:{ a-i }: constitution were derived by us from:-
TRANSCRIPT
:{ A-I }:
1; The Directive Principles of State Policy as embodied in Chapter IV of the
Constitutionwere derived by us from:-
a. TheConstitutionof Ireland b. The Constitutionof U.S.S.R.
c. TheConstitutionof Switzerland
d. TheGandhianConstitutionforFree India
2. State whichof the following statements is correct:
a. Preambleis not part ofthe Constitution
b. Preambleis part ofthe Constitutionand relates to its basic structure.
c. Preamble is not part of the Constitutionbut a sort of introduction to theConstitution.
d. Preambleis likea prologueto the Constitution
3. State which of the following statements is correct:-
a. The Americandoctrine of waiver of fundamental rights is part of the IndianConstitution. .
b. No person can waive his fundamental rights under the IndianConstitution asthey are sacrosanct and no individualcan tinkerwith them.
c. Anon-citizencan waive his fundamentalrights.
d. A citizencan waive his fundamental rightswhichare for his individualbenefit.
4. The right to equality means that no person is above law. To this rule, certain
exceptions are recognized. State which of the following come under the
exception:a. President of India b. Ambassador of USA.
c..Judges of the HighCourts. d. Allthe above
6. Which one of the following writs can be issued only against the judicial or
quasi-judicial authorities?a. Mandamus b. Habeas Corpus
c. Certiorari d. Quo Warranto
6. State which of the following statements is incorrect:
a. A writcan be issued against the HighCourt.b. Government of India and State Governments.
c. Anyauthorityunder the powerand controlof the Governmentof India.
d. Parliament or a State Legislature.
7. TheDirective Principles are:-
a. justiciable the same way as the fundamental rights.
b. justiciable though not the same way as the fundamental rights.
c. decorative portions of the IndianConstitution.
d. not justiciable, yet fundamental inthe governance of the country~
:{ A-2}:
8.Whichcoinout of the followinghas been withdrawn by RBIin 2011:
a. 20Paisa b. 10 paisa
c. 25Paisa d. 5 paisa
9. The total number of Ministers, including the Prime Minister in the Council of
Minister should not exceed:-
a. 20% of the total number of members of Lok Sabha.
b. 15%of the total number of members of Lok Sabha.
c. 20% of the total number of members of Rajya Sabha.
d. 15%of the total number of members of both the Houses.
10. Who has been conferred with Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award in the year 2011.
a. AbhinavBindra b. Gagan Narang
c. KapilDev d. SachinTendulkar
11. Vast powers and functions vested in the Indian President make him:a. Almosta dictator b. A benevolentruler
c. Realhead of the Government d. AnominalConstitutionHead
12. Only that person can be appointed a judge of the Supreme Court who is a
citizen of Indiaand:
a. judge of the HighCourtforat least fiveyears.
b. advocate of the Supreme Courtfor at least 10 years' standing.
c. judge of the HighCourtforat least ten years.
d. advocate of the HighCourtfor at least fifteenyears.
13. While a proclamation of emergency is in operation the State Government:-
a. Cannot legislate.
b. Can legislate only on subjects inthe ConcurrentList.
c. Can legislate on the subject in the State List.
d. Is suspended.
14. 'What cannot be done directly cannot be done indirectly'. This statement
epitomises the doctrine of:-a. Pith and substance.c. Ancillarypowers.
b. Implied powers.d. Colourable legislation.
:{ A-3 }:
15. Residuary powers are vested in:a. executivec. parliament
b. judiciaryd. state legislatures
16. Who said that the Supreme Court in India has the highest powers whic h no
other court in the world possess?
a. Mahatma Gandhic. Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel
b. Jawahar Lal Nehrud. Alladi Krishna Swamy Iyyer
17. TheConstitution of India is:-
a. Highlyfederalc. Neitherfederal nor unitary
b. Highly unitaryd. Partly federal and partly unitary
18. Whoamongst the following is not a 'public officer' within the meaning ofSection 2 (17) of CPC.
a. a Judgeb. a person in service under the pay of Governmentc. sarpanch of a Gram Panchayatd. all of the above
19. Give response to the statement
Equality before law under Article 14 of the Constitution is with reference to
a.laws enacted by legislatureb. orders passed by the executivec. notifications issued by the Government onlyd. laws enacted by legislature, executive order etc.
20. A change of nature of obligation of a contract is known as
a. repudiation b. rescissionc. alteration d. none of the above
21.1ndiraSwahney V. Union of India is a case popularly known as:
a. Ayodhyajudgment b. Mandaijudgmentc. Suicidejudgment d. ElectionCommissionjudgment
22.The Advisory opinion tendered by the Supreme Court:
a. is bindingon the Presidentb. is not binding on the Presidentc. is binding on the President only if it is unanimouslymaded. is not made public at all
23.Among the following States, which one sends the highest number of members
to Lok Sabha?
a. Andhra Pradeshc. Kamataka
b.Bihard. Madhya Pradesh
--- -- n n n -
:{ A-4 }:
-24. Acontract, which is formed without the free consent of the parties, isa. voidab initio b. void c. illegal
d. voidableat the instanceof the partywhose consentwas not free.
25. Which of the following legal pleas need not be pleaded
a. estoppel b. limitationc. res-judicata d. none ofthe above
26.At present the Vice President of India is:-
a. Meera Kumari b. Bhairon SinghShekhawatc. Dr.KaranSingh d. A.H.Ansari
27.Thesmallestmilitary outfit is called a
a. Division b. Brigadec. Section d. Platoon
28. India's largest and most sophisticated indigenously built warship which wa$
commissioned in 1994-95 is:
a. INS Delhic. INSSatpura
b.INS Mysored. INS Kulish
29. The Battle of Longewala took place in the year:a.1965 b. 1967c. 1969 d. 1971
30. The National Anthem was first sung at this session of the Indian National
Congress in 1911:-- a. Pune
c. Lucknowb. Calcuttad. Ahmedabad
3-1.Goodwill of a partnership business is the property of the partnershipa. underSection14 b.underSection13c. underSection12 d.d. underSection11
32.The State with the highest population density in India is:
a. Uttar Pradesh b.West Bengalc. Gujarat d. Maharashtra
33.The Indian State with the highest female sex ratio is:
a. Punjab b. Madhya Pradeshc. Maharashtra d. Kerata
:{ A-5 }:
34.Thefirst recipient of the Bharat Ratnaafter it was revived in 1980was:
a.AcharyaVinobaShave b. MotherTeresac. M.G.Ramachandran d. V.V.Giri
35. Comp'ulsorydissolution of a firm has been provided under
a.Section39 of theAct b. Section41 of the Actc.Section40 of theAct d. Section44 of the Act
36. An act done by a partner on behalf of the firm beyond the implied autno rity
a. canbe ratifiedexpressly b. can be ratifiedimpliedlyby conductc. either(a) or (b) d. neither(a) nor (b)
37. After dismissal of a complaint under Section 203, a fresh similar complaint on
the same facts
a. is bannedb. is not banned but will be entertained only in exceptional circumstancesc. is not banned and will be entertained in all circumstancesd. either (a) or (c)
38. A new person can be introduced into a firm as a partner under Section 31 of
the Act by
a. unanimous consent of all the partnersb. majority consent amongst the partnersc. with the consent of the managing partnerd. none of the above
39. Complaint may relate to:a. a cognizable offenceb. a non cognizable offencec. both (a) & (b) are correctd. must be for a non-cognizable
investigate such an offence.offence as the police has no power to
40. If th, person who is competent to compound offence is dead, the
compoundinga. cannot be doneb. can be done by the legal representative of the deceased without thepermission of the courtc. can be done by the legal representative of the deceased only with the
permission of the court.d. both (b) & (c)
:{ A-6 }:
41. Ina bailableoffence:
a. conditionscan be imposedwhilegrantingbailbythe policeofficerb.conditionscan be imposedwhilegrantingbailbythe courtc. noconditioncan be imposedwhilegrantingbailby the policeofficer or by the
courtd. onlymildconditionscan be imposed bythe courtonly
42. In cas~ where an inquiry, trial or other proceedings have been conducted in a
wrong place:a. the inquiry,trialor other proceedingsshall be voidab initiob. the inquiry,trialor other proceedingscannot be set aside as voidunless it hasoccasionedinfailureofjusticec. the inquiry,trial or other proceedings, cannot be set aside even if it has
occasionedinfailureofjusticed. either(a) or (c)
43. Incomputing the period of limitation the time during which
a. the accused avoidedarrest byabsconding has to be excludedb. the accused remained absent fromIndiahas to be excludedc. both(a) &(b)d. Neither(a) nor (b)
44. Irregularities which do not vitiate trial have been stated ina. Section460 of Cr.P.C b. Section461 of Cr.P.Cc. Section462 of Cr.P.C d. Section 466 of Cr.P.C
45. Objection as to the lack of territorial jurisdiction of the criminal court:a. can be taken before or at the time of commencement of trialb. can be taken at any time after the commencement oftrialc. can be taken in appeal for the firstimed. all the above.
46. power to recall any witness(es) under Section 311 of Cr.P.C. can be exercised:a. even after the evidence of both the sides is closedb. after the evidence of the prosecution is closed, but before the evidence ofdefence is closedc. before the evidence of the prosecution is closed, ifthe witness is to be called
on the motion of the prosecutiond. ~fter the evidence of the prosecution is closed if the witness is called on the
motionof the defence
47. Words 'competentjurisdiction' under Section 39 of CPC refers to
a. pecuniary jurisdictionof transferee courtb. territorialjurisdictionof the transferee courtc. pecuniary and territorialjurisdictionofthe transferee courtd. none ofthe above
:{ A-7 }:
48. Section 428 Cr.P.C provides for concession to the effect that period of
detention undergone by accused be set off
a. againstthe substantiveperiodof imprisonmentawarded;b. againstthe periodof imprisonmentin defaultof paymentoffine.c. a&babove. .
d. none ofthe above.
49. UnderSection 167 of Cr.P.C, the Magistrate can authorise detention for a total
period of 90 days during investigation, in cases of offences punishablea. withdeathb.withimprisonmentfor lifec. withimprisonmentfora term not less than 10yearsd. allthe above
50. UnderSection 216 of Cr.P.C, the Court has the power to:
a. add to the charge(s)already framedb. alterthe charge(s) alreadyframedc. neitherto alter nor to add to the charge alreadyframedd. add to and alter the charge both.
51. Under Order VI, Rule 17 of CPC, an application for amendment of pleadings
can be allowed .
a. beforethe commencement oftrial b. afterthe commencement of trial
c. either before or afterthe commencement oftrial d. none ofthe above
52. Under .Section 315 of Cr.PC
a. an accused cannot be a witnessb. an accused can be compelled to givehis ownevidence generallyc. an accused can be called as a witness onlyon his own request inwritingd. either (a) or (b)
53. Under Section 439 of Cr.PC, the jurisdiction to cancel the bail vests with:
a. The Court of Sessions b. The HighCourtc. The Court of Magistrate d. Only(a) &(b)
54. With reference to Crime response the following:
a. it is a state wrong b. it is a civilwrongc. it is a private wrong d. none of the above
55. Actus ~us includes:
a. positive (intentional doing) as well as negative (intentional non-doing. Le.omission) acts.b. only positive acts.c. external (bodily)as well as internal(mind)actsd. both (a) and (c)
--n.n_n_n_-- --- n- --_n __n_n n' ----
:{ A-8 }:
5,6. Section 34 of IPC
a. creates a substantiveoffencec. both(a) and (b)
b. is a ruleof evidenced. neither(a) nor (b)
57. Preparationand attempt are two stages of commission of crime. Pre~aration is
not punishable generally but attempt is. One basic reason as to why preparation is
not punishable is that there:a. isno nexus between preparationand attempt.b. can be chances of change of mindbefore commissionof offencec. isabsence of intention.d. is absence of attempt.
58. Illegalsignifies:
a. everythingwhichis an offenceb. everythingwhichis prohibitedbylawc. everythingwhichfurnishes groundforcivilactiond. allthe above
59. Howmany types of punishments have been prescribed under the Indian Penal
Code:a. threec. five
b. sixd. four
60. Second appeal under Section 100 of CPC lies
a. on question offacts b. on substantial questions of lawc. on mixedquestion of law &fact d. none ofthe above
61. The maxim 'ignorantia juris non excusat'means:
a. ignorance of lawis no excuse b. ignorance of fact is no excusec. ignorance of lawis an excuse d. ignorance of fact is an excuse
62. Section 76 & Section 79 of IPC provide the general exception ofa. mistake of law b. mistake of factc. both mistake of lawand fact d. either mistake of lawor offact
63. A hangman who hangs the prisoners pursuant to the order of the court is
exempt from criminal liability by virtue ofa. Section 76 of IPCc. Section 77 of IPC
b. Section 78 of IPCd. Section 80 of IPC
64. "A",with the intention to kill, shoots aiming at "B", instead "c" gets killed.The
principle for holding "A" liable is known asa. The doctrine of intention b. The doctrineof transferred malicec. The doctrine that no one can escape d. None ofthese
_n-- n- -- --
:{ A-9 }:
65.Therightto privatedefenceis based on the naturalinstinctof
a. self-preservation b. self-respectc. self-sufficiency d. self-reliance
66. Section511 does not apply in the case of
a. attemptof riot b. attemptof murderc. attemptoftheft d. attemptof affray
67. Theessence of sedition is
a. intentionc. result
b. benefitsor gains ofthe accusedd. bothintentionand result.
68. Amental pain is
a. also covered underthe offenceofsimple hurt.b. not covered underthe offenceof simple hurt.c. sometimes covered under the offence ofsimplehurt.d. none ofthe above.
69.UnderIndianPenal Code,there can be abetmenttoa. a person of unsound mind b. an infantc. both (a) &(b) d. neither(a) nor (b)
70. Inwhich of the following cases, the punishment must be 'simple'
a. Refusingto take oath.b. Disobedienceto an order dulypromulgatedbya publicservant.c. Wrongfulrestraint.d. Allof the above.
71. Fight under Section 159 of IPCsignifies
a. twoopposite parties activelyinvolvedb. two parties one ofwhich is passivec. two parties both of which are passived. none of the above
72. Misconduct in public by a drunken person is
a. publicmischief. b. annoyancec. intentionalinsult d. allof the above
73. Which of the following is defamation:
a. X says, "Yis an honest man, he never stole Z's watch," intendingto cause ittobe believed that Ydid steal Z's watch.b. X is asked, "whostole Z's watch?"X points to Y.c. Xdraws a picture of Y running away withZ's watch.d. Allof the above.
74. Assault can be caused by
a. gesturesc. both (a) &(b)
b. preparationsd. neither (a)nor(b)
:{ A-IO }:
75.TrespasSbeing made in a surreptitious manner (concealment) is call~d
a.house-trespass b. house-breakingc. lurkinghouse-trespass d. noneof the above
76. Theword 'takes' in Section 361of IPC signifies
a. takingby force b. takingbyfraudc. physicaltaking d. all the above
77. The expression 'harm' is used in Section 81 of the Indian Penal Code in the
sense of
a.hurtc. physicalinjury
b. injury or damaged. moral wrong or evil
78. Which one of the following is not a "Public Servant":-
a. liquidatorb. a Civil Judgec. member of a panchayat assisting a Court of Justiced. secretary of a Co-operative Society
79. The causing of death of child in the mother's womb is not homicide under
a. Indian law only b. Englishlaw onlyc. Both Englishand Indian law d. neitherin Indian law nor in English law
80. The difference between Section 34 and Section 149of Indian Penal Code is
a. that whereas in Section 34 there must at least be five persons, Section 149requiresonly two personsb. that Section 149 is only a rule of evidence whereas Section 34 creates aspecific offence and providesfor its punishmentc. that Section 34 requires active participation in action whereas Section 149requiresmerepassivemembershipof theunlawfulassembly .
d. that Section 34 need not be joined with the principle offence,whereas Section149 must be combinedwith the principle offence.
81. A confession made by a person while in police custody is inadmissible under:
a. Section 29 of EvidenceAct b. Section26 of EvidenceActc. Section 25 of Evidence Act d. Section 27 of Evidence Act
8~. A co-defendant in a case
a. cannot be cross-examined by another co-defendant under any circumstanceb. can be cross-examined by another co-defendant if their interests are identicalc. can be cross-examined by another co-defendant when their interests adverse
to each otherd. can be cross-examined by another co-defendant as a matter of right.
:{ A-ll }:
83. Adyingdeclarationa. canformthe sole basis of convictionwithoutany corroborationby inde pendentevidence '
b. canformthe basis of convictiononlyon corroborationby independent witnessc. cannotformthe sole basis of convictionunless corroboratedby independent
witnessd. is nota substantivepiece ofevidence
84. Ahusband or wife are permitted to disclose any communication between them
during marriage:
a. incivilproceedings betweenthe partiesb. incriminalproceedings betweenthe partiesc. inmatrimonialproceedings between the partiesd. allthe above
85. Admissions
a. are conclusiveproofofthe matters admittedb. are notconclusiveproofof the matters admittedbut operate as estoppelc. are conclusiveproofof the matter and also operate as estoppel'd. none ofthe above
86. Alibi is governed by
a. Section9 of EvidenceActc. Section 10 of EvidenceAct
b. Section 12 of EvidenceActd. Section 11 of EvidenceAct
87. Burden of introducing evidence under Section 102 of Evidence Acta. never shifts b. occasionallyshiftsc. constantlyshifts d. only(a) and not (b)or (c)
88. Burden of proof is lightened by
a. presumption b. admissionsc. estoppels d. all ofthe above
89. Contents of a document under Section 59 of Evidence Act
a. can be proved by oral evidenceb. cannot be proved by oral evidencec. mayor may not be proved byoral evidenced. can onlybe proved by oral evidence under the order of the court
90. Estoppela. is a cause of action in itselfc. both (a) &(b) are correct
b. creates a cause of actiond.neither (a) nor (b) is correct
91. In criminal trials, the accused
justification of an offencea. beyond reasonable doubtc. substantially
has to establish his plea mitigation or
b. primafacied. partially
.. n'- - -'
:{ A-12 }:
92.Necessityrule as to the admissibility of evidence is applicable, when the maker
of a statement
a. is dead or has become incapable of givingevidenceb. is a person who can be found but his attendance cannot be procured withoutunreasonabledelay or expensesc. is a person who cannot be foundd. allofthe above
93. Re-examinationof a witness
a. can be forthe purposes offillingwhat is left-overinexamination-in-chiefb. can be for the purposes of explaining the matters referred to in cross-examination.c. can be for the purposes of explaining the matters referred to in the
examination-in-chief.d. allthe above
. 94. Section105of EvidenceActapplies toa. criminaltrials b. civiltrialsc. both (a) &(b) d. neither(a) nor (b)
95. Testimony of an accomplice before it is accepted & acted upon
a. mustbe corroboratedfromthetestimonyofanotheraccomplice.b. must be corroboratedfroman independent sourcec. need not be corroborated at alld. either (a) or (c)
96. The t~rm "character" as explained in Section 55 of the Indian Evidence Act,
1872, means
a. good and bad characterb. reputationand disposition of general naturec. reputationformed on the basis of particulardispositiond. character in a criminalact
97. Under the law of evidence, as a general rule
a. opinion on a matter of fact is relevant but noton a matter of lawb. opinion on a matter of law is relevant but not on a matter offactc. opinion on a matter of fact and lawboth are relevantd. opinionwhether on a matter of fact or law, is irrelevant
98. A post-marriage agreement to liveseparately in future isa. void b. voidablec. yalid d. invalid
99. Afterthe passing of a decree for judicial separation, co-habitation is
a. obligatory b. not obligatoryc. directory d.either(a)or (c)
n n n- -. n _n-- __un.- -----------
:{ A-13 }:
1 00.Deg~s ofprohibited relationship include relationship by
a. f~1Iblood b. halfor uterinebloodc. qdoption d. allthe above
101. Insanity isa ground fora. gettingthe marriageannulledas voidable b. judicialseparationc. di"orce d. allthe above
1.02.Remed1(ofrestitution of conjugal rights is aimed at
a. dissolvingthe marriage b. preservingthe marriagec. both(a) &(b) d. either (a) or (b)
103. Under MuslimLaw,the only natural guardian isa. Father b. Motherc. Grand-father d. Grand-mother
104. The renunciation of Islam by a married Muslimwomen of her conversion to a
fajth other than Islam
a. shall notby itself dissolvemarriagec. maybyitselfdissolve marriage
b. shall by itselfdissolve marriaged. none ofthe above
105. Mother's rightto have the custody of minor child is known asa. Hizamat b. Hazinac. Khula d. Ahula
106. A decision on issue of law
a. shall alwaysoperate as res-judicatab. shall neveroperate as res-judicatac. mayor maynot operate as res-judicatad. none ofthe above
107. A defendant under Order V,Rule 1(1)of CPC is required to appear, anSWer the
claim and to file the written statement
a. within 90 days from the date of service of summonsb. within 60 days from the date of service of summonsc. within 30 days from the date of service of summonsd. within 15 days from the date of service of summons
108.A party filing affidavit in reply to interrogatories
a. can be cross-examined upon itb. the other partycan adduce evidence to contradictitc. can neither cross-examine nor adduce any evidence to contradict it, as it is a
conclusive proofd. none of the above
- - - - - - - - -- -
:{ A-14 }:
109. A person arrested & detained in civil imprisonment in execution
can be released
a. onpaymentofthe outstandingamountb. onthegroundof illnessof selfc. onthe groundof illnessofa memberofhis familyd. both(a)and (b)
of a decree
110. A plaintcan be rejecteda. underOrder8, Rule 10of CPCc. underOrder7, Rule 11 of CPC
b. under Order8, Rule 10A of CPCd. none ofthe above
111. Asuit filedon behalf of a minor can be
a. withdrawnat any timeas a matter of right b. cannot be withdrawnc. withdrawnonlywiththe leave of the court d. none ofthe above
112. A witness who has already been examined can be recalled under Order 18,
Rule 17 ofCPC
a. bythe partycallingthe witnessc. bythe court
b. by the opposite partyd. none ofthe above
113. After dismissal of suit under Order 9, Rule 8 of CPC, a fresh suit on the same
cause of action, under Order 9 Rule 9 of CPC
a. is barredb. is not barred under any circumstancesc. is not barred subject to lawof limitationd. .none of the above
114. An executing court can go behind the decree where
a. the decree has been passed without jurisdiction-pecuniary,territorial. orsubject-matter.b. the decree is a nullityhaving been passed against a dead person Withoutbringinghis legal representatives on the record.c. where the decree is ambiguousd. none ofthe above
115.Compromise under Order XXIII,Rule 3 of CPC
a. must be inwritingand signed by the parties .
b. must be inwritingbut need not be signed by the partiesc. must be inwritingbut need not be lawfuld. Noneof theabove
:{ A-I5 }:
116. For the application of the principle res-subjudice, which of the following is
essential
a. suitsbetweenthesamepartiesorlitigatingunderthe sametitleb. thetwosuits must be pendingdisposal ina court
. C. the matters in issue in the two suits must be directlyand substantially thesame
d. none of the above
117. If a document, which ought to be produced in the court along with the
pleadings, is not produced, under Order VII, Rule 14(3) of CPC~ at the he~ring of
the suit
a.the same shall not be received in evidence on behalf of the plaintiffb. thesameshall not be receivedin evidenceon behalf of the defendantc. thesameshall not be receivedin evidenceon behalfof third partyd. noneof the above
118. Inherentpowers under Section 151 of CPCare
a. discretionaryin natureb. in additionto the powerconferredunderthe other provisionof the Codec. both(a)& (b)d. noneofthe above
119. Legal representative under Section 2(11)of CPC means a person who is a
a. Relativeof parties to the suitb. co-sharerof the benefitsassumingto the partiesto the suitc. who in law representsthe estate of the deceasedd. noneofthe above
120. Lodging of caveat under Section 148-Aof CPC
a. entitlesthe caveator to receivenotice of the applicationb. makes the caveator a partyto the suitc. both (a) & (b)d. none of the above
121. On default in filing of written statement under Order 8,
pronouncement of judgment
a. is mandatoryc. directory
Rule 10 of CPC,
b. discretionaryd. none of the above
122.Parties by their consent/agreement
a. can confer jurisdiction on a court, where there is none in lawb. can oust the jurisdiction of the court wherethere is one in lawc. can oust the jurisdiction of one of the courts when there are two
simultaneously having jurisdiction in law.d. none of the above.
courts
:{ A-16 }:
123. Provisionsof Section 10of CPCare
a. directory b. mandatoryc. discretionary d. none of the above
124. Provisions of Section 80 of CPC are binding on
a. thecourtof a CivilJudge b. the courtof DistrictJudgec. the HighCourt d. allofthe above
125. Review is maintainablea. when an appeal is provided, but no appeal preferredb. when no appeal is providedc. both(a)& (b)d. neither(a) nor (b)