,dG H e GQdG

.e J dG

jf jhQGO jf MO IG H J dG jOdG Z edG g EG

Sh ,iNCG SGQO UdG e H VG bf bh .jdG dG

ke f CG G e if VG Gg gC kGfh ,dG PEH be f

.jCG G Gg kGb

80

jjhhQQGGdd ddGG QQffGG

g Ea ,AedG ffdG Y EG jQJ UJ b Kh jhQGO jf CG e

FdG VG e L QJ gCGh .Y SdG dG EG SGh H J jdG

Y f dG ''GfCG UCG'' jhQGO dQJ c c dG Y 1859,Gg c CG j PEG .IM Y c G Fd G GfCd dG N jhQGO j dG

H dG H Y NG fCGh e YCG L hCG MGh S d G FdG

.edG Qhe e Gd VJ

.VGaG O eCG YG PEG Se Y acG Y jf jhQGO j h

HU'' GH a f jhQGO YG c) jdG a dP EG aVEH

.jdG SCG Lh SdG J (''jdG

HU'' CG bJ dG jG dG acG deBG c jhQGO Vh d

OGR Jbd kaN dh ''jdG

.HdG OHCG e acG g

jhQGdG g LGe h

f K N e dG e ce

:SSCG

J CG jdG J :hCa

fG c TCG e T CH

.VQCG Y IG

acG e CG J kfK

J dG jdG dBG CG dG

Y a IQb jCG d jhQGdG Y

.jdG

G GG KCG :dK

jjhhQQGGOO ddQQJJ

81

g f S dG Gg h .jf jhQGO MW dG VGaG Y

.Y H dG dG

IIGG UUCCGG

VQCG Lh ,IMGh M N e Cf G GfCG CG QdG jf VJ

b FGdG8^3G SLCG je J CG IMGh M c .S ee CG dP KCG GP ,dH M b QdG e dG Gg CG VaG dh ?IG

.Y HLEG jhQGdG jdG J dG SCG H g ?GG

fG c :YG QdG d hCG IH j gCGh hCG GDdG dh

?hCG G

''''IIGG ee JJCCJJ IIGG''''

Y IFS fc dG dG ga .GHCG IG UCG EG Hc jhQGO j

hdG a . kGL H cJ GP G FdG LCG c Va Y SG

e GOG CG cDJ dG jdG g fc gH bJ dG LCGh SdG

CG FS OYG g c a .c M EG de G FdG d dG H

g KE Ie Q jLCG bh !dG e GdGh ,dG jH e dJ GG

CJ S GdG CH GhYGh e K b Y dG H GVh a .jdG

Xh ,dG GjdG a dGJ dG f jdG g g CG GXh ,Ia H Y

.edG dP be LC IFS VGaG g

jH dG Y J GjdG CG G e UCG edG e Ia H dh

82

c dG IdG M .IOG dH iJ bj T Y HdG j EGh FJ

e dGJ jdG CH kY e OYG g c ''GfCG UCG'' jhQGO a

.GOGYGe QSH jd acG HCG jhQGO c f e GS N Hh

SGQO H dEG UJ dG dG QSH dh .QdGjf SSCG T dG

J CG GOG CH YdG CG'' :dH edG e jW Ia bSG GQNGh

. ''HCG EG jQdG aO b IG24

c CG H dh .jW I QSH dEG UJ e QdG jf Y aGG aQ bh

fG IG c CG Y FdG VdG LGh ,G FdG IG cdG dG

.RBG e jG adG

jjddGG ddGG ee ZZ OOLL

IG UCG b H gG jhQGO hCG ShdG LddG Y jQHhCG QdG c

CG j CG KdG gQW fl Va N e hM bh .jdG dG

Y M SGQdG g dh .adG J CG G FdG G

FG cCG e G Ce j G Ad '':JCj GYG EG jQHhCG VGh dH

.''QdG jf kVZ25

GQNG fa ,IG UCG dCe GQNG He jQHhCG JG hM bh

Y gGLCG dG e fS ceCG FdG1953fCG e YR a .IT cCG

fl GfCG a b jfl H N e VQCd FGH L Z OjEG SG

cJ Y M fCG YOG c .jG EG bdG aVEGh dG H e GRdG e

.JhdG IOLG J J (eCG VMCG) jY jL IY

Y kY ka YG dG QdG g CG K M GS J dh

83

Y kGc j e U dG G dG CG J PEG .MdG Y QdG jf

VQCd FGdG G CG ,GfBG G G dG26

.M Z HG dG G dG CG e YG jW U Hh27

AH IG UCG d jdG dG N jhQGdG dH dG OG ch

.dH

HCd jO S SDe e GOH L FcG dG G g cCG bh

Y VQCG f de b M1998AfG Qe Y fh dG'':

IG fG c :dG Gg jGH e dfi Z dCe LGf dR e jdG dG

''.VQCG Y.28

IIGG IIGG HH

j a dG RCG Gg EG J QdG jf L dG SSCG dG EG

FdG a .G FdG HCG M Y H IG dG g IG UCH

GG cG M dGh ,fEG gHG dG LddG G c e YG G

.dG H e jY Z OGe L Y IMGh N fEG dG kGQJ

OLh J e LQd GL Ie hT N jd HG hdG CG

g adG G fe bHh JhdG qJ feEG EG .adG G

e e JhH e IMGh jL fNCG a.dG Qj MG500eCG MOdG g Fg OY Y ee MGh bQ adG J MG f fd

f Hhe IY950 SCG IY CG ) Ie950OdG j VjdG Y h .(.dG MdG e e CG dG hj N SCG IY Y ee MGh

)CG EG dG hdG G FL EGD.N.A.)J dGh G IGf IOLG

84

HH b d fCG MdGh AdG N bh .ge ee H g KGQdG eG

e dCJ Y e Y fG eG g900M j YSe .U FN Y e MGdG

hdG G CG gh jhQGdG LGh iNCG e J gh(D.N.A.)

N e EG fCG g cJ h .IOfi fCG IY EG Kj CG

CG EG dG IOLG eG(D.N.A.)H Y Gj KG CG h ,f

b IG CG j dG jQdH j e Ggh ,bdG f fj CG a dG

d QG jhQGdG QahdG YG bh .Ohe jW EG FJ H fG

OY ceCG fS G H fQdc jO S eL e ZQhG

Y QOdG jCG1994:b M

e GCf b Ie H hP gch ,jhdG VMCGh JhdG J CG G Z e''

hO gMCG OLh G e hj jCGh ,G f h bdG f Y H

J CG G IG CG j CG fEd hCG gd fEa ddh ,NBG

.''Fc jH fG b29

fEa ,W SCG e KG b IG J CG G e c GPEG fCG ,T e eh

H MJ G gh d bQN jH N b fc H f CG j

.G QfEG EG SSCG J dG QdG jf ec

ddGG QQddGG ddBBGG

jdG eG CG g dN e jhQGO jf be dG G fdG dG

.jdG Y IQb CG G d d QdG dB jdG Vh

dG gCG Jh dG AfG dBG Y ec H jf jhQGO cQ d

.''dG AfG Y GfCG UG'' Hc Y L dG d jhQGO ghCG

cCGh ibCG G FdG CG jhQGO j dG AfG Va N eh

85

AdG e J S a J dG ceCG dG hdG e dG Y IQb

.IG LCG e GdG ce Y

dG e b H e SCG H G Y QOdG GdG Ea ,G S a

j S dG b Ea ddh ,S dG g Se fGM e H Oe

f h dG QJ CG GMCG e M CH ,dh .SCG ibCG OGaCG e

.G S Y MCc G FdG e iNCG a EG

Y jhQGO c bh .jjJ GQb CG d d dG AfG dBG Ea ddh

CG dG AfG CG'':''GfCG UCG'' Hc cP PEG jCG G H jGQO

.''Fe GJ hM j M AH j30

`HH KKCCddGG''QQee''

GDdG Gg Y HLEG jhQGO hM ?FG GdG g M c

fdG LddG dG Gj c kahh .Y d FGdG gG e bfG

EG cG dG dG QJ G FdG Ea ,jhQGO b TY dG Qe

hCG f Af EG ODJ NBG EG L e cGJ dG dG gh ,MdG LCG

N J fc dG dG e QJ aGQdG CG Qe ij ka .IjL a

.L H kL bYCG da SdG GdG ZCG QTCG GQhCG cCG dhfi

j GfCG UCG Hc a .He eCG YCa Qe f Y jhQGO QSh

.M EG edG Qhe e d AG EG J fc dG HdG H CG jhQGO31

gORG dG G Y KCG dGh fe cG dG KGQdG fGb dh

GHh .bG LCG EG QJ dG G dG IQSCG fi jdG dG

jhQGdG.jhQGdG jdG QdG dBG e dBc dG AfG Va S

hCG LG GdGh jG

86

GGddGGhh jjGG jjhhQQGGddGG

jf jhQGdG QW ,jhGQdG a bh dG G d M OjEG LCG e

M IjG jhQGdH j e hCG ''jG cdG jdG'' Y e KdG

gJ jJ M gh GdG hCG LG GdG Ve jhQGdG VCG

N j dG G hCG YTEG e LQN eGY f G FdG L

GdG EG aVEH Gg ,Ie U cG EG ODJ gh ,fG Y

jhQGdG jdH j a dG H NDj dG g jG jhQGdG gh .dG

.Y H

f fJ b VQCG Y IOLG G FdG je CG YJ jdG g EG

dG e G FdG d IG AYCG GdG e jdG a M Y

CG ,KM dG '' GdG '' GdG g e jh gZh LCGh FdGh GPBGh

CG gh jdG g MJ Y M g dh .G KM dG GdG

.FGjEG EG ODJ fCG ,dG Y H G FdG h jJ EG ODJ GdG

CG CG dG CG PEG GL H dP dGh(D.N.A)GL Ie cJ d

QGVCGh FGjEG EG ODJ FGdG GKCdGh HceCG G Y j .

KcfGQ.. B.G. RanganathandP:dH

jjNN IIGGff IIOOLLGG hhddGG GG jjLLhh ..QQddGG jjff JJ ddGG FFGG MMGG gg IIdd IIGG ccddGG GG

jjLL HHQQGG JJJJ ee ee eeGG HH GGffGG ee ff gg hhddGG aa ..ddPP YY ee gg GG FFddGG

jj ddGG eedd QQbb GGPPGGhh ..GG FFdd FFjjddGG ddGG IITT YY jj gg eeGG HHhh ..flfl ffGG

GG QQjj ee YY jj aa JJ GG ddGG hhddGG GG990000ee MMJJ eeGG gg EEaa kkWWhh ....aaddGG

87

.IKDe Z J GjdG MCG h kGQOf EG h Ieh FGYh IU GdG ''

da .jdG GfCG e f CG EG J CG fCG J Gd HQCG FG gh

P f FGdG bO FNdG YS FGdG dG CG .Ge hCG KDe Z eEG j

j GMCG MCG hCG ,H j CG LQCG Y H ,FGOCG EG ODj CG e

''.GG d H ,jG CG VQCG IdG dch ,da Z32

e Lj CG .IG GdG Ve e e CG g j CG Le dh

GdG c CG BG M K a .L IT jJ YSG GdG CG Y j

J iS d QdG dBG e dBG fCG Y eb dG IdG CG j c bh .Ie

Gd ahG GKCdG cCG e WdG) ILY cjh G FdH j L

W jJ dBG bdG f J CG IeG dBG CG T e eh (dG Y

.e QJ Y CG bGdG fEa QJ dBG CG OLh AfG eh

::GGGG SS

TTCCGG YY QQKKBBGG CCGG gg dd

..ddffGG hhCCGG SSGG

S g j jhGQdG jdG YJ dG jQdG CG Y dO Nh

.GG

GfCG MCG CG PEG ,MGh YCG L Y dJ b G GfCG c QdG jd kaa

H IG EG AL iNCG GfCG ch edG e NBG AT EG h HdG Lh

.dG je J jQJ jH j dG Ea jdG d ahh .jdG

FdG hCG GfCG e jdG g j CG j ca ,bGdG g Gg c dh

.g jdG dG Ia TY dG SdG

88

TY S fh MGR f g GM g j CG j G S a

c hCG . dG dG FN EG aVG MGhdG FN cGh eR e

cG MGhdG H CG CG.MGR fh FW f g GM g j CG j

CG VG e fCG h . dG MGhdG FN EG aVEH QdG U H

e ge ALY be M Fc g J CG j fEa dfG Me g J

.dG Ia VG TY fCG VG

kc e jG g J CG a dH Lh b fGG g fc GPEG

S IOLe J CG j jdG bG g jH CG dP e gGh .kYfh

:eCG Gg jhQGO j (GfCG UG )Hc .GG

,SG GfCG e j OY OLh cDG e fEa U jf fc GPEG''

HS gOLh Y dOCG Ea dHh ...YG f EG J dG GfCH Kh bY d

. GG jH LJ CG j33

jjhhQQGGOO eeBBGG OOJJ

e Y Qd Y SdG dG e e e GOL GdH jhQGdG CG eh

dG GG a .G M dfG TCG g Y QdG j a GG g

VQCG Y X b IG c jhQGdG bJ Y Y dO Y QdG

.adG ec H fJh

. jjO QcdG dG jdG LdHhfG dG j kjhQGO fc ZQh

:JCj LG

ie Y AGS dH GG S jY GPEG j dG eCG

JdG(orders)GfCG ie Y hCG(species)OLh Y iNCG J IG fCG ,

. iNCG M Y e Y FdG QdG EGh jQdG QdG34

89

X YGfCGh G FdG SLCG c CG j GG S CG j Ggh

.jhQGO Vj e f iS d Ggh ,H Sh TCG hH jdG e ICa

.bfl G FdG CG Y kjb kdO j dP CG c

hO UJ H jdG ec gh G Fd LG Qd MdG dGh

LddG Y jCG H YG G gh .bfl SLCG g CG g Qe S OLh

GdG J QdGh G H '':j dG ejJa SZhO dG jhQGdG

eJ gh VQCG Y X b J CG eEG G Fda .G FdG UC G

SLCG e fJ fCG QhdG a G g Y X b J Ea . hCG jdG

a fEa jdG e X b fc GPEGh .e QJ Y N e b Lh b

. ''IQdG c AcP SGH N b J35

MCHh jdG ec VQCG Y X G FdG CG GG XCG bh

.QdG dh G g ,jhQGO Vj e Y Y ,GfCG UCG CG j Ggh .M

ffEEGG QQddGG aaGGNN

.QdG jf Y aGG dEG j dG YVG cCG e fEG UCG j

j bG e f e QJ b jG fEG CG jhQGdG GAYOG VJh

b CGHG fCG VG e dG eYG QdG Y N fCG jhQGdG Yjh .OdG

4 hCG5kahh .OGLCGh bdG hCG jG fEG H dfG TCG Lh S je:SSCG TCG HQCG g Ea G jQdG Gd

jaEG G FGdG OdG

fdG fEG

90

edG e OdG fEG

.jG fEG hCG bdG fEG

OdG :OdH dG fEd hCG G fCG GYOG e jhQGdG S a ij ch

.OhdG e Ve a iS d G FdG e dG Ggh ,jaEG L FGdG

dQJ QahdG ceCGh echR S OQdG jdG jdG Y iLCG bh

EG J fCG dN e KG OhdG e dG Gg e Y Y e KHCG OQf chG

.fEH T CG dG jOdG OhdG e Ve a36

jj GGGG SS EEaa ddPP ee ddGG YY ..ddGG QQddGG aaGGNN YYJJ GGee jjHH LLJJ

YY ddeeGG jjhhQQGGddGG VVhh ,,GG gg LLGGee hh ..ddGGhh OOhhddGG HH JJ LLMM OOLLhh

ffhh OObb ff GGddhh GGGG jjHH YY bbGG FFGGYY jjHH GGVVaa ..PPddGGhh eeSSddGG HH

.. kkNN HH ffCCGG

91

d ee fEG QJ e ddG MG jhQGdG j KhomoCG

G S G FdG Ea JGAYO ahh fEG hCG LdGhomoe kGQJ cCG

GG JJ N e Qd kdN kfH kN jhQGdG jh .FGdG OdG

bY OLh j M fcP c N dG G Ggh .e H bG d

FGdG g H jQJclasses.G

jdG dG QdG jf Y aGG TG MCG gh je fQG jh

.''IOe fEG QH G dG'' CH37

G FGdG OdG :CG Y g dG dG Y HGG dG g j CG

hCG bdG fEG K edG e OdG fEG j ,fdG fEG j ,jaEG

CG EG ,j dG d S g GfCG g e kc CG j ,jG fEG

j eh jaEG G FGdG OdG CG c LdHfGddG AY acG

ceCG bdG f TY edG e OdG fEH j eh fdG fEH

.dG e fl38

OdG fEG a e fCG Y U dG e ke kb Ea dP EG aVEHh

fEGh bdG fEG CG c .edG e kGL jb Ia M TY edG G

.bdG f h G f GTY (jG) bdG fEGh JQfdG dG39

fc SLCG g CG J dG GAYOG Mj VdG Gg CG VGdG eh

jf e MCG g dL L OaQg eL LdHfGddG Y CG eh .d aSCG

ps oS e j GPe'':j PEG Ohe jW EG Uh b jdG CH j fCG EG QdG

OdG) MGh bh TY b dG e GfCG KK fc GPEG (eYG dG)

e SJ b J h (fdG fEGh ,jaEG L FGdG OdG ,GSCG FGdG

Y JOS N jQJ Yf jCG j e jCG Ea dP EG aVEH ?dG H

. ''VQCG40

SdG H N e Yd S g c dG dG QJ jQS CG ,QNH

dG h YEG FSh J dG ''fEG dGh Ob dG'' bfl Y

92

.d Y VQCG aGN b iS d jYdG dSCG e IOSG Y ,SGQdG

IG G beG AdG TG MCG gh ,echR S OQdG c ZQh

Y N GW LdHfGddG Ge M jW e KHCG iLCG dGh

Qj dG FdG IdG g e Lj fCG M EG N a ,kjhQGO f ,keY

.G H fEG EG Od T e fEG e

dG UCG a qQO dG W S e HG echR Ea dP EG aVEH

gh - Y cCG Ea dG Gd kahh ,Y Z YG AfGh kY YG AGHG

IG Y JCJ gHh .AjdGh AdG g -bGh ee Y G dG M

dG Y LQG QGG'' ge dG Z fN U a .YLG dG gHh

HSCG echR jh !dG QdG kGNCGh SOdG SGh dG e ''G

IG Y e fG VG e dG G J G jOG G S e f'' :dH

j M ,ffG GG jQJ h ,G QGe Y LQG gG e

G jdG d G eDa ,QdG jd d dH AT c

.''bdG f be ATG IY j41

YCG J e SfCG WCG e MCG iS d dG QdG aGN EG

.Y GhY dG GG H Y QdG jd

PPCCGGhh ddGG ddGG

dG H J dG ddG IQdH j QdG jf HLEG H X NBG GDS

.GQOEG Y GPBGh

?''if c'' :dG GDdG Y QNH S dG Ve bf CG bh

YTEG J gh dG T Y j ATCG e JBG AdG T EG

G G GL IU f EG Jh jG N e fhdEG GQTEG EG FdG

93

H QU T Y edG gCGj fhdEG GQTEG g .jDhdG ce J ed

.dG e Ie S

.kb f fYO jjCG H dG dG eG g e

G EG j AdGh e edG NGO CG j Ggh AdG Y he edG

bh dG AV j M dG dM jDhdG ce G Gh .edG a j dG

dG g kbe kGqf kY dM e iJ fEa dP eh .M ceCG cG e j

!dG

dG J e CG e J LQd VGhh bO dG J dG IQdG

aQG K dG j EGh CGJ dG dG EG fG G S a .ZH jdG

e CG GJ kGjh bO cCG kGQU jCGQ CG S g ,dM e G fGh SCGQ

CG dG cdG YG b e Gh kGQJ jdG TT cG CG ?NBG

.VdG e LQdG H IQU J

hj Y Fe eh ,jd VGhh fe ,OHCG KK H gGJ dG IQda

Gh fG e jdG dd Gha VdG Gg e Gj CG SG BG

dh ,dG Gg LG e edGh G Vhh HCG e dG jLCGh

kGc kba iJ S jj H dG dG EG fG K RdG TT EG fG iNCG Ie

H OHCG FK IQU J jdG TT Ea dP EG aVEH .VdGh bdG

BG hM IjY Gdh !KK OHCG GP Y GQU Y N e iJ

EG dH GUJh ,dG QJ e QH gj OHCG KK RJ QHG SG

GQf Vh hO Jge eEH d dh ,RdG fCG e dG Gg YU

IQdGh IhZ cCG Gh e OHCG KK IQdG c EG aVEH ,UN

.IG bQdH TCG eeCG

dG c bOh VGh IQU fEG bhCG e bh CG eEH j h

.IQdG Yf g g jdGh GedG e c a dG J

QJ b bdGh VGdG IQdG g J dG dBG CG jhQGdG Yj

94

J aZ OLG jdG CG d b gMCG CG dh .adG

?bJ c g ,QdG j kGRL d dG H e JGQP M adG

j RG c GPEGh ?j CG dG BG j e J CG GQd c

CG cDG a aOG j CG dG J e e fQH FGH kGQU

.aOG J CG GJ eh dG

IOLG GUCG LQG PCG J M PCG Y j HdG dG Ggh

N e dG HHP gQhH J dG SdG PCG EG LJ K G udG N e

ke fhdEG GQTEG EG QhH Lj dG edG EG NGdG PCG Sd J

.PCG dG ce dG Y gH d dG j c

c GUCG Y he eda jCG PCG Y j dG Y fcP e ch

Ea QG V e j eh U CG Nj M AGVCG Y he g

a GUCG VhCG j edG Ea dP eh .J H keU j edG NGO

dG fh GcQhCGh fdG EG f dG Y hG ZeO N

OCH edG NGO dG ie SH b fCG d dP eh .MOG ceCG

!g j G dG CG GhOCG g d GhOCG

He GUCG fEGh dJ dhfi b kGOY Ea ,Qd dH G g ch

:hG g Ff fch UCG GUCd

e ZdHh .SQEG IOYEG GhOCGh dG ILCG JdG G

dG Gg Y j jdG SG BG OLhh dG g c OLh

ILCH a .PCG J dG iG VdGh bdG U CG H Lj

j ea ,YdG cdG cCG J dG ddG dG GP SQEG IOYEG

CG H ILCG g jJ eYh JG e H j fEa GhOCG g SGH dG

fEG L J J dG GUCG CG M .SG CGJ CG b g J

95

c dG e aGe gh dG QJ CG fEG PCa ke VGhh bO

eCG c Ggh ,bOh VGh g c ke dG J H ,SQEG IOYEG ILCG J

.fEG N CG e

PCGh dG gJ fEG fCG jH S FSh g d BG M

Ic ee g Ea M c Yh .G eG GQOEG Mh SH

.g gcd G j PCGh dH J

?fh Gf e c Qj dG e

bbR EGh ,fdG EG jh ,ZeO N e JdG dG gj dG GP e

?OhQdG Y jh QdG

edG EG aJ fEG L fCGh GPBGh dG e eOdG IQKEG EG

AdGh LdjdGh IG Y c h Fc hdEG Y YafG T Y

dh .edG QdG e TCG g M IY UJ CG jG

dG YafG Yj dG e ,VG Gg M e M CG

g EG ?edG M QeCGh FGhQh GUCGh QU T Y FchdG

Gg e .fCGh PCGh dG EG LH QdG hO Gg c j edG kYh

dG dG jGh dG W hCG YCG EG j YdG Gg CG T ?QdG

AT c CG j jdG jOGh jhGQdG L dG dG Ggh .edG e dCj

.GDdG Gg Y HLEG hj IOG e dDe

EG j hdG .Jh fS dG N dG hdG g YdG Gg e EG

. d edG G M j gh GUCG d PCG EG h QdG gd dG

ajh jdG dG dG cj CG j VGdG dG G g CGj e c

dG dM V jhGR c dG M Y Qb dG jdG dG fEG ,dEG Cjh

.keh kGgHh fe OHCG KK TCH d Ld GS H iJ

96

OOee EEGG

acG dj AYOG QdG jf CG d J BG EG geb dG eG EG

g VJ dG QdG dBGh .dG e VQJ IG M jdG g YGa dG

dG dfCG TCG CG GG KCG M .jdG Y IQdG d d jdG

,Y Z Ia fd gf j QdG jf Ea dHh IOLe Z jdG VJ

Q jf e jQdG Y dG Ie e jdG e gZ e dG f c e

.VQCG M dG

SdG H CG M dG Ie Y Vhe dGR e jdG g Ea dP eh

?GP .dG Y dG d f CG QXEG dhj

.Y ASG IYh EG FGhdG d dH g QdG jf CG dG

dG fC jhQGdG jdG Jh jOG d YCG kJ e FGhdG g

.dG Y M J dG MdG OG

.S OQja NBG EG bh e G H aj fCG gd Gh

Oe fEc j jdG g e RHCG e gh OQaQg eL e G Y jd

:CG fdG LQdH ch jGH

dG Y iMCH hCG jdG g Y f dG g dG SDGh dSCG d''

Y N Y fj jOG jdH Ea dG Y H fdG gGd OG dH

Sd kdfl dG Gg c e jOe kGJ J dG gG Vhh QNG GhOCG e

e Ad f CG ddh e jOG Ea dP EG aVEH .YVe Zh kHVh

.''Y Cj CG SGdG42

b Y HCG M ,fEGh IY UCG b jhQGdG CH VJ jdG g

iS OLh fCG VJ IdG gh .jOG dH dG jJ LCG e a IG

dG g YGhdG IOGh OG c KG hh Lh VJ fEa ddh IOd

aGQdGh SCGh QdG e G GfCG je CG Ia Y Jh IG N

f IeL IOe e fG b dGh Gh QgRCGh QTCGh GGh QdGh

.dG eh hCG jdG G e jOe YJ Y

M Y aGj jhQGdG GRe dP eh ,dGh dG e VQj e Ggh

.HYCG CJ CG SGd Gj

VGdG G ij CG jOG H FdG UCG EG j e c EG

N dG dG g dG Ggh G dG jdG dG U e g FdG c :G

.M Fc e a e c Nh jJ MCG Q qbh dG e dG

nnssff ppEEGG nnnn rrss nnYY nnee ssppEEGG nnnndd nnrr ppYY nnnnff nnrr ooSS

oo ppnnGG oo pp nnddGG nnffnnCCGG[:IdG32

97

98

1- http://www.jps.net/bygrace/index. html Taken from Big Bang Refined by Fire byDr. Hugh Ross, 1998. Reasons To Believe, Pasadena, CA.

2 Carolyn Sheets, Robert Gardner, Samuel F. Howe; General Science, Allyn and BaconInc. Newton, Massachusetts, 1985, p. 319322

3 http://muttley.ucdavis.edu/Book/Atmosphere/beginner/layers01.html4 General Science, Carolyn Sheets, Robert Gardner, Samuel F. Howe; Allyn and Bacon

Inc. Newton, Massachusetts, 1985, p. 3055 Websters New Twentieth Century Dictionary, 2. edition Isostasy, New York, p.

9756 Carolyn Sheets, Robert Gardner, Samuel F. Howe; General Science, Allyn and Bacon

Inc. Newton, Massachusetts, 1985, p. 3057 National Geographic Society, Powers of Nature, Washington D.C., 1978, p.12138 http://www.2think.org/nothingness.html, Henning Genz Nothingness: The

Science of Empty Space, p. 2059 Anthes, Richard A., John J. Cahir, Alistair B. Fraser, and Hans A. Panofsky, 1981,

The Atmosphere, 3. edition, Columbus, Charles E. Merrill Publishing Company, p.268269; Millers, Albert; and Jack C. Thompson, 1975, Elements of Meteorology, 2.edition, Columbus, Charles E. Merrill Publishing Company, p. 141

10 Anthes, Richard A.; John J. Cahir; Alistair B. Fraser; and Hans A. Panofsky, 1981,The Atmosphere, p. 269; Millers, Albert; and Jack C. Thompson, 1975, Elements ofMeteorology, p. 141142

11 Davis, Richard A., Jr. 1972, Principles of Oceanography, Don Mills, Ontario,AddisonWesley Publishing, pp. 9293

12 Elder, Danny; and John Pernetta, 1991, Oceans, London, Mitchell BeazleyPublishers, p. 27

13 Gross, M. Grant; 1993, Oceanography, a View of Earth, 6. edition, Englewood Cliffs,PrenticeHall Inc., p. 205

14 Seeley, Rod R.; Trent D. Stephens; and Philip Tate, 1996, Essentials of Anatomy &Physiology, 2. edition, St. Louis, MosbyYear Book Inc., p. 211; Noback, Charles R.;N. L. Strominger; and R. J. Demarest, 1991, The Human Nervous System,Introduction and Review, 4. edition, Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger , p. 410411

15 Seeley, Rod R.; Trent D. Stephens; and Philip Tate, 1996, Essentials of Anatomy &Physiology, 2. edition, St. Louis, MosbyYear Book Inc., p. 211

16 Moore, Keith L., E. Marshall Johnson, T. V. N. Persaud, Gerald C. Goeringer,AbdulMajeed A. Zindani, and Mustafa A. Ahmed, 1992, Human Development asDescribed in the Quran and Sunnah, Makkah, Commission on Scientific Signs ofthe Quran and Sunnah, p. 36

17 Moore, Developing Human, 6. edition, 1998.18 Williams P., Basic Human Embryology, 3. edition, 1984, p. 64.19 Rex D. Russell, Design in Infant Nutrition, http:// www. icr.org/pubs/imp259.htm20 Warren Treadgold, A History of the Byzantine State and Society, Stanford

University Press, 1997, p. 287299.

NOTES

99

21 Warren Treadgold, A History of the Byzantine State and Society, StanfordUniversity Press, 1997, p. 287-299.

22 Walter Wreszinski, Aegyptische Inschriften aus dem K.K. Hof Museum in Wien,1906, J C Hinrichs sche Buchhandlung

23 Hermann Ranke, Die gyptischen Personennamen, Verzeichnis der Namen, VerlagVon J J Augustin in Glckstadt, Band I,1935, Band II, 1952

24 Sidney Fox, Klaus Dose, Molecular Evolution and The Origin of Life, New York,Marcel Dekker, 1977, p. 2

25 Alexander I. Oparin, Origin of Life, (1936) NewYork, Dover Publications, 1953(Reprint), p. 196

26 New Evidence on Evolution of Early Atmosphere and Life, Bulletin of theAmerican Meteorological Society, vol 63, Nov 1982, p. 13281330

27 Stanley Miller, Molecular Evolution of Life: Current Status of the Prebiotic Synthesisof Small Molecules, 1986, p. 7

28 Jeffrey Bada, Earth, Feb 1998, p. 4029 Leslie E. Orgel, The Origin of Life on Earth, Scientific American, vol 271, Oct 1994,

p. 7830 Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species: A Facsimile of the First Edition, Harvard

University Press, 1964, s. 18931 Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species: A Facsimile of the First Edition, Harvard

University Press, 1964, p. 18432 B. G. Ranganathan, Origins?, Pennsylvania: The Banner Of Truth Trust, 1988.33 Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species: A Facsimile of the First Edition, Harvard

University Press, 1964, p. 17934 Derek A. Ager, The Nature of the Fossil Record, Proceedings of the British

Geological Association, vol 87, 1976, p. 13335 Douglas J. Futuyma, Science on Trial, New York: Pantheon Books, 1983, p. 19736 Solly Zuckerman, Beyond The Ivory Tower, New York: Toplinger Publications,

1970, pp. 7594; Charles E. Oxnard, The Place of Australopithecines in HumanEvolution: Grounds for Doubt, Nature, vol 258, p. 389

37 J. Rennie, Darwins Current Bulldog: Ernst Mayr, Scientific American, Dec 199238 Alan Walker, Science, vol. 207, 1980, p. 1103; A. J. Kelso, Physical Antropology, 1.

edition, New York: J. B. Lipincott Co., 1970, p. 221; M. D. Leakey, Olduvai Gorge,vol. 3, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971, p. 272

39 Time, Kasm 1996 40 S. J. Gould, Natural History, vol. 85, 1976, p. 3041 Solly Zuckerman, Beyond The Ivory Tower, New York: Toplinger Publications,

1970, p. 1942 Richard Lewontin, The DemonHaunted World, The New York Review of Books, 9

Jan 1997, p. 28