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    " " "" " Matu A-Ra-bi" "Matu Arabaai" "" " " " " " " " " " "

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    " 425 - 484 " " " . " Arabae" .

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    "Arabae "" "

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    "Erembi" "" " " " " Troglodytea" ""

    " . " Arabi"

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    " " . " Dioscurides of Anazabos" " ". Saraceni"

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    " Hieronymus" "" " Eusebius" "" "" ". " "" " " " "

    ".Saracenes" " Hagerene" ""

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    ". Saraceni" "Sarakenoi"

    : ". " "" " " . " " " " "" "Saraceni" ""

    " " . "" - " Sherk" " Saraka" ". " ". " " " ""

    " Qadmoni" "" " " "" ". Bene Kedem"" "Bene Qedhem" "."

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    " " . ". Scenitae" " " " " " Nomas" "Nomadas" .

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    " Nomades" "Nomadas" "" .

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    "" .

    435 " Rabbi Ashi" "" - - .

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    . De" " Historia Plantarum" ". 287-371" "Theophrastus" ""

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  • 21

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  • 42

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  • 43

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  • 44

    " " .

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    . . .

    .

    1761 Carsten Niebuhr "

    . .

    Dr. Seetezen" " 1810

    .

    Johann Ludwig Burckhard" " . " "

    "." .

    James R. Wellsted " 640" " "

    . . 525

  • 45

    . 1835 T.G Hutton" " Dr .Mackell" " . 1838 C ruthenden" "

    .

    " Thomas Joseph Arnaud" " " " .

    "" "" . " "

    1860 "Coghlan" ". "

    .

    - - ". " " "

    " " " " " " . .

    " " E. Rodiger" "" " Wilhelm Gisenuis" " "

    " F. Fresenal" "" " Heinrich Ewald" " 1845" Journal Asiarique"

    . " Ernest Osiander" " " .

    "

    "

    .

    " " " M. A. Levy" "" " " .

    . " "

    "Joseph Halevy" " " .

    .

    "" ". " "" " " ". "

    . " 686"

  • 46

    " Journal Asiarique" 1874 - 1872 " 686"

    .

    "Siegfrid Langer" " " . 1882

    ". Eduard Glaser" " " . .

    1884 " " "1882 " .

    1885 . " 255" " " 1886

    ". " .

    1888 1887 "" " "

    . " "

    . 1892

    .

    " " " " "."

    .

    . 1845 " George Augustus Wallin " "Snouk Hurgtonje "

    . 1886- 1885 .

    " " " Sir Richard Burton" " " .

    1879 " Anne Blunet" " " " Charils M. Doughty" " " . " " .

    . 1888 .

    .

  • 47

    .

    .

    " Theodor Benet" " . 1889 . .

    " Heinrich von Malzen" " " .

    "Julius Euting " .

    " " "Alois Musil" " "

    .R.E" "" " Antonine Jaussen" "" . Brunnow " "" "Charles Huber"5 " ". " " 1929 ". " " "

    ..C" "" .

    Rathjens " " "." "

    The American Foundation for Study of" " " Man " " "Wendell Phillips"

    " " " Dr. W. F. Albright" "" . " " 1952 - 1950

    .

    " " ". " " " " " .

    . "25"

    . " " " 1953" " 1952" . "1960"

    "1962" " " ""

    " " "."

  • 48

    " " . . " " " "

    .

    L'Arabie Avant" " " " Berger" ": "

    Mahoet d'apers les Inscription" " " " . " Essai sur l'Historia des Arabes Avant l'Islamisme" "

    " " .

    .

    . " L. Ceatani" ""

    .

    " "Delacy O'Leary " . ".

    " " "Charles Forster" " " . .

    -. " Otto Weber" " "

    .

    " " " " " " " ".

    ". "

    " " " Rothstein" "" .

    .

    " " "Bergmann " " " "Ernust Osiander"

    . " Pococke" ""

    ." " . 1649

    .

    " "Ludolf Krehl" " " . " .

    . .

  • 49

    ". : " " "

    .

    " Fritz Hommel" " "

    . Nikolaus" "" .

    Rhodokanakis" " " "Detlef Nielsen " .

    Eugen" "" "D.H .Mueller" " " " J. H. Mordtmann" "" Mittwoch" " " "von Wissmann" " " "C.F.L. Beeston" " " "C.

    Conti Rossini" " " "F.V. Winnett" " " "C. RYckmanns" " " "A. Grohmann" " " "K. Mlaker" " " " " "Herbert Grimme"

    "" " " .

    . J" "" ". H. von Wissmann" " : " . Ryckmans"". " "W.F.

    Albright " " . " "A. Jamme " " .

    " A.F.L. Beeston" "" " J. Pirenne" "" " M. Honer" " .

    " "

    .

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  • 50

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    "Sea fo the Risig Sun " " " " " "" "Nar Marrtu " .

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    . "Mare Rubrum" "Rubri Maris" " " " Mare Rubri"

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    " "

    . " .

    " Sinus Aelanties" "Sinus Aelanticus" " " " ". " "" . " Eloth" "" " Elath" "" " " . " Sinus Heroopolites" " Sinus Heroopoliticus" " "

    .

    .

    .

  • 51

    " "

    ""

    . .

    "" .

    .

    . . .

    " " " " " " Ishmaelite " " " ""

    Ksturaean" ". " " " . .

    " " " "Matu-A-re-bi" " " " " "" Brth" " " " Arabaya" "Arpaya" " "

    Arabaya " . .

    .

    " "Mat Arabi" "Mat Aribi" " " " " " Amanus" ""

    . ". P linius" ""

    ". "

    . . . 12,326

    . .

    .

    . 2500 "" .

    .

    .

  • 52

    .

    : .

    -

    Lava" " : .

    . " "

    : . .

    " " . . .

    .

    . .

    " " . . . .

    " 1256" 654

    . . .

    " " " " " "

    " " " " .

    .

    . " "

    " " .

    . .

    .

  • 53

    .

    " " ""

    ". : " .

    .

    " Eocene" "" .

    " Pliocene" ""

    .

    . .

    2

    . . .

    = : " "

    .

    . "The Empty Quarter" " "

    ". "

    " 58" "" Bertram Thomas " .

    ". " " " ". "

    " "

  • 54

    .

    . .

    " " " " .

    "Jobariai " ": "

    -3

    450 ""

    " " " " . 250 . " "

    " " 150 " 30" " 27"

    .

    " "

    .

    " 150" "" .

    ". " .

    .

    . "" ". "

    . " "

    . .

    .

  • 55

    . :

    . " "

    .

    .

    18 .

    " . 33

    .

    " " " " .

    " "

    . .

    "Havilah " . . - -

    .

    - "" "" " " " " " " -

    "."

    : "" .

    .

    " " " " .

    .

  • 56

    . .

    . " 2,200" .

    .

    .

    . .

    . "" " " . .

    - - .

    .

    "" "" 2500 . " "

    . " " . .

    .

    . .

    . . .

    . .

    .

    . .

    .

  • 57

    " " . " " . " " " "

    .

    " " 43 " " " 98 " " "" " " "

    "." " " .

    "" Lar" " " " .

    "" " " .

    . .

    .

    .

    " .

    .

    . .

    . " " " " " " " " " "

    "" . " " "" " "

    . 950 . " "

    " " " "

    . " "

    " " .

    " " " Leuke Kome" " " . 900 ". "

  • 58

    " " " " .

    .

    .

    - . . -

    .

    . . .

    . -

    . . . ". "

    . :

    .

    :

    .Arabia Felix - 1

    ".Arabia Petreae" - 2

    .Arabia Deserta - 3

    . .

    ". " " " " " Arabia Petreae" "

    . "" .

    . " " .

  • 59

    Arabia Felix

    " Arabia Eudaimon" " Arabia Beata"

    . " Heropolis" ""

    ". Thapsacus" " "

    . . " Eremos"

    . ". Arabia Eremos" ". "

    . .

    . .

    " " . " "

    "Amardocaea" "Maisanios Kolpos " " " " " . ". Persikos Kolpos"

    " " " " ". "

    . . . .

    " " " " " " .

    . " "

    . . 854 .

    .

    .

    . " "

  • 60

    . ". " "" "" .

    9 " . " . 40 ." " " 106" " ""Provincia Arabia ." " "

    . ". "

    "" .

    .

    " " .

    "Arabia Proper " .

    . : .

    "" . . " " . .

    . .

    . . . ""

    " " ". " " " " Aramaua" " " .

    . " " .

    . .

    . . " "

    : " " .

    . .

    . " " "" "" . "" . "" .

  • 61

    . " " . " " " " . "" " " .

    . ""

    " " . " " .

    " " . .

    " " .

    .

    .

    " " "" ". " " " .

    . " Tehom " . "Tiamtu" .

    . .

    " " :

    .

    "" "" . . " " " " " "

    .543 . " "

    "" ""

    .

    " "

    .

    .

  • 62

    . . .

    " " ". " "" . "" " " . " " ". "

    . " Syagro"

    .

    "" . .

    .

    " " . " "

    " " . "" " " " " . ""

    . " " . .

    " " . .

    . .

    "" " " " " " " .

    . .

    . . .

    .

    " " ". " " Cataraei"

    . .

    . " " ": " .

  • 63

    . .

    " " "" " "

    . "" . " Gerrhaei"

    . "" .

    . "Sinus Gerraicus" ""

    " " .

    .

    ". " "Bilbana" "Bilaena" "Bilana" "" " " Sinus Gaulopeus" "" " Chateni" " Gaulopeus"

    "" " Chateni" "p'dkd" ". " " " ". " Cateus" "" .

    "."

    " Ithar" " Taro" " Tahar" " " ." " ". " ""

    "." .

    . . ""

    .

    "" "" " " .

    . " "

    " Abucaei" " Bukae" . "Abukae" "Coromanis" "Coromanis"

    . ""

    " " " Jucara" " " " Idicare" .

    " " .

    " " " " . .

  • 64

    .

    : " " " " " "

    ". " " " " " " " ". " ""

    "" . 22 : "- -

    " . ". . ".

    " " " "

    . " " "" " 120"

    " " ". " " " . .

    .

    : " " " : . "

    . " " ".

    .

    " " .

    . . .

    " " " Bertram" " " . " Ophir" ""

    . ". Ophir" "Ofar" ""

    .

    .

    . " " "" "" .

    " " ". " " " ". " . " "

  • 65

    " " : ". " " " " " " " .

    . . " " . " " "

    .

    ". " .

    The Heart of: " Arabia ."

    . .

    :

    - 1

    . . " 500"

    " . - 2 . " 650" "

    . .

    - 3 ". " " " .

    "" " " ." " . .

    . . : " " " " .

    ". "

    .

    .

    .

    " " ""

    .

  • 66

    . .

    . . . .

    .

    . .

    .

    . .

    . .

    . .

    .

    .

    . .

    .

    " . ".

    :

    .

    . "

    "Sedimentry"

  • 67

    . " "

    .

    " " " " "" " " " " " "

    . . "Metamorpic Formation: "

    .

    " Aelian Sandstone" "" " 2200" " "

    . " " " "

    " " .

    " " . " 35"

    " 129" " " " " ". " ". "

    " 1500" .

    ".Sediments"

    : :

    " 11000 - 9000" . .

    . " " " " " "

    . " " " " " " . " " " "

    . .

    " " ".Basalt" ""

    "" ". Quartz" "" " "

    .

    " " "" . " " .

  • 68

    ". " " " " " . "" " " " "

    .

    " " . .

    . .

    . . .

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    .

    .

    .

    .

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    ".) " .

    "" " Ophir" "" " "

    .

    183 " " .

    " "

    " " " "

    .

  • 69

    " " ". Apyron" "" . . " "

    " "

    . ""

    " : " " " .

    . " " " " . .

    . .

    "Barite" "" " " " " " " . " "

    "Galena" . " " " " " "

    Sedimentary" "" Formation" .

    "" " "

    . . " "

    ""

    " " ""

    " " . . " " .

    "." " "

    .

    .

  • 70

    " "

    . " "

    " " : " " " " " . " " " " " "

    " ""

    " " .

    ".Onyx" "" " "

    .

    .

    .

    . . " "

    . . " "

    .

    . . ""

    .

    .

    " " " " "" "" " " " "

    . .

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    .

  • 71

    .

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    . " " "" "" "" "" ,

    "" " " . " " "" .

    .

    "" . .

    " " "" " " .

    . . . " " . " " "." " "

    . .

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    .

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    .

  • 72

    :

    .

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    " " .

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    : "". ".

    .." : " . .

    .

    " " .

    .

    .

    . ". "

    " " " Athon" "" . " Hamor" "" . . " Ayir" "" "" " " .

    .

    .

    .

  • 73

    . .

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  • 74

    . " " " "

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    ". "

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    .

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    .

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  • 75

    . . .

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  • 76

    "" "" .

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  • 77

    (. : ) . ". "

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    .

  • 78

    .

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    .

    % .

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  • 79

    . .

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    .

  • 80

    . .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    " "

    . " "

    " " .

    . .

    :

    " "

    :

    "Aemites" " " " " " " "

    "Ahemites" "Semitic Race " " " "Semitic Languaues."

    " " . August" " .

    Ludeig Schlostzer " 1781" " Joh. Cotte. Eichhorn" ""

    .

  • 81

    : " 1869" .

    " " . " " " "

    .

    . "Ludim" "Lud" "" " Elam" "" "." " "

    " " .

    .

    " " " " : " . " "

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    .

    . :

    .

    .

    " Race" .

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    .

    " " .

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    .

  • 82

    ""

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    " " .

    "Ariens Kapperes " " " " " " W .Shanklin " "Dr. Seligman" " " .

    " " "A. Mochi" " "

    . "" " "

    " "

    .

    .

    .

    ". Brachycephaly: "

    . . " Dolichocephaly" " Dolichocephaly"

    .

  • 83

    " " " " "Dravidian " .

    "

    .

    :

    .

    " " . " "

    .

    .

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    .

  • 84

    ""

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    .

    " " " " " " ." " " " " " " " " "

    ". " . " " . " "

    .

    .

    "" .

    " Palaeolithic" "" .

    "" " " .

    .

    " " "" " " .

    . "" .

    .

    " "

    "Palaeolithic" 0

  • 85

    .

    .

    :

    . - 1

    .

    - 2 .

    .

    . - 3

    - 4 .

    :

    "" .

    .

    . " " "Gerland "

    .

    " " " " " Brtin " . " " " "

    Brinton" " . " "

    " " : .

    . ". Punt "

    .

  • 86

    . " " .

    .

    "" " " . " " "" .

    "" " "

    " " " " "" " " " "

    .

    .

    . " "

    . .

    .

    " " .

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    " Ungnad" "" . "Amurru" ""

    " " "Amurru" "" " " .

    . .

    : "" ". Negroids" "" "Mongoloids" " Caucassids"

    " " . " " .

    .

    . .

  • 87

    .

    .

    :

    .

    ". "

    .

    .

    .

    " Pleistocene" ""

    "

    Neolithic " " " "Chalcolithic"

    .

    . .

    . .

  • 88

    1917 " " .

    "Twitchell" "" .

    .

    ". Exodus - " " 25" .

    . . .

    .

    " "

    .

    . . .

    " " ". L.Caetani" ""

    ". " " "

    .

    1500 2500 .

    " " .

    .

    " "

    .

  • 89

    " " ""

    " " "" " " "" . .

    " " "." . ". "

    . : " " . .

    - - . .

    .

    .

    " " " " " " .

    " " " .

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    .

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    .

  • 90

    " " " "

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    " " . " " " " " " " " "

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  • 91

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    .

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    .

    .

    . . .

    .

  • 92

    .

    .

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    .

    . .

    .

    . .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    ! .

    "Uresmitisch " .

  • 93

    .

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    . .

    . .

    .

    .

    .

    . : .

    . . ": ".

    ". " " " .

    .

    " " " " " "

    .

    . ! Graf Arthur" " " " Ernest Renan" "1823 - 1892" ""

  • 94

    Gobineau" "1816 - 1882 " " Housten Stewart Chamberlain" "1855-1927 "

    ". "

    " " " " " " "" .

    . " "

    .

    .

    .

    ". "

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    .

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  • 95

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  • 96

    " " . . .

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  • 97

    ...

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    .

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  • 98

    ".

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    " " " " " .

  • 99

    ".

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  • 100

    : " " " .

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  • 101

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  • 102

    "." " " " "

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  • 103

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  • 104

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  • 105

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  • 106

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  • 107

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  • 108

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