‘Ain Dara Temple (Syria, 1300-740 BCE) and Solomon’s Temple (960-586 BCE)

Babylonian ExilePsalm 137 (new JPS)

1. By the rivers of Babylon, there we sat, sat and wept, as we thought of Zion.

2. There on the poplars we hung up our lyres,3. for our captors asked use there for songs, our

tormentors, for amusement, “Sing us one of the songs of Zion.”

4. How can we sing a song of the Lord on alien soil?5. If I forget you, O Jerusalem, let my right hand wither;6. Let my tongue stick to my palate if I cease to think of

you, if I do not keep Jerusalem in memory even at my happiest hour

Second Temple Period, 516 BCE to 70 CE [Babylonian exile, 597/586 – 538 BCE] Persian rule, 538 – 332 BCE

Hellenistic rule, 332 - 164 BCE

Hasmonean rule, 164 - 63 BCE

Roman rule, 63 BCE – 638 CE

70 CE, destruction of the Second Temple Rabbinic period. 70 CE – approx. 638 CE

Second Temple Period, 516 BCE to 70 CE Babylonian exile, 586 – 538 BCE (descendants of

Jehoiachin)

Persian rule, 538/516 – 332 BCE

Hellenistic rule, 332 - 164 BCE

Hasmonean rule, 164 - 63 BCE

Roman rule, 63 BCE – 638 CE

70 CE, destruction of the Second Temple Rabbinic period. 70 CE – approx. 638 CE

Babylonian Exile, 586 to 538 BCE (6th century BCE)

Josephus, Jewish Antiquities (c. 94 CE)

“From the time they went up from Babylon, they were known by this name (Ioudaioi), after the tribe of Judah.”

Babylonian exile: narrative history “Internally”

Beginning of canonization of the Jewish bible Change in meaning of “Judean”

“Extnerally” Persian conquest of Babylon, 539 BCE

Persian vs. Assyrian and Babylonian models of conquest

Second Temple Period, 516 BCE to 70 CE [Babylonian exile, 586 – 516 BCE] Persian rule, 538 – 332 BCE

Hellenistic rule, 332 - 164 BCE

Hasmonean rule, 164 - 63 BCE

Roman rule, 63 BCE – 638 CE

70 CE, destruction of the Second Temple

Rabbinic period. 70 CE – approx. 638 CE

Persian Empire under Darius, 521-486 B.C.E.

Persian Rule, 539 – 332 BCE c. 530 BCE, time of Buddha, Pythagoras and Confucius;

Aeschylus born 525 BCE. 516 BCE, inauguration of Second Temple 458 BCE, Ezra arrives in Jerusalem c. 400 – 300 BCE, probable composition of Book of Esther

Second Temple Period, 516 BCE to 70 CE [Babylonian exile, 586 – 516 BCE] Persian rule, 538 – 332 BCE

Hellenistic rule, 332 - 164 BCE

Hasmonean rule, 164 - 63 BCE

Roman rule, 63 BCE – 638 CE

70 CE, destruction of the Second Temple

Rabbinic period. 70 CE – approx. 638 CE

Hellenistic Rule, 332 – 167 BCE

Second Temple Period, 516 BCE to 70 CE Hellenistic rule, 332 [Babylonian

exile597/586 – 538 BCE] Persian rule, 538 – 332 BCE - 164 BCE

Hasmonean rule, 164 - 63 BCE (Hasmonean family + “zugot”, then “Tana’im” (from c. 40 CE)

Roman rule, 63 BCE – 638 CE

70 CE, destruction of the Second Temple

Rabbinic period. 70 CE – approx. 638 CE ,

Hasmonean Rule, 164 - 63 BCE

Second Temple Period, 516 BCE to 70 CE [Babylonian exile, 597/586 – 538 BCE] Persian rule, 538 – 332 BCE

Hellenistic rule, 332 - 167/164 BCE

Hasmonean rule, 164/140 - 63 BCE

Roman rule, 63 BCE – 638 CE

70 CE, destruction of the Second Temple Rabbinic period. 70 CE – approx. 638 CE

Roman Rule, from 63 BCE

Jewish Sects in Greco-Roman Times Pharisees

Sadducees Essenees Qumran Early Christians