المواسم الزراعية العربية - aoad.org · web viewوقد استخدمت...
TRANSCRIPT
4
.
. .
. .
.
.
.
.
1
3
7
: :
13
1-1
14
1-1-1
14
1-1-2
16
1-2
18
1-2-1
18
1-2-1-1 ( )
19
1-2-1-2
28
1-2-1-3
36
1-2-1-4
40
1-2-2
45
1-2-3
50
1-2-3-1
50
1-2-3-2
50
: :
56
2-1
56
2-2
59
2-2-1
59
2-2-2
54
2-2-3
61
2-2-4
62
2-2-5
63
2-2-6
64
2-2-7
66
2-2-8
66
2-2-9
67
2-3
68
2-3-1
2-3-2
72
2-3-3
73
2-3-4
73
2-3-5
74
2-3-6
76
2-3-7
76
2-3-8
79
2-3-9
79
2-4
82
2-4-1
82
2-4-1-1
82
2-4-1-2
82
2-4-1-3
83
2-4-2
83
2-4-2-1
83
2-4-2-2
83
2-4-3
84
2-4-4
85
2-4-5
85
2-5
86
2-5-1
86
2-5-2
88
2-5-3
89
2-5-4
89
: :
91
3-1
91
3-1-1
91
3-1-2
92
3-1-3
92
3-1-4
93
3-1-5
87
3-1-6
87
3-2
93
3-3
94
3-4
95
3-5
96
3-6
97
: :
100
4-1
100
4-1-1
100
4-1-2 /
101
4-1-2-1
102
4-1-2-2
102
4-1-2-3
103
4-1-2-4
103
4-1-2-5
104
4-1-2-6
104
4-1-2-7
105
4-1-2-8
106
4-2
106
4-2-1
107
4-2-2
108
4-2-2-1
109
4-2-2-2
111
4-2-3
114
4-2-4 ( )
119
4-3
120
4-3-1
120
4-3-1-1
120
4-3-1-2 , <
121
4-3-1-3
123
4-3-1-4
123
4-3-1-5
124
4-3-1-6
125
4-3-2
126
4-3-2-1
126
4-3-2-2
127
4-3-2-3
128
4-3-2-4
129
4-3-2-5
130
4-3-2-6 Virtual Water
131
4-4
132
4-4-1
132
4-4-2
134
4-4-2-1
134
4-4-2-2
137
4-4-2-3
139
4-4-2-4
140
4-4-2-5
141
4-5
143
4-6
145
4-6-1
146
4-6-1-1
146
4-6-1-2
146
4-6-1-3
146
4-6-2
147
4-6-3
147
4-6-3-1
148
4-6-3-2
148
4-6-3-3
149
4-6-3-4
149
4-6-3-5
151
4-7
154
160
168
172
179
185
2004 .
.
2282 3/ 67% 100 / 18% 300 /. 800 3000 /.
10% 2% .
. 205 3/ 70% 296.6 3/ 53%. .
. . .
( ) 4000 .
( 1/ ) ,5-7 /) .
.
7723 3 83% 12% 4.7% 3% . 42 3 35 3/ 42.8% 25% 18.8% 13.4% .
.
.
. .
.
31 3/ 89% (35 ) . .
.
88% 6.9% 5.1% 735 2030. .
* 190% 130% 128% 133% 120% . .
* .
* .
* .
* .
.
:
* .
* .
* . .
* .
* .
* .
. .
* .
* .
* .
* .
* .
* . . . . .
* .
:
2010 287 3/ 40 3 . 970 3/ (2001) 6403 (2010) 4253 (2025). . . .
1997 :
( ).
1000 2000 500 3 / . 90% . . 10% 10%-20% 20% .
( ) .
.
1-1 :
1-1-1:
.
.
45 19 .
.
1000/ 1500/ 50 / . 100/ 500 / 1000/ . 100-120/. 600 1000 / 100-200 200-600 / (1-1). - . - 2.5 / 11.5 / 800 / 3000-2000 /. ( - ) .
.
(1-1)
. 2,282 3/ (1-1) 67% 100/ 18% 300/ .
10% 2% .
(1-1)
3/
9,2
212
7,8
178
25,7
588
57,3
1,304
100
2,282
: 1997.
2-1-1 :
54% 39.8% 6.5% 0.7% .
. 2-1)).
(2-1)
3
3
3
161
75
86
(- -- )
126
81
45
(- -- - )
56
5
51
(--- - )
9
-
9
(-- - -- - )
352
161
191
: 1997.
.
.
.
205 3 70% . (21//1997) . 37% 4.8% 38.5% 19.7% .
88% 1985 139.8 3/ 68% (205 3/) 296.6 3/ 53% ( 1990) .
.
2-1 :
1-2-1 :
. .
:
- ( ).
- .
- .
- .
- .
-
:
- .
400- 600/ . .
- (2-1).
5000 2000 40000 . Continental Intercalaire . .
.
1-1-2-1 ( ):
.
. .
:
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
(1-2)
:
. 300 (3-1). 1.5/ 200 1000 1/ . (1984) 300 3 2.6 3/ 2-1 3/.
40 . (2) 30 10 30 40 15 5-3/.
:
. 7.5-7/.
100 70 1.5 /.
120 10-1/ . 100 3 100/ . 200 100 1.5 / 5 /.
(1-3)
: 1988.
:
100 . .
2 2 5000 3000 3 . 150,000 3 (Hease etal 1987) 75000 3 ,25000 3 ( 1996). 10000 33000 ( 50 ) .
. (4-1).
:
3000 1000. 900 .
Paleozoic .
400.
135- 3003/ ( 1985).
(1-4)
: Hesse 1987.
14C 1000033000 0.18-0.3 .
:
2400-1000 . 0.5 / (5-1).
. 25 1/ 0.6/ 0.2/ . (0.5/) 10/.
50000 3 7% 3500.
:
. .
(1989) :
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
(1-5)
: Hesse 1987.
:
- .
. 2-100 5003/.
(100-500/) (700 3/).
25000 3 1.5 3/ 1.2 3/.
- . 0.2-1.0/ .
- . 500 5000 .
:
. 500000 2 (Grabens) :
.
.
5- 130 .
10003 0.15-3/ 10/ .
:
.
1000 1500 / 200-500 /.
- .
. - .
. .
2-1-2-1 :
.
:
600-200 /. . (2-6/) (10/).
2000-1000/ .
:
() 300-100 / ... .
100-5 . 100 1-3 8.83/ 1.3/.
.
:
. () (). 100-10 / .
. ( 6-1) :
- -.
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
-:
90000 2 800 100/ .
4000 200 8/ . 30/ .
:
4000 Continental Terminal . 200-100 303// 503//.
(12 ) (8000-10000) . (2/).
( ) .
(1-6)
( )
: 1972.
:
. 100 . 200250 150-200 3/.
:
0.3-0.2 / 1.2/. 10/ (1-5/).
:
.
Continental Intercalaire 1000-900 Continental Terminal 1000.
100 1.1-0.08 / 0.5/ 4-30/ . 25-10 1.5/ 117/.
50- 90 5/ .
40 1-0.08 / 3.5/ .
:
Continental Intercalaire & Terminal Complex . .
.
. 4-3/ 2/ 8 /.
(1972) (1985) ( 600000 2) (250 ) 1000 . 8 3/ 123/ 33/ .
. ( 270) 33/ 43/ (300 ) .
. . (0.5/) 2/.
.
3500002 - .
2.2 3/ 656 3/ 63% .
:
( ) .
700-500 (BRGM, 1975) 1000 1-1503/ 0.6-3/.
:
- 90-20 30-2 3/ 0.1/.
- 100-20 0.2/. .
- 1,5002 10003/.
:
160 280 300000 2 20-10/ .
2000-200.
- 700 250 . .
13800 - 4100 1/ 0.15/.
1000 200-300. .
. . . 0.48-0.16/ (1-4 /).
:
10/ 100-300/ .
.
. (63 3/) (11 3/).
. 1000-700 2-1 /.
100-300 1.2/ 4/ .
:
100 300/ (13.7 3/). .
150-30 90-10 . 347/. 60-203/ 2-1 /. 5/ 5-2 .
250-390 80 . 2.5-4/ 6/ .
350 701103/ 24/.
3-1-2-1 :
.
.
:
- ( ) .
- ( ) .
- .
- ( ) .
: (7-1).
:
.
. ( ) 1/ 0.35/ .
5/ . .
- (8-1).
- . () ( ) .
:
. (500-1,500/) .
8.93/ 93/.
0.5/ . .
:
.
:
- .
- .
(800-1,200 /) 0.2-1/ .
(1-7)
: . 1982.
(1-8)
10-30 403/ 1600 3/.
.
4000 1-0.3/ 25-8 /.
1000002 20-3 / 3/. () .
1-2-1-4 :
.
5500 .
:
- .
- .
- .
(8-1) :
:
.
20/ 500/ 90 1265 3 62% ( 1983). ( ) 490 3/ 24% 2-7 / .
:
.
() 1200 65,0002. 100/ () 120 .
600 150-1,500 0.50-1.5/ 400- 430 5-40 / 80/ 0.7-1/ 90-100 29-55 .
(-) 1070 . ( ) ( ) ( ) . 360 1200-1400 .
40-55 / 0.4-1.2/ 5.8/ ( 1983).
625 40 / 1.56/. 200 60-50/ 185 130-170/ .
. (9-1).
() (). .
700. 10100/ 10 112 ( 1/) (4-120/).
. 32.5 . 7-22 / 200- 300 1/ 6/ .
(1-9)
(1-10). : ( ) 30-100 30-100 9 .
120 200 10- 30/ 50/ 1700-3 / 1-5/ ( ) 328 3/.
. .
:
.
2-2-1 :
:
- .
- .
- .
(1-10)
: - 1986.
:
- .
- Partial Penetration) ).
- (11-1).
- Aquitard.
. . (3-1) .
(3-1)
/
2/
-
-
2-10-3-10
-
-
5-10-4-10
-
-
3-103.6
-
3-105
2-10-3-10
1-10-2-10
-
-
5-10-4-10
1-101.4-5-101.5
3-101-5-101.9
7-109.5-2-105
4-10 5
4-102.7
2-104.6
-
6-109
3-104.7
: 1990.
(1-11)
: Hesse 1987.
(1-4).
(4-1)
(S)
(3/)T
1510-4
5810-5
-
1210-4
2510-4
410-4
210-4
2710-5
6710-5
3810-3
410-4
2110-3
5710-5
710-4
110-4
1310-5
1310-2
1310-2
210-4
9810-5
6710-5
7210-4
1710-4
1510-3
110-2
7810-3
1710-4
2810-4
310-4
3210-3
2510-3
5010-3
4010-3
1110-3
6510-5
410-4
510-5
5310-5
1310-5
1110-3
410-5
2310-4
3110-5
4010-3
1710-3
3010-3
7010-4
4610-3
9610-4
5010-4
3810-6
2510-3
5810-4
3410-4
8710-4
5310-4
7410-5
310-5
2910-4
1310-5
3810-3
4210-3
: 1997.
3-2-1 :
1-3-2-1 :
.
7,7333 83% 12% 4.7 % 0.3% 42 3 35 3 . 42.8% 25% 18.8% 13.4% (5-1) .
:
- - .
- .
- .
2-3-2-1 :
. .
. .
(5-1)
3
( )
12000
275
5,000
134
-
90
170000
1724
150000
2800
-
-
254050
2338
-
2935
-
3300
-
1000
-
1267
-
950
2500
55
-
160
1361
3000
400000
2500
600000
4500
39000
2300
200000
10000
400000
1500
-
1400
7733900
42228
: 1997.
. .
. .
40% 24 0.5-3 / 1-7/ (1-12).
40% ( ). 30 6-9 . .
2.2 3 / (2002) (1.33 0.55 0.34 3 ). 2.2 3/ 50-30 2050 . 7.8 3/ 2030.
. 4-16 .
(1-12)
: WRIGHT 1982.
100 5 15 20 50 2010 .
26 1980-2003 0.4-3.4/ 40 1974-2003 (1-13).
378 3/ 24% 67% . 50 3/ 1976 270 3/ 2003 70% (3/).
.
(1-13)
(1974-2003)-
:
60% .
2-1 :
. . .
.
1.5% 10% 0.2% . 1980-1990 . . .
5%. 10.9 3 4.5 3 6.4 3 . 1000 13 . . 1993 667 2025 3430 1960 80%. 350 3 35% 56 3/ 25 3/ 38 . 88% 6.9% 5.1% . .
. 735 2030 221 1991. .
. 75% 95% . :
* .
* .
* .
* .
* .
* .
* .
* .
* .
* :
* .
* .
* .
* .
* .
* .
2-2 :
.
2-2-1 :
780 3 505 3 250 - 300 3 . 143 3 . 2002 523 3 65% . 200 3 35 3 287 3 1878 1214 50% . (2-1) 2002 .
(2-1)
2002 ( 3)
517
72.4
71.3
216.3
157
245
---
9.3
185.4
50.5
37
---
4.3
30.7
2
7
---
---
1
6
806
72.4
85
433.4
215.2
* 2002.
1975 354 3 178 3 74 3 102 3 . ( 60 3/) ( 20-30 3/) . 198.5 3/ 2000 . 2000 (420) 55% 769 . , . 2000 298 3 ( 700 3 ) 198.5 3 88.5 3 ( ) (11) 3 .
386 3 2005 465 3 2010 428 3 2020 63 3 2005 107 3 2010 144 3 2020 33.5% 23.5% 1998.
186 3 2005 148 3 2010 86 3 2020 30 3 2005 41 3 2010 61 3 2020. 2005 8% 2010 22% 2020 .
2-2-2 :
80% . 130 190 3 77266 . 1973 19454 3 5 3 8 3 - . 86% 270 . - () .
2-2-3 :
2145 3 50 % 4,245 3. . 77% , . 7 / 58000 3 4 . 60000 1960 370000 2004. 225 60% 61 % 50 39% 50 2700 .
30% . . . 60% . 1995 15 2000 280000 75% (370000 ) : 100 100 80 21% 3% 1995.
2-2-4 :
(238 ) 8 , 3.2% 470 , 300 , 64% 170 , 36% . 7 3 2 3 5 3. , 10003 .
5 3 , 13 5,4 1000 1962 1999. 40% %50 .
7 3 2.8 4.2 . 2 3 90% 12000 100000 . , 5 3 800 3 4.2 3. :
70% 19.5% 500 3 90 3 10.5% .
400 3 . 1985, 5500 . 1990 1999 2000 1 3/ 852 3/ 147 3/ . 842 221 3 505 3/.
2-2-5 :
. .
90% 10% 1,520 3/ 100 .
(2-2) 2003/2004 22480 3 20740 3 1998/1999 19850 3 88.3 2003/2004. 9360 3 41.6% 13120 3 58.4% .
70% 50% . (2002 ) 30 3.45 3 . () 1200 4 23 1.3 3 . 29 17 164 9 3 .
(2-2)
( 3/)
1998/1999
2003/2004
:
1750
450
18540
2030
600
19850
20740
22480
:
( )
( )
()
5000
3000
11769
791
180
5000
3000
13120
1050
310
20740
22480
: 2003/2004 .
. .
2-2-6 :
88% ( 50% ) .
. .
1995-2000 115703// 104763// 2003 75003// .
1990-2002 12.3% 23.0% ( ) . . . (2-3) .
(2-3)
1990
5626003
341951
351026
692977
2000
5352397
698151
512499
1210650
(35-45%) .
. .
2002 7443 ( ). . . 16500 .
2-2-7 :
1.3 3/ 70% 500 3/ . 90 % . .
45800 1985 72000 2003 80 % .
2-2-8 :
99% 90% 30 3/ .
50 3 75/1976 270 3 2000/2001 660 3330 , 60 3/ 1971/1972 2000/2001 84 .
1900 3 2500 3 1972. 4% . 3ds/m 70% . , 313 1220 . .
75% .
2-2-9 :
529 3 10% . 96% . 1998 (2-4) 136 3 2003 175 3 4% . 3900 4200 3 . 335 400 185 55% . 44% 22% 16% 15% 3%.
. 60 3 ( ) 120 3 200 3 .
(2-4)
1998
1998 ( 3 / )
1998 ( 3/ )
( /)
250
( )
16
+ 113 ()
5.1
1.82
385.92
80.2
119.30
4.6
204.10
()181.82
741
2
- 113 ()
0.5
1.20
631.70
492.0
30.30
109.4
631.70
-
250
( )
26
+ 110 ()
-
7.50
393.50
1476.8
188.10
10.1
1675.00
()1281.50
400
( )
17
-
12.0
4.90
433.90
540.3
56.80
5.1
602.20
()168.30
912
-
- 110 ()
-
8.76
810.76
746.0
58.06
6.7
810.76
-
2553
61
0
17.6
24.18
2655.78
3335.3
452.56
135.9
3923.76
()1267.98
: (1999)
2-3 :
. . ( ) 2020 .
. . .
2-3-1 :
275 3 . ( ) .
1997 . .
. . . . . :
* ( 1997 ) .
* ( 1998 ) .
* ( 1998 ) .
* ( 1998 ) . .
" " " .
(18) 1988 . 926 1977 " (68) 85 2002 38 . ( ) . 1 2002 .
. 1977 . ( ) . .
:
* .
* .
* .
* ( ).
, .
2-3-2 :
. .
:
* (43) .
* .
* (111) (20) .
* :
- .
- (21) .
- .
- 50% .
2-3-3 :
. . .
2-3-4 :
, . . . 45% 20% 400 3 30% .
2010 . , , . 45% . , , .
2-3-5 :
. ( ) . . . . .
:
- , 20447 ( ) 2002 15.1% 24% :
5012 .
15438 .
- 13062 .
- :
- . .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
. . .
2-3-6 :
. . 15% . .
. .
50-60% 70% 35-45% . 75% . :
- .
- .
- .
915 : 32.8% 37.0% 29.2%. 72-78%.
2-3-7 :
() . .
300 3 ( ) . . , .
1992 16700 127000 . . 29/2000 . 264/2000 .
. . :
- :
- .
- .
- .
- :
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
2-3-8 :
:
* .
* (60) 1996 .
* .
* .
* .
* .
. . ( ...) . .
2-3-9 :
. . . , . . . . .
. . . GIS ( ). . 5- 10 .
:
1- . .
2- .
3- .
4- .
5- .
6- .
7- .
8- .
2-4 :
. .
2-4-1 :
2-4-1-1 :
(Hyperarid) 67% 100 / . . 40 ( 2200 /) 20 / 30000 3/ . . .
2-4-1-2 :
. . (EC>3dS/m) (>3me/l) (pH) 6.5 8.4 .
2-4-1-3 :
. (Heterogenous) (Deep Percolation).
- .
2-4-2 :
2-4-2-1 :
. . .
. .
.
2-4-2-2 :
* .
* .
- : . ( ). .
- : ... .
- .
- .
- .
- .
2-4-3 :
- : .
- : .
- : .. .
- : .
- .
2-4-4 :
* :
2.5-3.8%/ 3% 0.6%. .
* :
. .
* :
.
.
2-4-5 :
- :
. .
- :
.
.
- :
.
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
2-5 :
2-5-1 :
.
( ) () 15 1986 80 1989. . 300 3 1982-1989 9 ( 1999).
250 1976 750 3/ . 10 3 1990. 14 43 ( 1979). ( 1999) 35% 1995 .
(1998) 50% .
1 20-30 ( 1992).
. .
1956 .
.
.
2-5-2 :
. . . . . .
. 224 3 . 800 6% . 100 /.
21% 1985 1996.
. .
. . .
2-5-3 :
. . .
70 3 1924 1.5 3 1992 . . 80 3 1900 .
2-5-4 :
. . . . . .
. . . 2000 .
:
: (3-1) (1-2) .
.
3-1 :
3-1-1 :
:
* .
* .
* .
* .
* .
* .
* .
. .
(3-1)
2
3
3/
3/
3
000 2000
000 150
1000
12000
-
-
( )
000 780
000 60
580
1100
14.5
1992-1970
( )
000 1400
000 35
1050
17000
254.6
1995-1980
: (1999).
3-1-2 :
:
3-1-3 :
. :
* .
* 5%.
* .
* .
3-1-4 :
.
3-1-5 :
. .
3-1-6 :
. . . .
3-2 :
. . . . . . . . :
* .
* .
* .
* .
. .
3-3 :
. . . . . , . . . .
. . .
3-4 :
. . . .
. .
. . .
. . .
3-5 :
. . .
. .
. . . .
. . .
3-6 :
. " " . " .
. . . . . :
* .
* .
* .
* .
. .
:
. . . . :
* .
* .
* .
* .
* .
.
4-1 :
4-1-1 :
.
() .
:
1- Enhancement Thematic Mapper (ETM) .
2- .
3- .
4- (VES) (Seismics).
5- (Reverse Circulation Rotary Drilling).
6- .
7- (FEFLOW) Finite Element Flow.
8- .
.
4-1-2 / :
:
.
(: ) . .
. . (extraction) . .
.
.
4-1-2-1 :
:
() (Spatial elements) . (: ) (visualized data).
:
* .
* .
4-1-2-2 :
:
. () .
:
* .
* .
* .
4-1-2-3 :
:
(isotopic composition) .
.
- .
- .
.
:
* .
* .
* .
* .
4-1-2-4 :
:
. .
:
* () .
* .
* (Background knowledge) .
4-1-2-5 :
:
150 250 500 1000 .
:
- .
- ( ).
- .
- .
4-1-2-6 :
:
(Hydroisotopical) .
. (input):
* .
* .
* .
* .
* (lithological) ( ).
* .
: . . .
:
:
* .
* .
4-1-2-7 :
:
. .
.
.
:
:
* .
* .
* .
* .
4-1-2-8 :
:
() .
:
* .
* .
4-2 :
. .
.
4-2-1 :
.
(Telemetry System) (Remote Communication System).
* :
:
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- CROPWAT .
- .
* :
:
- (Data Logger) .
- (Base Station) : GSM modem Radio Frequency ORB COM satellite .
- DEMAS .
(Data Evaluation Management and Alarm Software)
.
- (Penman-Monteith) ... .
4-2-2 :
. .. . .
4-2-2-1 :
- (ETo) (FAO) - .
- (Panman Monteith Formula):
- .
- : ( ). () . 60% (c) Pruit & Doorenbos :
- ETo = ( c (W.Rn + (1-W). f(u). (ea ed) )
:
- (/) = ETo
- W = ________
( + )
= -
(psychrometric constant)
= -
(/)
= Rn -
= (f(u -
( ) () .
= ea-ed))-
= c -
(aerodynamic factor) (sensible heat) (4-1) :
()
50
100
150
200
255
1.10
1.2
1.25
1.28
1.30
:
(Penman Monteith) :
900
ETo = 0.408 (Rn-G) + yT +273 U2 (ea - ed)
+y (1 + 0.34 V2)
Reference crop evapotranspiration (mm d-1)
Where ETo
net radiation at crop surface (MJ M-2 d-1)
Rn
Soil heat flux (MJ M-2 d-1)
G
Average temperature (oC)
T
Windspeed measured at 2m height (m s-1)
U2
Vapour pressure deficit (kP2)
(ea-ed)
Slope vapour pressure curve (kPa oC-1)
Psychometric constant (kPa oC-1)
y
Converstion factor
900
(Blaney & Criddle) :
(ETo) . (1984) . :
ETo = cF
= c [ P (0.46T + 8.13)]
:
(/)
= ETo
(oC)
= T
= c
= P
(Pan Evaporation):
- :
ETo=Kp x Epan
:
Epan
= ( A).
Kp
= ( ) .
4-2-2-2 :
- :
- ( 18 /) .
:
* .
Micro climate .
* (Lateral lines) (Sl) (Ss) (4-1) Sl Ss Dw .
* ( ) ( ) .
* .
(4-1)
(From USDA, 1960)
/
Ss/Dw
S1/Dw.
0-8
0.50
0.65
8-16
0.50
0.50
16
0.35
0.50
(4-1)
-
:
. (Single embankment drain) . . (4-2). .
4-2-3 :
(CROPWAT) DEMAS :
- - ETo ( 4-2).
- ( ).
- ( ).
- ( ).
- ( (4-3).
(4-2)
(4-2)
- (ETo)
CROPWT
CROPWAT : 02 NOVEMBER 1998
Reference Evapotranspiration ETo according Penman-Monteith
QATAR Meteo Station :RODHAT AL FARAS ( yr)
14 year Cordinates : 25.82 N.L 51.33 N.L
Country
Altitudi
Eto-PenMon
Sol.Radia
Sunshine
Wind
Humid.
MinTemp
MaxTemp
Month
2.2
13.2
6.7
100
71
10.6
21.7
January
2.9
16.0
7.4
118
67
11.4
23.1
March
3.7
17.05
6.6
124
62
14.1
26.8
April
5.0
21.2
8.0
125
52
18.1
33.1
May
6.6
23.9
9.3
140
43
22.5
39.4
June
7.6
25.2
10.1
165
42
24.8
41.2
July
6.9
22.7
8.5
136
46
26.5
42.4
August
6.6
23.3
9.3
116
54
26.3
40.3
September
5.7
21.4
9.1
102
58
23.8
36.2
October
4.4
18.4
8.7
91
61
20.5
30.2
November
3.2
15.0
7.9
98
66
16.9
24.0
December
2.4
12.5
6.6
101
72
12.9
33.4
YEAR
(4-3)
CROPWAT
IRRIGATION SCHEDUI.ING TOMATO/S 30 October
Climate Station : Rodhat Al Faras Climate File : er-rfrs
Crop : TOMATO/S Planting date : 30 Octoper
Soil : Light Available Soil moist : 60 mm/m.
Initial Soil moist : 60 mm/m.
Irrigation Options selected :
Timing : Fixed Interval of 3 (A) / 3 (B) / 4 (C) / 4 (D) days
Application : Irrigation up to Field Capacity
Field Application Efficiency 70%
Flow L/S/ha
Gr.Gift mm
Loss mm
Deficit mm
NtGift mm
ETA %
TX
%
Deplet
Stage
Date
Int
days
No
Irr.
0.45
11.6
0.0
0.0
8.1
97
92
52
A
NOV
3
3
1
0.45
11.7
0.0
0.0
8.2
98
89
50
A
NOV
6
3
2
0.45
11.7
0.0
0.0
8.2
99
99
48
A
NOV
9
3
3
0.45
11.0
0.0
0.0
7.7
100
100
44
A
NOV
12
3
4
0.42
10.6
0.0
0.0
7.4
100
100
40
A
NOV
15
3
5
0.41
10.6
0.0
0.0
7.4
100
100
39
A
NOV
18
3
6
0.40
10.0
0.0
0.0
7.2
100
100
36
A
NOV
21
3
7
0.37
9.7
0.0
0.0
6.8
100
100
33
A
NOV
24
3
8
0.37
9.7
0.0
0.0
6.8
100
100
32
A
NOV
27
3
9
0.37
9.7
0.0
0.0
6.8
100
100
31
A
Dec
1
3
10
0.35
9.0
0.0
0.0
6.3
100
100
28
A
Dec
3
2
11
0.35
9.0
0.0
0.0
6.3
100
100
27
B
Dec
6
3
12
0.35
9.0
0.0
0.0
6.3
100
100
26
B
Dec
9
3
13
0.34
8.7
0.0
0.0
6.1
100
100
25
B
Dec
12
3
14
0.33
8.6
0.0
0.0
6.0
100
100
24
B
Dec
15
3
15
0.33
8.6
0.0
0.0
6.0
100
100
23
B
Dec
18
3
16
0.34
8.7
0.0
0.0
6.1
100
100
23
B
Dec
21
3
17
0.35
8.9
0.0
0.0
6.3
100
100
23
B
Dec
24
3
18
0.35
8.9
0.0
0.0
6.3
100
100
23
B
Dec
27
3
19
0.35
8.9
0.0
0.0
6.3
100
100
22
B
Jan
1
3
20
0.36
9.3
0.0
0.0
6.5
100
100
22
B
Jan
3
3
21
0.36
9.3
0.0
0.0
6.5
100
100
22
B
Jan
6
3
22
0.36
9.3
0.0
0.0
6.5
100
100
21
B
Jan
9
3
23
0.37
9.5
0.0
0.0
6.7
100
100
21
B
Jan
12
3
24
0.37
9.6
0.0
0.0
6.7
100
100
21
B
Jan
15
3
25
0.37
9.6
0.0
0.0
6.7
100
100
21
B
Jan
18
3
26
0.40
13.7
0.0
0.0
9.6
100
100
29
C
Jan
22
4
27
0.42
14.6
0.0
0.0
10.2
100
100
31
C
Jan
26
4
28
0.42
14.6
0.0
0.0
10.2
100
100
31
C
Feb
1
4
29
0.46
16.0
0.0
0.0
11.2
100
100
34
C
Feb
4
4
30
0.46
16.0
0.0
0.0
11.2
100
100
34
C
Feb
8
4
31
0.48
16.7
0.0
0.0
11.7
100
100
35
C
Feb
12
4
32
(4-3)
IRRIGATION SCHEDUI.ING TOMATO/S 30 October
Climate Station : Rodhat Al Faras Climate File : er-rfrs
Crop : TOMATO/S Planting date : 30 Octoper
Soil : Light Available Soil moist : 60 mm/m.
Initial Soil moist : 60 mm/m.
Irrigation Options selected :
Timing : Fixed Interval of 3 (A) / 3 (B) / 4 (C) / 4 (D) days
Application : Irrigation up to Field Capacity
Field Application Efficiency 70%
Flow L/S/ha
Gr.Gift mm
Loss mm
Deficit mm
NtGift mm
ETA %
TX
%
Deplet
Stage
Date
Int
days
No
Irr.
0.50
17.4
0.0
0.0
12.2
100
100
37
C
Feb
16
4
33
0.50
17.4
0.0
0.0
12.2
100
100
37
C
Feb
20
4
34
0.55
19.0
0.0
0.0
13.3
100
100
40
C
Feb
24
4
35
0.55
19.0
0.0
0.0
13.3
100
100
40
C
Feb
28
4
36
0.57
19.8
0.0
0.0
13.9
100
100
42
C
Mar
2
4
37
0.60
20.6
0.0
0.0
14.4
100
100
44
C
Mar
6
4
38
0.60
20.6
0.0
0.0
14.4
100
100
44
C
Mar
10
4
39
0.64
22.2
0.0
0.0
15.5
100
100
47
C
Mar
14
4
40
0.64
22.2
0.0
0.0
15.5
100
100
47
C
Mar
18
4
41
0.68
23.5
0.0
0.0
16.4
100
100
50
C
Mar
22
4
42
0.72
24.8
0.0
0.0
17.4
100
100
53
C
Mar
26
4
43
0.72
24.8
0.0
0.0
17.4
100
100
53
C
Apr
1
4
44
0.74
25.4
0.0
0.0
17.8
100
100
54
D
Apr
4
4
45
0.74
25.4
0.0
0.0
17.8
100
100
54
D
Apr
8
4
46
0.71
24.5
0.0
0.0
17.2
100
100
52
D
Apr
12
4
47
0.68
23.6
0.0
0.0
17.2
100
100
50
D
Apr
16
4
48
0.68
23.6
0.0
0.0
16.5
100
100
50
D
Apr
20
4
49
0.62
21.3
0.0
0.0
16.5
100
100
45
D
Apr
24
4
50
0.62
21.3
0.0
0.0
14.9
100
100
45
D
Apr
28
4
51
0.0
0.0
14.9
100
100
23
D
May
1
3
END
Total Gross Irrigation 759.4 mm Total Rainfall 0.0 mm
Total Net Irrigation 531.6 mm Effective Rain 0.0 mm
Total Irrigation Losses 0.0 mm Total Rain Loss
Moist Deficit at harvest 7.5 mm
Net Suply + Soil retention 539.0 mm
Actual Water use by crop 539.0 mm Actual Irr. Req 539.0 mm
Potential Water use by crop 539.0 mm
Efficiency Irr. Schedule 100.0 % Efficiency Rain 100.0 %
Deficiency Irr. Schedule 0.0 %
Season
D
C
B
A
YIELD REDUCTIONS Stage
0.1 %
0.0
0.0
1.1
0.5
Reductions in ETC
1.05
0.80
1.10
0.10
0.50
Yield Response factor
0.1 %
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
Reductions in Yield
%
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
Cumulative Yield reduct
4-2-4 ( ):
.
() :
* .
* .
* .
* .
: (Data System Electronics Orion International SCADA Weather) .
(4-4) .
(4-4)
SCADA
3//
%
SCADA
48235
36336
25435
30.0
()
8236
6471
4530
30.0
()
8436
6671
4670
30.0
11977
8991
6294
30.0
:
.. :
1- .
2- 25%-35% 15%.
3- 350 .
4- .
4-3 :
4-3-1 :
4-3-1-1 :
. (4-3) . .
4-3-1-2 :
. . . .
.
. . .
.
(4-3)
. :
4-3-1-3 :
. . .
. . :
* .
* .
4-3-1-4 :
. . .
4-3-1-5 :
. . . . (3) . .
. 0.5 (Higgins et al 1988) . . 1.5 . .
4-3-1-6 :
. .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . .
4-3-2 :
4-3-2-1 :
" " " " " " . " " . " " . " " . :
1- .
2- .
3- .
4- .
5- . .
4-3-2-2 :
" ". . . . . .
. . .
. . . . . .
4-3-2-3 :
. .
4-3-2-4 :
. .
:
(1) (i) (Ci) (O) (Co) = SS
:
i
= .
Ci
= .
O
= .
Co
= .
SS
= .
(1) . . (1) :
(2) (i) (Ci) = (O) (Co)
. (2) :
(3)
(Ci)
=
(O)
(Oi)
(i)
.
4-3-2-5 :
. . . . .
4-3-2-6 (Virtual Water):
. .
. 12.000 16.000 3 4 3000 4000 . 200 300 10 3. 5 3. 30 3 "virtual water" .
.
4-4 :
1996 840 50% 2015. . .
( 3 /) . . 10.0 /, . (Halophyte) .
4-4-1 :
, , , , , . Rhodes (1992) (4-5).
. , , (SAR) (ECw)
(4-5)
/
/
0.7
500
0.7-2
500-1500
2-10
1500-7000
10-25
7000-15000
25-45
15000-35000
45
35000
( (4-6). : 0.7 /, 0.7-3.0 /, 3.0 / ... , . , , 15-20%, (Infrquent), 50% .
, ( ) , . ( ) , (Cadmium) 0.01 / 0.02 / (lithium) 0.20 / (Copper) 0.05 / (Cobalt) 0.20 / (Manganese) 2.0 / (Zinc) 5.0 / (Iron). (Total Coliforms) (WHO) 200 100 , .
4-4-2 :
... ... . .
4-4-2-1 :
.... , ( 4-4):
- Loop pipeline system , .
(4-6)
)
Salinity (affects crop water availability)
> 3.0
>2000
3.0-0.7
2000-450