बालबालिकाको उपयुक्त हेरचाह तथा...

;dfh ;]jf tyf dfgj clwsf/df dlxnf / afnaflnsf -l;lj;_a'4gu/, sf7df8f}F

afnaflnsfsf] pko'St x]/rfx tyfafnd}qL 3/ kl/jf/ lgdf{0fsf nflu

cleefjs lzIff ;|f]t k':tscleefjs lzIff ;|f]t k':ts

ii

afnaflnsfsf] pko'St x]/rfx tyf afnd}qL 3/ kl/jf/ lgdf{0fsf nflu cleefjs lzIff ;|f]t k':tsk|sfzs M ;dfh ;]jf tyf dfgj clwsf/df dlxnf / afnaflnsf -l;lj;_ kf]=a=g+=M @!$##, a'4gu/, sf7df8f}+, kmf]gM )!–$&*$%$%, O{d]n M [email protected] j]j M www.cwish.org.np

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;Nnfx ;'emfjM!= zflGt clwsf/L, ;+:yfks cWoIf, l;lj;@= ljdnf 1jfnL, cWoIf, l;lj;#= 6]sgf/fo0f kf08] – lgb]{zs, lzIff ljefu$= /fdz/0f ;fksf]6f – pk–lgb]{zs, lzIff ljefu%= an/fd ltdN;Lgf – pk–lgb]{zs, lzIff ljefu^= /fs]z >]i7 – pk–lgb]{zs, lzIff ljefu&= lbJof bjf8L – pk–lgb]{zs, lzIff ljefu*= lji0f' k|;fb clwsf/L – pk–lgb]{zs, lzIff ljefu (= ;/f]h s]=;L= – sfo{qmd Joj:yfks, l;lj;!)= o'j/fh l3ld/] – P8ef]s];L ;+of]hs!!= dlxdf k|wfg – lzIff ;+of]hs

n]cfp6 M /d]z e08f/L

k|sfzg jif{ M @)&@

;xof]u M Embassy of Finland, Kathmandu

ISBN: 978-9937-2-9654-0

e'ldsf

dGtJo

afnaflnsfx?sf nflu pgLx? a;]sf] 3/ g} klxnf] kf7zfnf xf] eg] cfdfa'jf tyf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox? pgLx?sf nflu klxnf] lzIfs÷lzlIfsf x'g\ . afnaflnsfsf] k|s[lt tyf Jojxf/ kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?n] ug]{ Jojxf/ / pgLx?sf] ;fdflhlss/0fn] lgwf{/0f ub{5 . kl/jf/ kl5 afnaflnsfx?n] clwsf+; ;do ljBfnodf latfpg] ePsf] x'Fbf pgLx?sf] pHHjn eljio klg kl/jf/, ljBfno / ;d'bfodf g} lglxt /x]sf] x'G5 . afnaflnsfn] ljBfnoaf6 k|fKt ug]{ lzIff lhjgf]kof]uL l;kdf cfwfl/t x'g'kg]{ ePsfn] ;f]xL cg';f/sf] kf7\oqmd, k7gkf7g, hjfkmb]xL tyf bIf lzIfs, s'zn / lhDd]jf/ ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, cfwf/e"t ;'ljwf ;DkGg ef}lts k"jf{wf/, afnd}qL ljBfno tyf :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] cfjZostf /xG5 . oL ;a} kIfx?sf] d'Vo cfwf/ r]tglzn / pT;flxt cleefsx? g} x'g\ . afnaflnsfsf] pHHjn eljiosf nflu >Ldfg >LdtLn] ljjfx kZrft s'g ;dodf aRrf hGdfpg' pko'Qm x'G5 / o;sf nflu s] s:tf] tof/L ug'{ kb{5 eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L kfpg' kb{5 . kl/jf/n] klg ;f]xL cg';f/ ue{jtL clg ;'Ts]/L cfdfsf] :ofxf/ tyf x]/rfx ljz]if Wofg lbg' cfjZos 5 . afnaflnsfsf] ;fdflhlss/0f tyf JolQmTj ljsf;df 3/ kl/jf/ tyf ljBfnosf] 7'nf] e'ldsf /xG5 . afnaflnsfx?df x'g] km/s km/s Ifdtf, pgLx?sf] ?rL, b}lgs lqmofsnfk / cj:yfsf] af/]df kl/jf/sf ;b:o tyf ljBfnosf lzIfs cgle1 eP afnaflnsfx? hf]lvddf kg{ ;S5g\ . kl/jf/ / ljBfnodf afnaflnsfsf] a[l4 / ljsf;sf nflu rflxg] pko'Qm jftfj/0f / cfwf/e"t s'/fx?sf] af/]df ;r]t agfO{ kl/jf/ tyf ;d'bfonfO{ cfˆgf afnaflnsf k|lt yk lhDd]jf/ agfpg l;lj;n] lzIff ljefu;Fusf] ;xsfo{df afnaflnsfsf] pko'St x]/rfx tyf afnd}qL 3/ kl/jf/ lgdf{0fsf nflu cleefjs lzIff ;|f]t k':ts k|sfzg u/]sf] xf] .

k|:t't ;|f]t k':tsdf kl/jf/n] aRrf hGdfpgsf nflu of]hgf ug]{ b]lv pgLx?nfO{ s'g pd]/ ;d'xdf s:tf] jftfj/0f pko'Qm x'G5 / ;f] jftfj/0fsf] nflu 3/ kl/jf/ tyf ;d'bfon] v]Ng'kg]{ e"ldsfsf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . afnaflnsfsf] a9\g] qmd ;Fu;u} pgLx?df cfpg] zfl//Ls tyf Jojxf/Ls kl/jt{gsf] jf/]df kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fO{ pgLx?sf] ljsf; / ;+/If0fdf yk lhDd]jf/ agfpg' o; ;|f]t k':tssf] d'Vo p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 .

k|:t't ;|f]t k':ts n]vg sfo{ b]lv clGtd ?k lbg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg'x'g] n]vs, lzIff ljefusf ljleGg ljifout lj1 tyf l;lj;sf sd{rf/Lx?k|lt xflb{s wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . wGojfb ..

ljdnf 1jfnLcWoIf

afnaflnsfsf] pko'St x]/rfx tyf afnd}qL 3/ kl/jf/ lgdf{0fsf nflucleefjs lzIff ;|f]t k':ts

v

;|f]t k':tssf ;DaGwdf 1

v08 Ps cleefjsTjsf] cjwf/0ff / dxTTj 3!=! cleefjssf] e"ldsf 4!=@ cleefjsTjsf] bz l;b\wfGt 6

v08 b'O{ afnd}qL ljb\ofno / kl/jf/ 11@=! afnd}qL ljb\ofno s] xf] < 12@=@= afnd}qL 3/ kl/jf/ 15

v08 ltg kl/jf/sf] pHHjn eljiosf nflu of]hgf 21#=! kl/jf/sf] of]hgf 22#=@ ;'/lIft dft[Tj 22#=# kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf] pkof]lutf 23#=$ ue{ lg/f]wsf c:yfoL ljlwx¿ 23#=% kl/jf/ / ;d'bfodf cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ 24

v08 rf/ ue{jtL dlxnfsf] :ofxf/ 25$=! ue{jtL :ofxf/ 26$=@ k|;"lt tyf ;'Ts]/L :ofxf/ 29$=# ;'Ts]/L :ofxf/ 31$=$= kl/jf/ lgof]hg;DaGwL hfGg' kg{ s'/fx¿M 32$=% kl/jf/ / ;d'bfodf cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ 32

v08 kf“r gjhft lzz'sf] x]/rfx 33%=! gjhft lzz' :ofxf/ 34%=@ gjhft lzz'sf] nflu :tgkfg / k"/s vfgf 36%=# k"/s vfgf 39%=$ ;jf]{Qd lk7f] 39%=% ;lqmo v'jfO 40

v08 5 cfdf / aRrfsf nflu kf]if0f 41^=! cfdf / aRrfsf] Kff]if0f 42

ljifo;"rL


vi

^=@ s'kf]if0f 44^=# afnaflnsfsf] kf]if0fsf] nflu ;'gf}nf !))) lbg 46^=$= kl/jf/ / ;d'bfodf cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ M 46^=%= ljb\ofnodf vfhfsf] Joj:yf 46^=^= lbjf vfhf sfo{qmd 48^=&= kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo :t/df cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ 49

v08 ;ft afnaflnsfsf] j[b\lw / ljsf; 50&=!= afnj[b\lw 49&=@= afnljsf; 51&=#= kl/kSjtf 51&=$= j[b\lw / ljsf;sf] tl/sf 51&=%= j[b\lw / ljsf;df km/s kfg]{ TTjx¿ 51&=^= kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo :t/df cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ 53

v08 cf7 JolStut / jftfj/0fLo ;/;kmfO 54*=!= JolStut ;/;kmfO 55*=@= jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yo 57

v08 gf} afnaflnsfsf] dfgl;s :jf:Yo 59(=!= afnaflnsfx¿sf] dfgl;s :jf:Yosf] kl/0ffd 60(=@= afnaflnsfx¿sf] nflu dfgl;s :jf:Yo lsg dxTTjk"0f{ 5 < 61(=#= dfgl;s tgfj 63(=$= dfgl;s tgfj Joj:yfkg 64(=%= kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo :t/df cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ 64

v08 bz afnaflnsfdf x'g] ckfª\utf 65!)=!= ckfª\tf 66!)=@ ckfª\utfsf sf/0fx¿M 66!)=#= /f]syfd 67!)=$= Joj:yfkg 68!)=%= cleefjsn] Wofg lbg' kg]{ d'Vo s'/fx¿ 68!)=^ kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo :t/df cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ 68

v08 P3f/ afnaflnsfsf] nflu v]n / dgf]/~hg 69!!=!= v]nsf ljif]ztfx¿ 71!!=@= v]n / dl:tissf] ljsf; 71


vii

!!=#= afnaflnsfsf nflu s:tf] v]n x'g'kb{5 < 72!!=$= v]naf6 x'g] kmfObfx¿ 72!!=%= kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo :t/df cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ 72

v08 afx| afnaflnsfnfO{ nfUg] /f]u, /f]usf] lgoGq0f tyf k|fylds pkrf/ /

afnaflnsfx?nfO{ nfUg] k|d'v 3fts /f]ux?

73

!@=!= emf8fkvfnf 74!@=@= Zjf;k|Zjf; tyf lgdf]lgof 75!@=#= s'kf]if0f 76!@=$= bfb'/f 78!@=%= cf}nf] 78!@=^ afnaflnsfsf nflu vf]k 79!@=&= kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo :t/df cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ 79!@=*= k|fylds pkrf/ 80!@=(= kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo :t/df cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ 84

v08 t]x| afnaflnsfx¿sf] Jojxf/ kl/j{tg 86!#=!= afnaflnsfsf] afgL tyf Jojxf/sf] Joj:yfkg 87!#=@= afnaflnsfx¿n] afgL Jojxf/ s;/L l;Sb5g\\ < 87!#=#= :s'n hfg] pd]/sf afnaflnsfx¿sf] afgL Jojxf/sf] Joj:yfkg 89!#=$= lszf]/fj:yf 89!#=%= afnaflnsfx¿sf] Jojxf/df afgLsf] ljsf; 90!#=^= 1fg / Jojxf/sf] u'0ffTds ljsf; 91!#=&= Jojxf/df kl/jt{g ug]{ k|lqmof 92!#=*= kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo :t/df cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ 92

v08 rf}3 afnaflnsf;“usf] k|efjsf/L ;~rf/ 93!$=!= afnaflnsf;“u k|efjsf/L ;~rf/ s;/L x'G5 < 94!$=@= afnaflnsfn] a'‰g] u/L s;/L af]Ng < 94!$=#= afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ a'‰g ;xh s;/L agfpg] < 95!$=$= afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu ;~rf/sf afwfx¿ s] s] x'g\ < 96!$=%= kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo :t/df cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ 97

v08 kGw| hLjgf]kof]uL l;k 99!%=!= afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu lsg cfjZos 5 hLjgf]kof]uL l;k < 100!%=@= s:tf s:tf x'G5g\ t hLjgf]kof]uL l;kx¿ < 100!%=#= kl/jf/ / ;d'bfodf cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ 106


8

v08 ;f]x| h]G8/ tyf of}lgstf 107!^=!= h]G8/ 108!^=@= lnª\u / h]G8/ 110!^=#= e"ldsf 110!^=$= ;dtf / ;dfgtf 112!^=%= clwsf/ / ;zStLs/0f 112!^=^= ;|f]t / ;fwg 113!^=&= h]G8/ lje]btf 113!^=*= h]G8/ / ;~rf/ 113!^=( kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo :t/df cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ 113!^=!) of}lgstf 114

v08 ;q 119afn ;+/If0fsf nflu ljb\ofno / kl/jf/sf] e"ldsf 119!&=!= afn ;+/If0f eg]sf] s] xf] < 120!&=@= kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo :t/df cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ 128


1

ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf afnd}qL ljb\ofno cflbsf] cfjZostf x'G5 . To;}n] /fHosf] gLltn] klg dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 . oL ;a} kIfx¿sf] d'Vo cfwf/ r]tgzLn / pT;flxt cleefjsx¿ g} x'g\ . pgLx¿n] g} o;sf nflu ;'wf/ jf kl/jt{g u/fpg ;Sb5g\\ .

cfd cleefjsx¿ r]tgzLn / pT;flxt x'g g;s]sf sf/0fn] u'0f:t/Lo :jf:Yo ;]jf / lzIffsf] ljsf;df ck]lIft kl/jt{g x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L / lghL If]qx¿af6 o;df s]xL k|of; x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ t/ klg cleefjsdf g} c;n cleefjsTj;Fu ;DalGwt cfwf/e"t 1fg / l;ksf] ljsf; x'g jf u/fpg g;Sg'sf sf/0f ljutsf k|of;x¿ k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf x'g\ . tL k|of;x¿nfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfpg kg]{ vfFrf]nfO{ s]xL xb;Dd eP klg k"lt{ ug{] pb\b]Zoaf6 k]|l/t eO{ of] cleefjssf] nflu ;|f]t k'l:tsf tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . cfzf 5, o;n] s]xL xb;Ddsf] vfFrf] k"lt{ ug]{ 5 .

@= cf}lrTo

cleefjsTj hLjgsf] ;a}eGbf r'gf}tLk"0f{ ofqf xf], c;n ;Gtfgsf nflu rfxgf ug]{ / To; cg';f/ of]hgf agfpg] cleefjssf] nflu of] r'gf}tL clgjfo{ klg 5 . To;}n] cleefjs aGg] Joj:yfksLo 1fg / l;k ax'cfoflds x'g' :jefljs} xf] . tL ;a} ;jfnx¿ lj:t[t ¿kdf o; o; ;|f]t k':tsleq ;d]6\g ;Dej gePtf klg k|d'v ;jfnx¿;Fu ;DalGwt ljifox¿n] cleefjs tyf cleefjs;Fu k|ToIf sfd ug]{ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf nflu klg s]xL xb;Dd

!= e"ldsf

;dfh / d'n'ssf nflu c;n gful/s lgdf{0fdf cleefjssf] e"ldsf ;a}eGbf dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 . cleefjsn] afnaflnsf dfly k'¥ofPsf] :ofxf/ / ckgfPsf] Jojxf/ s} k|ltkmn :j¿k gofF lkF9Ln]

;Eo / ;d[b\w hLjg lhpg l;Sb5g\ . To;sf nflu :j:y hLjgofkg ug{ kfpg', u'0f:t/Lo lzIff k|fKt ug'{, kof{Kt dfof / d}qLk"0f{ Jojxf/ kfpg' afnaflnsfsf] g};lu{s clwsf/ xf] / To;nfO{ k"0f{ u/fpg' cleefjssf] k|d'v st{Jo xf] . To;}af6 afnaflnsfn] c;n Jojxf/ / ;+:sf/ l;Sb5g\\ . ;sf/fTds ;f]rsf] ljsf; x'G5 / pgLx¿nfO{ klg kl/jf/ / ;dfhk|lt lhDd]jf/ aGg k|]/0ff ldNb5 .

c;n cleefjs aGgsf nflu ;d'bfosf] klg k|ToIf k/f]If e"ldsf x'g] x'gfn] k|To]s kl/jf/sf cleefjsn] ;dfhsf nflu klg c;n cleefjsLo ;fd"lxs cleofg / ;dGjosf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug'{ kb{5 . w]/} If]qsf] ;+nUgtfn] g} afnaflnsfsf] u'0f:t/Lo lzIff / afnaflnsf] ;du| ljsf;sf] ;Defjgf 5 . afn ljsf;sf] k|d'v ;jfn p;n] k|fKt ug]{ u'0f:t/Lo lzIff g} xf] / To;sf k|d'v ;|f]tx¿ 3/ / ljb\ofno g} x'g\ . To;kl5 kfl/jfl/s tyf ;dfhsf] ;fdflhs cfly{s jftfj/0f xf] .

afnaflnsfn] ljb\ofnoaf6 k|fKt ug]{ lzIff hLjgf]kof]uL l;kdf cfwfl/t x'g'kg]{ ePsfn] ;f]xL cg';f/ kf7\oqmd÷k7gkf7g, hjfkmb]xL tyf bIf lzIfs, s'zn / lhDd]j/ :s'n Joj:yfkg ;ldlt tyf :yfgLo ;d'bfo, cfwf/e"t ;'ljwf ;DkGg

;|f]t k':tssf ;DaGwdf


2

;fGble{s x'g] 5 eGg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .

j}jflxs hLjgsf] ;'?jftsf] ;f]r cfpFbf g} cleefjsTjsf] ;'?jft x'G5 . ha Jojxf/ d} cleefjs algG5, To;sf] lg/Gt/tf hLjg ko{Gt /xG5 . h:t}M ljjfx s'g pd]/df ug]{ < aRrf slxn] hGdfpg] < aRrf hGdfpg grfx]sf] cjlwsf nflu s'g ue{lg/f]wsf ;fwg ckgfpg] < s;/L a9fpg] / k9fpg], cfTdf lge{/ aGg / ljjfx ug{ of]Uo s;/L agfpg] cflb b]lv c;n cleefjssf] nflu kl/jf/df ck|ToIf ¿kn] cgGt;Dd cleefjsTj /lx/xG5 .

#= k':tssf] k|of]hg

lhDd]jf/ cleefjssf nflu pgLx¿sf afnaflnsfsf ;du| JolSTTj ljsf; ug{ s:tf s:tf 1fg, l;k / wf/0ffsf] ljsf; ug{ cfjZos kb{5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ dWogh/ /fv]/ of] ;|f]t k'l:tsfdf ;s];Dd ljljw ;fGble{s d'b\bfx¿ ;dfj]z ug]{ sf]l;; ul/Psf] 5 .

ue{wf/0f ug]{ lg0f{ob]lv k|;"lt ;]jf tyf afnljsf;sf nflu cleefjsn] k"/f ug'{ kg]{ bfloTjsf ;Dk"0f{ kIfdf cleefjsnfO{ bIf agfpg of] ;|f]t k':tsn] k|of; u/]sf] 5 . o;df ePsf ;fdu|Lx¿sf] cWoognfO{ ;xh xf];\ eGgsf nflu To;sf ;}b\wflGts tyf k|fljlws

hfgsf/Lx¿ ljleGg r/0fx¿df ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . h:t} ue{ / k|;"lt tyf gjhft lzz'sf] ;]jf, kf]if0f, afnaflnsfdf nfUg ;Sg] /f]ux¿ ;DaGwL -k|lt/f]wfTds, pkrf/fTds / k|jw{gfTds_ hfgsf/Lx¿x¿ / :ofxf/, cleefjs / afnaflnsf larsf] ;DaGw / l;sfO -Jojxf/, lzIff, ;~rf/, JolSTTj ljsf; tyf hLjgf]kof]uL l;k ;DaGwL ljljw kIfx¿_, afnaflnsfsf] kl/jf/ / ;dfh;Fusf] cGt/ ;DaGwsf ax'cfoflds ljifox¿nfO{ sfo{d"ns 9ª\un] afnljsf;sf nflu cleefjs;Fusf] ;DaGw hf]8\g k|oTg ul/Psf] 5 . afnljsf;sf nflu cfˆgf] kl/jf/sf ;fy} ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTjdf klg cleefjsnfO{ s]lGb|t u/L o; ;|f]t k':tsdf ;d]6\g ;Dej eP;Dd sf]l;; ul/Psf] 5 .

of] ;|f]t k':ts cleefjs lzIff tyf ;zStLs/0f cleofgdf nfu]sf cleoGtf tyf ;|f]t JolStx¿sf nflu ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lsf ¿kdf tof/ ul/Psf] xf] tfklg :jo+ cleefjs tyf cleefjs aGg] tof/Ldf /x]sf JolStx¿sf nflu klg plQs} pko'St x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . To:t}, o;df ePsf

;}b\wflGts tyf k|fljlws sdL sdhf]/Lx¿nfO{ k'gM ;Rofpg] jf kl/dfh{g ug]{ df}sf o;sf kf7s tyf k|of]ustf{x¿sf] ;'emfjaf6 k|fKt x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .

wGojfb Û

3

v08 PscleefjsTjsf] cjwf/0ff / dxTTj


4

!=! cleefjssf] e"ldsf

afnaflnsfsf] ;f]r / Jojxf/ ;sf/fTds agfpg cleefjsn] v]Ng] c;n e"ldsf g} cleefjsTj xf] . ha aRrf ue{df /xG5, Tolt a]nfb]lv g} cleefjsTj ;'? x'G5 . cGt /fli6«o afn clwsf/ dxf;lGw !(*( n] pNn]v u/] cg';f/ afnaflnsfn] ;Ddflgt ;dflhs hLjg ljtfpg kfpg] clwsf/ -kf]if0f, lzIff, ;'/Iff, ;dfgtf tyf / dfof_ sf] klxnf] ;+/If0fstf{ pgLx?sf cleefjs g} x'g, To; kl5 ;du| kl/jf/, ;dfh / /fHosf] pTt/bfloTj cyf{t cleefjsLo e"ldsf x'G5 . pSt dxf;lGwn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] afn clwsf/sf] rf/ cf]6f If]q /fHosf nflu dfq geO{ kl/jf/ -cleefjs_ / ;dfh ljsf;sf nflu klg xf] . To;}n] o;sf af/]df cleefjsn] hfgsf/L lng' cfjZos 5 .

afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu pgLx¿ a;]sf] 3/ g} klxnf] kf7zfnf xf] . klxnf] dlGb/ xf] . ljZj hut klg xf] . To;}n] cleefjsx¿ g} pgLx¿sf] nflu klxnf] lzIfslzlIfsf x'g\ . cleefjs klxnf] O{Zj/ x'g\ . kyk|bz{s x'g . of] s'/fsf] 1fg ;fob ;a} cleefjsx¿nfO{ 5 t/ ;d:of Jojxf/ / hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf] Joj:yfkgdf g} w]/} x'G5 . afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu dfq geP/ cleefjsx¿ :jodsf nflu klg cleefjsTj;DaGwL hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf] cfjZostf kg{ ;Sb5 .

ljleGg cWoogx¿n] atfP cg';f/ cleefjsx¿af6 afnaflnsfx¿ k|lt ul/Fb} cfPsf] Jojxf/ d'Vo u/L ltg k|sf/sf] kfOG5 M

!=!=! s8f cg'zf;gM

cleefjssf] ljj]sn] hfg] a'em]cg';f/ afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu agfOlbPsf] lgod eGbf clnslt klg la/fpg gkfpg] lsl;dsf] Jojxf/ g} s8f cg'zf;g xf] . s8f cg'zf;g rflxG5 eGg] ;f]r ePsf cleefjsx¿ afnaflnsfnfO{ dfgl;s bafadf /fVg ;s] dfq c;n aGg ;Sb5g\\ eGg] s'/fdf ljZj; ub{5g\ . s8f cg'zf;g dg k/fpg] cleefjsx¿n] afnaflnsfnfO{ ufnL ug]{, 8/ wDsL b]vfpg] / zf/Ll/s oftgf ;d]t lbg] ub{5g\ . …kl/jf/df sf]xL g sf]xL b]lv 8/ ePg eg] aRrf tx nfUb}gg\Ú eGg] s'/f clwsf+z cleefjsx¿af6 ;'lgG5 / of] w]/} k'/fgf] dfGotf klg xf] . s'g} s'nt jf unt lsl;dsf Jojxf/ jf afgLsf] ljsf; gxf]; eGg] x]t'n] afnaflnsfnfO{ lgoGq0f ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 t/ To; lsl;dsf s8f cyf{t\ kmnfd] cg'zf;gsf] dfgl;s bafadf /fv]/ lgoGq0f ubf{ s'ntdf nfUg] a9L ;Defjgf ePsf] o; If]qdf cWoog cg';Gwfg ug]{ lj1x¿sf] dt 5 . lsgls s'ntdf nfUg'sf] d'Vo sf/0f kl/jf/af6 ePsf] v/fa Jojxf/ jf afnaflnsfx¿n] cleefjsaf6 hlt dfof kfpg' kg]{ xf] Tolt dfof kfPsf] cg'ej gu/]sf] sf/0fn] g} s'ntdf nfu]sf clwsf+z afnaflnsfx¿n] g} atfPsf] egL cWoogx¿n] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . lj1x¿sf cg';f/ cleefjssf] k|]/0ffn] c;n sfd ug{] afgL a;fNg] xf] / cfkm}k|lt pQ/bfoL aGg] afgLdf cEo:t u/fpg] cleefjssf] 3/df agfPsf] d}qLk"0f{ jftfj/0fn] g} xf] . o:tf] jftfj/0fdf x'ls{Psf afnaflnsf jo:s x'Fbf :jefljs

cleefjsTjsf] cjwf/0ff / dxTTj!


5

¿kdf ;dfh / kl/jf/k|lt klg k"0f{ pQ/bfoL x'g] ub{5g\ . s8f cg'zf;gsf sf/0f ;w}F 8/ / dfgl;s bafjdf x's]{sf afnaflnsfx¿n] hlt af}b\lws jf ljZn]0ffTds Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{ kg]{ xf] Tolt ug{ ;Sb}gg . o;sf] k|efjn] ubf{ jo:s eP kl5 cfˆgf] Ifdtfdf x|f; cfpF5 . o;af6 a'leG5 ls s8f cg'zf;g afnljsf;sf] afws xf] .

!=!=@= k'Nk'Nofpg]

afnaflnsfnfO{ cleefjsx¿n] k'Nk'Nofpg] klg ub{5g\ . k'Nk'Nofpg'sf] cy{ w}/} dfof ug'{ xf] eGg] a'emfO clwsf+z cleefjsx¿df kfOG5 . w]/} dflg;x¿ k'Nk'Nofpg'nfO{ /fd|f] dfGb}gg\ . /fd|f] sfdsf nflu k'Nk'Nofpg' pko'St x'g;Sb5 t/ g/fd|f] sfd u/] jf uNtL u/] klg k'Nk'Nofpg' rflxF /fd|f] xf]Og . o;sf] k|efjn] ubf{ pgLx¿df hfgL hfgL uNtL bf]xf]¥ofpg] afgL a:b5 / c6]/L x'g] :jfefjsf] ljsf; x'g ;Sb5 . uNtL lsg ug'{ x'Gg eGg] af/]df / To;sf] kl/0ffd s] x'G5 eGg] efj kg]{ u/L dfof lbP/ ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . ToxL Jojxf/af6 cg'zf;g / g}lts bfloTjsf] af]w u/fpg klg ;lsG5 .

!=!=#= dfofn' ;DaGw

;a} cleefjsn] cfˆgf afnaflnsfnfO{ dfof ub{5g\ . c;n cleefjsn] dfof u/]/ g} cg'zf;gdf 8f]¥ofpF5g\, / hLjgf]kof]uL l;k l;sfpF5g\ . hLjg lhpg l;sfp5g\ . c;n cleefjsn] dfof lbP/ g} afnaflnsfx¿af6 klg cfTdLotf kfPsf x'G5g\\ . afnaflnsfdf ljsf; u/fpg] OdfGbfl/tf, hjfkmb]lxtf cfTdlge{/tf, :jlgoGq0f jf cg'zf;g, bofn' efjgf, ;xof]uL :jefj, cfgGb cflb h] hlt /fd|f s'/fx¿ k|fKt ub{5g\, ;a} s'/f cleefjsn] ug]{ dfofsf] cfwf/df g} e/ kb{5 . To;}sf]

cfwf/df afnaflnsfn] cfˆgf] JolSTTjsf] ljsf; ul/x]sf x'G5g\\ . plrt tyf kof{Kt dfof / :ofxf/ gkfPsf afnaflnsfx¿n] dfgl;s tgfj dfq} dx;'; u/]sf x'G5g\\ . o;sf] kl/0ffd :j¿k pgLx¿df emu8f ug]{, vfgf gvfg], cleefjsn] gb]Vg] u/L la7\ofOF ug]{, c?nfO{ 3[0ff ug]{, c? k|lt hjfkmb]xL gx'g], x's{b} hfFbf c;fdflhs Jojxf/ b]vfpg] / cGTodf s'ntdf klg k'Ug ;Sb5g\\ .

ljåfgx¿sf dtcg';f/ cleefjs / afnaflnsf larsf] ;DaGw h:tf] ag]sf] x'G5 ;f]xLcg';f/ afnaflnsfn] klg lj:tf/} cfˆgf] Jojxf/÷:jefj b]vfpFb5g\\ . afnaflnsf;Fusf] ;DaGw, dfof / cg'zf;g;Fu :yflkt ePsf] eP To;sf] k|efjn] Jojxf/df ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g b]vfg yfNb5 . o;/L x'g] ;sf/fTds Jojxf/n] jo:s pd]/df k'Ubf;Dd w]/} k|efjsf/L l;b\w x'gk'Ub5 . olb afnaflnsf;Fu /fd|f] ;DaGw 5}g eg] cleefjsn] hlt;'s} /fd|f] clt{ pkb]z lbP klg ;'Ggnfos 7fGb}gg\, efif0f h:tf] 7fg]sf x'G5g\\ . afnaflnsf;Fusf] ;';DaGw cleefjsn] ug]{ dfofdf e/ kb{5 / c;n ;DaGws} sf/0fn] Ps cfk;df ljZjf; a9\5 . cg'zf;gsf nflu ljZjf; g} alnof] cfwf/ xf] .

cleefjsTj / afnaflnsfsf] dgf]lj1fg;DaGwL cg]sfF} cWoogx¿ ePsf 5g\ . cleefjsTjsf af/]df lj:tfl/t ;fdflhs cWoog cg';Gwfg u/]/ n/]G; :6]Ogau{n] k|:t't u/]sf …c;n cleefjsTjsf] bz cfwf/e"t l;b\wfGtÚ lgs} k|lzb\w 5 . ;f] k':tssf] af/]df j]ePd8Ldf ;Dkflbt n]vcg';f/ s] pb\b]Zon] afnaflnsf;Fu Jojxf/ ul/Psf] xf] egL To;nfO{ s]lGb|t u/L n]lvPsf] 5 . cg'zf;g afnaflnsfnfO{ 8/ b]vfpg xf] jf cfTdljZjf; hufpg, ;Eo / dfgjLo efjgfsf] ljsf; ug{ agfOg] xf] eGg] lh1fzfnfO{ klg k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .


6

;f] k':ts;DaGwL pSt n]vdf elgPcg';f/ afnaflnsfnfO{ h;/L Jojxf/ ul/G5 ;f]xL cg';f/ pgLx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ agfpFb} n}hfG5g\\ . pgn] eg]sf 5g\ ls Pp6f c;n cleefjs Pp6f cnu If]qsf] cg';Gwfgstf{ klg ePsf] x'G5 h;n] nfdf] ;do nufP/ cg';Gwfg u/]sf] x'G5 .

!=@ cleefjsTjsf] bz l;b\wfGt

ljåfg\ n/]G;n] c;n cleefjsTjsf ;DaGwdf k|:t't u/]sf bz cf]6f cfwf/e"t l;b\wfGt ;+If]kdf lgDg cg';f/ 5g\M

!= tkfO{+ afnaflnsfnfO{ s:tf] agfpg rfxg' x'G5 < clg, tkfO{ rflxF s] ub}{ x'g'x'G5 < tkfO{n] h] ug'{x'G5 afnaflnsfx¿n] klg To;}sf] gSsn ub{5g\ . To:tf] a]nfdf t'?Gt} k|ltlqmof gug'{;\ . a? Ps l5g ;f]Rg'xf];\ æd rflxF kf] s] ul//x]sf] 5' <Æ

@= dfof u/]sf] eGb}df lk6\g] jf ufnL ug]{ ug'{ x'Fb}g / c;n cleefjssf nflu Tof] ;Defjgf klg 5}g . clt dfof ug'{ klg g/fd|f] k6Ss} xf]Og . dfof u/]sf] gfddf ufnL jf xKsfObKsfO ubf{ g/fd|f] kl/0fd cfpF5 t/ To:tf] dfof u/]sf] kl/0ffd t'?Gt} b]lvb}g a? ufnL ug]{ afgL a9\b} hfFbf lj:tf/} To;sf] kl/0ffd klg b]lvg yfNb5 . afnaflnsfnfO{ dfof ug'{ Ps lsl;dsf] dfgjLo s'/f xf] . afnclwsf/ klg xf] . dfof ddtf afnaflnsfsf] ck]Iff xf] cyjf cleefjssf] klg ;l~rt ;DklTt h:t} xf] .

#= cleefjsx¿ ef}lts ¿kdf dfq geO{ dfgl;s¿kdf klg afnaflnsfk|lt ;dlk{t ePsf] x'g'kb{5 . kof{Kt ;do lbg' sl7g sfd xf], To;}n] ;do ;dodf pgLx?sf nlu lbOg] ;dosf af/]df k'glj{rf/ /

k'gJo{j:yfkg ul//xg'kb{5 . afnaflnsfsf] nflu lbOg] ;donfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstfdf /fVg'kb{5 . cleefjsn] cfˆgf w]/} s'/fx¿ afnaflnsfsf] nflu TofUg ;Sg'kb{5, lsgls afnaflnsfsf] cfwf/e"t cjZostf k'/f ug'{ cleefjssf] bfloTj xf] . g'xfO w'jfO u/fpg', :s'ndf lbPsf] u[xsfo{ -xf]djs{_ df ;xof]u ug'{, vfgf ksfP/ v'jfpg', cflb h:tf sfd afnaflnsfsf] nflu lbPsf] ;dodf kb}{gg\ . tL sfd t cleefjsx¿sf] cfˆgf] lgoldt sfd xf] . pgLx¿sf nflu cfgGb -dgf]/~hg_ u/fpg / 1fg, l;k / Ifdtf a9fpg lbPsf] yk ;do rflxF afnaflnsfsf] nflu lbPsf] ;xL ;do xf] .

$= afnaflnsfsf] ljsf;;Fu;Fu} pgLx¿;Fu} ul/g] Jojxf/df klg kl/jt{g ul//xg' cfjZos 5 . pgLx¿n] s'g pd]/df s:tf] Jojxf/ b]vfp5g\ / xfdLn] ug]{ s:tf] Jojxf/ pko'St x'g;Sb5 < dfgf}F # jif{sf] afnaflnsfn] k|fo …gfO{Ú dfq} eG5, p;nfO{ rkL{df lb;f ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; ug{ s;/L l;sfpg] < To:t}, !# jif{sf] pd]/df p;Fu cg]sf}F lh1f;fx¿ 5g\, p;sf]÷pgsf] af}b\lws ljsf;sf nflu s'/fsfgL x'G5 t/ pm÷pgL cfˆgf] s'/fdf lhb\lw klg u5{÷ul5{g\ . p;sf] lhb\lwaf6 jfSs eP/ kG5g jf bafa lbP/ cfˆg} s'/f rflxF :jLsfg}{ nufpg ldN5 / < To;f] ul/of] eg] cleefjsb]lv pgLx¿nfO{ jfSs nfUg yfNb5 . pgLx¿df cleefjssf] Jojxf/s} sf/0f tgfj a9\g ;S5, h;n] ubf{ pgLx¿df ;'lt/xg] afgL a:b5, 3/ eGbf aflx/ g} ;do ljtfpg dg k/fpg yfNb5g\\ . lj:tf/} :s'ndf klg l;sfOdf ;d:of cfpg yfNb5 . o:tf] eP klg cfgLafgL ;'wfg{ bafa lbg'÷xKsfObKsfO ug'{ emg} pko'St xF'b}g . ;a} eGbf klxnf tTsfn} k/fd;{stf{


7

jf s;}sf] ;xfotf lnP/ p;nfO{ s] s] ePsf] 5 egL ;Dk"0f{ ;d:ofx¿ yfxf kfpg kb{5 . clg d}qLk"0f{ tl/sfn] agLdf ;'wf/ u/fpg ;lsG5 . To;sf nflu ljz]if of]hgf agfO/xg klg kb}{g . s] s]df kl/jt{g cfof] eGg] s'/fsf] Vofn ug'{ cfjZos 5 . lsgls ToxL kl/jt{gsf] k|;+zf ub}{ gofF kl/jt{gsf nflu k|]l/t ub}{ n}hfg ;lhnf] x'G5 .

%= afnaflnsfsf] nlu cfjZos cg'zf;g jf lgod lgdf{0f ug{ / To;sf] Joj:yfkg ubf{ ;w}F afnaflnsf ;Fu} eOFb}g . afnaflnsf x's{Fb} u/]sf x'G5g\ . ;Fu;Fu} afnaflnsf] Jojxf/nfO{ klg Jojl:yt ul/Pg eg] kl5 pgLx?nfO{ ;dosf] Joj:yfkg ug{ / ;do cg';f/ rNg lgs} sl7g kg{ hfG5 . pgLx?sf] Jojxf/ kl/jt{g u/fpg] xf]Og ;lhnf] tl/sf ckgfP/ cfkm}n] ug{ l;sfpg] xf] . lbgsf] ltg} k|x/ x/]s cleefjs;Fu ltg cf]6f k|Zgsf] pQ/ x'g'kb{5 M

!_ d]/f] aRrf sxfF 5 < @_ d]/f] aRrf sf];Fu 5 < / #_ d]/f] aRrf s] ul//x]sf] 5 < olb l7s / lrQa'‰bf] pQ/ kfO/xg' ePsf] x'g'x'G5 eg] lgodsf] /fd|f] Joj:yfkg ePsf] / /fd|f] lgod agfPsf] 7xl/g] 5 . pgLx¿sf] cfˆg} sltko ;–;fgf sfdsf Joj:yfkg ul/;fWo klg x'Gg / ug{ klg x'Gg olb pgLx¿sf] pd]/ lszf]/fj:yfdf k'lu;s]sf] 5 eg] pgLx¿ d'Vo ;do tflnsfdf g} 5g\ / ;f]xL cg';f/ Jojxf/df klg tkfO{ pgLx¿;Fu ;dflxt eO/xg ;Sg'ePsf] 5 eg] afFsL pgLx¿sf] ;–;fgf sfdsf nlu cfkm}+ lgod agfpg / nfu' ug{ k|]l/t dfq} ug'{xf];\ . c;xh eP ;xhLs/0f ug'[{xf];\ t/ To;}sf nflu x:tIf]k rflxF slxNo} gug'{xf];\ .

^= afnaflnsfnfO{ b}lgs sfdsfhdf cfTd lge{/ aGg ljleGg pkfodfkm{t clej[b\lw

ug'{'kb{5 . :jkl/rfng / ;+oldt x'gsf nflu yf]/} ;xof]usf] tof/L ug'{xf];\ / ;xhLs/0f ug'{xf]; . pgLx¿sf] x/]s sfdsf] ;kmntfsf nflu :jkl/rfng / ;+oldttf cfjZos 5 . cfTdlg0f{osf] ljsf;sf nflu clncln cg'/f]wsf] z}nLdf bafa l;h{gf ug'{ :jfefljs} x'G5 . t/, cfTdlge{/tfsf nflu :jlg0f{o ug{ cleefjsn] kl/jfl/s dfGotf ljkl/t bafa lbg' eg] x'Fb}g . pd]/sf] ljsf;;Fu} cfTdlge{/tfsf nflu :jlg0f{o ug{ lbg' jf l;sfpg' k5{ lsgls of] dfgj :jefjsf] Pp6f dxTTjk"0f{ c+z xf] .

&= n'uf km]/]sf] h:tf] afnaflnsfk|lt cleefjsn] a]nfa]nfdf cfˆgf] klg dfGotf jf Jojxf/nfO{ abln/xg' xF'b}g . afnaflnsfx¿n] klg To;}sf] l;sf] ug{ yfNb5g\\ / kl5 ToxL sf/0f cleefjssf s'/fdf kTof/ dfGb}gg\ . cleefjssf] klg /fd|f] cg'zf;g s] xf] eg] cfkm"n] afnaflnsfk|lt hlxn] klg p:t} ;xh Jojxf/ ug'{ kb{5 . ;a} s'/fdf p:t} tl/sfsf] Jojxf/ b]vfpg] klg xf]Og, dfq} kfl/jfl/s dfGotfsf cfwf/df Jojxf/ b]lvg'kb{5 . To;afx]s cleefjsn] cfkm";Fu s] s] c? lsl;dsf Ps}gf;] Jojxf/ 5 eg]/ k'glj{rf/ klg ug'{kb{5 . s'g} s'g} s'/fdf kl/jt{g klg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 t/ ljgf ;'ema'em rflxF kl/jt{g ug'{ x'b}g . afnaflnsfsf] nflu cfˆgf] Jojxf/ km]g{ lsg cfjZos 5 / s] k|efj kb{5 eg]/ /fd|f];Fu ;f]r]/ / ljZn]if0f u/]/ dfq} kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsG5 . vfGbfgL jf JolStut x}l;otsf] cfwf/df x}g, cfjZostf / ljj]ssf cfwf/df ;f]r / Jojxf/df kl/jt{g ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . x}l;ot t ;fgf 7"nf ;a}sf] cf–cfˆg} x'G5 . lsgls afnaflnsfnfO{ x}l;ot b]vfOof] eg] lj:tf/} pgLx¿n] To;nfO{ r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf lng;S5g\ . w]/} cleefjsx¿sf nflu ;w}F


8

p:t} x'g' eg]sf] lgs} ufx|f] sfd xf] . To;n] ubf{ afnaflnsf bf]wf/df kg{ ;S5g\ To;}n] cfkm"nfO{ cg'zf;g / Jojxf/df Psfgf; u/fpg cfTd;+odtf÷OR5f zlSt bx|f] agfpg' kb{5 .

*= cleefjs;Fu TofUg} kg]{ ?vf] Jojxf/x¿ w]/} x'g;S5g\, afnalnsfn] rfx] h];'s} u?g\ t/ Ps c;n cleefjssf] gftfn] slxNo} klg afnaflnsfnfO{ lk6\g], ufnLunf}h ug]{, ckzAbx¿sf] k|of]u ug]{ jf cGo s'g} klg lsl;dsf lx+;f ug'{ x'Fb}g . afnaflnsfnfO{ cfˆgf] cufl8 lz/ e'msfpg afWo kfg'{ x'Fb}gg . clg cfˆgf] 5f]/f5f]/L;Fu emu8f eof] eGb}df /fd|f];Fu s'/f ga'emL c?sf] afnaflnsf jf pgLx¿sf cleefjs;Fu l;w} emu8f ug{ klg hfg'x'Fb}g . afnaflnsfsf] lgx'Fdf cleefjsx¿sf] emu8fn] æ;f9]sf] h'wfO afR5fsf] ldrfOÆ eGg] egfO rl/tfy{ x'g hfG5 . To;af6 afnaflnsfn] klg emu8f g} l;Sb5g\\ . emu8fsf k5fl8 n's]sf cg]sfF} sf/0fx¿ x'G5g\ / slxn]sfxLFF abnfsf] OR5fn] jf c;'/Iff dx;'; ePsf] sf/0f afnaflnsfn] geg]sf klg x'g ;S5g\ . To:tf] bf]xf¥ofP/ x'g glbg] cg]sf}F pkfox¿ x'G5g\\ . h:t}M /fd|f] / g/fd|f] sfdsf af/]df 5'6\ofP/ s'/f ug]{, emu8fn] x'g] k|efjsf af/]df af]w u/fpg], cGofodf k/]sf] eP ;dflhs ;'/Iffsf Goflos pkrf/sf pkfox¿ atfpg] cflb .

(= Ps c;n cleefjsn] cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿k|lt oyfy{ jf jf:tljstfdf cfwfl/t 1fg / Jojxf/sf] ck]Iff u/]sf x'G5g\\ / ;f]xLcg';f/ g} cfˆgf s'/f pgLx¿nfO{ atfPsf x'G5g\\ . o;sf nflu pgLx¿n] Jojxfl/s lgod agfPsf / cfˆgf afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu s] s] ug]{ s] s] gug]{ eGg] ;xL

lg0f{o u/]sf x'G5g\\ . k|foM cleefjsx¿n] x's{b} u/]sf afnaflnsfx¿;Fu cg'zf;g / hLjgf]kof]uL l;k;DaGwL w]/} s'/fx¿ atfPsf x'G5g\\ t/ lszf]/fj:yfdf k'u]kl5 atfpg' kg]{ hlt klg atfpFb}gg\ . h:t}M !@ jif{sf] afnaflnsfk|lt slt ck]Iff /fVg], slt atfpg], s'g s'/fnfO{ slt k|fyldstf lbg] eGg] af/]df cleefjsnfO{ x]Ssf gx'g klg ;Sb5 . pgLx?df cfPsf] zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s jf ;+j]ufTds kl/jt{g;Fu ;DalGwt eP/ ul/g] s'/f jf l;sfpg] hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf w]/} kIf gatfO/x]sf x'g ;Sb5g\\ . w]/} cleefjsx?n] t 7"nf] x'g yfn]kl5 cfkm} hfGg' kb{5 eGg] wf/0ff /fv]sf] kfOG5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf rfx]sf]] h:tf] ck]Iff gkfPkl5 cg]sf}+ clt{ / u'gf;x? JoSt ug{ yfNb5g\\ . t/ lszf]/fj:yfdf k'u]sf afnaflnsfn] cleefjssf] efif0f dg k/fpFb}gg\ .

!)= cleefjsn] afnaflnsfaf6 xflb{sk"0f{ cfb/ k|fKt ug]{ Pp6} dfq pkfo eg]sf] pgLx?nfO{ klg b]vfj6L x}g dg}b]lv cfb/ ug'{ . pgLx?sf] efjgfsf] sb/ ug'{ g} xf] . pgLx?;Fu klg gd|tfk"j{s af]Ng] u/]df pgLx?n] klg c?;Fu gd|tfk"j{s af]Ng l;Sb5g\\ . pgLx¿n] tkfO;Fu s'/f ul//xFbf Wofgk"j{s ;'lglbg] u/]df pgLx¿df klg To:t} afgLsf] ljsf; x'Fb} hfG5 . dfofn' tl/sfn] pgLx¿sf] lh1fzfk|lt ;Daf]wg ul/lbg' kb{5 . pgLx¿n] ug{;Sg] / ldNg] sfdsf nflu cg'/f]w ug'{ kb{5 . 3/df xf];\ jf 3/aflx/ afnaflnsfnfO{ b]vfpFgsf nflu dfq} tkfO{F /fd|f] ag]/ ;'v kfpg' x'Gg lsgls ;dfhdf c? dflg;x¿k|lt klg tkfO{n] b]vfpg'ePsf] Jojxf/x¿nfO{ pgLx¿n] glhsaf6 cjnf]sg ul//x]sf x'G5g\\ . olb 3/df afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu


9

Ps y/L / aflx/ csf]{ y/Lsf] Jojxf/ u/]sf] b]v]/ tkfO{Fk|lt afnaflnsf låljwfdf kl//x]sf x'g;Sb5g\ . lj:tf/} pgLx¿n] klg tkfO{Fsf] l;sf] ug{ yfN5g\ jf tkfO{k|lt gsf/fTds wf/0ff agfpg yfNb5g\\ .

dfly plNnlvt l;b\wfGtsf a'Fbf afx]s c? klg cleefjsLo e"ldsf;Fu ;DalGwt a'Fbfx¿ lgDg cg';f/ 5g\M

!= 5f]/f5f/Lsf ;fyLx¿ cfˆgf] 3/df cfpFbf pgLx¿sf] :jfut / ;Ddfg ul/lbg' kb{5, lsgls To;af6 /fd|f] ;+:sf/ l;Sg k|]/0ff ldNb5 .

@= olb afnaflnsfx?n] /fd|f] sfd u/]df pgLx?nfO{ Tolta]nf g} :ofjf;L lbg], sfdsf]

!= arfj6sf] clwsf/

of] afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu cfwf/e"t cfjZostf xf] . o; cGtu{t sDtLdf klg afFRg kfpg], plrt kfng kf]if0f, :jf:Yo x]/rfx, dfof, OHht÷c;n Jojxf/ kfpg] cflb kb{5g\ .

@= ljsf;sf] clwsf/

of] uef{j:yfb]lv g} zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s ljsf; ug{sf nflu cfjZos cfwf/e"t clwsf/ xf] . o;df sDtLdf klg lzIff cfh{g, cleJolStsf] :jtGqtf, ;dfgtfsf] clwsf/, Gofo k|zf;g -kl/jf/leqsf] lgod jf rng_ df plrt Jojxf/, ;fdflhs hLjg:t/ ljsf;sf nflu rflxg] ;'ljwfx¿sf clwsf/x¿ cflb kb{5g\ .

#= ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/

of] sfg'gåf/f kl/eflift u/L k|bfg ul/g] clwsf/ xf] . h:t}M sfdsf nflu Go"gtd pd]/, zf/Ll/

tyf dfgl;s ¿kdf x'g] ljleGg lsl;dsf lx+;f jf b'Jo{jxf/af6 ug'{ kg]{ ;+/If0f, /fhgLlts tyf ljleGg lsl;dsf åGåx¿af6 ;+/If0f, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts jf hftLo e]befjaf6 ;+/If0f, kl/ToSt, 6'x'/f], kl/jf/ljxLg, z/0ffyL{ hLjgaf6 ;+/If0f cflb .

$= ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/

of] afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu a'b\lw, ljj]s, Ifdtf / pd]/cg';f/ cfkm\gf] ljsf;sf] nflu ;xefuL x'g] clssf/ xf] . o; cGtu{t ;"rgf÷hfgsf/L k|fKt ug]{ jf eGg÷cleJoQm ug{ kfpg], wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts sfddf ;xefuL x'gkfpg], ;ª\3;+:yfut ¿kdf ;ª\ul7t eO{ ;fdflhs ultljlw ug]{, v]ns'b, l;h{gfTds sfdsf ;fy} kfl/jfl/s sfd -lg0f{o b]lv sfof{Gjog;Dd_ ;xefuL x'g] cflb kb{5g\ .

-;|f]tM cGt/fli6«o afn clwsf/ dxf;lGw_

afn clwsf/sf rf/ If]qx¿

k|;+zf ug]{ . o;n] ubf{ /fd|f] sfd ug{ k|]/0ff ldNb5 .

#= 5f]/f5f/LnfO{ 3/df ;wF}+ ;'/lIft dx;'; u/fpg'kb{5 . e'tk|]t, ;dfhsf s'g} 8/ nfUg] dflg; jf c? s'g} lsl;dsf hgfj/sf] 8/ b]vfpg' x'Gg lsgls pgLx? dfgl;s tgfjsf] l:yltdf x'g;S5g\, h'g s'/fn] af}b\lws ljsf;df g/fd|f] c;/ kfg{ ;Sb5 .

$= pgLx¿nfO{ cfkm"n] u/]sf] dfof / :ofxf/sf] abnfdf 7'nf] ePkl5 cfkm"nfO{ ug'{ kg]{ -u'0f lt/]sf] h:tf]_ efg u/fpg' xF'b}g . dfof ljlgdosf] j:t' xf]Og eGg] efjgfsf] ljsf; u/fpg h?/L 5 .

%= x/]s afnaflnsfx¿n] ;+ljwfg k|bQ


10

clwsf/x¿ kfpg'kb{5 . o; lsl;dsf clwsf/x¿ pkof]u ug{ kfP gkfPsf] cleefjsx¿n] lglZrt ug'{ kb{5 . afn clwsf/ dxf;lGw !(*( n] afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/nfO{ ljleGg rf/ v08df ljefhg u/]sf] 5 , h;cg';f/ afnaflnsfsf] afFRg kfpg] clwsf/, afnaflnsfsf] ljsf;sf] clwsf/, afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/ / afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/ kb{5g\ . oL clwsf/x¿ afnaflnsfn] kfPsf 5g\ jf 5}gg\ eGg] af/]df klxnf] hfgsf/L cleefjsnfO{ x'g' kb{5 .

!=# kl/jf/ / ;d'bfodf cleefjsn] ug{] d'Vo sfo{x¿

afnaflnsfn] ug]{ x/]s lqmofsnfkdf kl/jf/n] kl/jf/ / ;d'bfodf ug]{ Jojxf/n] g} lgwf{/0f ug]{ x'Fbf afnaflnsfnfO{ s:tf] agfpg] egg] s'/f kl/jf/sf] e"ldsfn] g} lgwf{/0f ub{5 . To;}n] afnaflnsfsf] plrt x]/rfx cGt/ut pgLx¿sf cleefjsn] kl/jf/ tyf ;d'bfodf lgDg cg';f/ Jojxf/ ug'{ kb{5 M

• cg's"n ;do ldnfP/ kl/jf/df cleefjsTj;DaGwL dxTTj atfpg] / kl/jf/n] k|fKt u/]sf] cg'ej / cfˆgf] cg'ejsf] cfwf/df lgoldt 5nkmn rnfpg]

• c;n cleefjsTj;DaGwL lkmNd kl/jf/;Fu} a;]/ x]g]{ Joj:yf ug]{

• cleefjsTj;DaGwL k':ts tyf klqsfdf k|sflzt n]v /rgfx¿ ;ª\sng u/L kl/jf/sf nflu cWoog ug{ pknAw u/fpg] / 3/sf] ;fgf] k':tsfnodf ;ª\u|x ug]{,

• ;a} ;b:ox¿nfO{ dfofsf] Jojxf/ ug{ l;sfpg / afnaflnsfn] ug]{ /fd|f] sfdsf] k|;+zf ug{] .

• 6f]n l5d]ssf afnaflnsf dfly x'g] lx+;f Go"gLs/0fdf ;dofg's"n 5nkmn rnfpg] .

• :yfgLo :t/df ;~rflnt afnljsf; s]Gb|x?df ;do ldnfP/ cjnf]sg ug]{ / afnljsf;;DaGwL gofF s'/fx? l;Sg] . 3/df afnaflnsfx?df cfPsf] kl/jt{g;Fu d]n vfg] u/L cg'zf;gsf lgodx? agfpg], cg'zf;g kfngsf nflu k|]l/t ug]{, k'/:s[t ug]{ kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:ox?sf afnaflnsfx?k|ltsf] Jojxf/af/] cjnf]sg ug]{ / afnd}qL jftfj/0fdf hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf] ljsf;sf nflu kl/jf/df 5nkmn rnfpg] .

11

v08 b'O{

afnd}qL ljb\ofno/ kl/jf/


12

@=! afnd}qL ljb\ofno s] xf] <

afnaflnsf;Fu ljleGg k|ltef /x]sf x'G5g\\ . pgLx¿n] cfkm"leq /x]sf] k|ltefsf] cfwf/df l;Sg] l;sfpg] sfo{ klg km/s km/s x'g ;Sb5 eg] pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] k|ltef b]vfpg ljb\ofnodf cfjZos jftfj/0f x'g'kb{5 . afnaflnsfsf] km/s km/s k|ltefsf] k|:km'6g u/fO{ ;du| lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/sf nflu afnd}qL ljb\ofnosf] cjwf/0ff cfPsf] xf] . afnaflnsfn] cfkmgf] ult / Ifdtfcg';f/ /dfOnf];Fu l;Sg] jftfj/0f ePsf] ljb\ofno g} afnd}qL ljb\ofno xf] . o:tf ljb\ofnodf afnaflnsf cg's'nsf] l;sfO jftfj/0f tof/ ul/G5, afnaflnsfx¿sf] cGt/lglxt Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ul/G5 . o;sf cltl/St o:tf ljb\ofnox¿dfM

• afnaflnsfx¿n] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s Pj+ ;+j]ufTds ¿kn] ;'/lIft tyf :j:y jftfj/0f kfpFb5g\\ .

• afnaflnsfx¿sf] ?lr, Ifdtf / :t/sf sb/ x'G5 / ;f]xLcg';f/ pgLx¿sf] l;sfOsf nflu cfjZos jftfj/0f Pj+ kf7oqmdsf] Joj:yf x'G5 .

• afnaflnsfsf] l;sfO pknlAwsf] d"Nofª\sg ug]{ k"0f{ lhDd]jf/L lzIfssf] x'G5 .

• afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] hft, lnª\u, wd{, efiff, cfly{s :t/, zf/Ll/s Pj+ dfgl;s b'j{ntfsf cfwf/df lagf e]befj ljb\ofnodf :jf:Yo Pj+ ;''/Iffdf ljz]if Wofg lbOG5 .

• ljb\ofnosf] gLlt lgdf{0f, of]hgf th'{df, sfof{Gjog / d"Nofª\sgdf afnaflnsf,

cleefjs / ;d'bfonfO{ k|ToIf ;xefuL u/fOG5 .

• s'g} klg k|sf/sf] ef}lts, zf/Ll/s Pj+ dfgl;s b08, ;hfo alh{t x'G5 / afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ b'Jo{jxf/ / gf]S;fgLaf6 arfpg] sfd lg/Gt/ ¿kdf eO/x]sf] x'G5 .

s'g} klg afnaflnsfsf] nflu ljb\ofnodf pgLx¿n] rfx]cg';f/sf] jftfj/0f l;Sg] l;sfpg] Joj:yf 5 of 5}g eGg] s'/fn] dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 . ljb\ofnodf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ s8f cg';fzgdf /fv]/ ljb\ofnosf] z}lIfs u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] unt dfGotf /x]sf] kfOG5 . o;n] afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ dgf];fdflhs ¿kdf c;/ ul//x]sf] x'G5, h;sf sf/0f pgLx¿ lgoldt ¿kdf ljb\ofno gcfpg], cfkm\gf s'/f v'n:t /fVg g;Sg] / lardf ljb\ofno 5f]8\g] cj:yfdf klg k'Ug ;Sb5g\\ .

ljb\ofno afnaflnsfsf] nflu bf];|f] 3/ xf] . ljb\ofno pd]/ ;d"xsf clwsf+z afnaflnsfsf] ;do ljb\ofnodf laTg] x'Fbf afnaflnsfsf] ;+/Iff0fsf] lx;fan] ljb\ofnonfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbg' h?/L 5 . cem} klg ljb\ofnodf afnaflnsf ;'/lIft /xG5g\\ eGg] s'/fdf afnaflnsfsf] kl/jf/ lglZrGt x'g ;Sg] jftfj/0f 5}g . ljb\ofno egf{ ul/G5 . o;afx]s l j b \ o f n o l e q leq / xftfleq tyf ljb\ofno hfg] cfpg] qmddf slt aflx/ /x]sf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ e]befj/lxt Jojxf/ ul/G5 .

• k9fO–n]vfOsf cltl/St afnaflnsfx¿sf] afnaflnsf b'Jo{jxf/sf] l;sf/ x'g' kl//x]sf]

afnd}qL ljb\ofno / kl/jf/@


13

cj:yf 5 .

s'g} klg afnaflnsfsf] cleJolSt tyf pgLx¿sf] b}lgs lqmofsnfkdf cfpg] kl/jt{gn] pgLx¿ dfly cfOk/]sf ;d:ofx¿sf] af/]df cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . afnaflnsfx¿df b]lvg] c:jefljs kl/jt{g tyf lqmofsnfkx¿n] pgLx¿sf] lzIffdf k|ToIf ¿kdf c;/ ul//x]sf] x'G5 . cem eGg] xf] eg] afnssf] t'ngfdf aflnsfx¿ a9L hf]lvddf kg]{ / pgLx¿sf] ;+/If0fdf ljz]if Wofg lbg' h?/L x'G5 . ljb\ofnodf tyf cfpg] hfg] qmddf afnaflnsfx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ ;+/lIft /x]sf] dx;'; u/fpg ljb\ofnon] ljz]if Wofg lbg' h?/L 5 . ljb\ofnonfO{ afnd}qL agfpg ljb\ofnon] ljb\ofnodf zf/Ll/s b08 ;hfosf] cGTo ug]{, ljb\ofnodf afnaflnsfdfly x'g] b'Jojxf/sf] cGTo ug]{ tyf pgLx¿nfO{ b'Jo{jxf/af6 ;+/If0f lbg], ljb\ofnodf afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutfnfO{ k|jw{g ug]{ tyf ljb\ofnodf lgdf{0f x'g] k"jf{wf/x¿nfO{ afnd}qL agfpg] sfo{df ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] ljz]if Wofg lbg' kb{5 .

@=!=! afnd}qL ljb\ofno lgdf{0fsf nflu ljb\ofno / kl/jf/ larsf] ;DaGwM

cleefjsx¿n] cfˆgf afnaflnsfsf] pHHjn eljiosf] sfdgf u5{g\ . lzz' hGd]b]lv g} eljio pHHjn agfpgsf nflu pgLx¿sf] pd]/ j[b\lw ;Fu;Fu} :jf:Yo, kf]if0f, j[b\lw / ljsf;, k9fO, n]vfO, v]n, cg'zf;g cflb h:tf ljifodf cleefjsx¿ ;r]t /xG5g\\ . o:tf clwsf+z s'/fx¿ afnaflnsfn] ljb\ofno hfg yfn]kl5 l;Sg] eP tfklg Pp6f lglZrt :t/;Ddsf] k9fO, n]vfO / cg'zf;gsf ljifox¿ 3/df g} l;Sg] ub{5g\ h;sf nflu cleefjssf] dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 . afnaflnsf ljb\ofno hfg yfn]kl5 klg p;n] l;Sg] ljifodf cleefjssf] e"ldsf cem} al9/x]sf] x'G5 . cleefjs afnaflnsfsf] l;sfO k|lt hlt w]/} ;r]t /xG5g\\, afnaflnsfsf] Tolt g} w]/} l;sfOdf ljsf; x'g] ePsfn] ljb\ofno hfg

yfn]kl5 cleefjsn] afnaflnsfn] l;Sg] s'/f k'/} ljb\ofnosf] e/df dfq 5f]8\bf ;f]r]h:tf] glthf k|fKt gx'g ;Sb5 . To;}n] ljb\ofno k7fpg' afnaflnsfnfO{ l;sfpg] qmddf cfˆgf] bfloTj afFl8Psf]] dfq ;Demg'k5{ . o;y{ afnaflnsf ljb\ofno hfg yfln;s]kl5 afnaflnsfsf] l;sfO / cGo ;du| ljsf;sf nflu afnaflnsf / ljb\ofno lardf cleefjssf] ;dGjofTds e"ldsf / ;+nUgtf x'g'kb{5 .

@=!=@ cleefjs / ljb\ofno lar ;DaGwaf6 x'g] kmfObfx¿

cleefjs / ljb\ofnolarsf] ;DaGw / ;+nUgtfsf] sf/0f cleefjsn] lgoldt ¿kdf afnaflnsfsf] k9fO, n]vfO / cGo l;sfOsf] ;DaGwdf rf;f] /fVgfn] afnaflnsfsf] dgf]an j[b\lw x'g], cem a9L l;Sg xf};nf a9\g], afnaflnsf lgoldt ¿kdf ljb\ofno hfgsf] nflu k|]l/t x'g], lgoldt u[xsfo{ ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; x'g], cleefjssf] cfkm\gf] afnaflnsfx¿k|ltsf] cfTdljZjf;df j[b\\lw x'g], kfl/jfl/s ;fldKotf j[b\lw x'g], k9fO nufot ;Dk"0f{ l;sfO / JolSTTj ljsf;df ;d]t ;xof]u k'U5 . To:t}], cleefjssf] ;xof]udf afnaflnsfx¿n] cfkm\gf] k9fO, u[xsfo{ Pj+ cGo s'/fx¿sf] af]em dx;'; ub}{gg\ . ;dodf g} sfdx¿ ;DkGg ug{ ;S5g\ / tgfjaf6 d'St /xG5g\\ . ljb\ofnodf s] s:tf lqmofsnfkx¿ eO/x]sf 5g\ / klxn] eGbf s] s:tf kl/jt{g ePsf 5g\ eGg] ljifodf cb\ofjlws x'g]u/]df cleefjsn] afnaflnsfsf] k7g kf7gdf w]/} ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;S5g\ . afnaflnsfsf] af/]df /fd|f] hfgsf/L /fVg] cleefjsn] cGosf] eGbf cfˆgf] afnaflnsfsf] km/s cfjZostf jf Ifdtfsf af/]df ljb\ofnonfO{ hfgsf/L u/fO{ pgLx¿sf] ;kmntfsf nflu yk of]ubfg lbg ;S5g\ . cleefjsn] afnaflnsfsf] ljb\ofnok|ltsf] wf/0ff, lzIfs Pj+ ljb\ofnosf cGo ultljlwx¿k|ltsf] wf/0ff / ;f]rfOaf/] hfgsf/L /fvL afnaflnsfsf] s'g ljifo cWoogdf


14

?lr a9L 5 yfxf kfpg ;Sb5g\\ . afnaflnsfsf] cfTd;Ddfg / OR5fnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;Sb5g\\ .

@=!=# cleefjsx¿ s;/L ;+nUg x'g ;S5g\ <

cleefjsn] afnaflnsfnfO{ u[xsfo{ ug{ ;xof]u ug]{, k9]sf] a]nfdf Wofg lbP/ ;'lglbg], ljb\ofnosf] kl/of]hgf sfo{ (project work)

sf] ;DaGwdf 5nkmn / ;xof]u ul/lbg], ljb\ofno uPsf] lbgx¿df s] s] k9fO eof] eg]/ afnaflnsf;Fu 5nkmn u/L hfgsf/L lng] h:tf sfo{x¿ cleefjsn] 3/}df ug{ ;S5g\ .

To:t}, ljb\ofnon] cfof]hgf u/]sf sfo{qmdx¿df ;xefuL x'g], ljleGg ljifodf lzIfsx¿;Fu ;do

;dodf ;Dks{ ub}{ /xg], ljb\ofnodf uP/ :jod\ ;]jssf] ¿kdf sfd ug]{, ljb\ofnon] agfPsf] ljb\ofno 8fo/L, a|f]l;o/, Sofn]G8/ cflb lgoldt ¿kdf x]g]{ / ;do ;dodf 8fo/Ldfkm{t eg]sf ;'emfjx¿ sfof{Gjog ug]{], ljb\ofnosf] j]e;fO6 x]g]{ ug'{k5{ . To:t} ljb\ofnosf] hg;Dks{ PsfO ePdf a]nfavt uO{ cfˆgf] afnaflnsfsf] ;du| k|ultsf] ljifodf hfgsf/L lng] ug{'k5{ . lzIfsn] klg s'g} ljb\ofyL{sf] sdhf]/L km]nf k/]df t'?Gt cleefjs;Fu 5nkmnsf] nflu af]nfpg ;S5g\ . h;n] ubf{ ljb\ofno / afnaflnsf larsf] b'/L sd ug{ ;lsG5 . To:t} afnaflnsfsf] x/]s dfl;s, q}dfl;s jf rf}dfl;s k/LIffsf] k|ult l/kf]6{sf] ljifodf lzIfsx¿;Fu 5nkmn ug]{, afnaflnsfsf] ;an / b'j{n kIfsf] klxrfg ug{] / To;sf] cfwf/df ;d:ofx¿sf] cfjZos ;dfwfgsf] kxn ug{ ;lsG5 .

@=!=$ cleefjsx¿ / ljb\ofno ;DaGwsf ;Defljt afwfx¿

cleefjsx¿n] cfˆgf] b}lgs sfddf hfg' kbf{ ljb\ofnodf hfg] ;do ldnfpg k|fo ;Dej

gx'g klg ;Sb5 . sltko cj:yfdf lzIfsx¿n] klg kof{Kt ;do lbg g;s]sf] x'g ;Sb5g\\ . ljb\ofnon] plrt jftfj/0f ldnfpg g;Sbf cleefjsx¿nfO{ ljb\ofnodf uP/ v'n]/ s'/f ug{ ;xh gx'g klg ;Sb5 . ljb\ofnodf lzIfs sd x'gfsf sf/0f ;do ;Lldt eO{ JolStut u'gf;f]sf] ;Daf]wg ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yf klg cfO/x]sf] x'g;Sb5 . o:tf s'/fx¿n] ljb\ofno / cleefjs larsf] ;xh ;+jfbsf] jftfj/0f gx'g ;S5 .

cleefjsx¿sf] Go"g z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] sf/0f afnaflnsfsf] u[xsfo{df ;xof]u ug{ g;Sg', ljb\ofnodf cleefjssf u'gf;f] jf ;'emfjx¿nfO{ ;'Gg] gLlt gx'g' cflb sf/0fn] klg cleefjssf]

;+nUgtf sd x'g;Sb5 . o;y{ cfjZostfcg';f/ ljb\ofno jf cleefjssf] tkm{af6 kmf]g ug]{, va/ k7fpg], Od]n, EjfO; d]n cflbsf] k|of]u ug]{, cGt/JolSt ;~rf/ l;ksf] ljsf; ug]{, b'j} kIfn] ;dfg'e'lt /fVg] ugf{n] ;d]t cfk;L c;dembf/Lx¿ /fd|/L x6fpg ;xof]u k'Ub5 . o;n] ubf{ cleefjs / ljb\ofno larsf] ;+nUgtf j[b\lw ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf sfo{n] afnaflnsfsf] pHHjn eljio lgdf{0fdf yk of]ubfg k'Ug ;Sg] 5 .

@=!=% gLltut Joj:yf

ljb\ofno / cleefjslarsf] ;DaGwnfO{ /fd|f] agfpg / ljb\ofnok|lt cleefjsx¿sf] hjfkmb]lxtf a9fpg ljb\ofno Joj:yf ;ldltsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} afnaflnsfsf] k7gkf7gdf k|efjsf/L agfpg / ljb\ofno / cleefjs larsf] ;DaGw / ;dGjo /fd|f] agfpgsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/, lzIff dGqfnon] lzIfs cleefjs ;ª\3 agfpg' kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o:tf lsl;dsf lgsfox¿n] ;a} cleefjs / lzIfs tyf ljb\ofno k|zf;g;Fu ;dGjo ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5g\ .


15

@=!=^ afnd}qL ljb\ofno lgdf{0fsf nflu kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo :t/df cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿

• :s'n hfg] pd]/sf afnaflnsx¿sf nflu kl/jf/df k|]/0ff lbg cleefjsn] cg's"n jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug'{xf];\ .

• cleefjs / :s'n;Fu lg/Gt/ ;';DaGw sfod /fvL lgDglnlvt s'/fx¿ ug'{xf];\ M

• :s'nsf lzIfsx¿;Fu ;Dks{ u/L cfˆgf afnaflnsfsf] cWoog / Jojxf/sf] hfgsf/L lng] :s'ndf x'g] cleefjsx¿sf] a}7sx¿df clgjfo{ pkl:yt x'g]

• ljb\ofnodf afnaflnsfsf] ;fdflhs ljsf;, :jf:Yosf af/]df h]tgf hufpg] / hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf] ljsf; ug{ ;xof]usf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug]{

• cfk"m;Fu s'g} lsl;dsf :s'nsf nflu pko'St ;fdfu|L ePdf ljb\ofnodf lbg]

• cfˆgf afnaflnsfn] :s'naf6 l;s]sf /fd|f s'/fx¿sf nflu :s'nsf lzIfs lzlIfsfx¿nfO{ wGoafb lbg] / k|;+zf ug]{ .

@=@= afnd}qL 3/ kl/jf/

Affnaflnsfsf] klxnf] kf7zfnf eg]sf] kl/jf/ g} xf] . x/]s afnaflnsfn] hGd]kl5 kl/jf/af6 g} w]/} s'/f l;Sg] / ToxL l;sfOn] pgLx¿nfO{ s:tf] agfpg] eGg] s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f ug]{ x'G5 . sltko cfdfa'jfn] ;fgf afnaflnsf;Fu s'/f gug]{ tyf pgLx¿sf lh1f;fx¿sf] af/]df hfgsf/L glbg] ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o;n] afnaflnsfsf] ljsf;df gsf/fTds c;/ ub{5 eg] pgLx¿ lj:tf/} kl/jf/ eGbf 6f9f /xg dg k/fpFb5g\\ . o;sf nflu x/]s cfdf a'jf tyf kl/jf/n] afnaflnsfsf] cfjZostf tyf rfxgf cg'¿ksf] Jojxf/ ug'{ kb{5 . c;n Jojxf/sf] ljsf; ug{ / To;sf

nflu cfTdlge{/ x'g cleefjsn] 3/nfO{ afnd}qL agfpg' kb{5 . afnaflnsfsf] b}lgs lqmofsnfkdf k|of]u x'g] ;fdu|Lx¿ Affnd}qL x'g' kb{5 . h:t} 6\jfOn]6sf] 9f]sf p3fg{ / aGb ubf{ ;dfTg] xftf] -XoflG8n_, 9f]sfsf] r'Ss'n, kfgL vf]Ng / aGb ug{ ldNg] wf/f], e]l6g] 7fpFsf] ;fa'g, afnaflnsf

;lhn} r9\g / emg{ ldNg] e¥ofª jf l;F9L / lkF8Lsf] l8n cflb . To:t} afnaflnsfnfO{ v]Ng kof{Kt k'Ug] ;kmf cfFug, :yfgLo :t/df kfOg] ;lhnf v]n ;fdu|Lx¿, k9\g ;lhnf] x'g] kmlg{r/, afnaflnsfsf] nflu v's'nf n'ufx¿sf] k|aGw klg afn d}qL u/fpg' h?/L x'G5 .

@=@=! Affnd}qL 3/ kl/jf/ s;/L lgdf{0f ug]{Affnd}qL kl/jf/ lgdf{0fsf nflu kl/jf/df cg'zf;gsf] klg dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . afnaflnsfx¿n] l;Sg] qmddf ;a}eGbf klxn] cfˆg} cleefjssf] af]nL, efiff / ;fdfGo lzi6frf/;Fu

;DalGwt s'/fx¿ l;Sb5g\\ . cg'zf;g l;sfpg'sf] d'Vo pb\b]Zo afnaflnsfnfO{ cfkm\gf] :jljj]såf/f

:yfoL ¿kdf g} ;xL Jojxf/ ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' xf] . cleefjsn] cfkm\gf] afnaflnsfnfO{ ;dflhs d"NodfGotf k|lts"n x'g glbgsf nflu /fd|f Jojxf/ l;sfpg rfxG5g\\ . cfdfafa'n] s:tf] Jojxf/ /fd|f] cg'zf;g xf] / s:tf] xf]Og eGg]] l;sfpg' kb{5 . ;hfo jf b'Mv lbP/ cg'zf;g l;sfpg' g/fd|f] / lx+;fTds tl/sf xf] / To;af6 pgLx¿n] klg ToxL l;s]sf x'G5g\\ . ;hfon] leq}b]lv cfkm}Fåf/f lgb]{lzt :yfoL kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . cg'zf;g l;sfpg' / Jojxf/df kl/jt{g ug'{ Tolt ;lhnf] sfd xf]Og . cem b'O{ jif{ eGbf sd pd]/sf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ cg'zf;g l;sfpg' t emg\ hl6n x'G5 . cg'zf;g l;sfpg cleefjs;Fu ljif]z u'0f x'g' cfjZos 5 . k|foM afnaflnsfx¿n] 7'nf dfG5]sf s'/f ;'Gg eGbf pgLx¿n] u/]sf] Jojxf/k|lt a9L Wofg


16

lbPsf x'G5g\\ . To;}sf/0f afnaflnsfx¿k|lt ;Ddfgk"j{s Jojxf/ u¥ofF} eg] pgLx¿n] klg ;f]xL cg';f/ ;sf/fTds / ;Ddfghgs Jojxf/ ug{] ;+:sf/ l;Sb5g\\ . afnd}qL 3/ kl/jf/ lgdf{0fsf nflu lgDg s'/fx¿ ug{ ;lsG5 M

s_ cg'zf;gsf] kfngf ug]{

cg'zf;gdf cEo:t u/fpgfn] afnaflnsfnfO{ hf]lvdk"0f{ Jojxf/ / b'3{gfx¿af6 arfpF5 . dfof u/]/ g} afnaflnsfdf cg'zf;gsf] ljsf; ePdf afnaflnsfsf nflu klg cleefjs k|lt ;sf/fTds ;f]r agfpg dbt ldNb5 . ;s/fTds ;f]rsf] ljsf;n] cfTdljZjf; a9fpF5 . cg'zfl;t afnaflnsfn] cGo JolStx¿ / ;fyLx¿;Fu ;';DaGw :yfkgf u/L sfod /fVg ;Sb5g\\ .

afnaflnsfnfO{ s'g} dgkg]{ s'/fsf] nf]e b]vfP/ sfd jf cg'zf;gsf Jojxf/ ug{ nufpg' eGbf s'g} sfd ul/;s]kl5 k'/:sf/sf] ¿kdf t'?Gt lbg' /fd|f] x'G5 . afnaflnsfnfO{ lk6\g] jf s'g} klg lsl;dsf zf/Ll/s oftgf x'g] ;hfo lbg' x'Fb}g . s'g} 7"n} uNtL u/]df s'g} lgb]{lzt 7fpFdf gxlNnO{sg jf cfkm"n] eg]h:tf] u/L Ps ldg]6;Dd a:g nufpg' k5{ . Ps ldg]6 cufl8 eg]h:tf] u/L ga;]df k'gM ;do yk ug{'k5{ .

afnaflnsfnfO{ w]/} lgodx¿sf] aGwg agfpg' x'Fb}g . s'g} klg lsl;dsf] lx+;fn] l;Sg ;xof]u ub{}g . afnaflnsfnfO{ h] l;sfpg vf]lhPsf] 5, To;sf af/]df cfkm"n] klg u/]/ b]vfpg'k5{ . h:t}M vfgf vfg' cl3 jf lb;f ul/;s]kl5 ;fa'gkfgLn] xft w'g'k5{ eGg] s'/f l;sfpg cfkm"n] klg To:tf] a]nfdf xft wf]P/ b]vfpg' kb{5 . afnaflnsfn] s'g} sfd lauf/]df jf uNtL u/]df hjfkm lbg] jf ;f] af/] s]xL eGg] cj;/ lbg'k5{ . afnaflnsfx¿ cfkm"nfO{ cfgGb lbg] sfd ug{af6 alGrt x'g

rfxFb}gg\ . h:t}M afnaflnsfnfO{ t'?Gt} l6eL aGb ug{ eGg' x'Fb}g . a? % ldg]6kl5 aGb u/L ;'Tg jf k9\g hfgsf] nflu eg]/ ;Demfpg ;lsG5 .

afnaflnsfn] s'g} uNtL u/]df afnaflnsfsf] cfFvfsf] ;fd'Gg] uO{ cfkm"lt/ Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg'k5{ . cfkm" sfd ul//x]sf] eP klg 5f]8]/ glhs hfg] / gd| / b[9 lsl;dsf] cfjfhdf p;sf] gfdn] g} af]nfpg' k5{ . afnaflnsfsf] xft ;dfpg], cF==xF==! eGg], ca s] ug]{ eg]/ ;f]Wg], s'g Jojxf/ 5f]8\g'k5{ / s:tf] Jojxf/ rflxF ug'{k5{ egL ;f]Wg'k5{ / To;sf nflu pgLx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug'{k5{ . afnaflnsfsf] dgl:ylt l7s gePsf] ;dodf Hofb} s8f lgodx¿ agfP/ ;hfo afkt s'g} sfd ug{ afWo agfpg] k|of; ug'{ x'Fb}g . ;f/f+zdf, afnaflnsfsf] nflu cg'zf;g g} k|ult / pHHjn eljiosf] dfu{ lgb{]zg ug]{ dfWod xf] .

v_ ;fdflhs lzi6frf/ / Jojxf/ ug]{

afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ c;n ;fdflhs Jojxf/ / lzi6frf/ tyf ;+:sf/x¿ ;fg} pd]/b]lv l;sfpg' cfjZos 5 . o:tf s'/fx¿ ;fdflhs d"NodfGotf ;dfh / 7fpFcg';f/ km/s km/s klg x'G5g\\ . tkfO{+n] slxn]sfxLF cfkm\gf] afnaflnsfn] gsf/fTds Jojxf/ b]vfpFbf s'g} ;dodf ;df{pg' k/]sf] klg x'g;Sb5 . t/ To:tf Jojxf/nfO{ bf]xf]¥ofpg gkfpg] u/L ;do ldnfP/ d}qLk"0f{ lsl;dn] klg l;sfpg ;lsG5 . /fd|f] ;+:sf/ jf Jojxf/ hlGFdb} lnP/ cfpg] u'0f xf]Og . of] t cfˆgf] cleefjsx¿af6 l;Sg] ljifo xf] . afnaflnsfn] af]Ng ;'? ug]{ lalQs} b]lv cfr/0f ;DaGwL rngrlNtsf ;dfGo s'/fx¿ eGg l;sfpg' k5{ . h:t}M wGojfb, gd:t], ;Gr} x'g'x'G5, km]l/ e]6f}+nf cflb . To;}n] c;n Jojxf/sf] l;sfO cfˆg} 3/af6 ;'? x'G5 . o;cGtu{t s]xL d'Vo cfr/0f;DaGwL Jojxf/x¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M

• s]xL s'/f k|fKt ul/;s]kl5 jf s;}sf] ;xof]u kfOof] eg] …wGojfbÚ eGg'k5{ .


17

• dflg;x¿ ljifout s'/f ul//x]sf] ;dodf clt h?/L sfd gk/] ;Dd layf]Ng' x'Fb}g .

• sf]xL dflg; cfˆgf] 3/df cfPdf jf 7fpF ljz]if st} e]6\gf;fy ;do / p;sf] of]Uotf cg';f/sf] clejfbg ug'{k5{ .

• s;}sf] 3/sf] 9f]sf PSsf;L vf]Ng x'Fb}g, aflx/af6 9f]sf 9S9SofP/ jf cGo cfjfh lbP/ dfq vf]Ng' k5{ .

• kmf]g ubf{ cfkm\gf] kl/ro lbg'k5{ / sf];Fu s'/f ug{ rfx]sf] xf] ;f]af/] eGg'k5{ .

• s;}nfO{ lh:Sofpg', xf]Rofpg', 3[0ff ug'{, sdhf]/L k|lt xfF:g' h:tf sfd czf]egLo dflgG5g\\ .

• vf]Sbf jf xf5\o'F ubf{ ?dfnn] d'v 9fSg'k5{ .

• 3/sf] 9f]sfdf jf dflg; lxF8\g] af6f] 9fs]/ pleg x'Fb}g .

• s'g} klg vfg]s'/fx¿ d'vdf ePsf] a]nfdf c?;Fu af]Ng] ug'{ x'Fb}g .

• d'vdf /fVbf s'g} vfg]s'/f w]/} tftf] /x]5 eg] y'Sg' x'Fb}g . Ps 3'8\sL lr;f] kfgL jf b"w lkpg'k5{ . tftf] vfgf vfg' cufl8 slt tftf];Dd vfg ;lsG5 eg]/ ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' kb{5 .

• vfgf vfFbf d'vel/ 6Dd vfg]s'/f xfNg' x'Fb}g .

• w]/} hgf ePdf ;Fu} a;]sf ;a}nfO{ vfg]s'/f lbO{ g;sL vfgf vfg ;'? ug'{ x'Fb}g .

• kmf]x/x¿ af6f]df kmfNg' x'Fb}g . af6f]df b]lvPsf] kmf]x/ ;Dej eP;Dd l6k]/ plrt 7fFpdf kmflnlbg' k5{ .

• l5d]sLx¿nfO{ s'g} lsl;dsf] gs/fTds k|efj kg]{ sfd jf xf]xNnf ug'{ x'Fb}g . ;s];Dd l5d]sLnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{kb{5 .

• g/d tl/sfn] af]Ng], ljlgt x'g], ;Ddfg ug]{ / cf1fkfng ug]{ ;+:sf/sf] ljsf; ug'{kb{5 .

• cleefjssf] cg'dlt lagf s'g} j:t' -h:t}M k};f, d"Nojfg j:t', cf}hf/ cflb_ lng'x'Fb}g .

• cleefjs tyf kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:ox¿nfO{ 3/sf] sfddf ;xof]u ug'{kb{5 .

• dflg;x¿ s'/f u/]sf] ;dodf s'g} klg lsl;dsf] afwf k'Ug] sfd ug{ jf v]Ng' x'Fb}g . h:t}M 7'nf] cfjfh lgsfNg]÷ahfpg], pkmfg]{, u'8fpg] h:tf v]nx¿, cflb .

u_ afnaflnsfsf] lzIff

cleefjsx¿ afnaflnsfsf] klxnf] lzIfs, 3/ klxnf] ljb\ofno / k9\g' klxnf] sfd xf] . afnaflnsfsf] l;sfOsf] nflu cleefjssf] ;xof]usf] 7'nf] dxTTj x'G5 . lsgls cleefjsn] g} c¿n] eGbf cfˆgf] afnaflnsfaf/] /fd|/L a'em]sf x'G5g\\ . To;} sf/0fn] afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ plrt pd]/b]lv g} k9\g n]Vg l;sfpg' clt cfjZos 5 . lsgls k9fO g} ;a} lsl;dsf l;sfOx¿sf] cfwf/ xf] . h'g afnaflnsfn] 3/d} k9\g] /fd|f] jftfj/0f kfO{ /fd|f] hu a;fn]sf x'G5g\\, ljb\ofnodf klg pgLx¿ g} a9L ;kmn x'g;S5g\ . h'g afnaflnsfn] 3/df k9\g] n]Vg] sfddf cfTdljZjf;sf] ljsf; ul/;s]sf x'G5g\\, pgLx¿sf] k9fOk|ltsf] ;f]r klg ;sf/fTds alg;s]sf] x'G5 . To;}u/L, h'g afnaflnsfn] 3/d} kl/j/;Fu k9\g dg k/fpFb5g\\, To:tf afnaflnsfn] k9\g] s'/fnfO{ hLjgel/ g} dg k/fO/xG5g\\ . ;sf/fTds ;f]r agfO/xG5g\\ / of]hgfdf ;kmntf xfl;n ub}{ hfG5g\\ . afnaflnsfsf] lzIffsf nflu lgDgfg';f/sf sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 M

!= afnaflnsfn] s;/L k9\g l;Sb5g\\ <

slt pd]/af6 k9fpg] . afnaflnsfx¿n] :s'n egf{ ug'{ cufl8b]lv g} k9\g ;'? ug'{k5{ . slnnf afnaflnsfx¿n] klg lstfa x]g{ / k9\g dg k/fpF5g\ . pgLx¿n] lrq x]/]/ /


18

uLtaf6 ;fjf cIf/ l56f] lrGb5g\\ . k9\g n]Vg yfn]kl5 cfˆgf] ljrf/nfO{ cIf/sf ¿kdf n]Vg ;lsG5 eg]/ hflg;s]sf x'G5g\\ . :s'ndf egf{ x'g' cufl8 afnaflnsfn] 5fk]sf cIf/x¿n] syf agfpg ldN5 eg]/ hfGb5g\\ . pgLx¿n] cfjfh / cIf/ larsf] ;DaGw x'g] /x]5 eg]/ a'‰g yfN5g\ . ha afnaflnsfx¿ :s'n egf{ x'G5g\\, ta zAbx¿sf] cy{ hfGg] pkfox¿ yfxf kfpg yfN5g\ . pgLx¿n] w]/} lsl;dsf kf7\o;fdu|Lx¿ k9]kl5 pgLx¿n] k9\g yfn]sf syfsf] cGTo s;/L x'G5 eg]/ cg'dfg ug{ ;Sb5g\\ . To;} u/L lstfaL 1fgnfO{ cfˆgf] Jojxf/df hf]8\g ;Sb5g\\ . o:tf] a]nfdf cleefjsn] lgs} Wofg lbP/ ;xof]u ug{ cfjZos 5 .

@= cleefjsn] s;/L k9\g l;sfpg]<

• cfˆgf] afnaflnsfsf] ck]Iffsf af/]df cleefjs / kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿n] ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' kb{5 / ;f]xL cg';f/ k'/f ug{ cfjZos ;xof]u ug'{kb{5 . To:tf s]xL ck]Iffx¿ oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M

• ljleGg lsl;dsf lstfa, kqklqsf, l;;fsnd, /ª\uLg snd h:tf kf7\ o;fdu|Lx¿ 3/d} pknAw u/fOlbg'k5{ .

• cfk"m klg afnaflnsfx¿;Fu} k9\g], k9\g l;ls;s]sf afnaflnsfnfO{ klg k9\gaf6 g/f]sL lgoldt ¿kdf k9\g xf};nf lbg'xf];\ . pgLx¿n] u/]sf k|of;x¿k|lt :ofjf;L lbg'k5{ .

• cfk"mn] s'g ljifo kl9/x]sf] xf] eGg] af/]df afnaflnsfnfO{ klg atfpg] . o;f] ugf{n] pgLx¿sf] ;f]r]/ dfq ljrf/ ug]{ l;k / zAbe08f/sf] ljsf; ug{ db\bt k'Ub5 .

• afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ k9\g' eg]sf] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{ xf] eg]/ a'emfpg' / dx;'; u/fpg' kb{5 . olb cleefjsx¿ afnaflnsfx¿sf] l;sfO k|lqmofdf lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ;+nUg

x'g] xf] eg] cfk\mgf] afnaflnsfx¿ cleefjsk|lt ;sf/fTds x'G5g\\ / k9fOdf ;w}Fel/ g} ;kmn x'g ;S5g\ .

#= afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu pko'St kf7\o ;fdu|Lx¿ s;/L pknAw ug]{ <

• cfˆgf] afnaflnsfsf] ljb\ofnodf k':tsfno 5 eg] kf7\o;fdu|Lsf] nflu ;aeGbf ;lhnf] ;|f]t x'g;S5 . To;f] ePdf lzIfs jf k':tsfnosf] sd{rf/L;Fu s'/f u/L afnaflnsfnfO{ pko'St ;fdu|L pkof]u ug{ ;xof]u ug{'xf];\ .

• :yfgLo :t/df ;fd'bflos k':tsfno jf cWoog s]Gb| ePdf cfkm\gf] afnaflnsfnfO{ ;Dks{ u/fO{ lbg'xf];\ . ;Dej eP;Dd pko'St ;fdfu|Lx¿ pknAw u/fOlbg'xf];\ .

• ;a} ljb\ofno / ;d'bfox¿df k':tsfno jf cWoog s]Gb|x¿ gx'g ;S5g\ . olb gePdf lstfa k;naf6 lsg]/ klg pknAw u/fOlbFbf afnaflnsfsf] l;sfOdf dxTTjk"0f{ k|efj kb{5 / Tof] ;xL nufgL x'g;Sb5 .

• lstfax¿ 5fGbf km/skm/s syfsf lstfax¿ 5fGg'xf];\ . h:t} bGTo syf, ljleGg b]z / ;+:s[ltx¿sf Aff/]df n]lvPsf syfx¿ cflb .

• cfˆgf] afnaflnsfsf] OR5f / rfxgf cg';f/sf] lstfa 5fGg'xf];\ . k|foM afnaflnsfx¿n] /dfOnf s'/f n]lvPsf lstfax¿ dg k/fpFb5g\\ .

• cfˆgf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ljljw lsl;dsf lstfax¿ k9\g pT;flxt ug'{xf];\ . h:t}M cfZro{, k|l;b\w JolStsf rf;f] nfUbf hLjgL n]lvPsf / u}/ cfVofg cflb .

• syfsf lstfa 5gf}6 ubf{ cleefjssf] cfk\mg} 36gfx¿;Fu ldNbfh'Nbf lsl;dsf syfsf lstfa ePdf afnaflnsfnfO{ 8/,


19

qf; / dgf]efjgfx¿nfO{ ;fdgf ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb5 .

$= afnaflnsfnfO{ ul0ft s;/L l;sfpg]

kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿ afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ul0ftsf] 1fg / l;k ljsf;df ;xof]u ug{sf] nflu dxTTjk"0f{ ;|f]t JolSt x'g ;Sb5g\\ . cfˆgf afnaflnsfl;t lx;fa;DaGwL s'/f ug]{, k|Zg ;f]Wg], pgLx¿;Fu lx;fak|ltsf] ljrf/ a'‰g] / v]nsf] ¿kdf ul0ftnfO{ cEof; ugf{n] ul0ft k|lt ;sf/fTds ;f]rfOsf] ljsf; ug{ db\bt k'Ub5 . h:t} M

• ul0ft;DaGwL 1fgnfO{ b}lgs lqmofsnfksf ¿kdf k|of]udf Nofpg db\bt ug'{xf];\ .

• afnaflnsfn] ul0ft;DaGwL 1fgdf /fd|f] k|ult ug{ ;Sb5g\\ egL afnaflnsfk|lt cfˆgf] ljZjf; ePsf] s'/f b;f{pg'xf];\ .

• ul0ftLo l;sfOdf slxNo} emsf]{ gdfgL oy]i6 ;do lbO{ h'g;'s} a]nf ;sf/fTds aGg'xf];\ .

• afnaflnsfn] u/]sf lx;fa;DaGwLsf x/]s k|of;x¿nfO{ v'n]/ k|;+zf ug'{xf];\ .

• lgoldt ¿kdf ul0ftsf af/] rfvnfUbf s'/f ug{'xf];\ .

• afnaflnsfx¿sf] ljrf/ / cg'ej a'‰gsf nflu pko'St k|Zg u/]/ pQ/ lbgsf nflu xf};nf lbg'xf];\ .

• afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu ul0ft;DaGwL 1fg / l;k k|fKt ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] cEof; ug]{ ;dfu|Lx¿sf] Joj:yf ug]{ . h:t}M 6'qmf ldnfP/ u0fgf ug{sf nflu sf7sf jf Knfl:6ssf Ansx¿, hf]8\g 36fpg, u'gf ug{ cflbsf nflu k|of]u ug{ sfpG6/ OToflb .

• ul0ft;DaGwL v]n v]Nb} afnaflnsf;Fu /dfOnf] ug{'xf];\ . v]n v]Nbf ul0ft l;Sg, xfF;v]n ug{ / cfkmgf] afnaflnsf;Fu

dfofn' ;DaGw :yfkgf ug]{ cj;/ ldNb5 .

• afnaflnsfx¿n] 7'nf dfG5]x¿;Fu lgoldt ¿kdf ul0ft;DaGwL v]n v]Ng] ubf{ pgLx¿sf] ul0ft;DaGwL 1fg / l;kdf ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .

• 3'dlkm/ ubf{ cª\s;DaGwL uLt, Znf]s, sljtf, cflb h:tf s'/fx¿ k|of]u ug'{xf];\ .

• afnaflnsf ;'Tg] a]nfdf u0fgf;DaGwL, cfsf/ k|sf/ / cª\s;DaGwL lstfa k9\g'xf];\ .

• ahf/ hfFbf cfk"mn] lsg]sf] j:t'x¿sf] u0fgf ug{ nufpg] .

• j:t'efp x]bf{ ufO{ j:t', afv|fsf] u0fgf ug]{ / /ª;DaGwL 5'6\ofP/ u0fgf ug{ klg ;xof]u ug]{ .

• cfk\mgf] 3/ jl/kl/ ?v la?jf, 3/x¿, s'g lb;fdf s'g pknAw j:t'x¿ 5g\ eGg] 1fg lbg] .

$=!= ul0ftsf] l;sfO cGt{ut lgDglnlvt lqmofsnfkx¿ u/fpg ;lsG5 M

• ul0ftsf] l;sfOdf u0fgf ug]{, To;nfO{ 5''g], qmdzM bf]xf]¥ofP/ uGg] / cGTodf pN6f]af6 klg uGg], u0fgf;DaGwL uLt ufpg], v]Ng], Sofn]G8/ k|of]u ug]{, olt÷plt eg]/ atfpFbf hf]8\g], 36fpg], u'0ff ug]{ / efu ug]{ sfddf k|of]u ul/G5 .

• qmdab\wtf (Pattern) ;DaGwL lqmofsnfkx¿M tfnLsf] cfjfh, k}tfnf tfn,h:tf qmdab\wtfnfO{ u0fgf ug]{, syf, sljtf, / uLtx¿sf] z}nLnfO{ ofb u/fpg], hldgdf la5\ofPsf 6fonsf] a'6\6f, leQfsf] a'6\6f, sk8fsf] a'6\6f cflbsf af/]df s'/f ug'{xf];\ .

• Dffkg ;DaGwL lqmofsnfkx¿ M afnaflnsfsf] hGd lbgdf k|To]s jif{ prfO / tf}n gfKg'xf];\ / To;sf] af/]


20

s'/fsfgL ug'{xf];\ . ljleGg ;fOhsf efF8fx¿ s'gdf slt kfgL 5 egL s'/f ug'{xf];\ .

• nfdf], 5f]6f], xf]rf], cUnf], km/flsnf], afSnf], kftnf] h:tf zAbx¿sf] k|of]u u/L bfFHg] s'/fx¿ af/] hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .

• e¥ofªsf v'8\lsnfx¿ dfly b]lv tn;Dd cfOk'Ug slt v'6\lsnf kf/ ug'{k5{, d'/nLsf Kjfnx¿ slt 5g\ eg]/ ;f]Wg'xf];\ . To;}u/L 3/sf] s'g 7fpF b]lv s'g 7fpFdf hfg slt sbd 5 lxF8]/ sbd uGg nufpg ;lsG5 .

• y/Ly/Lsf l;Ssfx¿ b]vfP/ To;sf] d"No af/]df s'/f ug{ ;lsG5 .

@=@=@ afnd}qL 3/ lgdf{0fsf nflu kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo :t/df cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿

• kl/jf/df afnaflnsfsf] nflu cg'zf;gsf lgodx¿ sfof{Gjog u/fpg' hlQs} kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:ox¿n] klg cg'zf;gsf lgod plQs} ckgfpg kg]{ x'gfn] kl/jf/df cfˆgf] / ;a} ;b:ox¿sf] cg'zf;g;DaGwL ;sf/fTds kl/jt{gsf nflu ;dofg's"n 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ . o;n] ubf{ afnaflnsfnfO{ klg cg'zf;gdf a:g / lgod cjnDag ug{ k|]/0ff ldNb5 / kl/jf/k|lt pQ/bfoL aGg kg]{ dx;'; x'g an ldNb5 .

• cg'zf;gn] ;fdflhs lzi6frf/ tyf ;+:sf/ a9fpg dbt ub{5 . To;}n] cleefjsn]

cg'zf;gsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ o;sf af/]df ;r]t u/fpg'xf];\ .

• afnaflnsfx¿;Fu lgoldt s'/f ugf{n] pgLx¿df efiffsf] l;k /fd|f];Fu ljsf; x'g;S5 .

• ;a}n] ;'Gg]u/L k9]sf] v08df kl/jf/sf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:ox¿nfO{ /dfOnf] nfUg ;S5 .

• lgoldt ¿kn] k9\g] jftfj/0f agfOlbg cfk"mn] klg ;Fu;Fu} k9\gfn] afnaflnsfsf] ;f]xL cg'¿k b}lgs k9\g] afgLsf] ljsf; x'g'sf ;fy} To;sf] cg';/0f u/L k9\g'sf] dxTTj /fd|/L a'‰g]5g\ .

• cfkm"n] kl9/x]sf]] lstfasf af/]df afnaflnsfnfO{ atfOlbgxf];\, / k9\gsf nflu xf};nf lbg'xf];\ . To; k':tssf af/] pgLx¿sf] k|ltlqmof Wofg k"j{s ;'lglbgfn] k9\g] l;ksf] ljsf; x'G5 .

• afnaflnsfsf] nflu eg]/ g} 3/df ;fgf]ltgf] k':tsfnosf] Joj:yf ul/lbg'xf];\ . ;Dej eP;Dd Pp6f ;fgf] b/fh / 6]a'n s';L{sf] Joj:yf ul/lbg'xf];\ .

• 5f]/f5f]/Ln] k9\g] ljifox¿ km/s x'g ;S5g\, ;f]xL cg';f/sf] ;fdu|Lx¿sf] Joj:yf ul/lbg'xf];\ .

• ;dofg's"n afnaflnsfsf] :s'ndf k'u]/ lzIfs;Fu afnaflnsfsf] k9fOsf af/]df hfgsf/L lnPdf afnaflnsfx¿n] a9L ;'/lIft / lgw{Ss dx;'; ub{5g\ .

21

v08 ltgkl/jf/sf] pHHjn eljiosf nflu of]hgf


22

#=! kl/jf/sf] of]hgf

gjljjflxt bDkltn] slxn] ;Gtfg hGdfpg] / slt hGdfpg] eg]/ v'n]/ 5nkmn ug{ / ;xdltdf plrt lg0f{o lng cfjZos 5 . o;/L ul/g] lg0f{on] cfˆgf] cWoog, Joj;fo jf gf]s/L, afnaflnsfsf] x]/rfx ug]{ ;xof]uL ;b:osf] pknAwtf cflbsf] ;d]t plrt Joj:yf ug{ ;xof]u ldNb5 . of] g} kl/jf/ ljsf; of]hgfsf] d'Vo k|j]z cj:yf xf] . kl/jf/sf] pHHjn eljiosf nflu klxnf] of]hgf xf] .

bDkltlarsf] ;dembf/Ln] ul/g] kl/jf/sf] of]hgfn] hGdg] gofF ;Gtfgsf] plrt :ofxf/, dfof, /fd|f] lzIfflbIff cflbdf k"0f{¿kn] Wofg lbg ;lsG5 . of]hgf cg';f/sf] ;dodf aRrf hGdfpg, csf]{ hGdfpg kv{g kg]{ ;dofjlwsf nflu klg ue{lg/f]wsf c:yfoL ;fwg ckgfpg ;lsG5 / Tof] klg bDkltlarsf] ;Nnfxn] s'g ;fwg jf ljlw ckgfpg] eGg] lg0f{o lnFbf emg} /fd|f] x'G5 . s'g} bDklTtn] aRrf hGdfpg rfx]sf] ;dodf klg aRrf hlGdPg eg] ;f]sf] pkrf/df klg cfk;L ;Nnfx u/]/ g} ;DalGwt lj1;Fu k/fdz{ ug{' /fd|f] x'G5 .

>Ldfg / >LdtL larsf s'/fx¿df b'j}n] Wofgk"j{s ;'Gg], ;'g]sf s'/fx¿k|lt ;sf/fTds ;Daf]wg ug]{, k|z+;f ug]{, efjgfsf] sb/ ug]{ / b'j}sf] ;xdltdf dfq s'g} lg0f{o ugf{n] cfk;df dfof sfod /xG5 . b'j} hgf ;w}F v';L /xg ;lsG5 . cWoogx¿n] atfPcg';f/ cfdf k|zGg ePdf hlGdg] aRrf klg :j:y aGb5 .

#=@ ;'/lIft dft[Tj

;'/lIft dft[Tj eGgfn] dlxnfn] OR5f u/]cg';f/ ue{jtL x'g jf gx'g, ue{jtL cj:yfdf :j:y /xg, ;'/lIft ¿kdf k|;"lt x'g, ;'Ts]/L cj:yfdf

:j:y /xg tyf :j:y lzz' hGdfpg / gjhft lzz'nfO{ :j:y /xgsf nflu :t/o'St ;]jfx¿ pknAw x'g] cj:yf l;h{gf ug'{ xf] . ;'/lIft dft[Tjsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/, :jf:y dGqfnon] ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿ ;d'bfo :t/;Dd ;~rfng u/]]sf] 5 .

#=@=! ue{jtL aGg' cufl8 bDkltx¿n] lgDg-lnlvt s'/fx¿df Vofn /fVg' k5{ Ms= ue{wf/0f ug{ pko'St pd]/ @) b]lv #%

jif{;Ddsf] xf] . To; cufl8 jf kl5sf] pd]/df aRrf hGdfpFbf cfdf / aRrf b'j}sf nflu vt/f x'g;S5 . @) jif{ eGbf cufl8 jf #% jif{ eGbf k5fl8 ue{wf/0f ubf{ hGdg] aRrf s'kf]lift jf ;':tdgl:yltsf] x'g] ;Defjgf x'G5 .

v= cl3Nnf] ue{ v]/ uPsf] ePdf jf ue{ktg u/]sf] ePdf sDtLdf 5 dlxgf;Dd ue{jtL aGg' x'Fb}g .

u= Pskl5 csf]{ aRrfsf] pd]/df sDtLdf b'O{ jif{sf] km/s x'g''kb{5 . aRrf hGdfpg] lg0f{o ul/;s]kl5 dlxnfn] ljz]if :ofxf/ kfpg' kb{5 .

3= ue{wf/0f ug'{ klxnfb]lv g} dlxnfx¿df s'g} lsl;dsf ;"tL{hGo -h:t}M r'/f]6, v}gL, tdfv', k/fu, kfg, u'6\vf cflb_ / s'g} klg lsl;dsf dlb/fhGo kbfy{ h:t} hfF8, /S;L, XjL:sL, lao/ cflb ;]jg ug]{] afgL 5 jf s'g} nfu'kbfy{ ;]jg ug]{ u/]sf] ePdf k'/} ¿kdf 5f]8\g' kb{5 . lsgls tL ;a} v/fa lrhx¿ x'g\ h;n] ue{sf] afnaflnsfnfO{ gsf/fTds c;/x¿ kfb{5 . aRrf hGdfpg] of]hgf ul/;s]kl5 sd;]sd ue{wf/0f ug'{ eGbf & dlxgf cufl8 g} tL afgL 5f]8]sf] x'g'

kl/jf/sf] pHHjn eljiosf nflu of]hgf#


23

kb{5, clg dfq ue{jtL x'g pko'St x'G5 .ª= ue{jtL x'g' cufl8 :jf:YosdL{;Fu ;Nnfx

ug{' w]/} plrt x'G5 / ;Nnfx lnP/ g} sDtLdf ltg dlxgf;Dd k|To]s lbg kmf]lns Pl;8 ;]jg ug]{, bd, dw'd]x, l8k|];g, pRr /Strfk, df]6f]kg, 5f/] /f]u jf yfO/fO8 ;DaGwL :jf:Yo ;d:ofx¿ 5g\ eg] To;sf] lgoGq0f ePsf] x'g'k5{ .

#=# kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf] pkof]lutf

kl/jf/ lgof]hg eg]sf] bDkltn] agfpg] kl/jf/sf] of]hgf xf] . To;cGtu{t w]/} s'/fx¿ kb{5g\ . h; dWo], k|d'v kIf xf] – aRrf hGdfpg] jf ghGdfpg], slxn] hGdfpg], slt hGdfpg], Pp6f kl5 csf]{sf] hGd cGt/ slt sfod ug]{, To; lardf jf s'g lsl;dsf ue{ lg/f]wsf] ;fwg ckgfP/ ;'/lIft of}g ;Dks{ /fVg] cflb ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿ g} x'g\ .

plrt hGdfGt/ ePdf cfdfnfO{ kl5Nnf] aRrfsf nflu zf/Ll/s, efjgfTds / cfly{s tj/n] k"0f{ tof/L /xg ;xof]u k'¥ofp5 . ue{jtL tyf ;'Ts/L Joyfsf sf/0faf6 csfndf Hofg hfg ;Sg] vt/fdf sdL cfpg ;Sb5 . To:t}, sd tf}n ePsf] aRrf hlGdg], d[t aRrf hlGdg] jf clwu|f] hfg] h:tf vt/fx¿af6 aRg ;lsG5 . aRrf / kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf nflu kof{Kt ;do lbg ;lsg] x'gfn] aRrfsf] plrt :ofxf/, lzIff, dfof / kfl/jfl/s ;b\efj j[b\lwdf klg ;xof]u k'Ub5 .

plrt hGdfGt/ ePdf aRrfn] nfdf] cjlw;Dd :tgkfg ug{ kfpg] xF'bf /fd|f] kf]if0f kfP/ Åi6k'i6 x''g'sf ;fy} ljleGg /f]ux¿sf] ;ª\qmd0faf6 klg aRg ;Sg] x'G5g\\ . aRrfn] afa'cfdfaf6 nfdf] ;do;Dd dfof / x]/rfx ;d]t kfpg ;Sb5g\\ .

aRrf / cfdfsf] :jf:Yo / enfOsf nflu a9L Wofg k'¥ofpg ;lsg] xF'bf ;Gt'li6 k|fKt x'G5 . cl3Nnf] aRrf x'sL{ ;s]kl5 dfq csf]{ hGdfpg]

lg0f{o ubf{ cfly{s of]hgf agfpgsf] nflu klg ko{fKt ;do x'g'sf ;fy} >Ldfg\ >LdtL lar klg ;'dw'/ ;DaGw sfod /fVg klg ;3fp k'Ub5 .

#=$ ue{ lg/f]wsf c:yfoL ljlwx¿

tn pNn]v ul/Psf ue{ lg/f]wsf c:yfoL ;fwgx¿n] ue{ /xg lbFb}gg\ . To;}n] oL

;fwgx¿nfO{ kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf c:yfoL ;fwg klg elgG5 / tL ;fwgx¿sf] k|of]unfO{ c:yfoL ljlw elgPsf] xf] .

sG8dM of] k'?ifn] k|of]u ug]{ ue{lg/f]wsf] c:yfoL ;fwg xf] . of] kftnf] g/d / pRr u'0f:t/Lo

/a/n] ag]sf] x'G5 . sG8d ;Def]u ug'{ cufl8 k'?ifsf] pQ]lht lnª\udf nufOG5 . o;nfO{ ;xL tl/sfn] k|of]u ugf{n] dfq} ue{lg/f]wsf ;fy} PrcfO{eL÷P8\; / c? of}ghGo ;ª\qmd0fx¿ ;g{af6 aRg ;lsG5 .

lkN;M of] dlxnfn] lbgx'F vfg] rSsL xf] . o;sf] k|of]un] ue{ /xgaf6 /f]Sg db\bt k'Ub5 . hGd cGt/sf nflu of] e/kbf]{ c:yfoL ;fwg xf] . of] lkN; vfg' cufl8 :jf:YosdL{;Fu ;Nnfx lng' cfjZos 5 . of] k|To]s lbg Ps rSsL Ps} ;do kf/]/ vfg] ul/G5 .

sk/ 6LM of] dlxnfx¿sf] kf7]3/df /flvg] ue{lg/f]ws c:yfoL ;fwg xf] . of] Knfl:6s / tfdfn] ag]sf] x'G5 . PskN6 nufPkl5 o;n] !@ jif{;Ddsf nflu sfd ub{5 . sk/ 6L nufpg c:ktfn jf kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf] lSnlgsx¿df tflnd k|fKt :jf:YosdL{x¿;Fu ;Dks{ /fVg'k5{ .

l8kf]k|f]e]/fM o;nfO{ ufpF3/df …ltg dlxg] ;'O{Ú klg eGg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . dlxnfsf] kfv'/f jf lkmnfdf ;'O{af6 nufOG5 . of] ;'O{ Psk6s nufpFbf ltg dlxgf;Dd ue{ /f]Sg ;lsG5 . of] ;'O{ :jf:Yo ;+:yf tyf cf}ifwL k;nx¿df tflnd k|fKt :jf:YosdL{n] nufO{ lbG5g\\ .

g/KnfG6M dlxnfsf] kfv'/fdf /flvg] ue{lg/f]wsf]


24

c:yfoL ;fwg xf] . o;sf] k|of]un] & jif{;Dd ue{ /f]Sg ;lsG5 . of] nufpg c:ktfn jf kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf] lSnlgsx¿df tflnd k|fKt

:jf:YosdL{x¿;Fu ;Dks{ /fVg'k5{ .

dfly pNn]v ePsf c:yfoL ;fwgx¿ a9L k|rngdf 5g\ / clwsf+z ;fwgx¿ ;/sf/L lgsfo jf s]xL ;ª\3;+:yfx¿n] g]kfnsf k|fo ;a} lhNnfx¿df lgMz'Ns ljt/0f ul//x]sf x'G5g\\ . oL afx]s cGo w]/} lsl;dsf c:yfoL ;fwgx¿ klg 5g\ . h:t} Kofr, dlxnfn] nufpg] sG8d, 6\ofDkf]g, lkmFh rSsL / c? klg gofF lsl;dsf ;fwgx¿ klg ahf/df cfO/x]sf x'G5g\\ .

ue{lg/f]wsf] :yfoL ljlw -:yfoL aGWofs/0f_ M cfk"mnfO{ ;Gtfgsf] OR5f k'/f eO;s]kl5 k'?if jf dlxnfn] kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf] :yfoL ljlw ckgfpg ;Sb5g\\ . tL :yfoL ljlwx¿ lgDgcg';f/ 5g\M

dlxnfx¿sf nflu Nofk|f]:sf]kL jf ldlgNofkM of] dlxnfsf nflu ul/g] :yfoL aGWofs/0fsf] ljlw xf] . of] ljlw cg';f/ dlxnfx¿sf] kf7]3/ eGbf dflyNnf] efudf /x]sf] l8Da gnLdf af6f] 5]lslbOG5 . h;n] ubf{ l8Daf;odf pTkfbg ePsf] l8Da -cG8f_ Tof] gnLsf] af6f] x'Fb} cfpFbf z'qmls6;Fu e]6 x'g kfpFb}g . c;fWo} ;fwf/0f tl/sfn] ;fgf] ck/];g -zNolqmof_ u/L tflnd k|fKt 8fS6/x¿n] ub{5g\ . ldlgNofk jf Nofk|f]:sf]kL ubf{ dlxnfsf] zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s Ifdtfdf s'g} klg c;/ kfb}{g / b}lgs sfd ug{ klxnfsf] h:t} u/L ;lsG5 .

k'?ifx¿sf nflu e];]S6f]dLM ;Gtfgsf] /x/ k'lu;s]sf k'?ifx¿sf nflu :yfoL ¿kdf ul/g] aGWofs/0f ljlw xf] e];]S6f]dL . of] ljlwdf aGWofs/0f ubf{ z'qmsL6 lg:s]/ jLo{ y}nLdf cfpg] af6f] aGb ul/G5 . To;} sf/0f of}g ;Dks{ ubf{ ljo{ dfq} lg:sG5 . e];]S6f]dL u/]kl5 klg b}lgs ¿kdf ul/Fb} cfPsf] sfd -h:t}M d]nfkft ug]{, ef/L af]Sg], lxF88'n ug]{, v]ns'bdf efu lng] cflb_ plQs} ug{ ;lsG5 . of}g;Dks{df klg klxnfsf] hlQs} ;lqmo /xg

;lsG5 . aGWofs/0f u/]sf] ;doaf6 k'?ifn] sDtLdf @) k6s;Ddsf] of}g;Dks{ ubf{ sG8d k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 jf x:td}y'g u/]/ ljo{ kmfNg klg ;lsG5 . lsgls e];]S6f]dL ug'{ cufl8 g} z'qmsL6 ljo{ y}nLdf cfP/ al;/x]sf] klg x'g ;Sb5 . e];]S6f]dL u/]kl5 Ps dlxgf;Dd ;fOsn, l/S;f / df]6/;fOsn grnfpg :jf:YosdL{x¿n] ;'emfj lbG5g\\ lsgls e];]S6f]dL ubf{ z'qmsL6 lxF8\g] gnL k'mSg ;Sb5 .

cfsl:ds ue{lg/f]wM s'g} klg sf/0fn] c;'/lIft of}g ;Dks{ x'g uPdf &@ 306f -ltg lbg_ leq ue{lg/f]wsf] c:yfoL ;fwg vfg] rSsL -lkN;_ vfP/ ue{jtL x'gaf6 arfpg] pkfonfO{ cfsl:ds ue{lg/f]w elgG5 . c;'/lIft of}g;Dks{ ePsf] hlt;Sbf] rfF8f] of] cf}ifwLsf] k|of]u ul/of] Tolt g} k|efjsf/L x'G5 t/ cfsl:ds ue{lg/f]wsf] cf}ifwL k|of]usf af/]df :yfgLo :jf:YosdL{;Fu ;Nnfx lng ;lsG5 .

#=% kl/jf/ / ;d'bfodf cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿

• gjbDktLn] aRrf hGdfpg] ghGdfpg] jf slxn] / slt hGdfpg] eGg] af/]df cfk;L ;xdltdf lg0f{o ug]{

• lkN; vfg lal;{of], sG8d k'm6\of], cfOo'l;8Lsf] k|of]udf ;d:of cfof] jf c? s'g} c:yfoL ;fwg;DaGwL ;d:of eP :jf:YosdL{;Fu k/fdz{ ug]{

• cfsl:ds ue{lg/f]wsf] ;fwg k|of]u ug'{ cufl8 To:tf ;fwgsf] a6\6fdf /flvPsf] lgb]{lzsf xf]l;of/Lk"j{s cWoog ug]{

• :jf:Yo ;+:yf jf ;|f]t s]Gb|x¿df kfOg] lzIff tyf ;"rgfd"ns cWoog ;fdfu|Lx¿ ;ª\u|x ug]{ / kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ klg cWoog ug]{ jftfj/0f agfpg] .

• :yfoL aGWofs/0f ug''{ cufl8 s;n] ug]{ eGg] af/] bDkQL lardf ;Nnfx u/L lg0f{o ug]{ .

25

v08 rf/ue{jtL dlxnfsf] :ofxf/


26

ue{jtL dlxnfsf] :ofxf/$$=! ue{jtL :ofxf/

ue{jtLsf] :ofxf/ / x]/rfx eg]sf] dlxnf ue{jtL x'Fbf ul/g] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s / ;fdflhs ;xof]u xf] . plrt lsl;dn] ul/g] ue{jtL :ofxf/n] :j:y aRrfsf] hGd x'''G5, dft[ d[To'af6 arfpg ;lsG5 . dlxnfx¿ ue{jtL x'Fbf / aRrf hGdFbf x'g;Sg] hl6n ;d:of / dft[ d[To' tyf czSt cj:yfnfO{ Wofg lbP/ ue{jtLsf] ;xL x]/rfx tyf kl/jf/af6 klg k"0f{ ;xof]u kfPsf] v08df To:tf ;d:ofx¿df pNn]vgLo sdL Nofpg ;lsG5 .

Ufe{jtL cj:yf eg]sf] dlxnfsf] cToGt} hl6n cj:yf xf] . To;}n] ue{jtLsf nflu kl/jf/n] ug]{ ;xof]u eg]sf] zf/Ll/s ¿kdf ug]{ x]/rfx dfq xf]Og . a? pgLx¿sf nflu dfgl;s tyf dgf]j}1flgs ;xof]u klg xf] eg]/ a'‰g' cfjZos 5 . o; cj:yfdf >Ldfg\sf] ;xof]u ;a}eGbf dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 . tYofª\sx¿ cg';f/ g]kfndf $) k|ltzt >Ldfg\n] dlxnf ue{jtL x'Fbf / ;'Ts]/L u/fpg' k"j{ ug'{kg]{ cfjZos tof/Ldf ;fy lbg] ul/Psf] kfOPsf] 5 .

zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s ¿kdf :j:y cfdfaf6 hGdg] lzz' klg :j:y g} x'G5 . cfdfsf] :jf:Yo /fd|f] agfpg ue{wf/0f ug]{ tof/L x'Fb}b]lv k|z:t dfqfdf kf]l;nf] vfgf, sfdsf] af]emdf sdL u/fpg] / d}qLk"0f{ Jojxf/sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . kf]l;nf] vfgf eGgfn] ldl>t vfgf xf] h:t}M xl/of] ;fukft, kx]Fnf kmnk"mn, tfhf t/sf/L, u]8fu'8L, b'w / b'waf6 ag]sf kl/sf/ tyf cG8f / df+;xf/Lsf nflu df5f df;' eGg] a'lemG5 . ue{jtL dlxnfsf nlu ;flas eGbf sDtLdf klg Ps 5fs a9L vfgf cfjZos x'G5 . kf]l;nf vfnsf s'g} klg

vfg]s'/f afg{ cfjZos 5}g . tgfj sd ug{sf nflu ue{jtL cj:yfsf dlxnfnfO{ pgLx¿sf] sfddf kl/jf/n] ;xof]u ug'{k5{ . To;n] ubf{ pgLx¿n] cf/fd klg ug]{ ;do kfpFb5g\\ . cf/fd eGgfn] b}lgs /ftL * 306f / lbpF;f] ! b]lv @ 306f ;'Tgsf nflu rflxg] ;do xf] eGg] a'em\g'k5{ .

;'Ts]/L dlxnfn] w]/} an kg]{ sfd ug'{ jf ug{ nufpg' x'Fb}g . h:t}M ef/L prfNg'÷af]Sg', vghf]t ug'{, nfdf] psfn] cf]x|fn] lxF8fpg', cflb s'g} klg lsl;dsf zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s ysfj6 x'g] sfd ug{÷u/fpg x'Fb}g . ux|f}+ ef/L prfNg] / af]Sg] ugf{n] aRrf v]/ hfg ;Sg] tyf cfª -kf7]3/_ v:g] h:tf ;d:of cfpg ;S5 .

$=!=! ue{sf] :jf:Yo k/LIf0f

ue{jtL dlxnfn] lgDgfg';f/ sDtLdf rf/k6s ue{sf] :jf:Yo hFfr u/fpg'k5{ M

• klxnf] k6sM ue{jtL ePsf] rf}yf] dlxgfdf

• bf];|f] k6sM ue{jtL ePsf] 5}F6f} dlxgfdf

• t];|f] k6sM cf7f}F dlxgfdf

• rf}yf] k6sM gjf}F dlxgfdf

ue{jtL cj:yfdf s'g} klg lsl;dsf :jf:Yo ;d:of cfpg] lalTtSs} jf s'g} klg hfgsf/L lng k/]df :jf:Yo s]Gb|df ;Dks{ ul/xfNg' kb{5 . To;}n] uef{j:yfdf cfjZstfcg';f/ rf/ k6s eGbf a9L klg hfFr u/fpg ;lsG5 . ue{jtL hfFr ug{ hfFbf ljleGg ;]jfx¿ kfOG5 h:t}M /Strfksf] hFfr, aRrfsf] cj:yf x]g{ k]6sf] hFfr ul/G5, cfO/g rSsL lbOG5, 6L=6L=nufOG5 /


27

h'sfsf] cf}ifwL lbOG5 . kl/jf/sf] ;b:ox¿n] ue{jtL dlxnfn] lgoldt ¿kdf cfO/g rSsL vfP÷gvfPsf] olsg ug'{k5{ . cfO/g rSsL dlxnfn] ue{jtL hfFr u/fpg hfFbf :jf:Yo ;+:yfn] pknAw u/fpF5 jf dlxnf :jf:Yo :jo+;]ljsf;Fu klg lng ;lsG5 . ue{jtL ePsf] # dlxgf k'/f ePb]lv ;'Ts]/L ePsf] ^ xKtf -8]9 dlxgf_ ;Dd lbgsf] Ps Kf6s cfO/g rSsL vfg'kb{5 . :jf:YosdL{;Fusf] lagf ;Nnfx hyfefjL cf}ifwL vfg' x'Fb}g . cfO/g rSsL /fVg] efF8f]sf] lasf]{ xfjf gl5g]{ u/L aGb ug'{kb{5 / cf]l;nf] / w]/} tftf] jf udL{ 7fpFdf /fVg' x'Fb}g .

ue{jtL ePsf] # dlxgf k'/f ePkl5 Ps rSsL h'sfsf] cf}ifwL vfg'k5{ . ue{jtL dlxnfn] bf];|f] k6s ue{jtL hFfr u/fpFbf klxnf] l6=6L= vf]k nufpg'k5{ / klxnf] vf]k nufPsf] sDtLdf ! dlxgfsf] km/sdf bf];|f] 6L=6L= vf]k nufpg'k5{ . 6L=6L= vf]k :jf:Yo ;+:yf jf vf]k lSnlgsaf6 nufpg ;lsG5 .

cf}nf] k|efljt :yfgx¿df nfdv'6\6]sf] 6f]sfOaf6 aRg ue{jtL dlxnfn] e'mnsf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ . /ftL cFfvf gb]Vg] ;d:of ePdf :jf:YosdL{;Fu ;Dks{ ug'{k5{ . ue{jtL dlxnfn] bfFt df‰g], xft, gª, of}gfª\ux¿ tyf z/L/nfO{ ;w}F ;kmf /fVg'k5{ . o;n] /f]u nfUg tyf ;ª\qmd0f x'gaf6 arfpF5 . dlb/fhGo jf ;"lt{hGo s'g} klg kbfy{ ;]jg ug'{ x'Fb}g . o:tf kbfy{sf] ;]jgn] ue{ktg x'g ;Sg], ue{df lzz'sf] j[b\lw ljsf;df c;/ kg]{, af}b\lws ljsf; /f]lsg], sd tf}n ePsf aRrf hlGdg] cflb c;/x¿ x'g ;Sb5g\\ .

$=!=@ ;fdfGo uef{j:yfdf tyf cfsl:ds cj:yfsf nflu ug'{ kg]{ k"j{ tof/Lx¿

ue{wf/0fsf] tof/Lb]lv g} vr{sf] Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 . cfsl:ds cj:yfdf ug{ kg]{ pkrf/ vr{, cf}ifwL pkrf/ tyf ;'Ts]/L u/fpFbf cfjZos

vr{, / gjhft lzz' / cfdfsf] :ofxf/sf] nflu vr{ cfjZos kb{5 . vr{sf cnfjf tTsfn :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf k'¥ofpgsf nflu 7fpF cg';f/sf] pko'St oftfoft jf cGo ;fwgx¿ -h:t}M 8f]sf], :6«]r/, aonuf8f, 8f]nL, tfDbfg -sfk]{;_, l/S;f, PDa'n]G; cflb_ sf] tof/L, :jf:YosdL{sf] sfo{:yn jf af;:yfg :yfgsf] hfgsf/L, l5d]sdf ;xof]uLx¿sf] tof/L cflb s'/fsf] klg k"j{ tof/L jf hfgsf/L lng' cfjZos x'G5 . o;/L xf]l;of/L ul/Pdf csfn d[To' x'gaf6 arfpg ;lsG5 . oftfoftsf] ;'ljwf ePsf] 7fpFdf PDa'n]G; jf cGo oftfoftsf] ;fwgsf rfns, :jf:Yo ;++:yf, An8 a}ª\s / cfjZos k/] /ut lbg;Sg] dflg;x¿sf] ;Dks{ kmf]g gDa/ lnO{ /fVg'kb{5 .

aRrf hGdfpg] a]nfdf s;sf] ;xof]u lng], ;'Ts]/L sxfF x'g] / cGo cfjZos ;Nnfx lngsf nflu cfˆgf] glhssf] bIf k|;"ltsdL{ sf]—sf] x'g\ klxNo} yfxf kfO/fVg'k5{ / k|;"ltsdL{sf] gfd / ;Dks{sf] nflu kmf]g gDj/ klg lnO/fVg'kb{5 . pgLx¿sf] ;xof]u lngfn] cfjZos hl6ntfx¿ yfxf kfpg / a]n}df plrt Joj:yf ug{ db\bt k'Ub5 .

s'g ;+:yfdf aRrf hGdfpg] eg]/ klxn] g} lgwf] u/L cfjZos tof/L ug{'k5{ . ;'Ts]/L x'Fbf s;} s;}nfO{ w]/} /ut au]df /ut lbg'kg]{ cj:yf klg cfpg ;Sg] x'gfn] t'?Gt} /utsf] Joj:yf ug{ nflu sDtLdf # hgf /ut bftfnfO{ klxn]b]lv tof/ u/L /fVg'kb{5 .

$=!=# ue{jtL dlxnfdf b]lvg ;Sg] vt/fsf nIf0fx¿

• ue{jtL dlxnfsf] 6fpsf] lgs} b'v]df

• xft jf d'v ;'lGgPdf

• xftv'6\6f cx|/f] eO{ sDk -sfd_ 5'6]df jf d'5f{

k/]df

• Hj/f] cfpg' jf of]gLaf6 uGxfpg] kfgL aUg'


28

• cfFvf lt/ld/fP/ wldnf] b]Vg] ePdf

• tNnf] k]6 w]/} b'v]df

• clnslt klg /ut au]df

olb dflysf s'g} klg vt/fsf nIf0fx¿ b]lvPdf ue{jtL dlxnfnfO{ pkrf/sf nflu t'?Gt} :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf n}hfg'k5{ . lsgeg] o:tf lrGxx¿ b]lvPkl5 ue{jtL dlxnfn] t'?Gt} pko'St pkrf/ kfOgg\ eg] ue{jtL dlxnf / pgsf] k]6df ePsf] aRrfsf] Hofg hfg;S5 . t;y{ oL ;a} vt/fsf nIf0fx¿ ;lDem/fVg'k5{ . cfk"mnfO{ s]xL cK7\of/f] k/]df jf cfk"mdf s'g} vt/fsf] nIf0f b]lvPdf ue{jtL dlxnfn] nfh gdfgLsg t'?Gt} cfˆgf] kl/jf/nfO{ eGg'k5{ tfls pgnfO{ t'?Gt} :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf pkrf/sf nflu n}hfg ;lsof];\ . olb ue{jtL dlxnf / pgsf] kl/jf/nfO{ s'g} klg ;dodf ue{sf af/]df yk hfgsf/L lng k/]df pgLx¿n] t'?Gt} dlxnf :jf:Yo :jo+;]ljsf jf :jf:YosdL{nfO{ e]6L ;Nnfx lng ;Sb5g\\ . :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf uO{ bIf k|;"ltsdL{åf/f aRrf hGdfpg'k5{ .

$=!=$ 3/df ;'Ts]/L u/fpg' k/]df ul/g] tof/L

k|;"lt u/fpg :jf:Yo ;+:yf g} n}hfg' kb{5 . lsgls 3/df k|;"lt u/fpFbf k|;"lt;DaGwL hl6ntfx¿ / ;Ts]/L cfdfnfO{ ljleGg lsl;dsf] ;ª\qmd0f x'g] ;Defjgf x'G5 . To;}n] 3/df k|;"lt u/fpFbf bIf k|;"lt sdL{sf] cefj / :yfg klg cg's"n gx'g] x'gfn] aRrf / cfdf b'a}sf] Hofg hf]lvddf kb{5 . olb :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf k|;"lt u/fpg s'g} klg ;Defjgf 5}g eg] dfq 3/df ;'Ts]/L u/fpg ;lsG5 . of] cj:yf cfPdf lgDg cg';f/sf] tof/Lx¿ ug'{ cfjZos 5 M

• ;'Ts]/L x'g'k"j{ ;kmf ;'Ts]/L ;fdu|L lsg]/ 3/df tof/L ¿kdf /fVg'k5{ . ;'Ts]/L ;dfu|Lsf] k|of]un] ljleGg /f]u;Fu ;DalGwt ;ª\qmd0fx¿ / wg'i6ª\sf/ x'gaf6 cfdf /

lzz' b'j}nfO{ arfpg ;lsG5 .

• ;'?d} dft[;'/Iff rSsLsf] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ .

• ;'Ts]/L u/fpgsf] nflu 3/df pHofnf] / ;kmf sf]7f -7fpF_ x'g' cfjZos 5 .

• ;'Ts]/L cfdf / gjhft lzz'sf] nflu cfjZos ;kmf ;'tLsf] sk8fx¿ tof/ ul//fVg' kb{5 .

• ;'Ts]/L u/fpg jf gjhft lzz'sf] x]/rfx ug'{ cl3 xft /fd|f];Fu ;fa'gkfgLn] w'g'kb{5 .

• k|;"lt u/fpg bIf -k|;"lt u/fpg] tflnd k|fKt :jf:YosdL{_ k|;"ltsdL{sf] g} ;xof]u lng'k5{ . pgLx¿n] cfdf tyf gjhft lzz'nfO{ ;ª\qmd0f x'gaf6 arfpg, plrt x]/rfx ug{, aRrfnfO{ k'5]/ Gofgf] /fVg, ;xL tl/sfn] :tgkfg u/fpg, s'g} vt/fsf nIf0fx¿ ePdf ;dod} kQf nufO{ plrt Joj:yf ug{df ;xof]u ub{5g\ .

$=!=% k|;"lt ;]jf :ofxf/df :jf:Yo sfo{stf{sf] cfjZostf

k|;j Joyf nfUg] lalQs} t'?Gt} k|;"lt ;]jf kfOg] :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf n}hfg' g} ;a}eGbf pQd pkfo xf] . :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf uO{ bIf k|;"ltsdL{sf] ;xof]udf aRrf hGdfpg'k5{ . :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf aRrf hGdfpg kg]{ lgDglnlvt sf/0f 5g\M

• ;/;kmfO / lgd{nLs/0f ul/Psf cf}hf/x¿ k|of]u ul/g] ePsfn] cfdf / lzz'nfO{ ;ª\qmd0f x'g kfpFb}g .

• cfdf jf gjhft lzz'nfO{ :jf:Yo;DaGwL s'g} hl6ntf b]lvPdf ;dodf g} plrt Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 .

• ;'O{åf/f kf7]3/ v'Drg] cf}ifwL -clS;6f]l;g_ sf] k|of]u u/L /St>fj /f]syfd ug{ ;lsG5 .

• plrt tl/sfn] ;fn lgsfNg ;lsG5 / kf7]3/ v'DRofpgsf nlfu plrt tl/sfn]


29

k]6sf] dfln; ug{ ;lsG5 .

• gjhft lzz'nfO{ s'g} hl6ntf cfPdf h:t}M lg:;fl;g], g?g] cflbdf t'?Gt} plrt Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 .

• :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf k|;"lt u/fP jfkt s'g} klg z'Ns ltg{' kb}{g, ;fy} ;/sf/n] tf]s]cg';f/ oftfoft vr{ klg kfOG5 .

$=!=^ aRrf hGdfpg] a]nfdf b]vfkg{ ;Sg] vt/fsf nIf0fx¿

tn lbOPsf s'g} klg vt/fsf nIf0fx¿ b]vfk/]df dlxnfnfO{ t'?Gt} cfsl:ds -Odh]{G;L_ k|;"lt ;]jf kfOg] :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf n}hfg'k5{ .

• cf7 306f eGbf nfdf] k|;j Joyf nfu]df,

• klxnf xft, v'6\6f jf ;fngfn lg:s]df,

• ;'Ts]/Lsf] xft v'6\6f cx|/f] eO{ sfd 5'6]df jf d'5f{ k/]df,

• aRrf hGdfpg' cl3 jf aRrf hlGd;s]kl5 klg w]/} /ut au]df, cflb .

dflysf s'g} klg vt/fsf nIf0fx¿ b]lvPdf tTsfn pkrf/ ePg eg] dlxnfsf] Hofg hfg klg ;Sb5 . To;df klg cTolws /ut aUg', ;a}eGbf a9L vt/gfs dflgG5, h;sf] sf/0f dlxnfsf] Hofg @ 306fdf g} klg hfg ;S5 . o:tf vt/fsf nIf0fx¿ b]lvPdf kl/jf/n] dlxnfnfO{ pko'St :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf n}hfg l9nfO ug'{ x'Fb}g . ;dod} ul/g] pkrf/n] dfq dlxnfsf] Hofg arfpg ;lsG5 . To;sf/0f klg :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf g} nu]/ ;'Ts]/L u/fpg' kg]{ x'G5 .

$=!=& kl/jf/ / ;d'bfodf cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f sfo{x¿M

• kl/jf/sf ;a}nfO{ ue{jtLsf a f / ] d f hfGg kg]{ / Wofg lbg kg]{ sfdsf af/]df /fd|f];Fu hfgsf/L lbg] / ;xof]u k|fKt ug]{ jftfj/0f agfpg] .

• :j:YosdL{sf] ;Nnfxcg';f/ ue{jtL hfFr u/fpgsf] nflu ;xof]u ug]{ .

• :jf:Yo hfFr tyf ;Dk"0f{ :jf:Yo ;]jfx¿ :jf:Yo ;+:yfaf6 lnP glnPsf] lgoldt hfgsf/L lng] .

• ;'Ts]/L u/fpg' kbf{ jf s'g} lsl;dsf] cfktsfnLg cj:yfsf nflu cfsl:ds ¿kdf k|of]u ug{sf nflu PDa'n]G; jf 7fpFcg';f/sf] ;fwgsf] k|aGw ug{ 6f]n ;dfhsf] ;xof]u tyf ;xeflutfdf plrt k|aGw ldnfpg cu'jfO ug]{ .

• 6f]n l5d]sdf :jf:YosdL{sf] cefj eP To;sf] k|aGw ldnfpg ;fd"lxs ;xof]usf nflu cu'jfO ug]{ .

• ;'/lIft dft[Tjsf dxTTj a'emfpg 6f]n l5d]sdf 5nkmn rnfpg] / To:tf cj:yfsf kl/jf/sf nflu pTk|]/ssf] e"ldsf lgjfx ug]{ .

• 6f]n l5d]ssf] nflu ;'/lIft dft[Tj ;DalGwt hfgsf/Ld"ns ;|f]t ;fdfu|Lx¿sf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

• :yfgLo :jf:Yo ;+:yfn] ;~rfng ug]{ ;'/lIft dft[Tj;DaGwL ljljw sfo{qmdx¿df ;xof]u ug]{ .

$=@ k|;"lt tyf ;'Ts]/L :ofxf/

$=@=! k|;"lt :ofxf/

dlxnfsf nflu k|;"lt jf ;'Ts]/L cj:yf ljz]if ;+j]bgzLn ;do xf] . ;]jf / :ofxf/sf] plrt Joj:yfkg x'g g;s]df Hofg hf]lvddf kg{ ;Sb5 . aRrf h;/L klg hlGdxfN5 lg egL 3/d}

;'Ts]/L u/fpg' x'Fb}g . k|;j Joyf nfUg] lalQs} k|;"lt ;]jf kfOg] :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf n}hfg'k5{ .

:jf:Yo ;+:yfdf k'¥ofO bIf k|;"ltsdL{sf]


30

;xof]udf aRrf hGdfpg'kb{5 . ToxfF aRrf hGdfpgfn] ;/;kmfO / lgd{nLs/0f ul/Psf cf}hf/x¿ k|of]u ul/g] ePsf]n] cfdf / lzz'nfO{ ;ª\qmd0f x'g kfpFb}g .cfdf jf gjhft lzz'nfO{ s'g} hl6ntf b]lvPdf ;dodf g} plrt Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 . ;'Ts]/L x'g cufl8 jf k5fl8 /ut w]/} au]df To;sf] /f]syfd ug{ ;lsG5 . plrt tl/sfn] ;fn -;fyL_ lgsfNg ;lsG5 / kf7]3/ v'DRofpgsf nlfu plrt tl/sfn] k]6sf] dfln; ug{] l;k ePsf :jf:YosdL{ x'G5g\\ . gjlzz'nfO{ s'g} hl6ntf cfPdf h:t}M lg:;fl;g], g?g] cflbdf t'?Gt} plrt Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 . :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf k|;"lt u/fP afkt s'g} klg z'Ns ltg{'kb}{g, ;fy} oftfoft vr{ klg kfOG5 .

;g\ @)!! Dff g]kfndf ul/Psf] :jf:Yo tyf hg;fª\lvs ;j]{If0f cg';f/ #) k|ltzt cfdfx¿n] ;'Ts]/L ePsf] @ lbg leqdf / @* k|ltzt cfdfx¿n] ;'Ts]/L ePsf] Ps 306f leqdf ;'Ts]/L hfFr u/fPsf]] kfOof] . o:tf tYofª\sn] w]/} ;'Ts]/L cfdfx¿ / lzz'sf] :jf:Yo hf]lvddf 5 eGg] s'/f b]vfpF5 . To;}n] ubf{ cfdf / lzz'sf] ;'/Iffsf nflu ;/sf/n] :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf g} ;'Ts]/L u/fpg k|f]T;flxt u/]sf] xf] .

$=@=@ aRrf hGdfpg] a]nfdf b]vf kg{ ;Sg] vt/fsf nIf0fx¿

s'g} klg vt/fsf nIf0fx¿ h:t}M k|;"lt x'g' cufl8 / kl5 w]/} /ut aUg', xft jf cg'xf/

;'lGgg', tf/Gtf/ !@ 306feGbf a9L a]yf nfUg', Hj/f] cfpg' jf of]gLaf6 uGxfpg] kfgL aUg', sDkg cfpg' jf d'5f{ kg'{ h:tf ;d:ofx¿ k|;"lt cj:yfdf b]vfkg]{ / Hofg} klg hfg;Sg] vt/fsf nIf0fx¿ x'g\ . To:t} o:tf] cj:yfdf b]vf kg{ ;Sg] cGo ;fdfGo ;d:ofx¿ h:t}M klxn] aRrfsf] xft, v'§f jf gfn lgl:sg', kfgL au]sf] !@ 306f;Dd k|;"lt gx'g', xft v'6\6f cx|/f] eO{ sfd 5'6\g' jf d'5f{ kg'{, aRrf hGdfpg' cl3 jf aRrf

hlGd;s]kl5 klg w]/} /ut aUg', aRrf hlGdPsf] cfwf 306f;Dd klg ;fn gemg'{ h:tf ;d:ofx¿ b]lvPdf dlxnfnfO{ t'?Gt} cfsl:ds k|;"lt ;]jf kfOg] :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf n}hfg'k5{ . tTsfn pkrf/ ePg eg] dlxnfsf] Hofg hfg klg ;S5 . To;df klg cTolws /ut aUg', ;a}eGbf a9L vt/gfs dflgG5 . h;sf] sf/0f @ 306fdf g} dlxnfsf] Hofg hfg ;S5 .

$=@=# bIf k|;"ltsdL{{åf/f k|;"lt u/fpg]

bIf k|;"ltsdL{{ eGgfn] 8fS6/, g;{ jf cgdL eGg] a'lemG5 . ;'/lIft k|;"lt u/fpg log} bIf k|;"ltsdL{{åf/f k|;"lt u/fpg' k5{ . bIf k|;"ltsdL{{åf/f k|;"lt u/fpg] :jf:Yo ;+:yfsf] klxrfg ug'{k5{ . k|;"lt u/fpg] bIf k|;"ltsdL{{åf/f g} gjhft lzz'sf] :ofxf/ klg u/fpg' k5{ . ;'Ts]/L ePsf] @$ 306f;Dd cfdf / gjhft lzz'nfO{ ljz]if lgu/fgL /fVg' kb{5 .

Wofg lbg'kg]{ ^ cf]6f ;/;kmfOx¿ h:t}M ;kmf xft, ;kmf of]gL, ;kmf ;'Ts]/L u/fpg] 7fpF, gfeL sf6\g] ;kmf An]8 / wfuf], gfeL ;kmf /fVg] cflb sfdsf af/]df klxnfb]lv g} Wofg lbg'k5{ . s'g} ;d'bfodf ;'Ts]/L u/fP kl5 of]gLleq s]xL lrh /flvlbg] k|rng 5 . of]gLdf To:tf] s'g} j:t' jf cf}ifwLx¿ /fVg' x'Fb}g .

$=@=# k|;"lt ;]jf tyf k|;"lt x'“bf bIf :jf:Yo sfo{stf{sf] ;xof]u

k|;j Joyf nfu]sf] yfxf kfpg] lalQs} jf ue{jtLnfO{ s'[g} klg hl6ntf b]lvPdf t'?Gt} k|;"lt ;]jf kfOg] :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf n}hfg' kb{5 . cfdf jf gjhft lzz'df s'g} hl6ntf b]lvPdf ;dodf g} bIf :jf:YosdL{x¿n] yk pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ug{ ;Sb5g\\ . plrt tl/sfn] ;fn -;fyL_ lgsfNg] pgLx¿;Fu ljz]if l;k / Ifdtf x'G5 . ;'Ts]/L / gjhft lzz'sf] cj:yfcg';f/


31

3/df s:tf] lsl;dsf] :ofxf/ / ;]jf cfjZos 5 / s] s] s'/fdf Wofg k'¥ofpg] eGg] af/]df

:jf:YosdL{x¿af6 ;Nnfx kfpg ;lsG5 .

$=# ;'Ts]/L :ofxf/

lzz' hGd]kl5 $@ lbg jf ̂ xKtf;Ddsf] cjlwnfO{ ;'Ts]/L cj:yf elgG5 . of] ;dofjlwdf ;'Ts]/L ePsf dlxnf w]/} sdhf]/ x'g] x'gfn] To;sf nflu tftf], emf]lnnf] / kf]if0fo'St vfg]s'/f lbg'k5{ .

;fy}, cfTdan a9fpg dfof / cfb/k"0f{ Jojxf/sf] klg plQs} cfjZostf kb{5 . ;'Ts]/L cj:yfdf lbOg] vfgfdf h:t}M Hjfgf]sf] emf]n, u]8fu'8Lsf] emf]n, l3p, eft cflb lbg' kb{5 . uef{j:yfdf lbPsf] cfO/g rSsL :jf:YosdL{n] lbPsf] ;Nnfx cg';f/ ;'Ts]/L cj:yfdf klg lgoldt vfO/xg' kb{5 .

ue{jtL cj:yfdf h:t} ;'Ts]/L cj:yfdf klg cfdf / aRrfsf] :jf:Yodf vt/fx¿ cfpg ;Sb5 eGg] s'/fdf ;w}F x]Ssf /fVg'kb{5 . h:t}M of]gLaf6 x\jfNx\jfNtL jf rf]S6f rf]S6f /ut au]df, cfwf 306fdf b'O{cf]6f eGbf a9L 6fnf k'/} leh]df, Hj/f] cfPdf, of]gLaf6 uGxfpg] kfgL au]df jf tNnf] k]6 b'v]df, 6fpsf] ;fx|} b'v]df, xftv'6\6f cx|/f] eO{ d'5f{ k/]df la/fdLsf] cj:yf x]/L t'?Gt :jf:Yo pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ldnfOxfNg' kb{5 .

$=#=! :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf x'g] ;'Ts]/L h“”rdf pknJw x'g] ;]jfx¿

:jf:Yo ;+:yfdf ue{ hfFr tyf ;'t]l/;DaGwL ;]jfsf af/]df dfly pNn]v ePsf 5g\ / tL afx]s c? yk pkrf/ tyf k/fdz{ ;]jfx¿ lgDg cg';f/ pknAw x'g;Sb5M

• k"0f{ :tgkfg, ;/;kmfO, cf/fd, kf]if0f, gjhftlzz' :ofxf/, vf]k, em'nsf] k|of]u ;DaGwL k/fdz{,

• sd tf}n -@=% s]=hL=eGbf sd_ ePsf gjhft lzz'x¿sf] nflu ljz]if :ofxf/,

• cfsl:ds cj:yfsf] nflu k"j{ tof/Laf/] 5nkmn, cfdf / gjhft lzz'df vt/fsf nIf0fx¿ b]lvPdf s'g ;+:yfdf s;/L k'Ug] / k};fsf] art ug]{ ;DaGwdf k/fdz{,

• cfdfnfO{ Ps k6s le6fldg P / $@ lbg leqdf v'jfOg] cfO/g rSsL,

• gjhft lzz'nfO{ hlGdg] lalTts} ! k6s la=;L=hL= vf]k

• kl/jf/ lgof]hg;DaGwL k/fdz{ tyf ;]jf cflb .

$=#=@ ;'Ts]/L cj:yfdf Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿

• ;kmf sf]7f / ;kmf sk8fsf] k|of]u ug]{ /ut aUg g/f]lsGh]n;Dd ;kmf Kof8 jf ;kmf sk8fsf] k|of]u ug]{ .

• vfgf vfg' cl3, lb;f lk;fa u/]kl5, :tgkfg u/fpg' cufl8 tyf aRrf ;dfpg' cufl8 / k5fl8 ;fa'g kfgLn] /fd|f];Fu xft w'g],

• g'xfpFbf of}gfª\ux¿ klg /fd|f];Fu ;kmf ug]{,

• cfkm\gf] :tg ;w}F ;kmf /fVg] / ;kmf a|f / Gofgf] lsl;dsf sk8f nufpg],

• ;'Ts]/L cfdfn] ;fljs eGbf a9L g} cf/fd ug]{, ux|f}F ef/L prfNg] jf an kg]{ sfd gug]{ lsgls o:tf] ubf{ /ut aUg] jf cfª v:g ;Sb5 . ;'Ts]/L cfdfn] ub}{ cfPsf] sfddf kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:ox¿n] ;xof]u ul/lbg] .

• ;'Ts]/LnfO{ kl/jf/sf ;b:o;Fu} /fVg], w'jfF w'nf] gnfUg], pHofnf] / ;kmf sf]7f jf 3/ leqsf] s'g} 7fpFdf /fVg],

• :tgdf b'w uflggaf6 /f]Sg / 3fp x'gaf6 arfpg aRrfnfO{ lgoldt ¿kdf b'w r';fO{ g} /xg' kb{5 / olb aRrfnfO{ klg b'w a9L ePdf, kl/jf/ jf l5d]sLsf c¿ aRrfnfO{


32

v'jfpg jf b'x]/ kmflnlbg klg ;lsG5 t/ uflgPsf] cj:yfdf /flv/xg x'Fb}g .

$=#=# ;'Ts]/L cj:yfdf kf]if0f;DaGwL hfGg' kg]{ s'/fx¿

;'Ts]/L cfdfn] ;fljs eGbf a9L k6s / w]/} lsl;dsf kf]l;nf] vfg]s'/f vfg'k5{ . ;'Ts]/L cfdfn] cfˆgf] b}lgs vfgfdf tnsf ljleGg ;d"xsf vfgfdWo] sd;]sd Pp6f ;d"xaf6 Ps lsl;dsf] vfgf clgjfo{ ¿kdf kg]{ u/L Ps lbgdf sDtLdf ;fljs eGbf Ps 5fs a9L v'jfpg'k5{ .

• cGg ;d"xaf6 h:t}M rfdn, ds}, ux'F, sf]bf], kmfk/, hf} OToflb .

• u]8fu'8L ;d"xaf6 h:t}M e6df;, af]8L, rgf, s]/fp, s'g} klg bfn OToflb .

• cG8f, df;', df5f OToflb -df+;fxf/Lsf nflu_ .

• b'w bxL, l3p, gf}+gL, t]n OToflb .

• ;fu jf xl/of] hftsf t/sf/Lx¿

• df};d cg';f/sf kxF]nf jf cGo kmnkm"nx¿

• b'O{ afaflnsf 5fk cª\lst cfof]l8go'St g'gsf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ .

• ^ xKtf leqdf ;s];Dd rfF8f] Ps k6s le6fldg ‘ P’ rSsL v'jfpg'k5{ eg] cfO/g rSsL ^ xKtf;Dd nuftf/ vfg'kb{5 .

;'Ts]/L cfdfn] s'g} vfg]s'/f afg{' kb}{g . ;'Ts]/L cjlwdf x/]s lbg k|z:t cf/fd ug'{k5{, lsgls kf]l;nf] vfgf / k|z:t cf/fd ugf{n] g} cfdfsf] b'w a9fpg db\bt k'Ub5 .

$=$= kl/jf/ lgof]hg;DaGwL hfGg' kg{ s'/fx¿M

;'Ts]/L ePkl5 kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf s'g ljlw ckgfpg] / s;n] k|of]u ug]{ eGg] af/]df >Ldfg\÷>LdtL lar 5nkmn u/L lg0f{o lng' k5{ . kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ;fwfgx¿ k|of]u gu/Lsg of}g;Dks{ ePdf ;'Ts]/L ePsf] ^ xKtfb]lv g} csf]{ ue{ /xg ;Sb5 . To;}n] ;'Ts]/L kl5 5}7f}F xKtfsf] :jf:Yo hfFrsf ;dodf :jf:YosdL{af6 kl/jf/ lgof]hg;DaGwL klg k/fdz{ lng'kb{5 .

cfdf / aRrfsf] :jf:Yo ;'wf/ x'g], aRrfn] nfdf] ;do;Dd cfdfsf] b"w vfg kfpg] cflb sf/0fn] ubf{ b'O{ aRrf lar # b]lv % jif{sf] hGdfGt/ sfod ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 . :tgkfg u/fO/x]sf] ;dodf lkN; rSsL ;s];Dd k|of]u ug{' xF'b}g . o;sf] k|of]un] cfdfsf] b'wsf] dfqf 36fpF5 .

$=% kl/jf/ / ;d'bfodf cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿

• k|;"lt / ;'Ts]/L cj:yfdf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿n] v]Ng kg]{ e"ldsfsf] ;DaGwdf

• ;dod} hfgsf/L u/fpg]

• 3/ / :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf lbg'kg]{ k|;"lt tyf ;'Ts]/L :ofxf/ -kf]if0f, ;'Ts]/L hfFr / kl/jf/lgof]hg

• ;]jf cflbsf af/]df_ ;'lglZrt ug]{ .

• k|;"lt / ;'Ts]/L cj:yfdf kl/jf/sf c? ;b:on] 3/sf] sfd ;3fpg] jftfj/0f tof/ ug]{ .

• 6f]nl5d]sdf k|;"lt / ;'Ts]/L cj:yfdf lbg' kg]{ ;]jfsf af/]df ;d'bfonfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg] .

33

v08 kfFrgjhft lzz'sf] x]/rfx


34

% gjhft lzz'sf] x]/rfx

%=! gjhft lzz' :ofxf/

cfdf / gjhft lzz'sf] :jf:Yo /fd|f] /fVg kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:ox¿sf] dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 . tLdWo] dxTTjk"0f{ s'/f xf] ;/;kmfO / :ofxf/ ;DaGwL xf]l;of/L ckgfpg] . hGd]sf] gjhft lzz'nfO{ 5'g' cl3 /fd|f];Fu xft w'g'kb{5 . o;f] ubf{ gjhft lzz'nfO{ ;Defljt ;ª\qmd0faf6 arfpg ;lsG5 . lzz' hGd]kl5 lzz'nfO{ g/d, wf]Psf] ;kmf / ;'Vvf ;'tLsf] sk8fn] k'5L t'?Gt} cfdfsf] gfª\uf] 5ftLdf 6fF;]/ /fVg'k5{ . lzz'nfO{ ;kmf sk8fn] a]/]/ Gofgf] agfO{ /fVg'kb{5 . hlGdg] lalQs} gfeLdf s]xL klg gnufO{ ;'Vvf / ;kmf /fVg'k5{ . gfeL sf6\g] ;fwg / afWg] wfuf] klg ;kmf x'g'kb{5 . o;f] ugf{n] cfdf / aRrf b'j}nfO{ l66fg; nufot c¿ lsl;dsf ;ª\qmd0f x'gaf6 arfpg ;lsG5 . ljz]if u/L gfeL kfSg] ;d:ofaf6 arfpg ;lsG5 . lzz' hGd]sf] sDtLdf @$ 306f;Dd g'xfOlbg' x'Fb}g . o;f] ugf{n] lzz'nfO{ s7\ofª\lu|g jf lztfª\u x'gaf6 arfpF5 . hGd]sf] @$ 306f kl5 g'xfOlbFbf lr;f] gnfuf];\ eg]/ dgtftf] kfgLn] Gofgf] sf]7fdf cyjf 3fddf g'xfO{ lbg'k5{ . Gfjhft lzz' hGdFbfsf] ldlt / ;do;Fu} tf}n klg yfxf kfO/fVg' kb{5 lsgls p;sf] j[b\lw ljsf; ePsf] cg'udg ug{'k5{ .

csf]{ dxTTjk"0f{ s'/f xf]], lzz' hGd]sf] ! 306f leq} cfdfsf] ljuf}tL b'w v'jfpg'k5{ . ;'?df b'x]/ kmfNg' x'Gg, lsgls o;df lzz'sf nflu cfjZos vf]k ;/xsf] cf}ifwLsf] sfd ug]{ tTTjx¿ x'G5g\\, h;n] lzz'nfO{ ljleGg lsl;dsf /f]u;Fu n8\g] zlSt lbG5 . ljuf}tL b'waf6 lzz'nfO{ /fd|f] kf]if0f

k|fKt x'G5 . cfdfn] cfˆgf] lzz'nfO{ :tgkfg u/fpFbf /ftL / lbgdf u/L sDtLdf klg * k6s u/fpg' kb{5 . Pp6f b'w gl/lQGh]n;Dd -sDtLdf !% ldg]6;Dd_ r';fO/xg'kb{5 . hlt w]/} k6s :tgkfg u/fof] Tolt g} pTkfbg x'G5 . k|To]s k6s b'w v'jfO ;s]kl5 la5\of}gfd} a;]/ lzz'nfO{ cfdfsf] sfFwdf d'G6f] c8\ofP/ af]Sg' kb{5 / lk7\o'Fdf d';f/L lj:tf/} cfˆgf] xftn] y'Dy'DofFpg' kb{5 . o;f] ubf{ k]6sf] xfjf aflx/ lg:sg db\bt k'Ub5 / lzz'n] afGtf ub}{g . lzz'n] rfx]sf] a]nfdf gc3fP;Dd b'j} :tgaf6 :tgkfg u/fpg'k5{ .

lzz' ^ dlxgf gk'Ubf;Dd p;sf] Ps dfq vfgf cfdfsf] b'w xf] . o;n] lzz'nfO{ k"0f{ kf]if0f lbG5

/ /f]u;Fu n8\g] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{ ;Sb5 . k"0f{ :tgkfg u/fOPsf] lzz'nfO{ ̂ dlxgfsf] pd]/;Dd cGo s'g} klg vfgf v'jfpg cfjZostf kb}{g . lzz'nfO{ rflxg] hlt b'w pTkfbg ug{ cfdfn] klg kf]l;nf] vfgf tyf k|z:t emf]n s'/fx¿ vfg'kb{5 . ;fy} k|z:t cf/fd klg ug'{k5{ . olb cfdfn] cfˆgf] lzz'nfO{ :tgkfg u/fpg s'g} ;d:of dx;'; u/]sf] 5 eg] kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿n] :jf:YosdL{;Fu ;Nnfx lng'k5{ .

lzz'sf] cfFvf kx]Fnf] x'g], sdnlkQ -hlG8;_ b]lvPdf x/]s lbg s]xL a]/ laxfgsf] slnnf] gkf]Ng] 3fddf gfª\u} kf/]/ cfFvfdf 3fd gkg]{ u/L /fVg'k5{ . cfdf / aRrf b'j}df la/fdLsf] s'g} lrGx÷nIf0f 5g\ ls x]g'{k5{ . olb s'g} vt/fsf nIf0f 5g\ eg] t'?Gt glhssf] :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf n}hfg'kb{5 .

gjhft lzz' :ofxf/ ;DaGwL s]xL k|rlnt e|d / oyfy{x¿

e|d gjhft lzz' hgdgf;fy sb{n] gfeL sf6\g' kb{5 / ToxfF uf]a/ nufOlbg' kb{5 .

oyfy{ lgd{nLs/0f gul/Psf s'g} klg cf}hf/n] gfeL sf6\bf aRrfnfO{ cg]sf}F /f]usf] ;ª\qmd0f x'g] / l66fg; /f]u nflu aRrfsf] Hofg hfg ;Sb5 . gfeL sf6]sf 7fpFdf uf]a/ nufO{ lbFbf t ;ª\qmd0f emg\ l56\6} x'g] / l66fg; /f]u nfUg] ;Defjgf cem} w]/} x'G5 .

e|d gjhft lzz'nfO{ hGdgf;fy g'xfOlbg' kb{5 .

oyfy{ hGdgf;fy g'xfpg' x'Gg lsgls hGdg' cufl8 cfdfsf] k]6sf] Gofgf]kgf eGbf aflx/L jftfj/0f lr;f] x'G5 . h;sf] sf/0f aRrf s7\ofª\lu|g ;S5 . a? ;kmf ;'tLsf] ;'Vvf sk8fn] /fd|f];Fu k'5]/ ;kmf sk8fdf u'6'd'6' a]/]/ cfdfsf] gfª\uf] 5ftLdf 6fF;]/ /flvlbg' kb{5 lsgls p;n] cfdfsf] Gofgf]kgfdf p;sf] cg's"nsf] tfkqmd kfpFb5 .

e|d hGd]sf] lbg gjhft lzz'nfO{ b'w r';fpg' x'Gg .

oyfy{ aRrf hGd]sf] ! 306fleq b'w r';fpg' kb{5 . lsgls p;nfO{ cfdfsf] b'wsf] klxnf] k6s cfpg] b'wn] kf]if0fsf ;fy} /f]ulj?4 n8\g] zlSt To;}af6 k|fKt ub{5 .

e|d aRrfnfO{ !! lbgsf] Gjf/fg gu/];Dd aflx/ 3fddf lgsfNg' x'Fb}g .

oyfy{ gjhft lzz'nfO{ hGd]sf] @$ 306fkl5 g} 3fddf /fv]/ g'xfO{ lbg'kb{5 . gjhft lzz'n] 3fdaf6 g} p;sf] z/L/nfO{ cTofjZos SoflN;od eGg] TTj kfpg] x'Fbf lbgsf] Ps k6s d'vdf 3fd gkg]{ u/L ! jf @ 306f 3fddf /fVg' g} pQd x'G5 .


35

%=!=! gjhft lzz'df b]vf kg{ ;Sg] vt/fsf lrGxx¿ / To;sf] Joj:yfkg

;ª\qmd0f jf cGo sf/0fn] gjhft lzz'df ljleGg lsl;dsf vt/fsf lrGxx¿ h:t}M cfdfsf] b'w

/fd|/L r':g g;s]df, ;':t jf a]xf]; jf lhp grnfpg g;s]df, l56f]l56f] ;f; km]/]df -Ps ldg]6df ̂ ) jf ;f] eGbf a9L k6s_, s8f lsl;dn] sf]vf xfg]df, w]/} Hj/f] cfPdf, lztfª\u ePdf, gfO6f] kfs]df jf 5fnfdf lkkn] el/Psf kmf]sfx¿ cfPdf gjhft lzz'sf] vt/fsf lrGxx¿ x'g\ . oLdWo] cGo s'g} klg vt/fsf lrGxx¿ b]lvPdf lzz'nfO{ t'?Gt :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf n}hfg'k5{ . cfFvfsf] ;ª\qmd0f eO{ /ftf] b]lvPdf cfdfsf] b'w /flvlbg'k5{ t/ cfFvfaf6 lkk ;d]t alu/x]sf] b]lvPdf eg] aRrfnfO{ t'?Gt} :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf n}hfg'k5{ .

%=!=@ gjhft lzz'sf] hf“r

gjhft lzz'nfO{ sDtLdf # k6s glhssf] :jf:Yo sfo{stf{åf/f hfFr u/fpg'k5{ . o:tf] hfFr klxnf] k6s hGd]sf] @$ 306f leq, bf];|f] k6s # lbgdf / t];|f] k6s & lbgdf u/fpg'k5{ .

:jf:Yo ;+:yfdf :jf:YosdL{n] gjhft lzz'sf] hfFr u/L s'g} vt/fsf lrGx jf nIf0fx¿ ePdf t'?Gt Joj:yf ug]{5g\ . aRrfsf] tf}nsf] cg'udg ub{5g\ . vf]k / :tgkfgaf/] cfjZos ;/;Nnfx lbg]5g\ .

%=!=# hGd”bf sd tf}n ePsf] lzz'sf] :ofxf/

dlxnf @) jif{eGbf sd pd]/df ue{jtL ePdf, ue{jtL x'geGbf cufl8 / ue{jtL ePsf] cjlwdf s'kf]lift ePdf, ue{jtL cj:yfdf nfdf] ;do;Dd

gjhft lzz' :ofxf/ ;DaGwL s]xL k|rlnt e|d / oyfy{x¿

e|d gjhft lzz' hgdgf;fy sb{n] gfeL sf6\g' kb{5 / ToxfF uf]a/ nufOlbg' kb{5 .

oyfy{ lgd{nLs/0f gul/Psf s'g} klg cf}hf/n] gfeL sf6\bf aRrfnfO{ cg]sf}F /f]usf] ;ª\qmd0f x'g] / l66fg; /f]u nflu aRrfsf] Hofg hfg ;Sb5 . gfeL sf6]sf 7fpFdf uf]a/ nufO{ lbFbf t ;ª\qmd0f emg\ l56\6} x'g] / l66fg; /f]u nfUg] ;Defjgf cem} w]/} x'G5 .

e|d gjhft lzz'nfO{ hGdgf;fy g'xfOlbg' kb{5 .

oyfy{ hGdgf;fy g'xfpg' x'Gg lsgls hGdg' cufl8 cfdfsf] k]6sf] Gofgf]kgf eGbf aflx/L jftfj/0f lr;f] x'G5 . h;sf] sf/0f aRrf s7\ofª\lu|g ;S5 . a? ;kmf ;'tLsf] ;'Vvf sk8fn] /fd|f];Fu k'5]/ ;kmf sk8fdf u'6'd'6' a]/]/ cfdfsf] gfª\uf] 5ftLdf 6fF;]/ /flvlbg' kb{5 lsgls p;n] cfdfsf] Gofgf]kgfdf p;sf] cg's"nsf] tfkqmd kfpFb5 .

e|d hGd]sf] lbg gjhft lzz'nfO{ b'w r';fpg' x'Gg .

oyfy{ aRrf hGd]sf] ! 306fleq b'w r';fpg' kb{5 . lsgls p;nfO{ cfdfsf] b'wsf] klxnf] k6s cfpg] b'wn] kf]if0fsf ;fy} /f]ulj?4 n8\g] zlSt To;}af6 k|fKt ub{5 .

e|d aRrfnfO{ !! lbgsf] Gjf/fg gu/];Dd aflx/ 3fddf lgsfNg' x'Fb}g .

oyfy{ gjhft lzz'nfO{ hGd]sf] @$ 306fkl5 g} 3fddf /fv]/ g'xfO{ lbg'kb{5 . gjhft lzz'n] 3fdaf6 g} p;sf] z/L/nfO{ cTofjZos SoflN;od eGg] TTj kfpg] x'Fbf lbgsf] Ps k6s d'vdf 3fd gkg]{ u/L ! jf @ 306f 3fddf /fVg' g} pQd x'G5 .


36

la/fdL ePdf, aRrf @ jif{ gk'Ub} k'gM ue{jtL ePdf, ue{jtLn] w'd|kfg jf dlb/fkfg ug]{ u/]sf] ePdf / uef{j:yfdf kof{Kt cf/fd gu/]sf] ePdf sd tf}nsf] aRrf hlGdg ;S5 . o;/L hlGdbf sd tf}n ePsf] lzz'df hl6ntf x'g] ;Defjgf x'G5 . To;}n] s'g} klg vt/fsf lrGxx¿ b]vf k/]df t'?Gt} c:ktfn n}hfg'k5{ . hGdFbf @ s]= hL= eGbf sd tf}n ePsf gjhft lzz'nfO{ c:ktfndf g} /fv]/ ljz]if :ofxf/ ug'{k5{ . To:tf lzz'nfO{ sª\uf? ljlwåf/f Gofgf] u/L /fVg] / lbg / /ftdf u/]/ sDtLdf * k6s :tgkfg u/fpg'k5{ .

%=!=$ cleefjsn] Wofg lbg' kg]{ d'Vo s'/fx¿

gjhft lzz' :ofxf/df kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:ox¿sf] e"ldsf w]/} dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 . lzz'nfO{ 5'g' cufl8 xft /fd|f];Fu wf]Psf] x'g' kb{5 . hGd]sf] aRrfnfO{ klg ;kmf ;'tLsf] ;'Vvf / g/d sk8fn] /fd|f];Fu k'5]/ clg csf]{ ;kmf;Fu wf]Psf] sk8f -yfª\gf_ df u'6'd'6' kf/]/ cfdfsf] gfª\uf] 5ftLdf 6fF;]/ /flvlbg' kb{5 / hGd]sf] @$ 306fkl5 dfq Gofgf];Fu g'xfOlbg ;lsG5 . aRrf hGd]sf ! 306f leq cfdfsf] ljuf}tL b'w gkmfnLsg r';fpg' kb{5 . o:tf] b'waf6 /f]u;Fu n8\g] zlQm k|fKt ub{5 . @$ 306fdf sDtLdf * k6s / k|To]s k6sdf sDtLdf klg !% ldg]6;Dd :tgkfg u/fpg' kb{5 . lzz'df :jf:Yo ;DaGwL s'g} klg lsl;dsf vt/fsf lrGx b]lvg] lalTts} :jf:Yo pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ul/xfNg' kb{5 .

%=!=% kl/jf/ / ;d'bfodf cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿M

• gjhft lzz'sf] :jf:Yodf c;/ gkg]{ lsl;dsf Joxf/x¿sf af/]df kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ /fd|f];Fu hfgsf/L u/fpg] / ;f]sf] af/]df cg'udg ug]{ .

• ;'Ts]/Lsf nflu cfxf/ / cf/fdsf nflu ;xof]uL aGg] / :jf:Yo hfFr tyf pkrf/sf nflu cu'jfO ug]{ .

• cfdfn] gjhftsf] lzz'sf nflu ug'{kg]{ sfdx¿ x'g ;s]÷g;s]sf] lgu/fgL ug]{ / cfjZos ;xof]u ug]{ .

• gjhft lzz'sf] :jf:Yo ;DaGwL s'g} vt/fsf lrGxx¿ kfOPdf t'?Gt} pkrf/sf nflu n}hfg] .

• tf]lsPsf] ;dodf ;DalGwt :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf nuL lzz'sf] :jf:Yo hfFr u/fpg] .

• 6f]n l5d]sdf gjhft lzz' ePdf ;f];DaGwL cg'ej atfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ .

%=@ gjhft lzz'sf] nflu :tgkfg / k"/s vfgf

ue{sf] lzz'nfO{ rflxg] ;a} lsl;dsf kf]if0f tTTjx¿ cfdfsf] ue{af6 g} k|fKt eO/x]sf] x'G5 . To;}n] ue{jtL dlxnfnfO{ kf]l;nf] vfgf / ;fljssf] eGbf yk Ps k6s lbg'k5{ elgPsf] xf] . hGd]kl5 klg lzz'n] ;j{k|yd cfdfsf] b'w g} vfG5 . lzz' hGd]kl5 ^ dlxgf;Dd cfdfsf] b'w dfq v'jfP k'U5 . lzz' hGd]kl5 :j:y / lg/f]uL eO{ a9\g / x's{gsf] nflu cfdfsf] b'w g} ;jf]{Ts[i6 cfxf/ xf], cd[t xf] .

%=@=!= :tgkfgsf] dxTTj

cfdfsf] b'w lzz'x¿sf nflu Psdfq ;jf]{Qd vfgf xf] . lsgls –

• cfdfsf] b'w hGd]b]lv ̂ dlxgf;Ddsf lzz'x¿sf] zf/Ll/s j[b\lw Pj+ dfgl;s÷af}b\lws ljsf;sf nflu cToGt cfjZos kb{5 . cfdfsf] b'w ;Dk"0f{ kf}li6s TTjx¿n] el/k"0f{ x'G5 . t;y{ ^ dlxgf;Dd lzz'nfO{ cfdfsf] b'w afx]s s'g} klg vfg]s'/fx¿ v'jfpg' kb}{g .

• cfdfsf] b'w ;w}F tof/L cj:yfdf x'G5 .


37

lzz'n] rfx]sf] a]nfdf hlxn] klg hxfF klg v'jfpg ;lsG5 .

• cfdfsf] klxnf cfpg] ljuf}tL b'w lzz'sf nflu klxnf] vf]k klg xf] . o;df /f]u;Fu n8\g ;Sg] TTjx¿ x'G5 . To;}n] aRrf hlGdP/ nuQ}sf] ljuf}tL b'w b'x]/ ˆofSg' x'Fb}g .

• nfdf] ;do;Dd :tgkfg u/fpg] cfdfx¿sf] :tg / kf7]3/df SofG;/ x'g] ;Defjgf klg w]/} sd x'G5 .

• hGdfGt/ sfod /fVg klg aRrfnfO{ lgoldt ¿kdf u/fOg] :tgkfgn] ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .

• k"0f{¿kdf :tgkfg ug{ gkfPsf lzz'x¿ kl5 lszf]/fj:yfdf k'Ubf emu8fn' :jefjsf x'g], c?;Fu 3'nldn ug{ g;Sg] :jefjsf x'g] cWoogx¿n] atfPsf] 5 .

%=@=@= lzz'nfO{ :tgkfg u/fpg] tl/sf• :tgkfg u/fpg] cfdf dfgl;s tgfj

ljgf cf/fd;Fu a;]sf] x'g'kb{5 .• lzz'sf] z/L/ cfdf;Fu 6fFl:;Psf] / d'v

:tgtkm{ kf/]sf] x'g'k5{ .• lzz'sf] 6fpsf] / z/L/ ;Lwf x'g'k5{ .• lzz'sf] lrpF8f]n] cfdfsf] :tgnfO{ 5f]Psf]

x'g'k5{ .

• cfdfsf] b'j} xftn] lzz'sf] lk7\o'Fdf /fd|f];Fu ;dft]sf] x'g'k5{ .

%=@=# pko'St b'w r';fO

b'w r';fpFbf lzz'sf] d'v / cfdfsf] :tglar ;xL tfnd]n x'g' cfjZos 5 . lzz'sf] d'v / cfdfsf] :tgsf] d'G6f]larsf] tfnd]n ldn]sf] 5 eg] lzz'n] :tgdf ePsf] ;a} b'w lgvf/]/ lkpg

;S5 . o;/L :tgdf ePsf] ;a} b'w lgvfl/g] u/L lzz'sf] d'v / cfdfsf] :tgsf] d'G6f] larsf] tfnd]n ldnfP/ :tgkfg u/fOG5 eg] To;nfO{ pko'St b'w r';fO elgG5 .

%=@=$ cfdfn] :tgkfg u/fPsf] cjnf]sg s;/L ug]{<• lzz'n] :tgkfg ubf{ :tgsf] d'G6f] k5fl8sf]

uf]nfsf/sf] sfnf] efu;d]t lzz'sf] d'v leq k;]sf] 5 ls 5}g .

• lzz'n] :tgsf] d'G6f] nfdf] kfg{ :tgnfO{ tGsfPsf] 5 ls 5}g .

• lzz'n] :tgkfg jf :tgsf] d'G6f] kfg u/]sf] 5 ls 5}g .

• b'w r'l;/xFbf lzz'sf ufnf k'i6 uf]nf] k/]sf] 5 ls 5}g .

• lzz'sf] lrpF8f]n] cfdfsf] :tgnfO{ /fd|f];Fu 5f]Psf] 5 ls 5}g .

oL k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ …5Ú cfpg] lqmofsnfk x'g'kb{5 .

%=@=% ;xL tl/sfn] b'w gr';fPdf cfOkg{] ;d:ofx¿

aRrfnfO{ ;xL tl/sfn] b'w gr';fPdf cfdfsf] :tgsf] d'G6f]df 3fp x'g ;Sb5 h;n] ubf{ lzz'n] :tgkfg ubf{ cfdfnfO{ b'Vg ;Sb5 . cg'ko'St cf;gdf /fvL b'w r';fOPdf :tgdf b'w hDdf eP klg b'w gcfpg ;S5 . k|z:t b'w gcfPdf lzz'nfO{ ;Gtf]if x'Fb}g / b'w r'l;/xg vf]H5 . To:t} :tgdf ePsf] b'w s'g} sf/0fn] lzz'n] lgvfl/g] u/L gr';]df :tgdf w]/} b'w hDdf x'g

;S5 / b'w uflgg ;S5 . nuftf/ o:tf] eO/x]df :tgdf b'w 36\b} hfG5 / lzz'n] rflxFbf] dfqfdf b'w kfpFb}g . kof{Kt b'w vfg gkfPsf aRrfsf] tf}n a9\b}g .

%=@=^ lzz'nfO{ cfdfsf] b'w k'u]sf] 5 jf 5}g eg]/ s;/L yfxf kfpg] <

lgoldt ¿kdf lzz'sf] tf}n hfFr ug]{M k|To]s dlxgf lzz'sf] tf}n sd;]sd %)) u|fd a9]sf] x'g'k5{ . olb lzz'sf] tf}n Ps dlxgfdf sDtLdf klg %)) u|fd klg a9]sf] 5}g eg] lzz'n] k|z:t


38

dfqfdf cfdfsf] b'w vfg kfPsf] 5}g eg]/ yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . h;sf] nflu lzz'sf] lgoldt tf}n lng'k5{ . olb lgoldt tf}n lng ;Dej 5}g eg] aRrfsf] ;fdfGo j[b\lw cjnf]sgaf6 klg yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu tf}n lng ;Dej gePsf jf lng ghfGg] cleefjsn] lzz'sf] gf8L jf sDd/df 8f]/f -sGbgL_ afFw]/ p;sf] j[b\lw eP gePsf] x]g]{ rng ufpF 3/df cem} klg 5 .

lzz'n] @$ 306fdf slt k6s lk;fa km]b{5 ljrf/ ug]{M b'w k'u] gk'u]sf] yfxf kfpg] csf]{ dfWod lk;fa km]/]sf] x]g]{ xf] . b'w k|z:t k'u]sf] lzz'n] Ps lbg -@$ 306f_df sd;]sd ^ b]lv * k6s;Dd lk;fa km]b{5 / lk;fasf] /ª ;kmf x'G5 . olb Tof] eGbf sd lk;fa km]/]df / lk;fasf] /ª uf8f kx]Fnf], afSnf] / Psbd uGxfpg] ePdf lzz'nfO{ cfdfsf] b'w k'u]sf] 5}g eg]/ yfxf kfpg'k5{ .

%=@=& cfdfsf] b'w pTkfbgdf c;/ kfg]{ cj:yfx¿

cfdfx¿n] lzz'sf nflu k'Ubf] dfqdf b'w cfpFb}g ls eg]/ kL/ u/]sf x'G5g\\ . jf:tjdf k|foM cfdfx¿n] lzz'nfO{ rflxg] dfqfdf b'w pTkfbg ug{ ;S5g\ . Pp6f lzz'dfq xf]Og h'DNofxf jf ltDNofxf aRrf hGdFbf klg ;a}}nfO{ v'jfpg k'Ug] b'w pTkfbg ug{ cfdfx¿ ;Ifd x'G5g\\ . t/ b'w r';fpFbf lgDg s'/fdf Wofg lbg'k5{ M

• r';fpg] cf;g l7s x'g'k5{ .

• b'w r';fpFbf :tgsf] b'w lgv|g] u/L r';fpg'k5{ .

• Pp6f :tgdf b'w lgvf/]/ klg lzz' c3fPg eg] dfq csf]{ :tg r';fpg'k5{ .

• csf]{ k6s v'jfpFbf klxn] gr';fPsf] :tg rflxF r';fpg'k5{ lsgeg] Psl5g dfq :tgkfg u/fpFbf b'w klu|O;s]sf] x'Fb}g / b'waf6 eg]hlQ kf}li6s TTj k|fKt x'Fb}g .

• b'w r';fpFbf lzz'sf] 6fpsf] p;sf] 5ftLsf]

;tx eGbf clnslt p7]sf] x'g'kb{5 . o;f] ubf{ lzz'n] r';]sf] b'w lgNbf sfglt/ uP/ sfg kfSgaf6 arfpg ;lsG5 .

w]/}h;f] b'w r';fpg] cfdfx¿n] b"w gcfPsf] u'gf;f] ug]{ u5{g\ . k|z:t dfqfdf b'w gcfpg'sf w]/} sf/0fx¿ x'g ;S5g\ . dfly pNn]v ul/Psf :tgkfg u/fpg] tl/sf, vfgkfg tyf ;do tflnsf afx]s cfˆgf] b'w lzz'nfO{ k|z:t k'U5 eGg] tYoaf/] cfdfnfO{ 1fg gx'g' Pj+ cfTdljZjf;sf] sdL x'g' cflb klg csf]{ sf/0f xf] . o:tf] dfgl;stf Pj+ sdhf]/ wf/0ffn] ubf{ g} w]/}h;f] cfdfx¿n] :tgkfg u/fpg 5f]8]/ cGo vfgf jf b'w v'jfpg yfN5g\ . cfdfsf] z/L/ hlt;'s} kftnf] eP klg k|foM ;a} cfdfx¿ -Hofb} hl6n /f]u nfu]sf] cj:yf afx]s_ df cfkm\gf] lzz'sf] cfjZostfcg';f/ b'w pTkfbg ug]{ Ifdtf /x]sf] x'G5 . cfdfx¿sf] b'w pTkfbg ug]{ Ifdtf k|s[ltn] lbPsf] j/bfg g} xf] . o;df ;a} cfdfx¿n] uf}/j ug'{k5{ .

%=@=* b'w v'jfp”bf cfOkg{ ;Sg] ;d:ofx¿sf] /f]syfd

lzz'nfO{ Aff/Daf/ b'w r';fPg eg] b'w gcfpg] ;d:ofx¿sf af/]df dfly pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . tL ;d:of cfPdf lgDg cg';f/ To;sf] /f]syfdsf ljlwx¿ ckgfpg ;lsG5 M

• :tgdf s8fkg ePdf Gogf jf tftf] sk8fn] ;]Sg'k5{ .

• b'w uflgP/ 3fp ePdf jf d'G6f] lrl/Pdf :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf uO{ pkrf/ ug'k5{ . b'wsf] d'G6f]df 3fp eP/ r';fpg sl7g ePdf srf}/fdf b'w lgrf]/]/ lzz'nfO{ rDrfn] v'jfO{ lbg'k5{ .

%=@=( 3fp ePsf] :tgsf] d'G6f]sf] :ofxf/

• b'w r';fpg' cl3 / b'w r';fO;s]kl5 d'G6fdf vfg] t]n nufpg ;lsG5 .


39

• lzz'sf] lha|f]df vl6/f cfPsf] 5 / cfdfsf] :tgsf] d'G6f] klg b'v]sf] 5 eg] klxn] lzz'sf] lha|f]sf] pkrf/ ug{'k5{ / :tgsf] d'G6f] lgsf] gx'~h]n;Dd b'w lgrf]/]/ v'jfpg'k5{ .

• olb :tgsf] d'G6f] l7s gePdf d'G6f]sf] pkrf/ ug'{k5{ .

• :tgsf] d'G6fdf l:kl/6, l6Gr/j]Ghg, cfof]l8g h:tf s'/fx¿ slxNo} klg nufpg'xF'b}g .

%=@=!) ;kmn :tgkfgsf cfwf/x¿

• lzz'nfO{ c3fpGh]n :tgkfg u/fpg ;S5' eg] cfTdljZjf; cfdfdf x'g'k5{ .

• lzz'nfO{ hlt ;Sof] w]/} k6s / dfu]sf] ;dodf rfx]hlt b'w r';fpg' k5{ .

• aRrfn] vfg rfx]df h'g;'s} cj:yfdf klg b'w r';fpg ;lsG5 .

• :tgkfgnfO{ a9fjf lbg 3/kl/jf/af6 k'/f ;xof]u ug'{k5{ .

%=# k"/s vfgf

lzz' ̂ dlxgf k'/f gePkl5 dfq pko'St dfgl;s / zf/Ll/s ljsf;sf nflu cfdfsf] b'w;Fu} yk -k"/s_ vfgf v'jfpg ;'? ug'{k5{ t/ sDtLdf @ jif{;Dd rflxF cfdfsf] b'w v'jfpg' kb{5 . lsgls lzz'sf] dlitissf] ljsf; x'g b'O{ jif{ nfUb5 / To;sf] nflu cfjZos ;"Id kf]if0f TTjx¿ cfdfsf] b'wdf c? vfgfdf eGbf cTolws w]/} x'G5 .

%=#=! aRrfnfO{ rflxg] $ ;d"xsf] vfgf

aRrfnfO{ rflxg] rf/ k|sf/sf kf}li6s vfgf cGtu{t lgDg cg';f/sf vfg]s'/fx¿ kb{5g\ M

1. kz'hGoM df5f, df;', cG8f, b'w, bxL, lrh cflb .

2. u]8fu'8LM rgf, s]/fp, af]8L, l;dL, df;, e6df;, d:ofª\, uxt cflb .

3. cGgx¿M ds}, ux'F, sf]bf], kmfk/, rfdn, cflb .

4. xl/of ;fukft tyf kx]Fnf hftsf kmnkm'n tyf t/sf/Lx¿ h:t}M h:t} d]jf, km;L{ cflb . df6fd'lg kmNg] hftx¿ h:t}M cfn', lkF8fn', t?n cflb .

df6fd'lg kmNg] hft t/sf/L ;d"xdf kb}{gg\ t/ klg oL afnaflnsfsf] nflu cfjZos kf}li6s vfgfdf kb{5g\ .

%=#=@ pd]/ cg';f/sf] k"/s vfgf

• ^ b]lv ( dlxgf;Ddsf afnaflnsfnfO{ cfdfsf] b'wsf] ;fy} lbgdf # k6s k'/s vfgf v'jfpg'k5{ . vfgf ;'? ubf{ @ b]lv # rDrfaf6 ;'? ug'k5{ / la:tf/} ! lrof lunf; a/fa/ ;Ddsf] vfgf v'jfpg'k5{ .

• ( b]lv !@ dlxgfsf afnaflnsfnfO{ cfdfsf] b'wsf] ;fy} lbgdf # k6s k"/s vfgf / Ps k6s vfhf v'jfpg'k5{ . x/]s k6sdf ! lrof lunf; -!@% ld=ln=_ a/fa/sf] vfgf v'jfpg'k5{ .

• !@ b]lv @$ dlxgfsf afnaflnsfnfO{ cfdfsf] b'wsf] ;fy} lbgdf # k6s k"/s vfgf / @ k6s vfhf v'jfpg'k5{ . x/]s k6sdf @ lrof lunf; -@%) ld=ln= _ a/fa/sf] vfgf v'jfpg'k5{ .

• afnaflnsfnfO{ v'jfpg] vfgf afSnf] / /fd|/L ldr]/ g/d agfPsf] x'g'k5{ .

%=$ ;jf]{Qd lk7f]

xfd|f] uFfp3/df ;lhn};Fu kfOg] cGg -ds}, hf}, sf]bf], rfdn, kmfk/ cflb_ / u]8fu'8L -e6df;, rgf, s]/fp, l;dL, af]8L, cflb_ lkFw]/ ld;fO{ kf]l;nf] lk7f] æ;jf]{Qd lk7f]Æ tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 .


40

%=$=! ;jf]{Qd lk7f] agfpg] tl/sf

• /fd|/L s]nfO{ ;kmf u/]sf] b'O{ efu cGg / Ps efu u]8fu'8L lng] .

• cGg / u]8fu'8LnfO{ 5'6\6f5'6\6} e'6\g] . ;Fu} e'6]df s'g} l56f] / s'g} l9nf] e'l6g] x'G5 .

• e'6]sf] cGg / u]8fu'8L 5'6\6f5'6\6} dl;gf] u/L lkFWg] / lk7f] agfpg] .

• tof/ ePsf] lk7f]nfO{ dfly pNn]v ul/P cg';f/ /fd|/L ld;fpg] / xfjf gl5g]{ u/L

• ;'Vvf a6\6fdf ;'/lIft tl/sfn] /fVg] .

t]n jf l3p xfnL ksfPsf] ;jf]{Qd lk7f]sf] ln6f]df dx, lrgL jf b'O{ afnaflnsfsf] lrGx ePsf] cfof]l8go'St g'g -kfs]6sf] g'g_ ld;fO{ cem kf]l;nf] / :jflbnf] agfpg ;lsG5 .

%=$=@ kf]l;nf] hfpnf] jf lvr8L

• rfdn, bfn jf u]8fu'8L, xl/of] t/sf/L / ;fukftnfO{ 5'6\6f5'6\6} /fd|f];Fu s]nfpg] .

• xl/of] t/sf/L / ;funfO{ /fd|/L kvfn]/ dl;gf] 6'qmf kfg]{ .

• l3p jf t]n, rfdn, bfn, a];f/, xl/of] ;fukft / t/sf/LnfO{ Ps} 7fFpdf /fv]/ Psl5g e'6\g] -t/ w]/} vl/g] u/L ge'6\g]_ .

• cfjZostf cg';f/ kfgL / cfof]l8go'St g'g /fv]/ /fd|/L ksfpg] . df;', sn]hf] jf u]8fu'8Lsf] emf]n /fv]/ hfpnf] jf lvr8LnfO{ cem kf]l;nf] / :jflbnf] agfpg ;lsG5 .

%=% ;lqmo v'jfO

• afnaflnsfnfO{ w}o{tf / ;lqmotfsf ;fy v'jfpg sf]l;; ug'k5{ .

• afnaflnsfn] vfg gdfg]df cfˆgf] sfvdf jf c?sf] sfvdf /fv]/ cg'xf/ x]b}{, ukm jf syf eGb} vfg]s'/f v'jfpg'k5{ . afnaflnsfnfO{

kmsfO{ km'nfO{ rf/ vfgf ;d"xsf ljleGg k|sf/sf vfgf v'jfpg'k5{ .

• afnaflnsfn] vfg gdfg] c? afnaflnsfnfO{ v'jfPsf] b]vfO{ v'jfpg] t/ ha/h:tL gv'jfpg] .

• afnaflnsfnfO{ la/fdL cj:yfdf l56\6} lgsf] kfg{sf nflu emg\ w]/} k6s cfdfsf] b'wsf ;fy} k"/s vfgf k6s k6s v'jfpg'k5{ .

• afnaflnsfnfO{ la/fdLaf6 lgsf] x'g] lalQs} k|To]s lbg yk ! k6s u/L @ xKtf;Dd cfdfsf] b'wsf ;fy} yk k'/s vfgf v'jfpg'k5{ .

%=^ kl/jf/ / ;d'bfodf cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ M

• kf]if0fo'St vfgfsf] aGbf]a:t ldnfpg], agfpg] jf agfpg ;xof]u ug]{, ;'Ts]/L cfdfnfO{ vfg k|]l/t ug]{, lzz'nfO{ b'w r';fpg k|]l/t ug]{, lzz' la/fdL k/]sf] a]nfdf ljz]if lgu/fgL ug'{xf];\ .

• 3/df :tgkfg u/fpg] cfdfsf ;fy} kl/jf/sf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:ox¿nfO{ :tgkfg / yk vfgfsf] dxTTjsf af/]df hfgfs/L u/fpg'xf];\ .

• lzz'n] 5 dlxgf;Dd cfdfsf] b'wdfq vfPsf] 5 egL ;'lglZrt ug'{xf];\ . cfdfsf] b'w gcfPdf b'w a9fpg] tl/sf ckgfpg ;Nnfx lbg'xf];\ .

• lzz' 5 dlxgf k'lu;s]kl5 l;kmfl/; ul/Pcg';f/sf] k"/s vfgf v'jfpg'xf];\ .

• aRrfnfO{ sDtLdf b'O{ jif{;Dd cfdfsf] v'jfpg g5f]8fpg'xf];\ .

• :tgkfg tyf lzz'sf] kf]if0f;DaGwL 6f]n ;d'bfodf r]tgfsf] clej[b\lw ug{ / gd'gf lzz'sf] ¿kdf cfˆgf] lzz'nfO{ k|:t't ug{ ;Sb5g\\ .

41

v08 5cfdf / aRrfsf nflu kf]if0f


42

^ cfdf / aRrfsf nflu kf]if0f

^=! cfdf / aRrfsf] Kff]if0f

kf]if0f eGgfn] vfg]s'/f vfg] jf vfgf k|fKt u/L To;sf] ;d'lrt k|of]u ug]{ xf] h:t}M vfg', rkfpg', lgNg', krfpg' / z/L/sf nflu k]6af6 zf]if0f x'g' xf] . s'g} klg hLljt k|f0fLnfO{ afFRg, j[b\lw / ljsf; x'g vfg]s'/f clgjfo{ rflxG5 . vfgfaf6 xfdL xfd|f] z/L/nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ kf]ifs TTj k|fKt ub{5f}F . Pp6} lsl;dsf] vfgfaf6 xfdLnfO{ rflxg] ;a} kf}li6s tTjx¿ k|Kt x'g ;Sb}g . To;}n] xfdLn] vfg] b}lgs vfgfdf ljleGg kf]ifs TTjx¿ ;dfj]z ePsf] x'g'kb{5 . ljleGg kf]ifs TTjx¿nfO{ d'Votof @ efudf afl9Psf] 5 . a[xt\ kf]ifs TTj / ;"Id kf]ifs TTj .

a[xt\ kf]ifs TTjM of] ;d"xcGtu{tsf kf]ifs TTjx¿df sfaf]{xfO8«]6, lrNnf kbfy{ -zlSt lbg]_ / k|f]l6g -z/L/sf] j[b\lw ug]{_ kb{5g\ .

;"Id kf]ifs TTjM of] ;d"xsf cGt{utsf kf]ifsTTjx¿df le6fldgx¿ / vlgh kbfy{x¿ kb{5g\ . logLx¿sf] dfqf yf]/} eP klg k'U5 t/ of] x/]s lbgsf] vfgfaf6 k|fKt ug{ ;lsPg eg] xfd|f] z/L/df ljleGg :jf:Yo ;d:ofx¿ b]vf kg{ yfN5g\ .

^=!=! xfd|f] vfgfz/L/nfO{ :j:y /fVg vfgfaf6 k|fKt x'g] $) y/L eGbf a9L ljleGg kf]ifs TTjx¿sf] cjZostf kb{5 . ljleGg yl/sf vfgfx¿ Vfgfn] g} xfdLnfO{ rflxg] ;Dk"0f{ kf]ifs TTjx¿ k|fKt eO{ ;Gt'lnt cfxf/f k|fKt x'G5 . h;n] xfd|f] z/L/ :j:y /fVg, j[b\lw u/fpg, lalu|Psf / gfl;Psf z/L/sf ;"Id tGt'x¿nfO{ dd{t ug{, ljleGg af}b\lws / zf/Ll/s lsl;dsf lqmofsnfkx¿ ug{] zlSt k|fKt x'G5 . xfdLn] vfg] vfgfx¿df a[xt\ / ;"Id b'j} lsl;dsf

kf]ifsTTjx¿ pknAw x'G5g\\ . kf]ifs TTjsf] cfjZostf klg pd]/ cg';f/ km/s kb{5 . h:t}M afnaflnsfx¿sf] j[b\lw / ljsf;sf nflu zlSt lbg], j[b\lw ljsf; ug]{ vfnsf vfgfx¿sf] a9L cfjZostf kb{5 .

^=!=@ zlSt lbg] vfgf Ms_ sfaf]{xfO8«]6M z/L/nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ sl/a $) b]lv *) k|ltzt zlSt sfaf]{xfO8«]6 eGg] TTjaf6 g} k|fKt x'G5 . sfaf]{xfO8«]6 kfOg] vfgfx¿df rfdn, ux'F, ds}, kmfk/, sf]bf], hf} h:tf cGgx¿ kb{5g\ eg] cfn', t?n, ;v/v08, lkF8fn', l;dnt?n cflb h:tf df6fd'lg kmNg] vfb\o kbfy{x¿ klg kb{5g\ . sfaf]{xfO8]«6n] hu]8f k|f]l6gsf] ¿kdf klg sfd u5{ / ToxL k|f]l6gn] kl/>d ug{sf nflu tfut k|bfg ub{5, z/L/nfO{ Gofgf] /fVb5 / c? kf]ifs TTjx¿sf] pkof]u ug{ dbt ub{5 .

v_ lrNnf] kbfy{M lrNnf] kbfy{ of af];f] Ps cTofjZosLo kf]ifs TTj xf] . To;}n] o;nfO{ l7s dfqfdf pkof]u ubf{ z/L/nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ zlQmsf] /fd|f] ;|f]t x'g ;S5 . lrNnf] kbfy{n] le6fldg P, l8, O{ / s] nfO{ 3'nfpg], e08f/0f ug]{, Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf k7fpg] / ;f]:g] sfddf db\bt ub{5 . olb rflxg] eGbf a9L lrNnf] kbfy{ vfPdf d'6'sf] /f]u / SofG;/ h:tf /f]u klg nfUg ;Sb5 . To;}n] lrNnf] kbfy{ vfFbf ljz]if xf]l;of/L ckgfpg' kb{5 . lrNnf] kbfy{ l3p, t]n, gf}gL, lrh, sn]hf], cG8f, abfd, gl/jn, cf]v/ cflb h:tf vfg]s'/fx¿af6 k|fKt x'G5 .

^=!=# z/L/sf] j[b\lw / ljsf; ug]{ vfgfs_ k|f]l6gM k|f]l6g xfd|f] z/L/sf] j[b\lw / dd{tsf nflu cTofjZos kf]ifs TTj xf] . olb lzz' /


43

afnaflnsfx¿df k|f]l6gsf] cefj x'g uof] eg], pgLx¿sf] plrt j[b\lw / ljsf; gx'g ;S5 . jo:s pd]/ kl5 tGt' la:tf/} gi6 x'Fb} hfG5 . To;}sf] sf/0f dflg; b'Anfpb} hfG5, 5fnf rfp/L k/]sf] b]lvG5 . olb z/L/df ePsf] zlStdf sdL cfof] eg] hu]8fdf ePsf k|f]l6g TTj 6'lqmP/ -vr{ eP/_ zlStsf] ;|f]tsf] ¿kdf kl/0ft x'G5 / j[b\lw / ljsf;df k|efj kfg{ ;Sb5 . h;/L Pp6f 3/ agfpFbf 9'ª\uf, df6f], OF6f, l;d]G6, 58÷/8 cflbsf] cfjZostf kb{5 To;/L g} xfd|f] z/L/df klg k|f]l6gn] z/L/sf ljleGg efux¿df lgdf{0f / dd{t ug{'sf ;fy} cGo vfgfx¿af6 k|fKt x'g g;s]sf t/ z/L/nfO{ rflxg] kf]ifs TTjx¿sf] cefjnfO{ k'/f ub{5 .

^=!=$ /f]u nfUgaf6 arfpg] kf]ifs TTjs_ le6fldgM ;fwf/0ftof xfd|f] ;dfhdf le6fldgnfO{ z/L/sf] nflu zlSt lbg] kf]ifs TTjsf] ¿kdf lng] ul/G5 . t/ o;nfO{ t ljleGg /f]ux¿Aff6 arfpg] kf]ifs TTjsf] ¿kdf lng' kb{5 . 3'ngzLntfsf] lx;fan] le6fldgnfO{ d'Vo u/]/ @ efudf afFl8Psf] 5 . h:t}M af];f]df 3'Ng] le6fldg P, l8, s] / kfgLdf 3'Ng] le6fldg ;L / la sDNk]S; . ljleGg lsl;dsf le6fldgx¿sf af/]df tn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

le6fldg PM o;n] 5fnfnfO{ g/d agfp5, cfFvfsf] zlSt ;Gt'ngdf /fV5, xf8 / bfFtsf] j[b\lw ub{5, k|hgg\ zlSt k|bfg ub{5, k|lt/Iff -/f]u;Fu n8\g]_ zlSt lbG5, / /tGwf] /f]usf] /f]syfd ug]{ sfd ub{5 . xl/of] ;fukft, kx]Fnf kmnkm"n cG8f cflb le6fldg P sf k|d'v ;|f]tx¿ x'g\ .

le6fldg 8LM o;n] SoflN;odnfO{ ;f];]/ xf8nfO{ dha't / :j:y /fVg] sfd ub{5 . cG8fsf] kxF]nf] efu, b'w, gf}gL cflb le6fldg 8L sf d'Vo ;|f]tx¿ x'g\ .

le6fldg O{M o;n] :gfo' -gzf_ / df+;k];Lx¿sf] arfj6 / k|lt/Iff zlQm k|fKt ug{df e"ldsf

v]N5 . lrNnf], cG8f, afF;sf] tfdf, df;' cflb le6fldg O{ sf d'Vo ;|f]tx¿ x'g\ .

le6fldg s]M o;n] /ut agfpg] / z/L/df SoflN;odsf] dfqfnfO{ sfod /fVgdf db\bt k'¥ofpFb5 . xl/of hftsf t/sf/Lx¿, tfdf, df;' cflb o;sf] d'Vo ;|f]tx¿ x'g\ .

le6fldg ;LM o;n] k|f]l6g agfpg], xf8, bfFt, s's'{/] xf8, 5fnf / vt lgdf{0f ug]{ h:tf s'/fx¿df

;xof]u ub{5 . To;}u/L cfGb|fåf/f kmnfd -cfO/g_ TTj ;f];]/ ;ª\qmd0faf6 arfpg] / :seL{ eGg]

/f]uaf6 arfpg klg ;xof]u u5{ . ;fukft / kmnkm"n cflb o;sf d'Vo ;|f]tx¿ x'g\ .

le6fldg aL sDNk]S;M of] ljleGg ^ lsl;dsf le6fldgx¿sf] ;d"x xf] . h;df le6fldg (B1,

B2, B6, B12 ) / kmf]lns Pl;8 kb{5g\ . /utsf] nflu /ftf] /Stsf]if agfpg], 5fnf :j:Yo /fVg], d'v / lha|f]nfO{ ;ª\qm0faf6 arfpg] sfd ub{5 . gkmn]sf] rfdn, uxF', b'w, df;', u]8fu'8L, cG8f, df5f, sfpnL, ;fukft, sn]hf], klg/ h:tf vfg]s'/fx¿ o;sf k|d'v ;|f]tx¿ x'g\ .

!=$= kfgLM kfgLn] z/L/sf] tftf]kgfnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{, vfPsf kf]ifs TTjx¿nfO{ z/L/sf] ljleGg efudf k'¥ofpg, kmf]S;f], 5fnf / lduf}{}nfaf6 lg:s]sf] kmf]xf]/ kbfy{nfO{ aflx/ kmfNg db\bt ub{5 . To;/L g} xf8sf hf]gL{x¿nfO{ lrKnf] kfg]{, z/L/sf ljleGg efunfO{ g/d / l/;nf]

/fVg'sf ;fy} vfgf krfpg] sfddf ;d]t db\bt ub{5 . kf]ifs TTjx¿df kfgL ;aeGbf dxTTjk"0f{ dflgG5 . lsgls cGo kf]ifs TTjsf] cefjdf t'?Gt} dl/xflnFb}g t/ kfgL vfg gkfPdf nfdf]

;do;Dd s]xL klg afFRg ;Sb}g . c;n :jf:Yosf nflu k|To]s lbg k|z:t kfgL lkpg'k5{ . lsgls xfd|f] z/L/af6 kl;gf, lk;fa, Zjf;k|Zjf; / lb;fsf] dfWodåf/f aflx/ lg:sg] kfgLsf] Iflt k"lt{ u/L cfjZos dfqfdf ;Gt'ngdf /fVg' cfjZos k5{ .


44

^=@ s'kf]if0fM

xfd|f] z/L/sf nflu rflxg] Ps jf PseGbf a9L lsl;dsf kf}li6s TTjx¿sf] sdL jf a9L x'g uof] eg] To; cj:yfnfO{ s'kf]if0f elgG5 . To;}u/L pSt TTjx¿sf] sdL x'g uof] eg] To; cj:yfnfO{ Go"g kf]if0fsf] cj:yf elgG5 . k|fljlws efiffdf eGg' kbf{ k|f]l6g, sfaf]{xfO8«]6 / ;"Id kf]ifs TTjx¿sf] ckof{Kttf / k6sk6s eO/xg] /f]usf] ;ª\qmd0faf6 :jf:Yodf x'g hfg] Ifltsf sf/0fn] s'kf]if0f x'g hfG5 . o;/L s'kf]if0f jf Go"g kf]if0f lzz' / afnaflnsfx¿sf] j[b\lw / ljsf;sf nflu 7'nf] ;q' dflgPsf] 5 . s'kf]if0f jf Go"g kf]if0f kf}li6s vfgfsf] sdLn] dfq x'g] xf]Og a? cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;+f:s[lts / ef}uf]lns kIfx¿ ;d]t s'kf]if0fsf sf/0fx¿ x'g ;S5g\ .

^=@=!= g]kfndf cfdf / aRrfsf] :jf:Yo / Kff]if0fsf] cj:yfæhg;fª\lvs tyf :jf:Yo ;j]{If0f @)!!Æ sf cg';f/ g]kfndf % jif{ d'lgsf aRRffx¿df @ ( k|ltztdf sd tf}n ePsf, !! k|ltztdf ;'s]gf; ePsf / $! k|ltztdf k'8\sf 5g\ . To;}u/L ^ dlxgf b]lv % jif{ larsf $^ k|ltzt afnaflnsfdf /StcNktf 5 . oLdWo] @& k|ltztdf ;fdfGo /StcNktf, !* k|ltztdf demf}nf lsl;dsf] /StcNktf / ! k|ltzt eGbf sddf s8f lsl;dsf] /StcNktf ePsf] 5 . To;}u/L aRrf hGdfpg] pd]/sf dlxnfx¿dWo] !* k|ltzt dlxnfdf s'kf]if0f ePsf] / #% k|ltzt dlxnfdf /StcNktf 5 .

% jif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsfx¿sf] kf]if0f l:yltsf] dfkgåf/f logLx¿sf] ;du| :j:Yo l:yltsf] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . kf]if0fsf] dfkg eGgfn] % jif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsfx¿sf] tf}n lnP/, prfO dfkg u/]/ / kfv'/fsf] dflyNnf] efusf] kl/lw gfk]/ ul/G5 . cfdf / aRrfsf] kf]if0f / :jf:Yosf] l:yltdf ulx/f] ;DaGw x'G5 . afnaflnsfsf] kf]if0fsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ sfd

ue{jtL cj:yfb]lv g} ;'? ug'{k5{ . cfdfsf] nflu kf]if0fsf] Joj:yf ubf{ aRrf / cfdf b'j}sf nflu kf]if0f k|fKt eO/x]sf] x'G5 .

^=@=@ s'kf]if0fsf k|sf/Ms_ cTolws kf]if0fM afnaflnsfsf] pd]/cg';f/ cfjZostfeGbf cTolws tj/n] tf}n a9\g uPdf cTolws kf]if0f ePsf] dflgG5 .

v_ Go"g kf]if0fM afnaflnsfsf] z/L/sf] tf}n / prfO / p;sf] pd]/cg';f/ cfjZos kg]{ eGbf sd x'g' jf 36\g'nfO{ Go"g kf]if0fsf] cj:yf elgG5 . Go"g kf]if0f ue{ jf e|'0f cj:yfb]lv g} ;'? eO{ hLjge/ /xg ;S5 . o;sf] c;/ cfˆgf ;Gtfg b/;Gtfgdf klg b]lvg ;S5 . Go"g kf]if0fsf] ;'?jft uef{j:yfaf6} ;'? eO{ afNoj:yf, lszf]/j:yf, o'jfj:yf x'Fb} gofF hGdg] lzz'df ;d]t b]vf kg{ ;S5 . ue{j:yfdf e|'0fsf] ljsf; /fd|f] x'g g;s]kl5 gjhft lzz' s'kf]lift eP/ hGdg ;Sg] / z}zj cj:yfd} dg]{ ;Defjgf w]/} x'G5 . olb s'kf]lift afnaflnsf afFr]df klg o'jfj:yf;Dddf ljleGg /f]ux¿n] cfqmd0f ug{ ;Sg] ;Defjgf x'G5 . To;}n] lzz' cj:yf / afNo cj:yfdf k6sk6s jf w]/} nfdf] ;do;Dd ;ª\qmd0f ePdf jf kf]ifs TTjsf] cefj ePdf afnaflnsfx¿ sd tf}nsf / k'8\s] x'g] x'G5g\\ .

u_ ljz]if kf]ifs TTjsf] cefjM s'g} Ps jf w]/} lsl;dsf kf]ifs TTjx¿sf] cefjdf z/L/sf s'g} cª\un] sfo{ ug{ g;Sg] cj:yfnfO{ ljz]if lsl;dsf] s'kf]if0f elgG5 . h:tf]M le6fldg æPÆsf] sdLn] x'g] /tGwf], nf}x -cfO/g_ TTjsf] sdLn] x'g] /StcNktf / cfof]l8g TTjsf] sdLn] x'g] ;f]emf]kg, ;':tdgl:ylt, unufF8 cflb x'g\ .

3_ kf]if0f;DaGwL Jojxf/df kl/jt{g

• ;s];Dd df};dcg';f/sf :yfgLo :t/df kfOg] ;a} lsl;dsf vfgfx¿ b}lgs ¿kdf v'jfpg] k|aGw ldnfpg],

• ^ dlxgf dflysf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;a}


45

lsl;dsf vfgfx¿ v'jfpg afgL a;fNg],• afnaflnsfn] vfg] vfgfdf sDtLdf klg #

k|sf/sf vfgf -sfaf]{xfO8«]6, k|f]l6g / lrNnf] kbfy{_ ;dfj]z x'g' h?/L 5 . To;sf ;fy} cfˆgf s/];faf/Ldf ;"Id kf]ifs TTj k|fKt x'g] vfnsf kmnk'mn / ;fukft nufP/ ltgsf] pkef]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

ª_ :tgkfg / k"/s vfgfsf] k|of]u M lzz'x¿sf nflu :tgkfg clt pQd k|fs[lts vfgf xf] . h;n] afnaflnsfnfO{ ljleGg lsl;dsf s'kf]if0f x'gaf6 /f]syfd ub{5 . t/ ̂ dlxgf k'u]/ & dlxgf nfu]kl5 :tgkfgsf] cnfjf kf]l;nf lsl;dsf 7f]; cfxf/f klg v'jfpg h?/L x'G5 .

r_ ;"Id kf]ifsTTj ldl>t vfgf M

• cfˆgf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ le6fldg ‘P’ v'jfP/ /f]u nfUgaf6 aRffP/ /fVg'kb{5,

• cfof]l8go'St g'g dfq vfgfdf k|of]u ug'{kb{5,

• pknAw eP;Dd cfO/go'St lk7f]sf] k|of]u ug'{kb{5,

5_ kf]if0f lzIff

• :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf uO{ kf]if0f;DaGwL 1fg xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5,

• cfdf ;d"x jf ;d'bfosf s'g} klg

• ;fd"lxs a}7sdf kf]if0f;DaGwL 5nkmn ug{ ;lsG5,

• ljb\ofno lzIffdf afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu kf]if0f;DaGwL 1fg / l;k lbg ;lsG5,

• cGo lgsfox¿n] ug]{ tflnd 5nkmndf efu lnP/ hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5, cflb .

h_ :jf:Yo ;]jfM lgoldt ¿kdf :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf

uO{ ;Nnfx lng], afnaflnsfsf] tf}n lng], vf]k nufpg] / hfFr u/fpg] ug'{kb{5 .

em_ s/];faf/LM jif{el/nfO{ k'Ug] u/L cfˆgf] s/];faf/Ldf df};d cg';f/sf] kmnkm"n / ;fukft pAhfP/, kz'kfng Pj+ s'v'/f kfng u/]/ cfjZos kg]{ kf]ifs TTj v'jfpg'sf ;fy} yk cfDbfgL ug{

;lsG5 .

^=@=# s'kf]if0fsf c;/¿s'kf]if0faf6 cNksfnLg / bL3{sfnLg u/L b'O{ lsl;dsf] c;/ kb{5 M

ljleGg /f]usf ;ª\qmd0fsf] lj?b\w n8\g ;Sg] k|lt/IffTds Ifdtfdf x|f; x'g] x'Fbf /f]usf]

;ª\qmd0f x'g]] a9L ;Defjgf x'G5 . ljz]if u/L lhª\s, cfO/g / le6fldg P h:tf kf]ifs TTjsf] sdLsf sf/0f lg/Gt/ ¿kdf s'kf]if0f x'g] / emf8fkvfnf a9L nfUg] ;Defjgf x'G5 . o;sf cnfjf lgDg lsl;dsf k|efjx¿ kb{5g\ M

• x8\8Lsf] j[b\lw / ljsf; k"0f{ ¿kn] /f]lsg]• ;':tdgl:ylt x'g],• z/L/sf] df+zk]zLx¿ sdhf]/ x'g],• lj:tf/} x8\8L afª\uf] / sdhf]/ x'g],• bfFt dsfpg]• z/L/sf] j[b\lw l9nf] x'g]• Vofp6] / k'8\sf x'g] / o:tf] ePkl5

;'wf/df Nofpg sl7g x'g]• s]6Lx¿df l9nf u/L dlxgfjf/L ;'? x'g]• bd, dw'd]x h:tf bL3{/f]ux¿ nfUg]• pd]/ 9lNsb} hfFbf z/L/sf d'Vof cª\u

k|Toª\ux¿n] lj:tf/} sfd ug{ 5f]8\g]

^=@=$ s'kf]if0fsf] dfgl;s c;/s'kf]if0f;DaGwL ;d:ofn] afnaflnsfsf] dlit:ssf] z/L/sf cª\ux¿ rnfpg] k|0ffnL / af}b\lwstf ;DaGwL k|0ffnLsf] j[b\lw / ljsf;df


46

gs/fTds k|efj kg]{ x'Fbf lgDg lnlvt gsf/fTds c;/x¿ b]vf kg{ ;Sb5g\\M

• s'g} s'/f jf sfddf Wofg s]lGb|t ug{ g;Sg]

• k7gkf7gdf /fd|f] k|ult ug{ g;Sg]• :d/0f zlSt sdhf]/ x'g]• ;sfOsf] Ifdtfdf sdL x'g]• ;dfhdf 3'nldn x'g sl7g x'g]• efiffsf] l;sfOdf l9nfO x'g]• ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{] Ifdtfdf sdL

^=# afnaflnsfsf] kf]if0fsf] nflu ;'gf}nf !))) lbg

;'gf}nf !))) lbg eg]sf] ue{fwf/0f ePb]lvsf] afnaflnsf @ jif{ k'/f eOGh]n;Ddsf] cj:yf xf] . o; cjlwdf Ps xhf/ lbg x'g] x'gfn] ;'gf}nf xhf/ lbg elgPsf] xf] -ue{cj:yf – ( dlxgf a/fa/ @&) lbg, hlGdPb]lv @ jif{sf] cjlw a/fa/ &#) u/L hDdf !))) lbg_ . ;'gf}nf !))) lbgleqdf g} afnaflnsffx¿sf] ;Dk"0f{ j[b\lw / ljsf;sf] cfwf/ aGb5 . zf/Ll/ssf ;fy} dfgl;s -af}b\lws_ ljsf;sf] nflu dl:tissf] ljsf; ;a}eGbf w]/} dfqfdf ToxL cjlwdf ePsf] x'G5 . ;'gf}nf !))) lbgsf] cjlwdf g} afnaflnsfx¿sf] lbdfusf] sl/a *) k|ltzt efu ljsf; eO;Sb5 . To;}n] elgPsf] xf], ue{jtL x'g' eGbf w]/} cufl8b]lv g} dlxnfx¿sf] :jf:Yo l:ylt ;'wfg]{ sfo{x¿sf] yfngL ug'{k5{ .

o;sf nflu dlxnfsf] :jf:Yo / cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] nflu k|of;x¿ ul/g'k5{ . o; ;dodf ul/g] :ofxf/ / vfgf v'jfpg] tl/sfx¿sf] cfwf/df g} eljiodf afnaflnsfx¿ h]x]gbf/, :j:y / :t/Lo hLjgsf] lgwf{/0f x'G5 . eljiodf afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s ljsf;sf nflu ;'gf}nf !))) lbgsf] kl/jf/n] cfdf / afnaflnsf b'j}nfO{ kf]l;nf] vfgf, ;/;kmfO tyf ljz]if :ofxf/df Vofn ug'[{k5{ .

;'gf}nf !))) lbg ;a} kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf

nflu dxTTjk"0f{ 5 . g]kfndf ;'gf}nf] !))) lbg ;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿ ljleGg lhNnfx¿df g]kfn ;/sf/ / ljleGg ;ª\3;+:yfx¿åf/f r/0fab\w ¿kdf ;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ .

^=$= kl/jf/ / ;d'bfodf cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ M

• 3/sf] 5]p5fp hUuf x'g]n] df};dcg';f/sf] ljleGg lsl;dsf t/sf/L tyf kmnkm'n cfˆg} s/];faf/Ldf pdf/]/ v'jfpg] k|aGw ldnfpg] / gePsf] ;dodf dfq ahf/af6 lsg]/ Nofpg] .

• ;d'bfodf kf]if0fsf af/]df ;r]tgf hufpg] / s/];faf/Lsf] k|aw{gsf nflu k]|l/t ug]{ .

• :s'n hfg] pd]/sf afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu vfhfsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

• ljb\ofno tyf ;fd'bflos lgsfox¿df ljleGg cj;/x¿sf] pkof]u u/L kf]if0fsf] dxTTjsf af/]df 5nkmn tyf ax;k}/jL ug]{ .

• rf/ ;d"xsf vfgfnfO{ klxrfg u/L kf]if0fsf] ¿kdf pkof]u ug]{ / kl/jf/nfO{ klg hfgsf/L lbg] .

^=%= ljb\ofnodf vfhfsf] Joj:yf

s'g} klg b]zsf] lglDt afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ lzIff lbg' eg]sf] eljiosf] lglDt cy{k"0f{ nufgL ug'{ xf] . g]kfnn] klg ;a}sf nflu lzIff eGg] ljZj cleofgsf] ;dy{gdf ;g\ @)!% ;Dd ;a}nfO{ sDtLdf k|fylds lzIff k|bfg ug]{ gLlt lnPsf] 5 .

:s'n hfg] pd]/df afnaflnsfx¿sf] zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s ljsf; tLj| ultdf ePsf] x'G5 . To;}n] o:tf] pd]/df afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu jo:s dflg;sf nflu eGbf a9L kf}li6s TTjsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . ^ b]lv !@ jif{sf afnaflnsfnfO{ lbgdf sDtLdf klg $ k6s


47

vfgf vfg'kb{5 . To;sf nflu cleefjsx¿n] Wofg lbP/ ;f]Rg' cfjZos 5 . cyf{t pgLx¿n] afnkf]if0faf/] ;r]t / lhDd]jf/ eO{ pko'St sbd rfNg'kb{5 .

cleefjsx¿df kf]if0f;DaGwL r]tgf cfjZos 5 . lsgls o;sf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ k|d'v JolSt g} cleefjs x'g\ . s'kf]lift afnaflnsf sdhf]/ dfq x'g] xf]Og a? p;sf] dlit:ssf] klg /fd|f] ljsf; x'g ;Sb}g . To;sf/0f tL s'kf]lift afnaflnsfx¿ ;':tdgl:yltsf aGg k'Ub5g\\ . ljz]if u/L sfaf]{xfO8«]6, k|f]l6g, cfO/g / SoflN;od h:tf kf}li6s TTjsf] sdL eP/ afnaflnsfnfO{ s'kf]if0f x'g] xf] . xfd|f] b]zdf vfgf ;Gt'ng gldn]/ jf vfgfsf] cefj eP/ / kf]if0f;DaGwL r]tgf geP/ emG8} %) k|ltzt afnafnsfx¿ s'kf]if0fsf l;sf/ eO/x]sf 5g\, h'g w]/} 8/nfUbf] cj:yf xf] . csf]{lt/ xfd|f] 3/]n' vfb\o kbfy{ :j:y eP/ klg To;nfO{ a]jf:tf ug]{ k|j[lQ klg a9\bf] 5 .

s'g} klg cleefjssf nflu cfˆgf afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s ljsf;df c;/ k/f];\ eGg] s'/f x'g ;Sb}g . t/, clwsf+z cleefjsx¿df afnaflnsfsf] nflu kf]if0f TTjsf] slt dxTTj 5 eGg] hfgsf/L gePsf] kfOG5 . o;} ;d:ofnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ :s'nn] cleefjs lzIff / ;r]tgf sfo{qmd cufl8 a9fpg cfjZos 5 . cGo vfb\ofGgsf] t'ngfdf dxFuf dflgg] df5f df;', dxFuf kmnk'mn, cG8f h:tf vfg]s'/f g} afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ v'jfpg'k5{ eGg] klg 5}g . rfdn, ux'F, ds}, sf]bf] cflb h:tf cGg / e6df;, s]/fp, rgf, af]8L, l;dL h:tf u]8fu'8L, b'w / b'waf6 aGg] kl/sf/, df};dcg';f/sf y/Ly/Lsf kmnk'mn tyf xl/of] ;fu;AhLdf klg kof{Kt dfqfdf kf]ifs TTjx¿ kfOG5 . km]l/ dfly plNnlvt vfb\ofGgaf6 aGg] kl/sf/x¿ ufpF3/df ;xh ¿kdf k|fKt x'G5g\\, h'g k"0f{ ¿kn] kf}li6s eO{sg ljleGg k|sf/sf cvfb\o s[lqd /ª / /;fogx¿sf] ld;fj6 klg /xFb}g . bfn, eft, e'6]sf] eft, lrp/f, /f]6L t/sf/L, e'6]sf]

jf kf]n]sf] ds}, e6df;, rgf, cG8f, lv/, xn'jf, lvr8L, k'jf, tyf ufpFdf g} k|fKt x'g ;Sg] tfhf / :jflbnf df};dcg';f/sf kmnk'mnx¿ lbjf vfhfsf /fd|f kl/sf/x¿ dflgG5g\\ . t/ logsf k|of]usf lglDt cleefjsx¿df pTk|]/0ff hufpg cfjZos 5 .

Pp6f :s'ndf sIff % sf $% hgf ljb\ofyL{x¿nfO{ pgLx¿n] vfg] u/]sf] vfhfsf] 5'6\6f5'6\6} ;"rL tof/ ug{ elgP5 . h;dWo] $) hgfsf] ;"rLdf rfprfp ;dfj]z ePsf] kfOP5 . To;dWo]

! hgf 5fqfn] 3/af6 NofPsf] lrp/f gvfP/ rfprfp g} vfFb} /lx5g\ . lsgeg] pgnfO{ 3/]n' vfhf eGbf rfprfp g} dg kg]{ /x]5 . :s'nn] afnaflnsfx¿df dfgl;s / zf/Ll/s :jf:YonfO{ kmfObf k'Ug] kf]l;nf] vfg]s'/f eGbf lha|f]nfO{ ld7f] nfUg] hª\sk'm8df df]x a9\b}5 . ljljw sf/0fn] cleefjsx¿n] 3/af6 vfhf agfP/ gk7fpg] u/]sfn] afnaflnsfx¿ ahf/sf tof/L vfhf vfg afWo 5g\ . pSt ljljw sf/0fdWo] cleefjsdf k'm;{bsf] cefj / s'kf]if0f;DaGwL r]tgfsf] sdL / rf;f] sd /xg' g} k|d'v sf/s /x]sf] 5 . rfprfp, la:s'6 s's{/] h:tf ahf/sf tof/L vfhfx¿df z/L/nfO{ rflxg] kf}li6s TTjx¿sf] sdL dfq geO cem xflg ug]{ TTj;d]t ld;fOPsf] x'G5 . csf]{tkm{, tof/L vfhf vlr{nf] t x'G5 g}, To;df klg ;Gt'lnt klg x'Fb}g . o:tf vfb\odf x'g] lj;ª\ultnfO{ ljb\ofno tyf 3/df Go"gLs/0f ug{ jf aGb ug{ cleefjs, lzIfs / ljb\ofno Joj:yfkgsf] ;+o'St cleofg ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos b]lvG5 .

x'g t ;fd'blos ljb\ofnosf k|fylds txsf ;Dk"0f{ afnaflnsfnfO{ lbjf vfhfsf] Joj:yf ug'{

/fHosf] bfloTj xf] . tyflk lbjf vfhfsf nflu ;/sf/L ;xof]u k'Ug g;s]sf ljb\ofnox¿df b'O6f ljsNkx¿ b]lvG5g\\ . klxnf], cleefjs;Fu cfjZos z'Ns lnP/ ljb\ofnodf vfhf v'jfpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] . o; ljsNk cGtu{t afnaflnsfn] hª\skm'8df ug]{ ul/Psf] vr{ a/fa/ :s'ndf g} vfhf v'jfpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg


48

;lsG5 . bf];|f], ;a} cleefjsn] vfhfsf nflu /sd h'6fpg g;Sg] cj:yfdf pgLx¿n] 3/df vfhf agfP/ n}hfg ;Sb5g\ . a? pgLx¿nfO{ vfhf af]Sg] a6\6f -l6lkmg afs;_ ljt/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu :ofª\hfsf !@$ ljb\ofnox¿df hfOsf ;+:yfn] o;/L l6lkmg aS; ljt/0f u/]sf] 5 .

lzIfsn] klg sIffdf s'g} ljBfyL{ k9fOdf sdhf]/ b]lvof] eg] ;j{k|yd p;sf] kf]if0fsf] cj:yfdf Wofg lbg'kb{5 . olb p;sf] kf]if0fsf] l:ylt g/fd|f] kfOPdf p;sf] cleefjsnfO{ hfgsf/L lbO{ kf}li6s vfgf v'jfpg cg'/f]w ug'{kb{5 .

:s'nsf] k7gkf7gdf kf]if0faf/] ljifoj:t'sf] Joj:yf gePsf] xf]Og . t/ To;nfO{ Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf a'emfpg] u/L cEof; u/]sf] kfOFb}g . o;sf] kmn:j¿k gofF k':tfnfO{ o;af/] ;xL 1fg / k|j[lQsf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . o;sf nflu :s'nn] klg cleefjsnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{ kg]{ xf] . lsgls r]tgf ePsf / k|fl1s dflg; g} lzIfs x'g . sltko cleefjsx¿ lg/If/ klg 5g\ . :s'nn] kf]if0f;DaGwL hLjgf]kof]uL l;k klg l;sfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . To:tf l;k l;sfpg :s'nx¿n] l9nf ug'{ x'Fb}g .

afnaflnsfnfO{ :s'ndf k7fPsf] vfhf kf]l;nf] / kof{Kt x'g'kb{5 / vfg klg ;lhnf] x'g'kb{5 . t/ b'ef{Uoa; xfdLn] o;nfO{ rf;f] b]vfPsf 5}gf}F . To;}u/L :s'ndf cfPsf afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu vfg] kof{Kt ;do / vfg] plrt jftfj/0f lbg] bfloTj :s'nsf] xf] . t/ o;df klg clwsf+z ljb\ofno r's]sf] kfOG5 . afnaflnsfn] :s'ndf s] vfhf NofpF5g\ / s;/L vfG5g\\ eGg] s'/f klg hfgsf/L lnOFb}g . of] Hofb} b'vb s'/f xf] . ha ls cleefjsnfO{ /fd|f] vfhf k7fpg ;Nnfx lbg] sfd :s'nsf] xf] . lg/If/ / kf]if0fsf af/]df /fd|f] hfgsf/L gePsf cleefjsx¿nfO{ lzIff lbg] sfd klg lzIfssf] xf] . ljsl;t b]zx¿df dflysf oL ;a} s'/fdf ljb\ofnon] /fd|f] Wofg lbPsf x'G5g\\ .

^=^= lbjf vfhf sfo{qmd

g]kfn ;/sf/, lzIff dGqfno cGtu{t lzIffsf] nflu vfb\o kl/of]hgf tyf ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª\3Lo ljZj vfb\o sfo{qmdsf] ;xof]udf ;g\ !(^& df ;'? ul/Psf] lyof] . xfn o; kl/of]hgfn] g]kfnsf vfb\o\ofGg cefj / lzIffsf] kx'Fr clt Go"g b]lvPsf lhNnfsf ljb\ofyL{x¿nfO{ cfwf/e"t lzIffsf] kx'Fr clej[b\lw ug]{ / ljBfyL{sf] kf]if0f / :jf:Yo l:yltdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] pb\b]Zon] ;~rfng ul/Psf] xf] . o; kl/of]hgfn] ljb\ofno egf{nfO{ j[b\lw ug]{ / ljb\ofyL{sf ljb\ofno l6sfp u/fpg], efUg] b/ 36fpg], cWoog IfdtfnfO{ j[b\lw u/fpg], b}lgs xflh/L a9fpg] / ljb\ofnodf n}ª\lus e]befj x6fO{ cfdf ;d"xx¿sf] ;xeflutf a9fpg] nIo lnPsf] 5 .

o; kl/of]hgfaf6 !) lhNnfsf sIff ! b]lv % ;Ddsf ;fd'bflos k|fylds ljb\ofnox¿, afnljsf; s]Gb|, a}slNks lzIff sfo{qmd tyf k|fylds lzIff sfo{qmdsf afnaflnsfx¿ u/L emG8} @ nfv ljb\ofyL{x¿ nfeflGjt ePsf 5g . pSt sfo{qmdcg';f/ kl/of]hgf ;~rfng eO/x]sf lhNnfx¿af6 5gf}6df k/]sf uflj;x¿sf k|lt ljb\ofno k|lt lbg k|lt ljb\ofyL{ () u|fd ds} / e6df; ldl;|t lk7f], !) u|fd lrgL / !) u|fd l3p t]n u/L hDdf !!) u|fd lbjf vfhf :s'nd} tof/ u/L v'jfpg] ul/Psf] 5 . o;df k|lt ljBfyL{n] #() lsnf] Sofn/L zlSt k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] 5g\ .

jif{sf] @)) lbgsf] nflu k|lt dlxgf ;/b/ @@ lbgsf] b/n] 5gf}6df k/]sf ljb\ofnox¿nfO{ kf}li6s cfxf/ -lrgL ldl;Psf] o'lgln6f] / l3p_ ljZj vfb\o sfo{qmd / lzIff dGqfnosf] ;xof]udf pknAw u/fOPsf] 5 . 5flgPsf k|To]s ljb\ofnodf ljb\ofno vfhf Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] x'G5 .

xn'jf agfpgsf nlu ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df efF8fs'F8fx¿ ljZj vfb\o sfo{qmdåf/f pknAw u/fOPsf] x'G5 . pSt kf}li6s cfxf/nfO{


49

lhNnfsf] ljt/0f s]Gb|;Dd lzIffsf nflu vfb\o\o kl/of]hgfåf/f 9'jfgLsf] Joj:yf ub{5 eg] ljt/0f s]Gb|b]lv ;DalGwt ljb\ofno;Ddsf] 9'jfgL ljb\ofno vfhf Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] g} ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

xn'jf agfpg] / afnaflnsfnfO{ vfhf vfg] ;dodf ljt/0f ug]{ sfd ljb\ofno vfhf Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, cleefjs / :s'n ldn]/ ub{5 .

Ps cWoogn] b]vfP cg';f/ lbjf vfhf sfo{qmdn] ljb\ofyL{x¿sf] k9fOdf ;lqmotf cfPsf] / l;Sg] Ifdtfdf clej[b\lw ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . o;sf] k|efj cfwf k]6 lnP/ 3/af6 6f9f ljb\ofno hfg] afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu a9L kmfObf ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

^=&= kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo :t/df cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿

• cleefjsn] cfˆgf] kl/jf/sf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:ox¿nfO{ afnalnsfsf nflu lbjf vfhfsf] kf]if0fsf] dxTTjsf] l;sfO / k9fOsf af/]df ;fdfGo hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .

• ahf/df kfOg] tof/L vfhf / 3/df agfOg] vfhfsf] kmfObf / a]kmfObfaf/] kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ atfpg'xf]; .

• cfˆgf] 3/df pknAw vfhfsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] vfg]s'/fx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ kfg'{xf];\ / afnaflnsfsf] k9\g] :s'ndf lbjf vfhfsf] sfo{qmd 5}g eg] tof/ kfl/Psf] ;"rLsf] cfwf/df kl/jf/sf ;b:onfO{ b}lgs vfhf tof/ ug{ pT;flxt ug'{xf];\ .

• cfˆgf afnaflnsfx¿n] ljb\ofnodf nu]sf] vfhf vfg] u/]sf] 5 jf 5}g eGg] af/]df cg'udg ug'{xf];\ . vfhfsf] af/]df lrQ a'em]g eg] afnaflnsfsf] k|ltlqmofcg';f/ k'g/fjnf]sg u/L ;'wf/sf nflu kl/jf/df 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

• ahf/df kfOg] tof/L kfs]6sf vfhfx¿nfO{ ljb\ofno lbjf vfhfsf ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ lg?T;flxt ug'{xf];\ .

• olb afnaflnsfsf] :s'ndf lbjf vfhf sfo{qmd ;~rfng eO/x]sf 5 eg] ;do

• ;dodf ljb\ofno vfhf Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / lzIfsx¿;Fu afnalnsfn] vfg] vfhfsf] af/]df lgoldt ¿kdf hfgsf/L lng] ug'{xf];\ .

• afnaflnsfx¿n] lgoldt ¿kdf vfhf vfg kfpFbf / gkfpFbfsf] cj:yfdf k9fOdf s]xL c;/ k/]sf] 5 jf 5}g egL lgu/fgL /fVg'xf];\ .

afnaflnsfsf] j[b\lw / ljsf; Pp6f hl6n k|lqmofaf6 cufl8 a9L/x]sf] x'G5 . o;cGtu{t afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s ljsf;sf ;fy} dfgl;s÷af}b\lws nufot ;du| ljsf;nfO{ klg a'emfpFb5 . h;nfO{ ljleGg afXo / cfGtl/s s'/fx¿n] k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 . To; sf/0f cleefjsx¿n] cfˆgf afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s j[b\lwsf] ;DaGwdf ;fjwfgLk"j{s Wofg k'¥ofpg' kg]{ x'G5 .

afnaflnsfx¿ w]/} g} ;+jb]gzLn ;d"x ePsf] x'gfn] pgLx¿sf] cfjZostf / rfxgfnfO{ ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofpg cTofjZos x'G5 . afnaflnsfx¿sf] pd]/ j[b\lw ;Fu;Fu} cfjZostfx¿ klg a9\b} hfG5 . ljz]ifu/L pgLx¿sf] :jf:Yo;DaGwL cfjZostf jo:ssf] eGbf ljNs'n} leGg x'G5 . zf/Ll/s, dgf]j}1flgs, Jojxfl/s / ljsf;sf nflu afNo cj:yf Ps lg0ff{os cj:yf xf] . pgLx¿sf] ljsf;sf nflu 3/, kl/jf/, ;d'bfo / :s'n dxTTjk"0f{ ;xof]uLx¿ x'g\ . pgLx¿sf] plrt ljsf;sf nflu :jf:Yo ;]jf;DaGwL cj:yf / cfjZstfsf cg';f/ of]hgf agfpg'kb{5 .

50

v08 ;ftafnaflnsfsf] j[b\lw/ ljsf;


51

& afnaflnsfsf] j[b\lw / ljsf;

&=!= afnj[b\lw

j[b\lw eg]sf] z/L/df hLj sf]lifsfx¿sf] ;ª\Vofdf j[b\lw eO{ z/L/ a9\b} hfg] / ;f]xL cg'¿k tf}n klg a9\b} hfg] k|lqmof xf] . o:tf] k|lqmofnfO{ ;ª\VofTds j[b\lw klg elgG5 .

&=@= afnljsf;

afnljsf; eg]sf] JolStut Ifdtfdf la:tf/} x'g] ljsf; ;Fu} l;sfOdf klg xF'b} hfg] ljsf; k|lqmof xf] . o:tf] k|lqmofnfO{ u'0ffTds j[b\lw klg elgG5 .

&=#= kl/kSjtf

zf/Ll/s jf ;ª\VofTds / u'0ffTds kl/jt{gsf] plrt ;+of]hgsf ;fy la:tf/} a9\b} uO{ ;du| sfo{Ifdtfdf cfpg] ljsf;nfO{ kl/kSjtf elgPsf] xf] . oL ltgcf]6} k|lqmofx¿ lg/Gt/ ¿kdf Ps} ;fy rln/xG5g\\ . of] k|lqmof rNgsf nflu u|lGy, j+zf0f', jftj/0f / kf]if0f h:tf s'/fx¿sf] Pscfk;sf] cj:yf -l;Sj]G;_ df e/ kb{5 .

&=$= j[b\lw / ljsf;sf] tl/sf

j[b\lw / ljsf; lglZrt, lg/Gt/, qmdab\w / k|ultzLn x'G5 . of] l;b\wfGt ;a}df nfu' x'G5 . t/ j[b\lw / ljsf;sf] k|s[lt klg km/s kg]{ ePsfn] ;a} afnaflnsfx¿df Pp6} ultdf j[b\lw / ljsf; eg] ePsf] xF'b}g . slxn]sfxLF vf; pd]/df k'u]kl5 t j[b\lw / ljsf;sf] k|s[lt dfem g} leGgtf klg b]Vg ;lsG5 .

&=%= j[b\lw / ljsf;df km/s kfg]{ TTjx¿ j+zf0f' / lnª\u h:tf TTjx¿n] afnssf] cfGtl/s ljsf;df k|efj kb{5 eg]] j+zh u'0f, kf]if0f, /f]u, cGt/ JolQm ;DaGw, jftfj/0f h:tf TTjx¿n] afXo j[b\lw tyf ljsf;df km/s kfb{5 .

&=%=!= 6fpsf]sf] gfk

6fpsf] kl/lw dfkgåf/f dl:t:ssf] j[b\lw / :gfo' k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;sf] cj:yf yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . o:tf] dfkg afnaflnsfsf] pd]/ @ jif{ geP;Dd ul/G5 . afnaflnsf hGdFbf p;sf] 6fpsf]sf] kl/lw ## b]lv #$ ;]=ld= sf] x'G5 . hlGdP/ ^ dlxgfsf] cjlwdf !=% ;]=ld= k|lt dlxgfsf] lx;fan] a9\5 t/ ^ dlxgf b]lv ! jif{;Dd eg] )=% ;]=ld= sf lx;fan] j[b\lw x'G5 . @ jif{ kl5 o:tf] j[b\lw la:tf/} x'g yfN5 .

6fpsf]sf] cfsf/ j[b\lw :gfo' k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . 6fpsfsf] kl/lw gfKg lkmtfsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . lkmtfnfO{ cfFvLef}F dfly kf/]/ 6fpsf] jl/kl/ a]/]/ gflkG5 .

&=%=@ dl:t:ssf] ljsf;

:gfo';DaGwL cfw'lgs j}1flgs cfljisf/x¿sf h:t}M Pdcf/cfO{ h:tf ;fwgsf] dfWodaf6 xfdLnfO{ dl:t:ssf] leqk6\l6 s] s] x'G5 / s:tf s:tf TTjx¿n] o;sf] ljsf;df c;/ kfg{ ;S5 eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L xfl;n ug{ ;Dej agfPsf] 5 . vf;u/L afnaflnsfsf cfdfafa'n] ue{jtL cj:yf b]lv g} cfkmgf] aRrfsf] dl:t:ssf]


52

ljsf;af/] hfgsf/L /fVg h?/L x'G5 . ue{jtL cj:yfdf cfdfnfO{ rflxg] x]/ljrf/ / :ofxf/sf] slt dxTTj /x]5 eGg] af/]df klg a'e\mg h?/L x'G5 .

&=%=#= 5ftLsf] gfk

:tgnfO{ dfemdf kf/]/ 5ftL klg lkmtfaf6 g} gflkG5 . aRrf hGdFbf v]l/ ;fwf/0ftof 5ftLsf] kl/lw #@ ;]=ld= x'G5 . h'g 6fpsf]sf] kl/lweGbf sd x'G5 . klxnf] jif{ k'/f xF'bf afnaflnsfsf] 6fpsf]sf] / 5ftLsf] kl/lw emG8}emG8} a/fa/ h:tf] x'G5 . klxnf] jif{ k'/f ul/;s]kl5 lszf]/fj:yf geP;Dd v'6\6fx¿ z/L/sf cGo efux¿ eGbf Psbd} l56f] l56f] a9\g yfN5g\ . lszf]/fj:yfdf k'u]kl5 z/L/sf] ljleGg efux¿sf] j[b\lwsf] cg'kftdf pNn]Vo leGgtf b]vf k5{g\ .

&=%=$= bf“tsf] j[b\lw / ljsf;

afnaflnsfx¿df hDdfhDdL @) cf]6f km'Sng] lsl;dsf bfFtx¿ x'G5g\\ . tL bFftx¿ k|fo $ b]lv !) dlxgfleqdf pld|O;S5g\ -;fnfvfnf ^ dlxgfdf_ . ;fdfGotof dlxgfsf] Pp6fsf] b/n]] bfFt pld|g] u5{g\ . @ b]lv ;f9] @ jif{ leqdf la;cf]6f g} bfFtx¿ pld|O;Sb5g\\ .

&=%=%= :gfo'sf] kl/kSjtf

dl:tissf] j[b\lw uef{j:yf b]lv g} x'g yfNb5 . klxnf] k6s !% b]lv @) xKtfsf] lardf / bf];|f] k6s #) xKtf b]lv !! jif{sf] pd]/;Dd dl:tissf] j[b\lw x'G5 . :gfo' k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;sf] cjlwdf afnaflnsfx¿n] clt rsrs] Jojxf/ b]vfpF5g\ . dl:t:ssf] sl/a cfwf hlt efu afnaflnsfsf] klxnf] jif{df g} ljsf; eO;s]sf] x'G5 eg] # jif{ leqdf &% k|ltzt / ^ jif{sf] pd]/ ;Dddf () k|ltzt dl:tissf] ljsf; k'/f ePsf] x'G5 .

&=%=^= r]tgf;DaGwL kl/jt{g

b[li6M lzz'x¿ dfG5]sf] cg'xf/df x]g{ dg k/fpF5g\ . Ps dlxgfsf] pd]/df l;w} () l8u|Ldf dflg;sf] cg'xf/df dfq x]g{ ;S5g\ . $÷% dlxgfdf aRrf a:bf cyjf pQfgf] ;'Tbf p;sf] cfˆgf] xftnfO{ x]b{5 . ̂ b]lv & dlxgfsf] pd]/df xft / cfFvflar ;dGjo ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; x'G5 . !!÷!@ dlxgfsf] pd]/df l56f]l56f] rln/x]sf] j:t'nfO{ htf klg x]g{ ;Sb5 .

;'gfOsf] ljsf;M Ps dlxgfdf olb aRrfsf]] sfgsf] n]jndf s'g} cfjfh lbPdf 6fpsf]nfO{ cfjfh cfPsf] lbzflt/ kmsf{pg ;S5 . $÷% dlxgfdf cfjfh cfO/x]sf] :yfgdf / tn dfly x]g{ ;S5 . ^÷& dlxgfdf p;sf] gfd lnP/ af]nfpFbf To;sf] k|ltlqmof lbg;Sg] ePsf] x'G5 . !!÷!@ dlxgfdf w]/} zAb / To;sf] cy{ a'‰g yfNb5 .

;F'3fOsf] ljsf;M lzz' hGdFbfv]l/ ;F'3fO / :jfb lng] Ifdtfsf] /fd|/L ljsf; eO;s]sf] x'G5 . gjhft lzz'x¿n] ljleGg :jfbx¿nfO{ kQf nufpg ;S5g\ .

5f]Psf] yfxf kfpg] IfdtfM gjhft lzz'x¿df s'g 7fpFdf 5f]Psf] eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpg] s'/fsf] ljsf; eO;s]sf] x'G5 . vf;u/L cfFvf jl/kl/ xftdf / v'6\6fdf .

b'vfO dx;'; ug]{ IfdtfM afnaflnsfn] @ jif{sf] pd]/;Dd s'g} klg b'vfOsf] dx;'; ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] k"0f{¿kdf ljsf; eP;s]sf] x'Fb}g .

Tfftf] jf lr;f]sf] dx;'; ug]{ IfdtfM gjhft lzz'x¿df tftf] jf lr;f]sf] cg'ej ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; eO;s]sf] x'G5 / ljif]zu/L afnaflnsfx? lr;f]b]lv emg} a9L ;+j]bgzLn x'G5g\\ .

rfn -Dff]6/_ sf] ljsf;M z/L/sf cª\ux¿ rnfpg]


53

:gfo'x¿nfO{ df]6/ elgPsf] xf] . afnaflnsfx¿ rNg] sfo{ p;sf] xf8, df+;k]zL / :gfo'sf] ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 / ;f]xLcg';f/ cGo sfo{x¿sf] klg ljsf; x'G5 . o;sf] cy{ h'g qmdn] xf8, df+;k]zL / :gfo'sf] ljsf; x'G5, ;f]xL cg';f/ afnaflnsfx¿df lxF88'n ug]{ / rNg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ePsf] x'G5 . lzz' @ jif{ k'u]kl5 6fpsf] p;sf] z/L/b]lv k5fl8 nu]/ c8\ofpg ;S5 . lzz' $ dlxgfsf] pd]/ k'/f x'Fbf pQfgf] ;'t]sf] a]nf 3f]K6f] kmls{g ;S5g\ . To:t} lzz' ^ dlxgfsf] x'Fbf 7f8f] a:g ;Sb5\ . & dlxgfdf afd] ;g]{ / c?sf] ;xfotfaf6 b'O{ v'6\6fn] cfkm\gf] z/L/sf] k'/} af]em yfDg ;Sb5\ . / ! jif{sf] pd]/;Dddf afnaflnsf lj:tf/} lxF8\g -tft]tft]_ ug{ ;Sb5 .

&=^= kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo :t/df cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿

• cfˆgf afnalnsfx¿sf] j[b\lw ljsf;df ;fdfGo tl/sfn] ePsf] 5 jf 5}g egL dfkg u/]/ x]g'{xf];\ . pd]/ cg';f/ ljsf; gePsf] kfOPdf kf]if0f / :jf:Yo ;'wf/sf nflu cfjZos sfo{ ug'{xf];\ .

• afnaflnsfsf] j[b\lw / ljsf;sf nflu kl/jf/df afnd}qL jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug'{xf];\ .

• ;dfhdf afnljsf;sf k|lqmof / cleefjsx¿sf] e"ldsfsf af/] rrf{ rnfpg'xf];\ .

54

v08 cf7JolStut / jftfj/0fLo ;/;kmfO


55

* JolStut / jftfj/0fLo ;/;kmfO

*=!= JolStut ;/;kmfO

;w}F ;kmf / ;'U3/L x'g' eg]sf] ;Eo x'g' xf] . cfk"m ;kmf x'Fbf afnaflnsfn] klg ToxL l;sf] ub{5g\ . lg/f]uL x'g db\bt k'Ub5 . ;/;kmfO eg]sf] aflx/ b]lvg] dfq eg] xf]Og . z/L/sf ;Dk"0f{ cª\ux¿sf] ;/;kmfO ug'{nfO{ JolStut ;/;kmfO elgG5 . JolStut ;/;kmfOn] /f]u nfUgaf6 arfpF5 / kl/jf/ :j:y /xG5 . cleefjsn] afnaflnsfsf] plrt x]/rfxsf] ;fy} JolQmut ;/;kmfOdf w]/} g} Wofg lbg'k5{ . ;/;kmfO ug'{ kbf{ emsf]{ dfGg] jf ufnL ug]{ ug'{x'Gg . lsgls pgLx¿ :jefj}n] l56\6} kmf]x/ ub{5g\, xfd|f] Jojxf/sf sf/0fn] rflxF pgLx¿n] a9L emsf]{ dfGg] ub{5g\ .

JolStut ;/;kmfOsf Go"gtd sfo{ eg]sf], Vffgf agfpg' cl3, vfgf vfg' jf afnaflnsfnfO{ vfgf v'jfpg' cl3, lb;flk;fa u/]kl5 jf afnaflnsfsf] lb;f wf]Pkl5, 3/df jf afv||fj:t'sf] uf]7df sfd ul/;s]kl5, v]taf/Ldf sfd ul/;s]kl5, / To:t} c¿ h'g;'s} sfd ul/;s]kl5 ;fa'gkfgLn] ldlrldrL xft w'g] afgLsf] ljsf; ug'{kb{5 . hlxn] klg ;Demg' kg]{ s'/f s] xf] eg] afnaflnsfnfO{ 5'g' cufl8 sDtLdf nufPsf] sk8f, xft uf]8f / d'v ;kmf x'g'kb{5 . To:t}, cfdfn] afnaflnsfnfO{ b'w v'jfpg' cl3, aRrfn] lb;flk;fa u/]sf] sk8f km]/]kl5, aRrfsf] lb;flk;fa lj;h{g u/]kl5 / rkL{ ;kmf u/]kl5 ;fa'gkfgLn] /fd|/L xft w'g' kb{5 .

afnaflnsfnfO{ klg pd]/ cg';f/ ;f]xL s'/fdf cEo:t u/fpg' kb{5 . lgoldt ¿kdf gª sf6\g', skfn sf]g'{, ?dfn jf afnaflnsfsf nflu k|of]u ug]{ sk8f jf yfª\gf ;w}F g} ;kmf eO/xg' cfjZos 5 . lb;f lk;fa ;w}F rkL{df dfq u/fpg] afgL a;fpg' kb{5 . rkL{ glhs xft w'gsf nflu

;fa'g / kfgLsf] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ . afnaflnsfnfO{ lgoldt ¿kdf ;kmf kfgLn] g'xfOlbg'k5{ .

*=!=!= xftw'g]

xft w'g' k5{ eg]/ s;}nfO{ l;sfO/xg' kg]{ s'/f xf]Og t/ klg ToxL xft gwf]Psf] sf/0fn] ljleGg ;ª\qmd0f eO{ dflg; la/fdL k/]sf 5g\ . lsgls ;a}eGbf l56f] kmf]x/ x'g] z/L/sf] cª\u g} xft xf], To;nfO{ af/Daf/ wf]O/x]sf x'Fb}gf}F . ;fa'gkfgLn] /fd|f];Fu xft wf]Pdf emf8fkvfnf, Zjf;k|Zjf;sf] ;d:of, k]6df h'sf kg]{ nufotsf ljleGg ;?jf /f]ux¿af6 aRg ;lsG5 . of] cToGt k|efjsf/L tyf yf]/} nfutdf :j:y /xg ;lsg] Pp6f pkfo xf] . ljb\ofnodf klg ljb\ofyL{x¿sf] afgLdf kl/jt{g u/fpg ;lsG5 . pgLx¿Dffkm{t\ klg kl/jf/ tyf ;d'bfo;Dd ;fa'gkfgLn] ldrLldrL xftw'g] d'Vo # cj:yf tyf ;fa'g kfgLn] xftw'g] ^ r/0fsf af/]df ;Gb]z k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 . ;fa'gkfgLn] clgjfo{ ¿kdf xft w'g] ;DaGwdf ;a}sf] Jojxf/df ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g Nofpg, of] k|efjsf/L pkfo x'g;Sb5 . To;sf nflu ljb\ofno tyf 3/ kl/jf/df ;fa'gkfgLn] xftw'g] :yfgsf] pko'St Joj:yf klg ldnfpg'kb{5 .

ljleGg tYofª\sx¿cg';f/ ;fa'gkfgLn] xftw'g] ubf{ afn tyf lzz' d[To'b/ b/, emf8fkvfnfaf6 x'g] la/fdLsf] d[To'b/ tyf Zjf;k|Zjf; ;DaGwL la/fdL x'g] b/ 36fpgsf] nflu Pp6f cToGt} k|efjsf/L pkfo ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 .

*=!=@= ;fa'gkfgLn] g} xft lsg w'g] <

;fa'g kfgLn] lgoldt ¿kdf ldrLldrL xft wf]Pdf –


56

• emf8fkvfnf h:tf /f]ux¿nfO{ $) k|ltztn] 36fpg ;lsG5 .

• Zjf;k|Zjf;;DaGwL ;ª\qmd0f @# k|ltztn] 36fpg ;lsG5 .

• gjhft lzz'sf] d[To'b/ klg pNn]vgLo b/df 36fpg ;lsG5 .

• ;'Ts]/L x'Fbfsf] cj:yfdf ;+nUg x'g] ;a}n] olb ;fa'gkfgLn] /fd|f];Fu xft wf]Psf] v08df hlGdPsf] klxnf] dlxgfd} x'g] gjhft lzz' d[To'b/nfO{ pNn]vgLo ¿kdf 36fpg ;lsG5 .

• gjhft lzz'nfO{ :ofxf/ ubf{ cfdfx¿n] ;fa'gkfgLn] xftw'g] u/]df xft gwf]O{ :ofxf/ ug]{ cfdfx¿sf] t'ngfdf $$ k|ltztsf b/n] lzz' d[To'b/df hf]lvd sd ug{ ;lsG5 .

• ljb\ofnodf ;fa'gkfgLsf] Joj:yf u/L ljBfyL{x¿n] lgoldt xft wf]Pdf %) k|ltzt ;?jf /f]ux¿af6 afnaflnsfnfO{ arfpg ;lsG5 .

;fa'gkfgLn] xft w'Fbf x'g] kmfObfx¿sf] ;Gb]znfO{ Jofks ¿kdf km}nfpg ljBfnosf afnaflnsfx¿ cToGt k|efjsf/L dfWod x'g\ . ljb\ofnosf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;fa'g kfgLn] xft w'g] ljifodf ;r]t agfpg] / pgLx¿sf] dfWodåf/f kl/jf/ tyf ;d'bfodf ;fa'gkfgLn] xft w'g'kg]{ cj:yfx¿ / xft w'g] r/0fsf] af/]df Jofks ¿kdf ;Gb]z km}nfpg ;lsG5 .

*=!=#= skfnsf] ;/;kmfO

skfn kmf]xf]/ ePdf rfof / h'd|f kg]{, 6fpsf]df 3fp x'g] h:tf ;d:ofx¿ b]vf kg{ ;S5g\ . skfn af/Daf/ 5f]Og] x'gfn] xft wf]P klg skfn kmf]x/ x'Fbf xft klg kmf]x/ eO/xg] x'G5 . To;}n] skfn ;kmf /fVg ;do ;dodf g'xfpg] / skfn sf]g]{ ug'{k5{ .

*=!=$= cf“vfsf] ;/;kmfO

laxfg / ;fFem ;kmf kfgLn] cfFvf ;kmf ug'{kb{5 . cfFvfdf kmf]xf]/ k/]df cfFvfdf lrk|f nfUg], b'Vg], cfFvf /ftf] x'g] h:tf ;d:ofx¿ b]vf kg{ ;S5g\ . cfFvf kfs]df dg tftf] kfgLn] ;kmf u/]/ ;kmf ?dfn dfq k|of]u ug'{kb{5 .

*=!=%= xft v'6\6fsf] ;/;kmfO

3/ aflx/ lxF88'n ubf{, rkL{ hfFbf clgjfo{ ¿kdf h'Qf jf rKkn nufpg'k5{ . ;/;kmfOdf afnaflnsf cfTdlge{/ geP;Dd ;do ;dodf v'6\6f wf]Olbg], gª sfl6lbg], ub}{ la:tf/} cfkm}F ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; u/fpg'kb{5 / pgLx¿nfO{ To;sf] dxTTjsf af/]df klg atfpFb} hfg'kb{5 .

*=!=^= 5fnfsf] ;/;kmfO

5fnfn] z/L/sf] ;Dk"0f{ efusf] /Iff u/]sf] x'G5 . 5fnfdf ePsf u|lGyx¿af6 cgfjZos j:t'nfO{ lgisf;g ug]{ / kl;gf k}bf ug]{ sfd ub{5 . clwsf+z afnaflnsfx¿sf v]Ng] jf lxF88'n ug]{ 7fpF 5f/f] jf lxnf] x'G5 . 5fnf kmf]xf]/ ePdf ljleGg lsl;dsf 5fnfsf /f]ux¿ nfUg ;S5g\ . 5fnf ;kmf /fVg afnaflnsfx¿ v]n]/ cfpFbf jf :s'naf6 3/ kms]{kl5 ;fa'g kfgLn] b}lgs ¿kdf xft, uf]8f, d'v, cflb w'g] / b}lgs g'xfOlbg] afgL kfg'{ kb{5 / cfk"mn] klg ;Fu} ubf{ pgLx¿nfO{ /fd|f] k|efj kb{5 .

*=!=&= n'ufkmf6f]sf] ;/;kmfO

5fnf hlQs} n'uf klg ;kmf x'g' kb{5 . nufpg] n'ufkmf6fx¿, l;/s 8:gf / tGgfx¿, tf}nL ?dfn :s'nsf kf];fs, OToflb ;do ;dodf wf]P/ 3fddf ;'sfpg] ug'{kb{5 . cleefjsn] klg plQs} ;kmf n'uf nufpg' kb{5 cGoyf To;sf] s'g} k|efj kb}{g .


57

*=!=*= d'v / bf”tsf] ;/;kmfO

vfgf /fd|f];Fu rkfP/ vfP dfq To;af6 kfOg] kf}li6s TTj k"0f{¿kdf kfOG5 . To;sf] nflu alnof] bfFt rflxG5 . bfFt alnof] /fVg b}lgs laxfg a]n'sf vfgf vfPkl5 /fd|f];Fu a|;n] bfFt ;kmf ug]{ -df‰g]_ afgL nufpg' kb{5 . of] sfd klg cleefjsn] klg afnaflnsf;Fu} ;kmf ubf{ s;/L /fd|f];Fu bfFt ;kmf ug]{ eGg] 1fg / l;k klg k|fKt ub{5g\ . h:t} afnaflnsfn] cfkmF}n] /fd|f];Fu bfFt df‰g hfg] kl5 a|; / d~hg klg pgLx¿n] e]6\g] 7fpFdf / ;w}F Ps} 7fpFdf /flvlbg' kb{5 . cleefjsn] Wofg lbg'kg]{ d'Vo s'/f t s] xf] eg] afnaflnsfx¿n] k|fo rSn]6 nufot u'lnof] s'/f vfPkl5 bfFt df‰g] jf /fd|f];Fu ;kmf kfgLn] d'v s'Nnf ug{ nufpg' kb{5 . cGoyf lj:tf/} bfFt lvOg] / emg]{ ;Defjgf x'G5 .

*=!=(= vfgkfgsf] ;/;kmfO

afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ nlIft u/L ahf/df v'Nnf ¿kdf a]Rg /flvPsf vfgfx¿ ;a}eGbf kmf]x/ x'G5g\\ . To;sf sf/0f klg afnaflnsfx¿df cg]sf}F ;ª\qmd0f x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o:tf] s'/fdf cleefjsn] plrt tl/sfn] ;Demfpg] / s'g} s'g} a]nf To:tf vfgf ;kmf u/L /flvPsf] :yfgdf nu]/ v'jfpg] jf 3/df g} ;kmf;Fu agfP/ v'jfpg] ug'{kb{5 . kmnk'mn tyf cGo sfFrf] vfg] j:t'x¿ ;kmf kfgLn] /fd|f];Fu gkvflnPsf] x'gfn] klg afnaflnsf la/fdL x'g] ub{5g\ . o;/L ul/g] ;/;kmfOdf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ g} ;xefuL u/fP/ vfg lbPdf ;kmfO ug]{ afgL pgLx¿df klg a:b5 .

*=@= jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yo

xfd|f] jl/kl/ /x]sf ;hLj jf lghL{j j:t'x¿ h:t}M xfjf, kfgL, df6f], ljleGg hLjhGt', af]6lj?jf, wd{, ;+:s[lt, /Lltl/jfh, ;dfh, ;fdflhs lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;du| ¿k g} jftfj/0f xf] . dfgj :jf:Yodf jftfj/0fsf] cToGt} dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 .

cJojl:yt a:tL, kmf]xf]/ d}nfsf] plrt Joj:yfkg gx'g', 9n lgsf;sf] plrt Joj:yf gx'g', hyfefjL lb;f lk;fa ug{', w'jfFw'nf] hyfefjL lg:sg', k'/fgf / /fd|f] cj:yfdf g/x]sf ;jf/L ;fwgx¿ k|of]u x'g', ;/;kmfO ug]{ afgL / Jojxf/df sdL x'g' cflb h:tf sf/0fn] jftfj/0f k|b'if0f x'g] ub{5 .

*=@=!= jftfj/0fnfO{ :j:y /fVg ug'{kg]{ sfo{x¿

af]6 lj?jf tyf jghª\unsf] ;+/If0f ug]{, kfgLsf] ;|f]t k|b"lift x'gaf6 hf]ufpg], l;d;f/ If]qsf] ;+/If0f ug]{, x/]s ;d'bfosf JolStn] cfˆgf] 3/ j/k/ ;kmf ;'U3/ :jR5 / Jojl:yt ug]{, rkL{sf] Joj:yf / ;b'kof]u ug]{, afv|f j:t'sf] uf]7 3/ eGbf cnu 7fpFdf /fVg], ljb\ofno / ;fj{hlgs :yfg, ufpF3/ j/k/ j[If /f]k0f ug]{, 9n lgsf;sf] plrt Joj:yf ug]{, Knfl:6s tyf kmf]xf]/nfO{ k'gMpkof]u ug]{, 3/af6 lg:sg] kmf]xf]/nfO{ Jojl:yt tl/sfaf6 lj;h{g ug]{ h:tf sfo{ ugf{n] jftfj/0fnfO{ :j:y /fVg ;lsG5 .

s_ uf]7, 3/, sf]7f / jl/kl/sf] jftfj/0fsf] ;/;kmfO 3/af6 lg:sg] kmf]xf]/dWo] s'xfpg ;lsg] kmf]xf]/nfO{ h}ljs dn agfP/, Knfl:6s, kmnfd tyf wft'sf j:t'nfO{ k'gMk|of]u u/]/, kmf]xf]/nfO{ hnfpg], uf8\g] jf k'gM k|of]u u/]/ uf]7, 3/, sf]7f / jl/kl/sf] jftfj/0fsf] ;/;kmfO ug{ ;lsG5 . To:t} ;s];Dd 3/sf sf]7fx¿ km/flsnf] / xfjf cf]xf]/bf]xf]/ ug]{ x'g' kb{5 . ;s];Dd efG5fsf]7f / ;'Tg]sf]7f km/s km/s x'g'kb{5 . snsf/vfgfx¿ cfjf; If]qaf6 6f9f x'g' kb{5 . lsgls snsf/vfgfaf6 lg:sg] kmf]x/ tyf k|b"if0fn] afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;a}eGbf a9L c;/ ub{5 . 3/sf s/];f / cfFugdf 3fF;kft pld|g lbg'x'Fb}g . 3/ jl/kl/sf vfN8fv'N8L, efF8fs'F8f, 6fo/ cflbdf kfgL hDg lbg'x'Fb}g . uf]7 v'Nnf lsl;dsf] x'g'x'Fb}g


58

h;n] ubf{ afnaflnsf tL kmf]x/sf] ;Dks{df gk'u"g\ . uf]7af6 lg:sg] dnd"q tyf cGo kmf]x/nfO{ ;'/lIft tl/sfn] dnvfb\odf /fVg] ug'{kb{5 . uf]7sf] sfd ;s]/ t'?Gt} xftuf]8f / d'v ;fa'gkfgLn] w'g'kb{5 / ;s];Dd uf]7df sfd ubf{ nufpg] sk8f / h'Qf cnUu} x'g' cfjZos 5 .

@=#= vfg]kfgLsf] ;/;kmfO

z'b\wLs/0f u/]sf] kfgL dfq lkpg] afgL u/fpg' kb{5 . vfg]kfgLnfO{ ;lhn} 3/d} z'b\wLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . z'b\wLs/0f u/]sf] kfgLnfO{ ;w}F 5f]k]/ /fVg'k5{ . kfgLnfO{ 3/d} z'b\wLs/0f ug]{ ;/n pkfox¿ w]/} 5g\ . h:t} –

• kfgLnfO{ pdfn] kl5 xflgsf/s ls6f0f'x¿ d5{g\, To;nfO{ /fd|/L 5f]k]/ /fVg],

• ahf/df kfgL lkmN6/ ug]{ / ;l~rt ug]{ efF8f] g} lsGg kfOG5 jf 3/sf] efF8fdf klg lkmN6/ ug]{ SofG8n h8fg ug{ ;lsG5 .

• jf6/ uf8{, lko'; h:tf cf}ifwLd"ns Snf]l/g emf]n /fv]/ kfgLnfO{ z'b\wLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

• ! b]lv @ ln6/sf] ;]tf] afSnf lsl;dsf Knfl:6s jf l;;fsf] af]tnel/sf] kfgL lasf]{n] aGb u/]/ kfl/nf] 3fddf Pslbg e/L /fvL kfgLnfO{ z'b\wLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

afnaflnsfnfO{ :j:y / ;kmf a:g] Jojxf/ a;fn]df, pgLx¿sf] ljrf/df klg ;sf/fTds ljsf; ug{ db\bt ldNb5 .

*=#= kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo :t/df cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿

• JolStut tyf jftfj/0fLo ;/;kmfOsf af/]df kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ lgoldt ¿kdf l;sfpg] ;r]t ug]{, / lgu/fgL ug]{, ;/;kmfO sfo{df kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf ;fy cfk"m klg ;lqmo ;xefuL x'g'xf];\ .

• :s'ndf l;sfOPsf :jf:Yo tyf ;/;kmfO;DaGwL ;}b\wflGts tyf Jojxfl/s lzIffnfO{ afnaflnsfdfkm{t 3/df klg kl/jf/nfO{ l;sfpg / Jojxf/df k|of]u ug{ afnaflnsfnfO{ k|]l/t ug'{xf];\ . pgLx¿n] u/]sf c;n sfdsf] k|z+;f ug'{xf];\ .

• ;/;kmfOdf kl/jf/ / pd]/ cg';f/sf] afnaflnsfsf] klg ;xeflutf u/fpg cleefjsn] g} cu'jfO{ ug'{xf];\ .

• afnaflnsf / kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] ;/;kmfOdf 6f]n l5d]sdf gd'gf kl/jf/ agfP/ To; dfkm{t hgr]tgfsf] clej[b\lw ug{'xf];\ .

• ljb\ofnodf xft w'g ;fa'g kfgLsf] Joj:yf ug{ / u/fpg] cleoGtfsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{xf];\ .

• JolStut tyf jftfj/0fLo ;/;kmfO;aGwL 1fg tyf l;k ljsf;sf nflu lzIffd"ns ;fdfu|Lx¿ -kf]:6/, Sofn]G8/, xft]k'l:tsf cflb_ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfdfk{mt 6f]ndf ljt/0f ug{ / 5nkmn rnfpg'xf];\ .

59

v08 gf}afnaflnsfsf] dfgl;s :jf:Yo


60

( afnaflnsfsf] dfgl;s :jf:Yo

uef{j:yfb]lv g} afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s :jf:Yo hlQs} dfgl;s :jf:Yosf] klg=dxTTj x'G5 . lhDd]jf/ / ;r]t >Ldfg\÷>Ldlt tyf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿n] ue{jtL cj:yfb]lv g} cfxf/ / ljxf/df w]/} Vofn k'¥ofPsf x'G5g\\ . lsgls uef{j:yf b]lv g} ul/g] Vofnn] ubf{ afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s ljsf;;Fu} dfgl;s ljsf; klg ePsf] x'G5 . uef{j:yfdf nfk/jfxLsf sf/0f jf sdhf]/Lsf sf/0fn] ubf{ g} hlGdg] afnaflnsf dfgl;s sdhf]/ eP/ hGdg] u/]sf] 5 eg] hGd]kl5 klg kf]if0f tyf :ofxf/df sdL ePsf sf/0fn] dfgl;s ljsf; sd x'g] u/]sf] cWoogx¿n] atfPsf 5g\ . cg';Gwfgn] b]vfPcg';f/ afnaflnsfsf] dfgl;s ljsf; slnn} pd]/b]lv ;'? x'G5 . o;df p;sf] cfˆgf] afa'cfdf, x]/rfx ug]{ JolSt gftfuf]tf, lzIfs / ;fyL h:tf JolStx¿;Fusf] ;DaGwn] klg dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 . To;} sf/0fn] o; cj:yfdf olb s'g} lsl;dsf] u8a8L eof] eg] p;sf] l;sfOdf hLjgel/ g} c;/ kb{5 .

/fd|f] dfgl;s :jf:Yo :yfkgf ePdf o;n] hLjgsf nflu dxTTjk"0f{ hu a;fNg ;Sb5 / hLjgel/ ;kmntf k|fKt x'g ;S5 .

• dfgl;s ljsf;df ;d:ofsf] sf/0fn] eljiodf y'k|} gsf/fTds kl/df0fx¿ ef]Ug'kg]{ x'G5 .

• olb afnaflnsfsf] dfgl;s ljsf;df ;d:of cfPdf o;sf] sf/0f rflxF jftfj/0f / j+zf0f' u'0fsf lar k|ltlqmof;DaGwL ;d:of cfpgfn] x'g] u5{ .

• afNosfndf s'g} lsl;dsf ljifflbo'St vfgfx¿sf sf/0f dl:tissf] ;+/rgf jf ljsf;df ;d:of NofPsf] ePdf rfF8f] jf l9nf] dfgl;s ;d:ofx¿ pTkGg x'g ;S5 .

• s'g} s'g} afnaflnsfx¿n] sl7g r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ s]xL xb;Dd ;fdgf ug{ ;Sb5g\\ t/ olb s'g} sf/0fa; ;s]gg\ eg] klg dfgl;s ;d:of cfpg ;Sb5 .

• afnaflnsfsf] dfgl;s :jf:YonfO{ 3/ kl/jf/ / ;d'bfon] g} ;dfwfg ug'{k5{ .

dfgl;s ;d:of afnaflnsfnfO{ dfq geP/ jo:sx¿nfO{ klg cfpg] ub{5 . Ps cWoog cg';f/ sf7df8f}Fdf !$ k|ltzt / nlntk'/df !! k|ltzt dflg;x¿ dfgl;s /f]un] u|l;t ePsf] e]l6Psf] lyof] . To;}u/L c:ktfn / :jf:Yo rf}sLx¿df cfpg] la/fdLdWo] @% k|ltztdf s'g} g s'g} lsl;dsf] dfgl;s ;d:of ePsf] kfOPsf] lyof] . sl/a $) k|ltzt o'jf tyf lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿ s'g} g s'g} lsl;dsf] dfgl;s tgfjdf ePsf] klg cWoogn] atfPsf] 5 .

(=!= afnaflnsfx¿sf] dfgl;s :jf:Yosf] kl/0ffd

dfgl;s :jf:Yodf k/]sf] ;d:ofn] afnaflnsfnfO{ bL3{sfn;Dd c;/ kfb{5 . To;}n] To;sf] pkrf/ tyf Joj:yfkg ug{ cfjZos 5 . dfgl;s :jf:Yo ;d:of /lx/x]df pgLx¿nfO{ ;dfhdf ;lhn} 3'nldn ug{ d]nldnfksf] ;DaGw sfod ug{, cGt/JolSt ;~rf/ ug{ / hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;d]t gs/fTds c;/ kg{ ;Sb5 . slnnf] pd]/b]lv g} dfgl;s :jf:Yodf ljleGg TTjx¿n] c;/ kf/]sf] x'G5, h:t}M PSnf]kg -6'x'/f], 5fqfaf; -xf]:6]n_ sf] a;fO, kl/jf/ tyf ;dfhdf x'g] lg/Gt/ åGå, cleefjsdf lzIffsf] sdLsf] sf/0f afnaflnsfnfO{ k'/ftg b[li6sf]0faf6 dfq Jojxf/ ug'{, ul/aLsf] sf/0f vfb\o cefj x'g' cflb .


61

(=@= afnaflnsfx¿sf] nflu dfgl;s :jf:Yo lsg dxTTjk"0f{ 5 <

afnaflnsfsf] /fd|f] dfgl;s :jf:Yo x'g' eg]sf] pgLx¿sf] ;+j]bgfTds / af}b\lws ljsf;, cfTdljZjf;, :jtGqtf / cl:dtf h:tf s'/fx¿sf] nflu alnof] husf ¿kdf lng'k5{ . dfgl;s lx;fan] :j:y afnaflnsfdf lgDgcg';f/sf sfd s'/fx¿ ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf x'g'kb{5 M

• dgf]j}1flgs, ;+j]bgfTds, /rgfTds, af}b\lws / cflTds lx;fan] ljsf; x'g'k5{,

• cfkm}Fk|lt / Ps csf{df x'g'kg]{ /fd|f] ;DaGwsf] ljsf; u/L lbuf] /fVg ;Sg] Ifdtf x'g'k5{,

• ;d"xdf jf PSn} klg plQs} dfqfdf /dfpg ;Sg] Ifdtf x'g'k5{,

• c?sf] ljifodf hfgsf/L /fVg] / c?k|lt ;dfg'e"lt ug]{ Ifdtf x'g'kb{5,

• cfˆgf r'gf}tLk|lt cfkm}Fn] ;fdgf ug{ / To;af6 kf7 l;Sg ;Sg] Ifdtf x'g'kb{5,

• cfˆgf] z/L/sf] /Iff / To;af6 cfgGbsf] cg'e"lt ug]{ Ifdtf x'g'k5{ .

cleefjsn] ;w}F Vofn ug'{ kg]{ s'/fx¿ s] xf] eg], afnaflnsfsf] dfgl;s -af}b\lws_ ljsf;df pgLx¿;Fu ul/g] ;~rf/, b]vfOg] Jojxf/, dfgl;s ljsf;sf nflu ckgfOg] ljlwx¿ tyf ;fwg cg';f/ e/ kb{5 . To;sf cnfjf pgLx¿n] b]Vg] u/L xfdLn] u/]sf ;Dk"0f{ Jojxf/ jf :jefjn] klg pgLx¿sf] dfgl;s ljsf;df gsf/fTds jf ;sf/fTds k|efj kl//x]sf] x'G5 . cleefjsx¿sf] kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:o;Fu / l5d]s;Fu h:tf] lsl;dsf] ;DaGw 5, To;sf] k|efj afnaflnsfx¿df kl//x]sf] x'G5 / pgLx¿sf] af}b\lws ljsf; To;} cg';f/ ;sf/fTds jf gsf/fTds tl/sfn] eO/x]sf]

x'G5 . gs/fTds tl/sfn] j[b\lw eO/x]sf] t/ ;fdflhs tyf kfl/jfl/s ckx]ngf klg eof] eg] dfgl;s :jf:Yo ;d:of e';sf] cfuf] h:t} tl/sfn] a9\b} hfG5, xfdLn] ;lhn} yfxf kfpg ;Sb}gf}F .

afnaflnsfn] hGdFb} lnP/ cfPsf] cj:yf afx]s dfgl;s ljsf;sf] c? s'/fx¿df kl/jf/, ;dfh, ljb\ofno cflb k|ToIf ;DaGw ePsf kIfx¿sf] g} k|d'v e"ldsf x'G5 . ;~rf/ ug{ ;Sg] afnaflnsfsf] dfgl;s ljsf;sf nflu cleefjsx¿n] af}b\lws ljsf;df ;xof]u k'Ug] lsl;dsf v]n, v]nf}gfsf] Joj:yf, /f]rs lsl;dsf 5f]6f syfx¿ ;'gfpg], uLt ufpg], af}b\lws ultljlw x'g] ;fdflhs e]nfx¿df ;xeflutf u/fpg] h:tf sfo{x¿n] ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .

To:t}, clwsf+z afnaflnsfx¿sf] dfgl;s :jf:Yo pgLx¿sf] uef{cj:yfdf cfdfnfO{ x'g] s'kf]if0f / hGd]kl5 afnaflnsfnfO{ x'g] s'kf]if0f / ue{jtL cj:yfdf :jf:Yo pkrf/sf] qmddf k|of]u ug{ gx'g] cf}ifwLsf] k|of]u x'guPdf To;sf] sf/0fn] klg hGdg] aRrfsf] dfgl;s :jf:Yodf gsf/fTds k|efj kg{ ;Sb5 . o:t} uef{j:yfdf cfdfn] hfF8 /S;L jf nfu' cf}ifw k|of]u ugf{n] hGdg] aRrfsf] dfgl;s :jf:Yodf k|lts'n c;/ kg{ hfG5 . o:tf] s'/fdf clwsf+z cleefjsx¿n] Vofn k'¥ofPsf] kfOFb}g . uef{j:yf / hGd]kl5 cfdf / aRrf b'j}nfO{ /fd|f] kf]if0f k'u]sf afnaflnsfx¿sf / cfdf / aRrf b'j}sf] s'kf]if0fdf eO{ afnaflnsf dfgl;s ljsf; lszf]/fj:yfdf k'u]kl5 cem w]/} /fd|f] yfxf x'G5 . lsgls s'kf]lift afnaflnsf lszf]/fj:yfdf klg ;fdfGo klg a9\g ;Sb}gg\ . s'kf]lift cfdfn] ug'{ k/]sf] ue{wf/0f / aRrf hGd]kl5 klg aRrfnfO{ kf]if0fsf] cefj nfdf] ;do x'Fbf pgLx¿sf] af}b\lws ljsf;df klg c;/ kg{ hfG5 / To;/L c;/ k/]sf afnaflnsfsf] lszf]/fj:yf jf o'jfj:yfdf k'Ubf ljZn]if0f ug]{ Ifdtf sdhf]/ ePsf] yfxf x'G5 .


62

To;df k|efj kfg]{ vfb\o TTjx¿ w]/} lsl;dsf 5g\, h:t}M sfaf]{xfO6]8, cfof]l8g, le6fldgx¿, vlgh TTjx¿, k|f]l6g OToflb . oL TTjx¿df klg af}b\lws ljsf;df cfof]l8g TTjsf] ;a}eGbf a9L dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf ePsf] dflgG5 . To;sf cltl/St ljleGg lsl;dsf cGg, df;' tyf bxL b'w, u]8fu'8L, xl/of t/sf/L, kmnk'mn, cfof]l8g ePsf] g'g, df6f]d'lg kmNg] vfg]s'/fx¿, cflb o;sf ;|f]tx¿sf] klg plQs} cfjZostf x'G5 . kf]if0fo'St agfpg] / v'jfpg]] plrt Joj:yf / l7sl7s ;do ldnfpgfn] klg kf]if0fsf] cf}lrTo x'G5 cGoyf v'jfP/ klg s'kf]if0f eO{ g} xfNb5 . To;}sf/0fn] ubf{ ul/asf dfq} x}g, wgLsf kl/jf/df klg cfdf / aRrf b'j}nfO{ s'kf]if0f ePsf] kfOG5 . To;}n] kf]if0f / afnaflnsfsf] af}b\lws ljsf; gª / df;'sf] h:tf] ;DaGw 5 .

afnaflnsfsf] dfgl;s :jf:Yo clej[b\lwsf nflu cleefjsn] ljb\ofnoaf6 klg ;xof]u lng ;Sb5g\\ . cfˆgf afnaflnsfx¿n] ljb\ofnodf s;/L cWoog ul//x]sf 5g\ < l;sfOdf ?lr jf k|ult s;/L u/]sf 5g\ cflbsf af/]df a'‰g ;lsG5 . o;sf ;fy} pgLx¿sf] ;fdlhs ;DaGw, g]t[Tj Ifdtf, ;~rf/ l;k, cflbsf af/]df klg :s'naf6 hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . oL hfgsf/Lx¿sf nflu ;fyL ;d"xdf v]Nbf cfk"mn] klg cjnf]sg ug{ ;lsG5 / ;do ;dodf ul//xg' klg kb{5 . afnaflnsfn] kl/jf/df klg cfˆgf] lhDd]jf/L k|lt lgefPsf] e"ldsf / l;sfOsf tl/sfx¿k|lt lg/Gt/ cjnf]sg ul//xg' kb{5 lsgls s'g s'g Jojxf/df ;'wf/ Nofpg] / s'g s'g gofF Jojxf/ tyf 1fg / l;k slt a]nf cfjZos 5 eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 / ToxL cg';f/ l;sfpg' kb{5 . To;sf] cfwf/df g} pgLx¿sf] dfgl;s ljsf; x'Fb} hfG5 . dfgl;s :jf:Yo ljsf;df cleefjsn] d'Vo 1fg, l;k / Jojxf/ u/L ltgcf]6f kIfaf6 x]g{'kb{5 .

1fg

afnaflnsfx¿n] cfˆg} af/]df s] a'em]sf 5g\ < b}lgs ultljlwdf s] s] gofF s'/fx¿ a'em]/ cleefjs;Fu To;sf af/]df s:tf lh1fzf /fv]sf 5g\ < cleefjsn] l;sfPsf / c?;Fu l;s]sf s'/fx¿df s] / s:tf] lsl;dsf] k|ltlqmof lbPsf 5g\ jf slt Wofg lbPsf 5g\ < cflb s'/fdf cleefjsn] lgoldt hfgsf/L /fVg'kb{5 . ;Dej eP;Dd To;sf] lnlvt /]s8{ /fVbf a]nfa]nfdf d'Nofª\sg ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . pgLx¿n] kfPsf] 1fgsf] cfwf/df ;a} afnaflnsfsf] ljsf; eO/x]sf] x'G5 / ToxLcg';f/ e"ldsf lgjf{x ul//x]sf x'G5g\\ / pgLx¿df kl/kSjtfsf] klg qmdzM ljsf; eO/x]sf] x'G5 . To;df cleefjsn] lgs} Vofn ug{'kb{5 . h:t} df;' vfg'k5{ eGg] 1fgsf sf/0f s'v'/f sf6]sf] b]v]/ s'g} klg a]nf s'v'/f sf6\g cfkm}F tlD;g ;S5g\, cf}ifwL vfg'k5{ eGg] 1fg kfPkl5 s'g} klg cf}ifwL hlt klg vfOlbg ;Sb5g\\, cflb . To;}n] 1fg lbFbf l;df, ;do, ljlw, ;fjwfgL, kl/jf/sf] lgod, ;fdflhs ;DaGw cflbsf af/]df klg Wofg lbP/ ;r]t u/fpg'kb{5 .

l;k

afnaflnsfn] k|fKt u/]sf] 1fg jf ;"rgf÷hfgsf/Lsf cfwf/df pgLx¿df l;ksf] ljsf; eO/x]sf]] x'G5 . oL s'/fx¿ h:tf] lsl;dsf] kfPsf x'G5g\\ jf h;/L kfPsf x'G5g\\, To;} cg';f/ l;ksf] klg ljsf; ePsf] x'G5 . 1fg;Fu} ckgfpg' kg]{ ;fjwfgLsf s'/fx¿ klg kfO/x]sf eP l;kdf klg ;fjwfgL ckgfpg sf]l;; ug{ ;Sb5g\\ . d'Vo u/L, afnaflnsfx¿n] xfd|f] ;dfhdf c?n] u/]sf] b]v]/ jf b]vfPsf e/df ljleGg l;ksf] cjnf]sg u/]sf x'G5g\\ / ;f]xLcg';f/ lgb]{zg ;'g]/ l;k xfl;n u/]sf x'G5g\\ . h:t}M h;/L af]n]sf] ;'g] To;} u/L jf]Ng], h;/L / h'g k|lqmofn] sfd u¥of] ToxL tl/sfn] sfd ug]{, cflb . clwsf+z


63

afnaflnsfx¿n] hfgsf/L jf 1fgnfO{ l;kdf Nofpg rfxg] cj:yfdf pgLx¿n] s]xL k|ltlqmof jf tbf?stf b]vfPsf x'G5g\\ . To;nfO{ cleefjsn] v'a Vofn ug'{kb{5 . olb s'g} s'/fdf ?lr geP s'g} k|ltlqmof lbPsf x'Fb}gg\ . afnaflnsfx¿n] gSsn u/]/ g} w]/} l;k l;ls/x]sf x'G5g\ . ufpFdf cleefjsn] xnf] agfPsf] b]v]/ p:t} t/ ;fgf] xnf] agfpg yfNb5g\ . To;}n] cleefjsn] 1fg / l;ksf] ljsf; ubf{ of] s] xf] < lsg u/]sf] < s]s] s'/fdf ;fjwfgL ckgfpg] cflb l;k;Fu} yk 1fg klg lbg' cfjZos 5 . cGoyf l;ksf] b'¿kof]u x'g] jf l;sfO gsf/fTds aGg] ;Defjgf x'G5 . l;ksf] ljsf;n] g} Jojxf/df :yfoL kl/jt{g cfpFb5 cyjf afgLsf] ljsf; x'G5 . afnaflnsfsf] 1fgdf cj/f]w ug]{ lsl;dsf sltko ;dfhsf pvfg 6'Ssfn] klg l;sfOdf gs/fTds e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 . To:tf pvfgx¿ afnaflnsf;Fu ug'{x'Fb}g . h:t} …afp eGbf 5f]/f] hfGg], v's'/L eGbf sb{ nfUg]Ú …gfRg ghfGg] cfFug 6]9f]Ú …afnL g lj?jf gf} d'/L tf]/LÚ cflb . sltko afnaflnsf To;} k|lqmofleq dfgl;s :jf:Yosf] ljsf; eO/x]sf] x'G5 .

Jojxf/

afnaflnsfn] k|fKt u/]sf] 1fg / l;ksf] s:tf] /x]5 eGg] kl/0ffd pgLx¿n] ug]{ Jojxf/af6 yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . k'vf{n] eg]sf] æs'08s'08 kfgL, d'08d'08 a'b\lwÆ eGg] s'/fsf] rl/tfy{ afnaflnsfn] b]vfpg] Jojxf/af6 yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . afnaflnsf x'sF{b} ubf{ slQsf] ljZn]if0fTds ;f]r b]vfpF5g\ < slQsf] xflb{stf ckgfpF5g\ < c?;Fu slQsf] ;xfg'e"lt k|s6 ub{5g\ < kl/jf/ jf ;dfhsf ;b:ox¿ k|lt slQsf] glhs x'g] Jojxf/ k|s6 ub{5g\ < c?sf] egfO jf Jojxf/k|lt s;/L k|ltlqmof lbG5g\\ cflb / pgLx¿n] k|fKt ug]{ 1fg, To;nfO{ u|x0f ug]{ k|lqmof, To;af6 x'g] l;sfO jf l;k cflb cleefjsn] ug]{ ;xof]usf] e"ldsfdf

lge{/ /xG5 . s]xL dfqfdf ;dfhsf] klg k|efj t kb{5 t/ clwsf+z Jojxf/ kl/jf/, :ofxf/stf{ / cln 7"nf] ePkl5 ljb\ofnosf] e"ldsfsf] k|efj kb{5 . oL ;a} s'/f afnaflnsfsf] dfgl;s :jf:Yosf cleGg cª\ux¿ x'g\ .

(=#= dfgl;s tgfj

s'g} lrGtf / s'07fsf] sf/0fn] dl:tisdf af]em kg'{nfO{ tgfj elgG5 . dfgl;s tgfj afnaflnsfsf] nflu dfgl;s ljsf;sf] k|d'v afws xf] . afnaflnsf ;a}nfO{ dfgl;s tgfj x'G5, h'g k|d'v ¿kdf kl/jf/ / vf; u/L kl/jf/sf] k|d'v JolStaf6 g} x'g] u/]sf] cWoogx¿n] atfpF5 . lszf]/fj:yfdf k|j]z ePkl5 dfgl;s tgfj cem} a9\g ;S5 . lsgls pgLx¿df zf/Ll/s tyf ;+j]ufTds ljsf; l56f]l56f] eO/x]sf x'G5 . z/L/df ljleGg lsl;dsf xdf]{g -of}lgs /;fogx¿_ kl/jt{g eO/x]sf x'G5g\\ / To;;Fusf] 3'ngdf x'g] cK7\of/fsf sf/0f dfgl;s tgfj a9\g uPsf] xf] . To:t}, pgLx¿sf] JolStut dfu klg al9/x]sf] x'G5 . :jefljs} ¿kdf pgLx¿ cleefjs eGbf cfˆgf dgkg]{ ;fyLx¿;Fu a9L glhs x'g yfn]sf x'G5g\\ . o:tf] a]nfdf cleefjssf] e"ldsf ;xof]uL jf d}qLk"0f{ ePg eg] To;n] pgLx¿df cem} tgfj a9\b5 / dfgl;s :jf:Yodf gsf/fTds c;/ kg{ hfG5 .

afnaflnsfx¿ nfdf] ;do;Dd tgfjdf ePsf] yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . h:t} d'6'sf] w8\sg l56f]l56f] rNg], 6fpsf] b'Vg], kl;gf cfpg], ckr x'g], lk;fa nfu] h:tf] x'g], sfDg], lgb|f gnfUg], l/; p7\g], Wofg s]lGb|t ug{ g;Sg] h:tf Jojxf/x¿ b]vf kg{ ;S5 . x's{Fb} u/]sf afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿df ;fyLx¿sf] ;DaGw, 3/sf] cfly{s cj:yf, cleefjssf] bafa, / kmnfd] cg'zf;g, sfdsf] af]em cflbsf sf/0f tgfj a9\b5 / To;n] nuftf/ kLl8t eO/xFbf afnaflnsfsf]


64

dfgl;s :jf:Yodf k|lts'n c;/ kb}{ hfG5 / ;a} s'/fdf c;kmn x'g], cfk"mnfO{ sdhf]/ 7fGg] / cGtdf dfgl;s la/fdL x'g] ;Defjgf w]/} x'G5 . dfgl;s la/fdL ePsf] cj:yf yfxf kfpgf ;fy ;xL pkrf/ ePg / kl/jf/n] klg gs/fTds Jojxf/ u/]sf] cj:yfdf emg\emg\ hl6n x'Fb} hfg ;Sb5 . hl6n cj:yfsf] dfgl;s ;d:ofsf] pkrf/ klg w]/} g} hl6n x'G5 .

o:tf] cj:yfsf af/]df cleefjsn] ;w}F lgu/fgL /fVg'kb{5 . lsgls cleefjsx¿ g} afnaflnsfsf] klxnf] k/fdz{stf{ / Joj:yfks x'g\ . lgu/fgL ubf{ g} ;dod} Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5, h;n] ubf{ afnaflnsfsf] dfgl;s :jf:Yo cj:yf hl6n x'gaf6 arfpg ;lsG5 . ;dodf g} Joj:yfkg ug{ g;lsPsf] dfgl;s :jf:Yo ;d:ofn] afnaflnsfdf l;h{gfTds tyf ljZn]if0fTds Ifdtfdf afwf pTkGg eO{ s'ntdf hfg] jf kl/jf/af6 6f9f x'g] dfq geO{ dfgl;s ljrng klg cfpg ;Sb5 . To;}n] tgfjnfO{ a]n}df Joj:yfkg ug'{k5{ . dfgl;s :jf:Yo ;'wf/df kl/jf/sf] ;xof]u g} ;a}eGbf klxnf] / dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 . kl/jf/sf] ;xof]u / ;dy{g lagf dfgl;s /f]usf] pkrf/ c;Dej 5 .

(=$= dfgl;s tgfj Joj:yfkg

tgfjnfO{ qmdz Go"gLs/0f ug]{ xf] . Go"gLs/0fsf] ;'?jft ug'[{k"j{ cleefjsnfO{ To;sf] sf/0fx¿sf af/]df /fd|f] hfgsf/L x'g' cfjZos 5 . h:t}M s'g} aflnsfnfO{ aflx/sf] dflg;n] ;tfO/x]sf] xf]nf, 3/df klg kl/jf/af6 cg]sf}F bafa jf sfdsf] af]em ylkPsf] xf]nf, tL s'/fx¿n] ubf{ k9fOdf ;fyLx¿ eGbf kl5 kb}{ uPsf] x'g;S5, h;n] emg\ tgfj ylkg yfNb5 . tgfjsf sf/0f Jojxf/df kl/jt{g ePsf] cleefjsn] yfxf kfpFbf cg]sf}F z+sf u/L bafad"ns tl/sf ckgfpg], ;xfg'e"lt, dfof ldqtfsf] ;6\6f pN6} cleo'St 7x/ ug{ ul/g] tl/sfn] s]/sf/ ubf{ afnaflnsfdf tgfjsf]

tx emg\ ylkFb} hfG5 / To;n] ljs/fn ¿k lng ;Sb5 . tgfjsf] cj:yf yfxf kfPkl5, jf:tljs s'/f a'‰g klg ldqtfsf] Jojxf/ u/]/ g} ;'? ug'{kb{5 . pgLx¿n] cleefjs;Fu ;w}F ;'/Iffsf] cg'e"lt ug]{ jftfj/0f agfpg ;s]df dfgl;s :jf:Yodf ;d:of xDd];L cfpFb}g / ePsf] ;d:of klg Go"gLs/0f eP/ hfG5 . ToxLaf6 hLjgf]kof]uL l;k l;Sb5g\\, h;sf] ;xof]un] cfk}Fm tgfj sd ug{ ;Ifd x'G5g\\ .

(=%= kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo :t/df cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿

• afnaflnsfsf] dfgl;s :jf:Yo clej[b\lwsf nflu ue{jtL cj:yf b]lv g} cfdf / lzz'sf] kf]if0fdf Wofg lbg] / kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ klg ;f] af/]df ;r]t u/fpg'xf];\ .

• kl/jf/leq jf aflx/ afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ unt 9ª\un] k|of]u gu?g\ eg]/ cleefjs

• ;w}F ;r]t x'g'kb{5 .

• afnaflnsfdf dfgl;s tgfj x'g glbg kl/jf/sf ;b:o, gft]bf/x¿ / l5d]sLx¿nfO{ ;r]t u/fpg] / kl/jf/nfO{ afnd}qL agfpg ;do;dodf kfl/jfl/s 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .

• dfgl;s ljsf;sf nflu cleefjs / kl/jf/n] ug{ kg]{ bfloTjsf af/]df kl/jf/sf ;b:osf ;fy} ;dfhdf klg r]tgfd"ns sfdx¿ ug]{, JolStut e]63f6sf] dfWodåf/f ;f];DaGwL k/fdz{ ;]jf lbg] jf lng] ug'{xf];\ .

• afnaflnsfsf] nflu ;d:of k/]sf s'/fx¿sf af/]df :ki6 / lgw{Ss;Fu kl/jf/ leqs} dg k/]sf] ;b:o;Fu atfpg ldNg] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ul/lbg'xf];\, h'g lgoldt / ljZjzgLo x'g ;sf];\ .

65

v08 bzafnaflnsfdf x'g] ckfª\utf


66

!) afnaflnsfdf x'g] ckfª\utf

!)=!= ckfª\tf

ckfª\utf;DaGwL w]/} kl/efiffx¿ 5g\ . s;}n] k"0f{tf, s;}n] ;Ifdtf, cflbsf cfwf/df kl/eflift u/]sf 5g\ . tL ;a}nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ g} a'‰g] xf] eg] JolStsf] km/s Ifdtf / km/s cj:yf klg eGg ;lsG5 .

dflg;df ckfª\utf slxn] x'G5 eGg] ;dosf] s'g} ;Ldf x'Fb}g . ckfª\u x'g'sf] ;'?jftsf] cj:yfnfO{ ljrng cyf{t ODkfo/d]G6 klg elgPsf] 5 . ODkfo/d]G6sf] cj:yfdf zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s cj:yfdf ;fdfGo eGbf km/skgf b]vf kb{5 h;sf] sf/0f ;fdfGo sfddf ;d]t cfpg cj/f]w b]vf kb{5 jf ufx|f] x'G5 . of] cj/f]w jf ufx|f] cj:yfnfO{ ckfª\utf ePsf] xf], To;}n] ckfª\utfnfO{ c;fw/0fkgf klg elgPsf] xf] . afnaflnsfx¿df klg oxL s'/f nfu' x'G5 t/ ckfª\utf ;DaGwL s]xL k|s[ltut ¿kdf km/s kfOG5 . ckfª\utf zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, af}b\lws jf ;+j]ufTds cj:yf;Fu hf]l8P/ cfPsf] x'G5 . To;}n] sltko ckfª\utf em6\6 x]bf{ yfxf gkfOg klg ;lsG5 . To;df klg afnaflnsfx¿df x'g] sltko ckfª\utf cleefjsn] g} yfxf gkfO/x]sf klg x'g;S5g\ . ha aRrf af]Ng], kN6g] jf 3;|g], dfG5] lrGg] cflb cj:yfdf cfpFbf;Dd s'g} kIfsf] ljsf; geP jf ;fdfGo cj:yf gkfPkl5 dfq zª\sf ug{ yfn]sf x'GG5g\\ /, Tof] :jefljs} klg xf] . clwsf+z afnaflnsfx¿df pgLx¿sf] x]/fO, ;'gfO, rnfO, k|ltlqmof ug]{ ;+j]u, cflbsf] ljsf;df l9nf ePdf jf cj/f]w l;h{gf ePdf Tof] cj:yf /fd|f];Fu yfxf kfPkl5 dfq ckfª\utf ePsf] af/] yfxf x'g;Sb5 .

ckfª\utfnfO{ & lsl;ddf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5

!_ zf/Ll/s ckfª\utf, @_ b[li6 ljxLg, #_ alx/f]kg -;'gfO;DaGwL_, $_ ;'gfO / b[li6ljxLg %_ :j/ / af]nfO;DaGwL ckfª\utf ^_ dfgl;s / &_ ax'ckfª\utf -dflysf b'O{ eGbf a9L lsl;dsf ldl;P/ ePsf] ckfª\utf_

oL plNnlvt ckfª\utf klg uDeL/tfsf cfwf/df $ lsl;dn] juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 M

s_ uDeL/ czSttfM k"0f{¿kdf c?sf] ;xof]udf klg sl7gfO x'g] cj:yf

v_ clt czSttfM ;a} lqmofsnfkdf c?sf] ;xof]u rflxg] cj:yf

u_ dWod czSttfM ;fdfGo ;xof]udf lgoldt lbgrof{{sf lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL x'g ;Sg] cj:yf

3_ ;fdfGo czSttfM ;fdfGo cj/f]w ePsf] cj:yf t/ cfkm}Fn] ;fdfGo lbgrof{ ug{;Sg] .

!)=@ ckfª\utfsf sf/0fx¿M

;"Id tl/sfn] vf]hL ug]{{ xf] eg], dflg;df ckfª\utf x'gfsf sf/0f c;fWo} w]/} kfOG5 t/ cleefjsx¿n] ghfgL gx'g] k|d'v s'/fx¿ lgDg cg';f/sf 5g\M

s= hGdg' cl3sf sf/0fx¿

• ue{jtL dlxnfn] kof{Kt dfqfdf kf]if0fo'St vfgf vfg gkfpg', jf gvfg',

• uef{j:yfdf :jf:YosdL{sf] ljgf;Nnfx hyfefjL cf}ifwLx¿sf] ;]jg ug'{,


67

• ue{jtL dlxnfsf] ls6gfzs tyf /f;folgs kbfy{x¿;Fu a9L ;Dks{ x'g',

• ue{sf] aRrfnfO{ bvn kg]{ lsl;dsf] rf]6 k6s jf b'3{6gfdf kg'{,

• uef{j:yfdf cfdfnfO{ hd{g bfb'/f cfpg',

• uef{j:yfdf nfdf] ;do;Dd la/fdL kg'{,

• hGdfGt/ sd x'g' -l56f]l56f] aRrf hGdfpg'_ / ;fgf] pd]/df -!* jif{ d'lg_ / kfsf] pd]/ -#% jif{ eGbf dfly_ aRrf hGdfpg',

• aRrf ue{df ePsf] a]nfdf a9L dfqfdf PS;/] ug'{,

• ljiffbL k|of]u ul/Psf] vfg]s'/f vfg',

• glhs}sf] gft]bf/x¿;Fu ljjfx ug'{ jf ue{wf/0f ug'{,

• oL afx]s cGo lsl;dsf ckfª\utfx¿ j+zfg'ut d} k':tf}F b]lv klg cfPsf x'G5g\ .

v= hGdg] qmddf x'g] sf/0fx¿

• ;'Ts]/L u/fpg :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf gn}hfg',

• hyfefjL aRrf hGdfpFbf ;/;kmfO /fd|f] gePsf] sf/0fn] x'g] ;+qmd0f,

• nfdf] ;do;Dd Joyf nfUg',

• aRrf hGdg]÷hGdfpg] qmddf 6fpsf] jf cGo efudf rf]6k6s nfUg',

• ;'Ts]/L Joyf sd ug{ a9L dfqfdf ;'O{sf] k|of]u ug'{,

• cf}hf/sf] k|of]u u/]/ aRrf hGdfpg' jf hGd]kl5 lgd{nLs/0f gul/Psf] xltof/ / ;kmf;Fu gwf]OPsf xftn] lzz' :ofxfg'{ / gfeL sf6\g' cflb .

u= hGd] kl5 x'g] sf/0fx¿

• ue{ g} k'/f ;do gk'uL hGdg',

• hGd]sf] b'O{ ldg]6leq klg ;f; gkm]g'{,

• nfdf] ;do;Dd s'kf]if0f x'g',

• aRrfn] /fd|f];Fu b'w r':g g;Sg',

• afnaflnsfnfO{ ;dod} / ;a} vf]kx¿ k'/f dfqfdf gnufpg',

• lgu/fgL jf :ofxf/ gk'Ugfn] b'3{gfdf kg'{ -h:t} ;8s b'3{6gfdf kg'{, ulx/f] 3fp x'g]u/L cfuf]n] kf]Ng', xltof/sf] k|of]u cflb_

• ;'Ts]/L u/fpFbf :jf:Yo tyf ;/;kmfOdf Wofg glbgfn] x'g] ;ª\qmd0f -h:t}M d]g]GhfOl6;, 6fOkmfO8, dl:tis Hj/f], hlG8; cflb_

• afnaflnsfnfO{ :jf:YosdL{;Fusf] ljgf ;Nnfx hyfefjL cf}ifwLx¿ v'jfpg',

• zNolqmofsf] unt k|of]u,

• cg]sf+} lsl;dsf åGå jf o'b\w,

• oL afx]s c? klg 5g\ tL j+zfg'ut jf hGdhft cfPsf] klg x'g;S5 h'g ckfª\utf hGdkl5 b]vf klg kg{ ;Sb5 .

!)=#= /f]syfd

ckfª\utfsf /f]syfdsf nflu oxfF ltgcf]6f r/0fx¿ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5M

klxnf] r/0fM :jf:Yo clej[b\lw / :jf:Yo ;]jf lng k|]l/t ug]{ . h:t} ue{ hfFr k"0f{¿kdf u/fpg],

:jf:Yo ;+:yfdf uP/ jf :jf:YosdL{sf] ;xof]udf dfq ;'Ts]/L u/fpg], afnaflnsfnfO{ ;dod} ;a} vf]kx¿ k'/f dfqfdf nufpg], afnaflnsfnfO{ la/fdL x'Fbf :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf g} hrfpFg n}hfg], b'3{6gfaf6 arfpg afnaflnsfx¿sf] ljz]if lgu/fgL /fVg], ;f];DaGwL ;fjwfgL ckgfpg l;sfpg], cf}ifwL, ljiffbL, cf}hf/ jf wfl/nf xltof/ h:tf hf]lvd lsl;dsf j:t'x¿ afnaflnsfn] ge]6\g] u/L /fVg], cflb_

bf];|f] r/0fM l56} g} ckfª\utfsf] klxrfg ug{ ;lsPdf pkrf/sf] kb\wltaf6 ;Defljt ckfª\utfsf] cj:yfaf6 arfpg÷k'g:yf{kg ug{


68

;lsG5 . h:t} aRrf hGd]kl5 nfdf] ;do;Dd b'w Rofk]g jf pRr Hj/f] cfof], /fd|f];Fu ;f; km]/]g jf s'g} xft jf v'6\6f ;fdfGo eGbf afª\uf] 5 eg] t'?Gt} pkrf/sf] k|lqmofdf n}hfg ;lsG5 h;n] ubf{ ;Defljt ckfª\utfaf6 arfpg ;lsG5 .

t];|f] r/0fM ePsf] ckfª\utfsf] cj:yf eGbf yk ckfª\utf gxf];\ eGg] pb\b]Zon] ul/g] pkrf/ jf k'g:yf{kg Joj:yfsf] sfd .

!)=$= Joj:yfkg

afnaflnsfx¿df b]lvg] w]/} lsl;dsf ckfª\utfx¿nfO{ pkrf/ kb\wltaf6 k'g:yf{kg ug{ ;lsG5 . olb pkrf/ kb\wltn] klg k'g:yf{kg x'g g;s]df klg ;fdfGo lsl;dsf] ;xof]udf pgLx¿n] lbgrof{ ug{ ;Sb5g\ eg] To;sf ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s If]qsf nflu klg k'g:yf{kg ug{ ;lsG5 . To;sf nflu sfd ug]{ cflwsfl/s lgsfox¿ 5g\ . h:t}M b[li6ljlxgx¿sf nflu ;]tf] 58Lsf] ;xfotfn] lxF8\g, ljz]if k|ljlwsf] ;xfotfn] sDKo'6/df k9\g n]Vg, a|]n lnlkdf k9\g n]Vg, alx/fx¿sf nflu ;fª\s]lts efiffsf dfWodaf6 ;~rf/ ug{ / k9\g n]Vg cflb . To;}sf dfkm{t pgLx¿n] cfocfhg{sf l;k l;Sg] / ;fdfGo dflg;n] h:t} hLjg lgjf{x ug{ ;Sb5g\ . To:t}, ;':tdgMl:yltsf cj:yfdf ePsf afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu klg Joj:yfkgsf gofF kb\wltx¿sf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . pgLx¿sf nflu ljz]if lzIffsf] Joj:yf /fHon] klg u/]sf] x'G5 .

!)=%= cleefjsn] Wofg lbg' kg]{ d'Vo s'/fx¿

ckfª\utf ePsf afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu cleefjs / ljif]zu/L k'?ifx¿sf] e"ldsf dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 . lsgls ue{wf/0fsf cufl8sf] dlxnfsf] kf]if0f tyf JolStut x]/rfx b]lv

ue{j:yf, k|;"lt u/fpg], ;'Ts]/L tyf gjhft lzz'sf] kfngkf]if0f;Dd k'?if ->Ldfg\_ n] g} cu|0fL e"ldsf lgefpg' kb{5 . clwsfz ckfª\utf uef{j:yf / k|;"lt;Fu g} ;DalGwt eP/ cfPsf x'G5g\ . ue{jtL cj:yfdf b]lv g} cfdf / lzz'sf] :ofxf/df >Ldfg\ jf ;f;';;'/fsf] Wofg kf]if0f / :jf:Yo ;]jfdf /fd|f];Fu k'¥ofpFbf afnaflnsfdf ckfª\utf x'g] ;Defjgf w]/} g} sd x'G5 .

ckfª\utf ePsf afnaflnsfsf nflu ;fdfGo cj:yfsf c? afnaflnsf eGbf w]/} dfof / x]/rfxsf] cfjZostf kb{5 / pgLx¿n] klg w]/} g} dfofsf] ck]Iff u/]sf x'G5g\\ . hlt a]nf b]lv pgLx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] ckfª\utfsf] af/]df af]w x'g yfNb5, Tolt a]nf pgLx¿nfO{ ul/g] g/fd|f] Jojxf/n] ;fdfGo afnaflnsfn] eGbf a9L g} afnljHofOFsf] cg'e"lt u/]sf x'G5g\\ . To;}n] pgLx¿;Fusf] Jojxf/df cleefjsn] w]/} g} Wofg k'¥ofpg' kb{5 . ckfª\utf ePsf] yfxf kfpgf;fy pkrf/ jf s'g} lsl;dsf] k'g:yf{kgsf] nflu tof/L ul/xfNg' kb{5 .

!)=^ kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo :t/df cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿

• ckfª\utfsf ;a} kIfdf ;do;dodf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿;Fu 5nkmn rnfpg'xf];\ .

• ckfª\utf ePsf afnaflnsfsf] nflu pkrf/ / k'g:yf{kgsf nflu sfd yflnxfNg'xf];\ .

• ckfª\utfsf] /f]syfddf cleefjssf] e"ldsf;DaGwL hgr]tgfsf] cu'jfO{ ug'{xf];\ .

• pkrf/ / k'g:yf{kgf ;DaGwL ;|f]tx¿sf] vf]hL u/L 6f]n l5d]sLnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{xf];\ .

• 3/ / ;dfhdf ckfª\utf ePsf afnaflnsf jf JolStx¿dfly x'g] e]befj x'g glbg ckfª\ud}qL 3/, kl/jf/ / ;dfhsf nflu ax;k}/jL ug{ ;xof]u ug'{xf];\ .

69

v08 P3f/afnaflnsfsf] nflu v]n / dgf]/~hg


70

!! afnaflnsfsf] nflu v]n / dgf]/~hg

afnaflnsfx¿ v]Ng dg k/fpF5g\ . v]nnfO{ afnaflnsfsf] hLjgsf] P]gfsf] ¿kdf x]g]{ ul/G5 . afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ v]Ng'sf] pb\b]Zo ;f]Wof] eg] /dfOnf] ug]{, ;fyL agfpg], lqmofsnfkx¿ 5gf}6 ug]{ / 3/ aflx/ /dfpg] h:tf s'/fx¿ JoQm ub{5g\ . v]nx¿ ljleGg lsl;dsf x'g;S5g\ h:t} xNnf ug]{, /dfOnf] ug]{ cflb . v]n 3/aflx/ cyjf 3/leq b'j} 7fpFdf v]Ng ;lsG5 . afnaflnsfx¿n] ljleGg pb\b]Zon] v]n v]Ng ;Sb5g\\ . slxn]sfxL v]nåf/f gofF l;kx¿ klg l;Sg ;Sb5g\\ .

cleefjsn] klg cfˆgf afnaflnsf;Fu v]Ngsf nflu ;do lbg''k5{ . slnnf] pd]/ xF'bf b]lv g} v]nfpg ;'? ug'{k5{ . ha aRrfn] tkfO{FnfO{ g} x]/]/ d':s'/fpF5, tkfO{+ klg d':s'/fpg'x'G5 . ToxLFaf6 cleefjs afnaflnsflar v]nsf] ;'?jft x'G5 . v]Nbf /dfOnf] x'G5 / :j:km't{ ¿kdf v]lnG5 . v]nn] afnaflnsfsf] ;fdflhs lqmofsnfk / ljrf/sf] l;h{gf ug{ db\bt ldNb5 . afnaflnsfx¿n] v]nåf/f ljleGg 1fg / l;k l;Sg] cj;/ kfpFb5g\\ . o;/L l;Sg] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ul/lbg' cleefjssf] bfloTj xf] .

v]nn] afnaflnsfsf] hLjgf]kof]uL l;kdf k|efj kfb{5 . afnaflnsfdf ljsf; ePsf] hLjgf]kof]uL l;kn] hLjg e/sf nflu k|efj kfb{5 . v]nn] afnaflnsfnfO{ efjgfsf] ;~rf/ ug{, l;h{gfTds aGg, ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{ ;xof]u k'u]sf] x'G5 . v]naf6 ;fdflhsLs/0f ug{, ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug{,kl/kSj aGg / /dfOnf] ug{, 1fg / l;kx¿ l;Sg db\bt ldNb5 . v]nn] afnaflnsfnfO{ cfˆgf afa'cfdf, kl/jf/sf] jftfj/0f / aflx/L ;+;f/;Fu hf]l8lbG5 .

afnaflnsf;Fu cleefjsx¿n] v]Ngfn] :jo+ cleefjsnfO{ klg kmfObf x'G5, h:t}M afnaflnsf;Fu v]Ng] ugf{n] afcfdf lar alnof] / cfTdLo ;DaGw :yflkt x'g klg db\bt ldN5 / afnaflnsfnfO{ klg ;fdflhs d"No dfGotfsf] cfbfgk|bfg u/L ;~rf/ ug{ l;sfpF5 . afnaflnsfsf] ;fydf v]Ngfn] b'j} kIf lar cf– cfˆgf 1fg, l;k / v]nsf snf cflb af/]df a'‰g / ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;d]t dxTTjk"0f{ cj;/ k|fKt x'G5 . clego u/]/ v]lng] vfnsf v]nx¿åf/f ljleGg lsl;dsf] lzIffd"ns ;~rf/, snf, efiff 5gf}6 / xfpefp b]vfpg] snfsf] ;d]t ljsf; x'G5 .

v]Ng' afnaflnsfsf] dxTTjk"0f{ sfd klg xf] . v]Nbf afnaflnsfsf ;Dk"0f{ 1fg]lGb|o / sd]{lGb|ox¿ Ps;fy ;lqmo x'g] ePsfn] pgLx¿sf]] zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s ljsf;df v]nsf] dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 . afnaflnsfsf] ;a}eGbf dg kg]{ v]nf}gf jf v]nsf] ;|f]t cleefjsx¿ g} x'g\ . afn ljsf;sf] nflu v]n / v]nsf] nflu cleefjssf] ;+nUgtf klg x'g' kg]{ ePsf] x'gfn] cleefjsn] ;dosf] klg Joj:yf ldnfOlbg'kb{5 . To;sf ;fy} pd]/ cg';f/ 1fg / l;k ljsf;df ;xof]u k'Ug] lsl;dsf v]n ;fdfu|Lx¿sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg' kb{5 . v]n / v]n ;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yfkg;DaGwL yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu u|fdL0f ;d'bfodf ;~rfng ul/Psf afn ljsf; s]Gb|x¿ / ;x/L ;d'bfodf ;~rflnt dG6]:j/L :s'nx¿df cjnf]sg ug]{ / ToxfFsf lzIfsx¿;Fu k/fdz{ ug{ ;lsG5 .

;a}eGbf 7"nf] s'/f t afnaflnsf cfkmF}n] hfg]sf / dg k/fPsf s'/fx¿nfO{ g} k|fyldstf lbg'


71

kb{5, lsgls afnaflnsfx¿ cfˆgf] nflu s], sxfF, s;/L, slxn] / slt v]Ng] eGg] s'/fx¿sf] 5gf}6 cfkm}F ug{ dg k/fpFb5g\\ .

!!=!= v]nsf ljif]ztfx¿

;fdfGotof v]nsf ljif]ztfx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\M

;lqmotfM afnaflnsfx¿n] cfˆgf] v]ndf z/L/ / a'b\lw b'j} nufpF5g\ . pgLx¿ :yfg / ;docg';f/sf] jftfj/0f, v]n ;fdfu|Lsfaf/] dfG5]x¿;Fu cGt/lqmof ub{5g\ / gofF s'/f kQf nufpg ;S5g\ . h:t}M xflh/L hjfkmsf nflu cfjZos k':ts, OG6/g]6sf] s'g} j]ak]h, l6eLsf] s'g} ;DalGwt Rofgn / ljb\ofno jf l5d]sdf a:g] s'g} lzIfs jf cl3Nnf sIffdf k9\g] bfO÷lbbLx¿ cflb .

;~rf/M afnaflnsfx¿n] v]naf6 1fg / hfgsf/L b'j} cfk;df afF8\g ;S5g\ . h:t}M r];, afurfn, zAbfy{ -j8{ldlgª_ ufpFvfg] syf cflb .

dgf]/~hg M v]nsf] d'Vo cfsif{0f g} dgf]/~hg xf], afnaflnsfnfO{ v]naf6 tgfj klg l;h{gf x'g;Sb5 . Joj;flos lsl;dsf v]ndf jf s'g} v]ndf k};fsf] afhL /fVbf v]naf6 tgfj pTkGg x'G5 . To:tf] tgfj x'g] lsl;dsf v]naf6 afaflnsfx¿nfO{ 6f9f /fVg'kb{5 / v]Ng lg?T;flxt ug'{kb{5 .

ljifoj:t'df s]lGb|t x'g]M afnaflnsfx¿n] v]ndf k'/} Wofg lbG5g\\ . of] afgLn] s'g} ljifoj:t'df ulxl/P/ ;f]Rg], dl:tis dGyg ug]{, ga'em]sf s'/fnfO{ a'‰g k|oTg ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; x'G5 . h:t} s'g} ul0ftLo v]n af6 pd]/ kQf nufpg] v]n, ufpFvfg] syf, /x:o kQf nufpg] n3' syfx¿ cflb .

cy{k"0f{ Mafnaflnsfx¿ cfkm'n] a'em]sf]÷hfg]sf], b]v]sf] / ;'g]sf] cfwf/df v]N5g\ . To;/L v]Ng]

v]nn] afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu af}b\lws Ifdtf / l;ksf] ljsf; ug{ / wf/0ffdf :ki6 x'g db\bt k¥ofpF5 .

;dflhs / cGt/lqmofTdsM ;d"xdf v]Nbf cfk;df cGt/lqmof ug]{ x'gfn] afnaflnsfnfO{ ;fdflhsLs/0fdf ;xof]u k'U5 .

;ª\s]tfTds M afnaflnsfx¿ v]ln/x]sf] a]nfdf sNkgf ug]{ u5{g\ . cfkmgf] ljrf/, efjgf / e"ldsfsf] vf]hL u5{g\ . cg'ej tyf ljutsf s'/fx¿ dfly k|ltlqmof lbG5g\ . kl5sf] nflu klg cEof; u5{g\ . o:tf] a'b\lw / l;k ljsf;sf nflu pgLx¿n] Wofgk"j{s k|z:t} n]Vg] / k9\g] sfd ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

k|rf/fTds M v]nn] afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ cfk\mgf c;Gt'i6 efjgfx¿nfO{ k|s6 ug{ db\bt u5{ . h;n] ubf{ afnaflnsfn] xn'sf dx;'; ug{ ;S5g\ . o; lsl;dsf v]nx¿ agfpg ;lsG5 .

:j]lR5sM afnaflnsfx¿ :j:k"mt{ v]Ng ?rfpF5g\ . v]Nb} hfFbf pgLx¿n] cfkmgf] rl/q -:jefj_, e"ldsf, j:t' / :yfgnfO{ la:tf/} kl/jt{g ;d]t ub}{ n}hfG5g\\ . h'lSt / lg0f{odf kl/kSj x'Fb} hfG5g\ .

!!=@= v]n / dl:tissf] ljsf;

cg';Gwfgx¿n] atfPcg';f/ afnaflnsf hGd]kl5 &% k|ltzt dl:tissf] ljsf; afNofj:yfdf g} ePsf] x'G5 . To;df afnaflnsfn] v]Ng] v]nn] klg dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 . To;}n] l;h{gfTds / af}b\lws v]n afnaflnsfsf] :j:y dl:tis ljsf;sf nflu dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 .

:gfo'lj1 / dgf]ljbx¿sf egfOcg';f/ v]ns'b xfd|f] z/L/nfO{ rflxg] vfgf / cf/fd hlQs} dxTTjk"0f{ 5 . v]n gv]Ngfsf] sf/0fn] dl:tissf] ljsf; l9nf] x'G5 .


72

!!=#= afnaflnsfsf nflu s:tf] v]n x'g'kb{5 <

• v]n afnaflnsfn] /f]h]sf] / pgLx¿n] ug'{kg]{ sfd;Fu ;DalGwt x'g'kb{5 .

• v]ndf s'g} 3/df ePsf] j:t'x¿nfO{ ;fª\s]lts ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ jf ;~rf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf] 6]lnkmf]gsf nflu 7'nf] rDrf jf 5f]6f RofK6f sf7sf 6'qmf, u'kmf cyjf dxnsf] nflu 6]a'nn] sfd ug{ ;S5 .

• v]ndf pT;'stf / vf]h ;dfj]z x'g'k5{ .

• v]ndf afnaflnsfn] gofF cg'ej k|fKt ug'{sf] ;fy} v]Nb} hfFbf ;d:of yfxf kfpg] / ;dfwfg klg ;Fu;Fu} ub}{ hfg ;Sg'kb{5 .

• ;a} v]nsf] kl/0ffd t cfpF5 t/ kl/0ffd eGbf To;af6 k|fKt ug]{ cfgGb / cg'ej a9L dxTTjk"0f{ x'g'kb{5 . To;}n]] v]Nbf ePsf] uNtL / To;af6 x'g] l;sfO k|d'v s'/f xf], To;}af6 ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug]{ pkfox¿ l;Sb5g\\ .

!!=$= v]naf6 x'g] kmfObfx¿

• sNkgfzLntf / l;h{gfTdstfsf] ljsf; x'G5,

• cIf/ / ;ª\Vof;DaGwL 1fg a9\b5,

• ;d:of ;dfwg;DaGwL l;ksf] ljsf; x'Fb} hfG5,

• c?;Fu 3'nldn x'g]] ;fdflhs l;ksf] ljsf; x'G5 ,

• ;dGjo, ;Gt'ng / z/L/sf] nrstfsf] ljsf; x'G5,

• s'/f ug]{ l;k / Wofgk"j{s ;'gfOsf] ljsf; x'G5,

• cGt/JolSt ;DaGwsf] :yfkgf / c¿k|ltsf] ;dfg'e"lt ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; x'G5,

• cfTdljZjf;, lg8/tf, / pQ/bfloTjsf] cg'ej x'G5,

• sfo{ Ifdtf sfo{af]emsf] cg'ej x'G5,

• gsf/fTds lsl;dsf ljutsf 36gf jf cg'e"ltnfO{ la;f{pg db\bt ub{5,

• c?sf] ;d:of a'em\g], km/s dt÷s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ / ;Ddfg ug]{ cflb ;sf/fTds Ifdtfsf] ljsf; x'G5,

• cfk"m, cfˆgf] 3/ kl/jf/, ;dfh / ;+;f/ a'em\gdf ;xof]u k'Ub5 .

!!=%= kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo :t/df cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿

• cfˆgf] kl/jf/df ;Dk"0f{ ;b:ox¿nfO{ afnaflnsfx¿n] v]Ng] kfPsf] 5 jf 5}g eGg] s'/fdf Vofn ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

• ljb\ofno hfg] afnaflnsfsf] ljb\ofnodf x'g] v]n;DaGwL Jojxf/ ljb\ofnosf lzIfsåf/f hfgsf/L lng] / s'g} ;d:ofx¿ ePsf] kfOPdf ;f]af/] ;dfwfgsf] ug'{xf];\ .

• kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ afnaflnsfsf] nflu v]n ;DaGwL dxTTjsf af/]df /fd|f];Fu atfpg'xf];\ .

• :yfgLo ;d'bfodf ;Dej x'g] vfnsf v]nx¿sf] tflnsf agfO{ leQfdf 6fF:g] .

73

v08 afx|afnaflnsfnfO{ nfUg] /f]u, /f]usf] lgoGq0f tyf k|fylds pkrf/ / afnaflnsfx?nfO{ nfUg] k|d'v 3fts /f]ux?


74

!@afnaflnsfnfO{ nfUg] /f]u, /f]usf] lgoGq0f tyf k|fylds pkrf/ / afnaflnsfx?nfO{ nfUg] k|d'v 3fts /f]ux?

afnaflnsfsf] :jf:Yo o'jf lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿ / jo:sx¿sf] eGbf a9L ;+j]bgzLn x'G5 . lzz'cj:yfdf t pgLx¿nfO{ atfpg g} ;d:of x'g] ePsfn] Jojxf/ / nIf0f yfxf kfP/ g} pkrf/ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ufpF ;dfhdf clwsf+z cleefjsnfO{ :jf:Yo lzIff / ;"rgfx¿ g} sd pknAw x'g] x'gfn] ljleGg /f]usf ;ª\qmd0fx¿sf] af/]df yfxf g} gkfO{ clwsf+z afnaflnsfx¿ nfdf] ;do;Dd ljleGg la/fdL eO/x]sf x'G5g\\ . kof{Kt :jf:Yo ;'ljwf gkfPsf ;d'bfodf w]/} afnaflnsfx¿n]] csfnd} Hofg u'dfO{ /x]sf x'G5g\\ . g]kfnsf clwsf+z afnaflnsfx¿df s'kf]if0f ePsf] ljleGg tYo tYofª\sx¿n] b]vfPsf 5g\ . cg';Gwfgx¿sf cg';f/ s'kf]if0fsf] k|d'v sf/0fn] ubf{ afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ nfUg] /f]ux¿sf] ;dod} plrt pkrf/ gx'g' / cleefjsx¿df kf]if0f Joj:yfkgsf af/]df /fd|f] 1fg gx'gfn] g} w]/} afnaflnsfsf] d[To' ePsf] x'G5 . ljZj :jfYo ;ª\u7g / o'lg;]kmsf] tYofª\s cg';f/ g]kfndf %$ k|ltzt afnaflnsfdf s'kf]if0f 5 / ToxL s'kf]if0fsf] sf/0fn] x'g] ljleGg ;ª\qmd0faf6 % jif{ d'lgsf afn d[To'b/ &) k|ltzt 5 . h;df lgdf]lgof, emf8fkvfnf, cf}nf], bfb'/f cflb k|d'v ¿kdf kb{5g\ . of] c;fWo} 8/nfUbf] k|df0f xf] . s]xL k|d'v /f]ux¿sf af/]df tn rrf{ ul/Psf] 5.

!@=!= emf8fkvfnf

xfd|f] ;dfhdf emf8fkvfnf k|fo afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ nfUg] u/]sf] 5 . nuftf/ ltg k6seGbf a9L kftnf] lb;f ePdf emf8fkvfnf nfu]sf] elgG5 . kvfnf / s'kf]if0fsf] bf]xf]/f] ;DaGw x'G5 . lsgls

emf8fkvfnfn] afnaflnsfnfO{ s'kf]if0f u/fpFb5 / s'kf]if0fsf] sf/0fn] klg kvfnf nflu/xG5 . afnaflnsfnfO{ ;fdfGo kvfnf nfu]sf] xf] jf cfpF -;]tf] jf /ftf]_ k/]sf] xf] Tof] klxnf 5'6\ofpg' kb{5 . slxn]sfxLF x}hfsf] ;ª\qmd0f klg ePsf] x'g ;S5 . To;sf] nIf0faf6 5'6\ofpg ;lsG5 .

kvfnf nfUbf b]lvg] lrGxx¿ lgDgcg';f/ x'G5g\\M

• z/L/ lzlyn b]lvg'

• lememf] dfGg'

• d'v, lha|f] ;'Svf x'g'

• ?Fbf cfFvfaf6 cfF;' gcfpg'

• tfn' ufl8g' -!* dlxgf d'lgsf afnaflnsfdf_

1kvfnfsf nIf0fx¿

• lbgdf $ b]lv ^ k6s;Dd kftnf] lb;f x'g'

• clncln k]6 b'Vg'

• clncln Hj/f] cfpg'

;]tf] cfpFsf nIf0fx¿

• a]nfa]nfdf ;fdfGo k]6 b'V5

• afGtf x'Fb}g

• lb;f l;Fufg h:tf] n]:ofOnf] x'G5

• lb;f df5f h:tf] lsl;dsf] uGxfpF5

• bf]xf]l//xg ;S5

/ftf] cfpFsf nIf0fx¿

• k]6 clt b'V5

• afGtf x'g ;S5


75

• Hj/f] cfpF5

• lb;fdf /ut b]vf kb{5

• PSsfl; b]vf kb{5

olb x}hfsf] ;ª\qmd0f /x]5 eg] lgDg nIf0fx¿af6 yfxf kfpg ;lsG5M

!_ PSsfl; ;'? x'G5 @_ rf}nfgL h:t} lb;f x'G5, #_ kfvfnfdf h:t} d'v, lha|f] / cfFvf ;'Svf x'G5 t/ x}hfdf l56\6} g} x'G5, la/fdL lj:tf/} a]xf]; x'g ;S5 .

x}hf ;ª\qmd0f x'Fbf t'?Gt} pkrf/ ug{ ;lsPg eg] arfpg sl7g x'G5 .

emf8fkvfnfsf] pkrf/

emf8fkvfnf x'g yfNb} g} hLjghn v'jfpg yfNg' kb{5 / olb 3/df 5}g ahf/af6 jf l5d]sdf vf]h]/ NofO{ gk'¥ofpFbf;Ddsf nflu pdfn]/ ;]nfPsf] ;kmf kfgL k|z:t dfqfdf lkpg lbg'kb{5 . b'w vfg] aRrfnfO{ lgoldt eGbf a9L g} b'w r';fpg' kb{5 . hLjghn v'jfpFbf v'jfpFb} t'?Gt} :jf:Yo ;+:yf n}hfg' kb{5 lsgls yk cf}ifwL klg v'jfpg' kb{5 .

s;/L agfpg] hLjghn <

pdfn]/ ;]nfPsf] Ps l7Ss ln6/ ;kmf kfgLdf Ps kfs]6 hLjghn ;a} xfNg'kb{5 . cfwf kfs]6 cfwf ln6/df xfNg] jf cln sd jf cln a9L s]xL klg ug'{ x'Fb}g . hLjghn agfO;s]kl5 To;nfO{ km]l/ ttfpg x'Fb}g . kvfnf nfUbf Un'sf]h jf lrgL ld;fOPsf] s'g} klg j:t' v'jfpg' xF'b}g . u]8fu'8Lsf] emf]n jf kmnkm"nsf /; kof{Kt v'jfpg'kb{5 . olb !$ lbg eGbf a9L klg kvfnf eO/Xof] eg] To;nfO{ bL3{ kvfnf elgG5 . o:tf] x'Fbf z/L/df kfgLsf] dfqf ;lsFb} u/sf] x'G5 .

o:tf] cj:yfdf lj:t[t tl/sfn] pkrf/ ug'{kg]{ x'gfn] c:ktfn jf ;'ljwfhgs :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf g} n}hfg' kb{5 . cleefjsn] Wofg lbg' k5{ ls 3/df slxNo} klg hLjghnsf] kfs]6 6'6\g' x'Gg .

emf8fkvfnfsf] /f]syfd ug{ ;lsG5 . To;sf] nflu Go"gtd lgDglnlvt tl/sfx¿ ckgfpg ;lsG5M

• 3/ / 3/jl/kl/ ;w}F ;kmf /fVg], rkL{sf] k|of]u ug]{ / rkL{nfO{ ;w}F ;kmf /fVg], 3/eGbf cnu 7fpFdf kz'kG5L lgolGqt ¿kdf kfNg] h;n] ubf{ lemFuf / nfdv'6\6] gxf];\ . lemFufn] g}} /f]u NofpF5 .

• kl/jf/df ;a}sf] JolStut ;kmfO ;w}F g} eO/xg' kb{5 . afnaflnsfsf] t cem} a9L ug'{ kb{5 / ljz]if u/L s'g} klg vfgf vfg' cl3 / kl5, rkL{ uPkl5, ;fa'g kfgLn] /fd|f];Fu xft w'g] afgLsf] ljsf; ug'{kb{5 .

• sfFrf] vfg] s'/fx¿ -h:t} sfFqmf, d'nf, kmnk"mn cflb_ /fd|f];Fu kvfn]/ dfq vfg], ksfP/ vfg]s'/f /fd|f];Fu kfs]kl5 dfq vfg],

• afnaflnsfx¿ ;'tfpg] jf v]Ng] 7fpFsf] ;/;kmfOdf ;w}+ Wofg k'¥ofpg' kb{5 .

!@=@= Zjf;k|Zjf; tyf lgdf]lgof

g]kfndf Zjf; k|Zjf;;DaGwL :jf:Yo ;d:ofn] clwsf+z afnaflns k|efljt ePsf 5g\ . Zjf;k|Zjf; ;DaGwL plrt x]/rfxsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ cleefjsx¿sf] 1fg / l;kdf sdL eP/ g} of] ;d:of a9]sf] xf] lsgls o;sf] k"0f{ ¿kdf /f]syfd ug{ ;lsG5 . Zjf;k|Zjf;sf cg]sf}F :jf:Yo;d:ofx¿ x'G5g\ . h;dWo] lgdf]lgof g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df k|d'v xf] . o;;DaGwL ;d:ofsf] sf/0f w]/} afnaflnsfx¿sf] d[To' ;d]t ePsf] 5 . Zjf;k|Zjf;;DaGwL ;d:of 5 eg] dflyNnf] xf] jf tNnf] Zjf; k|Zjf; k|0ffnLsf]


76

;ª\qmd0f ePsf] xf], ;f];DaGwL 5'6\ofpg' kb{5 . olb tNnf] Zjf; k|Zjf; k|0ffnLdf ;ª\qmd0f ePsf] xf] eg] lgdf]lgof ePsf] x'g ;Sb5 .

dflyNnf] Zjf;k|Zjf; k|0ffnLdf ;ª\qmd0f ePsf] xf] eg] vf]sL nfU5, ;fdfGo Hj/f] cfpF5 / gfsaf6 l;Fufg aUb5 / olb tNnf] Zjf;k|Zjf; k|0ffnLdf klg ;ª\qmd0f ePsf] xf] eg] dflyNnf] Zjf;k|Zjf; k|0ffnLdf ePsf] ;ª\qmd0fdf eGbf yk ;d:of cfpF5 . h:t} 5ftLdf £of/£of/ cfjfh cfpF5, gfsaf6 Psgf;n] l;Fufg alu/xG5, Zjf; slxn] l56fl56f] km]5{, sf]vf xfG5 cflb . ltg dlxgf eGbf sd pd]/sf lzz'n] Ps ldg]6df ^) k6s eGbf a9L, To;eGbf dfly ! jif{;Ddsf afnaflnsfn] ! ldg]6df %) k6s eGbf a9L, @ jif{ b]lv % jif{;Ddsf afnaflnsfn] Ps ldg]6df $) k6s eGbf a9L Zjf;k|Zjf; ub{5g\ . olb oL dfly plNnlvt nIf0fx¿ 5g\ eg] lgdf]lgof ePsf] x'g;S5 . lgdf]lgofn] k'/} Roflk;s]sf] cj:yf eP To:tf afnaflnsfx¿n] emsf]{ dfGg], nf]nfpg], /fd|f];Fu b'w r':g g;Sg] x'G5g\\ . o:tf] cj:yf ePdf t t'?Gt} :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf pkrf/sf nflu n}hfg' kb{5 / k"0f{ ¿kn] lgoldt cf}ifwL v'jfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . olb nuftf/ Ps dlxgf;Dd klg afnaflnsfn] vf]ls/x]df nx/] vf]sL jf 6L=aL= ePsf] klg x'g;Sb5 / £of/£of/ bf]xf]l//x]df bd ePsf] klg x'g ;Sb5 . To;af/] t'?Gt} yfxf kfpg / cfjZos pkrf/ ug{' kg]{ x'gfn] :jf:Yo ;+:yf n}hfg' kb{5 .

cleefjsn] ;w}F Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/f s] xf] eg] Hj/f] s'g} lsl;dsf] /f]u jf ;ª\qmd0f xf]Og a? s'g} lsl;dsf] /f]u jf ;ª\qmd0f ePsf] sf/0fn] rflxF Hj/f] cfPsf] x'G5 . afnaflnsfnfO{ Hj/f] cfpg'sf c? klg w]/} sf/0f x'g;S5g\ . d'v, 3fF6L, sfg, d'qgnL cflbsf] ;ª\qmd0f ePsf] x'gfn] Hj/f] cfPsf] x'g;S5 . slxn]sfxLF efO/; gfds ljiff0f'sf sf/0fn] dl:tis Hj/f] -d]lgGhfOl6;_ ePsf] klg x'g;S5 . d]lgGhfOl6;sf] sf/0fn]

Hj/f] cfPsf] eP yk lrGx¿ h:t}M 6fpsf] b'Vg], afGtf x'g], 3fF6L c//f] x'g], pHofnf]df lxF8\g g;Sg], 5fnfdf lgnf jf xNsf sfnf bfux¿ b]lvg ;Sg],

!* dlxgf eGbf sd pd]/sf afnaflnsfx¿sf] tfn' pS;g], e'Dd eP/ ;':tfpg] cflb b]lvg

;S5 . a:tL cg';f/ h:t}M 6f/, a];L / t/fO{ cflbdf cf}nf]sf] ;ª\qmd0fsf sf/0fn] klg Hj/f] cfPsf] x'g ;Sb5 .

!@=#= s'kf]if0f

:jf:Yo;DaGwL cWoogx¿n] atfPcg';f/ t g]kfnsf k|fo ;a} dflg;x¿df s'kf]if0f 5 . To;df klg afnaflnsfx¿ clws dfqfdf s'kf]lift 5g\ . s'kf]if0fn] afnaflnsfsf] ;Dk"0f{ ljsf;df gsf/fTds k|efj kfb{5 . kf]if0f k'u]sfnfO{ eGbf s'kf]if0f ePsf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ljleGg lsl;dsf ;ª\qmd0f x'g] ;Defjgf a9L g} x'G5 . pd]/ cg';f/sf] tf}n gx'g', vfgf gvfg', sdhf]/ x'g', 3/L3/L cg]sf}F lsl;dsf ;ªqmd0fn] la/fdL agfO/xg', emsf]{ dflg/xg' o;sf k|d'v nIf0fx¿ x'g\ .

afnaflnsfnfO{ s'kf]if0f ePsf] 5 eg]/ ljleGg nIf0fx¿af6 yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . d'Vo u/L pd]/ cg';f/ ga9\g', skfn kftnf] / v}/f] x'Fb} hfg', k'm;|f] b]lvg' -/St cNktf_, d'vdf 3fpvl6/fx¿ cfpg', d'v / tfn' ;'Vvf x'g' -hnljlgof]hg_, xftuf]8f eGbf k]6 7"nf] x'g', cflb . w]/} ;do;Dd s'kf]if0f ePsf afnaflnsfx¿sf] rfs ;'s]/ rfp/L kg{ yfNb5 / cg'xf/ a'9\of}nL h:tf] b]lvg yfNb5 eg] xft uf]8f k'mNg yfNb5 . of] ;'s]gf; af6 k'ms]gf; ePsf] cj:yf xf] . s'kf]if0fn] u|:t ePsf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ c? klg ;ª\qmd0fx¿ x'g yfNb5g\\ h:t}M ;w}F emf8fkvfnf nflu/xg], lgdf]lgof x'g], lk;fagnLdf ;ª\qmd0f x'g], Ifo/f]u -l6=aL=_ x'g] cflb .


77

c? b]zsf afl;Gbfx¿eGbf g]kfnLx¿ rflxF k|fo xf]rf x'g'sf] w]/} sf/0fx¿df d'Vo sf/0f aRrf cj:yfdf nfdf] ;do;Dd s'kf]if0f ePsfn] g} xf] . vfgfsf] cefjsf] sf/0fn] dfq afnaflnsfx¿df s'kf]if0f x'g] xf]Og a? ePsf vfgfnfO{ ;Gt'lnt -;a} kf]ifs TTj ldNg] u/L_ Jojl:yt gagfPsf] x'gfn] klg x'G5 . To;}n] wgLsf afnaflnsfx¿df klg s'kf]if0f x'g;S5, cyf{t\ afnaflnsfsf] j[b\lw ljsf; x'g] lsl;dsf vfb\o TTjsf] gkfPsf sf/0fn] g} clwsf+z afnaflnsfdf ;'s]gf; x'g] xf] . To:t} ;fdfGo cj:yfsf] la/fdL x'Fbf g} :jf:Yo hfFr u/fO{ lgodk"j{s cf}ifwLsf] k|of]u gugf{n] klg x'g ;S5 . clwsf+z afnaflnsfdf s'kf]if0f cleefjss} sf/0fn] x'g] u/]sf] 5 .

cfdfsf] b'w /fd|f];Fu vfO/x]sf afnaflnsfnfO{ s8f lsl;dsf s'kf]if0f x'g] ;Defjg lgs} sd x'G5 . ;fdfGo lsl;dsf s'kf]if0f afx]s b'O{ jif{eGbf sd pd]/sf afnaflnsfx¿sfdf s8f lsl;dsf] s'kf]if0f b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\\ – ;'s]gf; / k'ms]gf; .

;'s]gf; – b'Anf] eP/ ha 5fnf g} rfp/L -d'hf_ kg{ yfNb5, To;a]nf s'kf]if0fsf] ;'s]gf; cj:yf x'g yfNb5 . z/L/df df;' 36]/ dfq} xf]Og, af];f] klg 36]/ 5fnf rfp/L k/]sf] xf] . s'kf]if0f x'g yfn]kl5 j[b\lw ljsf; sd x'g yfN5 eg] ;'s]gf; ePkl5 t /f]lsG5 klg . To;}n] pd]/ cg';f/sf] prfO gk'u]sf] xf] . nfdf] ;do;Dd ;'s]gf; ePkl5 pd]/cg';f/ x'g' kg]{ eGbf &) k|ltzt;Dd tf}n sd x'G5 . ljleGg lsl;dsf vfgfx¿af6 kfOg] ljleGg lsl;dsf vfb\o TTjx¿ afnaflnsfsf] z/L/n] k|fKt ug{ g;s]sf sf/0f s'kf]if0f x'g] x'gfn] ;'s]gf;sf] cj:yfdf k'u]sf xf] . h:t} le6fldg P sf ;fy} ;a} lsl;dsf le6fldgx¿, vfgfdf kfOg] vlgh tTTj, k|f]l6g÷SoflN;od, cfof]l8g, cfO/g, DofUg]l;od, lhª\s, lrNnf] kbfy{ cflb .

s'kf]if0f nuftf/ Ps xKtfb]lv Ps dlxgf;Dd eO/Xof] eg] ;'s]gf; x'G5 .

k'ms]gf; – b'O{b]lv rf/ jif{ pd]/sf afnaflnsfnfO{ k'ms]gf; x'G5 / ;'s]gf; ePkl5sf] s]xL lbg jf xKtf leq} klg k'ms]gf; b]vf kg{ ;Sb5 . cyf{t\ ;'s]gf; x''Fbf g} kf]if0f;DaGwL pkrf/ ePg eg] km's]gf; ;'? x'g yfNb5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf xft uf]8f -k}tfnf_ af6 ;'lGgPsf] h:tf] b]lvg yfNb5 / lj:tf/} ;'lGgg] efu a9\b} cfpF5 . 5fnf kf]n]/ kmf]sf p7]sf] h:tf] b]lvg yfNb5 . skfn kftnf] / v}/f] x'g'sf ;fy} tfGbf gb'vLsg pv]lnG5 . To;sf nuQ} afnaflnsf l;ls:t} la/fdL x'g yfNb5 . clt s'kf]lift afnaflnsfx¿sf] /Strfk klg u9a9 x'g], xftuf]8f lr;f] x'g] / a]xf]; x'g] cj:yf x'G5 . o; cj:yfdf k'u]kl5 afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ arfpg lgs} wf}wf} k5{ . To;}n] o:tf] cj:yfdf k'u]kl5 7"nf c:ktfndf g} pkrf/sf] nflu n}hfg kg]{ x'G5 .

To;}n] afnaflnsfnfO{ ;fdfGo s'kf]if0fsf] cj:yfdf g} :jf:YosdL{x¿;Fu :jf:Yo hfFr u/fOxfNg' kb{5 / pgLx¿sf] ;Nnfx adf]lhd g} lgodk"j{s kf]if0fsf] Joj:yfkg ug'{ cfjZos 5 . kf]if0f;DaGwL o;} k':tssf] csf]{ zLif{sdf o;sf] Joj:yfkgsf af/]df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

kmnk"mnsf /;sf ;fy} ;jf]{Qd lk7f] o;sf] ;jf]{Qd pkrf/ xf] . s'kf]if0f ePsf] a]nfdf of] lk7f] nufot cGo vfb\o TTj / cf}ifwLsf] k|of]u pd]/cg';f/ ug'{kb{5 . s'g dfqfdf / s;/L o;sf] k|of]u ug]{ eGg]af/] :jf:YosdL{;Fu g} lng cfjZos 5, lsgls cf}ifwL v'jfpg] tl/sf / dfqf ldnfOPg eg] cf}ifwLn] s'g} sfd gug{ ;S5 / emg\ ;d:of ylkg] ;Defjgf klg x'g;Sb5 .

pd]/ cg';f/ kRg] u/L ;jf]{Qd lk7f], df;' jf cG8f, kmnk"mn, b'w, xl/of]kl/of] cflb s'kf]if0faf6


78

hf]ufpg dfq geO{ ljleGg /f]u nfUgaf6 arfpg / z/Ll/s tyf af}b\lws ljsf;sf nflu cTofjZos 5 . s'kf]if0faf6 arfpg kf]if0fsf af/]df cleefjsx¿n] /fd|f];Fu hfgsf/L xfl;n ug'{sf ;fy} To;sf] plrt Joj:yfkgsf af/]df sfo{ l;ksf] cfjZos 5 . To;sf nflu o; ;|f]t k':tssf] kf]if0f zLif{s /fd|f];Fu cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 .

s'kf]if0faf6 hf]ufpg cfdfsf] b'wsf] 7'nf] dxTTj 5 . hGd]sf] 5 dlxgf;Dd k"0f{¿kdf cfdfsf] b'w dfq} v'jfpg] / 5 dlxgfb]lv Ps jif{sf] pd]/;Dd k|To]s lbg sDtLdf rf/ k6s;Dd To:tf yk vfgf v'jfpg'kb{5 . b'O{ jif{ eGbf dflysf afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu lbgsf] ltg k6s 3/sf] kl/jf/;Fu} h] kfs]sf] 5, Tof] / afFsL sDtLdf @ k6s c? kf}li6s vfgf v'jfpg'kb{5 t/ :tgkfg u/fpg klg 5f]8\g' x'Fb}g . s'kf]if0f ePsf] afnaflnsfnfO{ arfpg ;Sg] lsl;dn] yf]/} yf]/} u/L lbgsf] kfFr k6s;Dd vfgf v'jfpg' kg]{ x'G5 .

ofqfdf x'Fbf hu]8f vfgf ;lsPdf / ef]s nfu]sf] cj:yfdf s'g} ljsNk 5}g eg] dfq tTsfnsf] nflu dfq ahf/df kfOg] tof/L vfgf v'jfpg ;lsG5 t/ klg kfs]6sf g'lgnf vfgf eg] ;s];Dd v'jfpg' xF'b}g . ;s];Dd v'jfpg gx'g]df h:t}M kfs]6sf tof/L rfprfp, lj:s'6, rSn]6, lrhan, sd'{/], n]h, s'lsh, lrK;\, sf]s÷k]mG6f÷k|'m6L jf To:tf s'g} klg gfdsf kbfy{x¿ x'g\ . t/ tfhf kmnk"mn jf To;sf] /; k]n]/ h'; vfg lbg eg] ;lsG5 .

!@=$= bfb'/f

afnaflnsfnfO{ ?3fvf]sL nfUg], Hj/f] cfpg] / lhpdf ;;fgf /ftf ljld/f cfpg] nIf0f b]lvPdf bfb'/f cfPsf] x'g;S5 . To:Tff] b]lvPdf t'?Gt}

:jf:Yo ;+:yfdf n}hfg k5{ . bfb'/fsf] vf; pkrf/ t 5}g, To;}n] /fd|f] x]/rfx ug'{ kb{5 . To;sf] sf/0fn] c? ;ª\qmd0f x'gaf6 arfpg :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf g} n}hfg' k/]sf] xf] . kfFr jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsfnfO{ bfb'/fsf hLjf0f'n] l56f] cfqmd0f ub{5 . /fd|f] x]/rfx / ;fjwfgL gckgfpFbf bfb'/fsf] sf/0f afnaflnsfnfO{ lgdf]lgof, emf8fkvfnf, s'kf]if0f cflb x'g] / To;n] klg u|:t kf/]kl5 d[To' klg x'g;Sb5 . bfb'/fsf] pkrf/ g} afnaflnsf ( dlxgfsf] ePkl5 bfb'/fsf] vf]k lbg' g} xf] . bfb'/f cfPsf] afnaflnsfnfO{ le6fldg P SofK;'n v'jfpg} kb{5 .

!@=%= cf}nf]

cf}nf] k|efljt If]qsf afnaflnsfnfO{ Hj/f] cfPsf] 5 eg] cf}nf]sf] Hj/f] klg x'g;Sb5 . cf}nf]sf] Hj/f] cfpFbf sfdHj/f] cfpF5, kl;gf klg cfpF5, skfn b'V5 . cf}nf]sf] Hj/f] % jif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsfnfO{ a9L vt/f x'g;S5 To;}n] z+sf nfUgf ;fy t'?Gt} :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf pkrf/sf nflu nluxfNg' kb{5 . of] Ps lsl;dsf] nfdv'6\6]sf] 6f]sfOaf6 nfUg] x'gfn] kl/jf/sf ;a}hgf e'mnleq ;'Tg' g} o;af6 aRg] ;xL pkfo xf] . 3/sf dflg;n] 3/jl/kl/sf emf/kft x6fpg' kb{5 / kfgL hDg] vfN8fv'N8L k'/]/ st} klg kfgL hDg lbg' x'Gg / kfgL hDg] j:t'x¿ jf efF8fs'8f klg 3/ jl/kl/ /fVg x'Fb}g . 3/ s/];f, cfFug, rkL{ cflb ;w} ;kmf ul//xg' kb{5 . cf}nf]sf] pkrf/ x'G5 t/ t'?Gt} ;'? ul/xfNg' kb{5 .

oL plNnlvt kfFr lsl;dsf afn d[To'b/df k|efj kfg]{ /f]ux¿sf] pkrf/ Joj:yfkgdf g]kfn ;/sf/ :jf:Yo tyf hg;ª\Vof dGqfnon] afn/f]usf] PsLs[t Joj:yfkg;DaGwL cleofg b]z}el/ ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 .


79

!@=^ afnaflnsfsf nflu vf]k

afn d[To'af6 arfpg vf]ksf] klxnf] e"ldsf x'G5 . lgoldt / /fli6«o sfo{qmd u/L b'O{ lsl;daf6 vf]k sfo{qmd ;~rflnt 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/ :jf:Yo tyf hg;ª\Vof dGqfnocGtu{t ufpF tx;Dd vf]ksf] ;]jf ;~rfng ul/Fb} cfPsf] 5 . afnaflnsfnfO{ tf]lsPcg';f/ ;Dk"0f{ vf]k k'/f u/]df Ifo /f]u -6L=aL=_, Eofu't] /f]u, nx/] vf]sL, wg'i6ª\sf/, x]kf6fO6; aL, x]df]kmfOn; ODˆnf]ghf aL, lgdf]lgof d]g]GhfOl6;, kf]lnof] dfOnfOl6;, bfb'/f, hfkflgh OG;]kmnfOl6;

/f]uaf6 arfpg ;lsG5 . o;sf ;fy} cfdf / aRrfnfO{ wg'i6ª\sf/ /f]uaf6 arfpg ue{jtL dlxnfnfO{ 6L=6L= vf]k nufOG5 / ljb\ofno vf]k sfo{qmddfkm{t lszf]/Lx¿nfO{ klg 6L=6L= vf]k nufOG5 . cleefjsx¿n] ljb\ofnodf o:tf] vf]k nufP gnufPsf] hfgsf/L lng' kb{5 .

!@=&= kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo :t/df cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿

• kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿ ;a}nfO{ afnaflnsfnfO{ x'g] 3fts /f]usf] /f]syfd tyf pkrf/ Joj:yf / kl/jf/sf] e"ldsfsf af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg' u/fpg'xf];\ .

• afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu afnaflnsfnfO{ nfUg] 3fts /f]usf ;DaGwdf :s'ndfkm{t\ klg ;r]tgf u/fpg cfjZos ;xof]u ug'{xf];\ .

• afnaflnsfsf] nflu x'g] 3fts /f]ux¿sf] /f]syfd 3/df g} kl/jf/sf] xf]l;of/L / lhDd]jf/Ldf /f]syfd ug{ ;lsg] s'/fx¿sf af/]df kl/jf/ / ;Dej eP;Dd cfkmGt / l5d]sL;Fu klg ;dofg's"n 5nkmn rnfpg'xf];\ .

vf]k tflnsf

vf]ksf] gfd /f]u lj?b\w nufpg] pd]/ nufpg] k6s

aL=;L=hL= Ifo/f]u hGd]sf] Ps jif{ leq Ps k6s

8L=kL=6L=,

x]kf6fO6; aL= x]df]kmfOn; aL=

Eofu't] /f]u, nx/]vf]sL, wg'i6ª\sf/, x]kf6fO6; aL= x]df]kmfOn; OGˆnf]Ghf aL=

hGd]sf] ^xKtf, !) xKtf

/ !$ xKtfdf

# k6s $÷$ xKtfsf] km/sdf

kf]lnof] kf]lnof] hGd]sf] ^ xKtf, !) xKtf / !$ xKtfdf

# k6s $÷$ xKtfsf] km/sdf

bfb'/f bfb'/f hGd]sf] ( dlxgf k'/f ePkl5 ! jif{leq

Ps k6s

hfkflgh OG;]ˆnfO6;

hfkflgh OG;]ˆnfO6; !@ b]lv !# dlxgfleq Ps k6s

6L=6L= wg'i6ª\sf/ ue{jtL ePkl5 o xKtfsf] km/sdf

@ k6s


80

!@=*= k|fylds pkrf/

k|foh;f] dflg;x¿nfO{ k|fylds pkrf/af6 dflg;sf] Hofg arfpg ;lsG5 eGg] s'/fsf] 1fg eP tfklg of] l;k l;Sg ;lhnf] / ;fdfGo s'/f xf] eGg]af/] yfxf xF'b}g . k|fylds pkrf/ eGgfn] s'g} JolStnfO{ rf]6k6s nfUbf jf cs:dft la/fdL kbf{ ul/g] ;xfotf xf] .

b'vfO jf lk8f sd ug{ / rf]6 k6saf6 x'g hfg] IfltnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ / Hofg ;d]t arfpgsf] nflu ;Dej x'g] x'Fbf k|fylds pkrf/ Hofb} dxTTjk"0f{ ;]jf xf] . kl/l:yltx¿ ;fwf/0fb]lv hl6n lsl;dsf klg x'g ;S5g\ . cfwf/e"t l;kx¿ l;s]/ xfdL ljleGg hl6n kl/l:yltnfO{ s;/L ;fdgf ug{ ;S5f}F eGg] af/]df l;Sg ;lsG5 .

b'3{6gf x'g] / rf]6k6s nfUg] h:tf s'/fx¿ s'g} klg ;do / :yfgdf ckem{6 ¿kdf x'g ;S5g\ . olb s'g} ;dodf b'3{6gf eOxfn]sf] v08df b'3{6gfdf k/]sf] JolStnfO{ hlt ;Sbf] l56f] ;'/Iff ug]{ / ;fwf/0f rf]6k6s nfu]sf] eP oyflz3| k|fylds pkrf/ ul/xfNg'k5{ . xfdLn] t'?Gt} u/]sf] ;xof]un] kLl8tsf] cj:yfnfO{ a9L hl6n x'g glbO{ vt/fd'Qm agfpg klg ;lsG5 .

!@=*=!= k|fylds pkrf/sf] pb\b]Zo

k|fylds pkrf/sf] d'Vo pb\b]Zo hf]lvddf k/]sf] JolStsf] Hofg arfpg', lk8f sd u/fpg', kLl8tsf] cj:yfnfO{ a9L hl6n x'gaf6 arfpg', ;fwf/0f rf]6k6s nfu]sf], kf]n]sf] jf hgjf/x¿n] 6f]s]sf] 3fpsf] ;fdfGo pkrf/ ug'{, 36gf 36]sf] :yfg jl/kl/ ePsf] le8 / xNnfvNnf sd ug'{ / hf]lvddf k/]sf JolStnfO{ l56f] eGbf l56f] ;xL pkrf/sf nflu glhssf] :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf n}hfg' xf] .

!@=*=@= k|fylds pkrf/sf l;b\wfGtx¿M

;Dej ePdf x/]s JolStdf k|fylds pkrf/af/] 1fg / l;ksf] ljsf; x'g' h?/L 5 . k|fylds pkrf/ ug]{ JolSt;Fu cfjZos ;ª\Vof / lsl;dsf ;fdu|L;lxtsf] k|fylds pkrf/ afs; /xg' h?/L 5 . k|fylds pkrf/ oyflz3| / gcQflnsg lbg'k5{ . k|fylds pkrf/ ug]{ JolStn] pkrf/ ubf{ s'g ;d:ofnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] eg]/ lg0f{o u/L pkrf/ ug{'k5{ . h:t}M olb hf]lvddf k/]sf] JolStn] sl:;Psf] n'uf nufPsf] 5 eg] v's'nf] kf/]/ ;f; km]g{ ;lhnf] agfpg'k5{ .

z/L/sf] s'g} cª\uaf6 /ut alu/x]sf] ePdf ;j{k|yd /ut /f]Sg] sfd ug'{k5{ . olb hf]lvddf k/]sf] JolStnfO{ ;f; km]g{ uf¥xf] kl//x]sf] 5 eg] s[lqd Zjf;k|Zjf; u/fpg' kg]{ x'g;Sb5 .

!@=*=#= b'3{6gfsf ;Defljt sf/s tTTjx¿M

xfd|f] 3/nfO{ ;aeGbf ;'/lIft :yfg dflgG5 . slxn]sfxLF cfˆg} 3/d} klg g/fd|f] lsl;dsf] b'3{6gfx¿ x'g ;Sb5 . olb xfdLx¿n] ;fjwfgL ckgfPgf}F eg] xfd|f s]6fs]6Lx¿ klg s'g} lsl;dsf vt/fdf kg{ ;S5g\ . To;}n] xfdLn] ;Defljt vt/fnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ rgfvf] x'g' h?/L x'G5 . vf; u/L b'3{6gf x'g'sf] k5fl8 lgDg # lsl;dsf sf/s TTjx¿ kb{5g\ M

!=afnaflnsf@= j:t'#= jftfj/0f

afnaflnsf M afnaflnsfn] a'e\mg] ePkl5 cleefjsåf/f s'g s'/f ;'/lIft 5 / s'g s'/f c;'/lIft 5 eGg] s'/f l;sfpg'k5{ . tftf], ltvf] jf wfl/nf], ulx/f], cflb h:tf ;fjwfgL hgfpg] zAbx¿ l;sfpg'kb{5 / afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;fjwfgL u/fpg' kb{5 . afnaflnsfnfO{ cfkm"n]


81

d'vdf s]xL xfn]/ v]Ng' xF'b}g eg]/ l;sfpg'k5{ .

afnaflnsfnfO{ v's'nf] sk8f, clNemg] jf a]l/g ;Sg] wfuf] jf 8f]/Lsf] k|of]u ug'{ x'Fb}g . o;n] ubf{ pgLx¿ 3fF6Ldf a]l/P/ lg;fl;g klg ;S5g\ . afnaflnsfnfO{ Knfl:6ssf] emf]nfdf v]Ng / cfuf]af6 6f9f /xg klg l;sfpg'k5{ . ;Dej eP;Dd 3/df afnaflnsfsf] x]/rfx ug]{ w/fnf]nfO{ klg k|fylds pkrf/sf] af/]df ;fdfGo hfgsf/L lbg' cfjZos x'G5 .

j:t'M afa'cfdfn] cfˆgf afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu vt/f x'g] lsl;dsf j:t'x¿ k|of]u ug'{ x'Fb}g . afnaflnsfnfO{ wfl/nf], ltvf v]nf}gfx¿, nfdf] 8f]/L jf wfuf] h:tf hf]lvdk"0f{ j:t'x¿ v]Ng lbgfn] b'3{6gfx¿ x'g ;Sb5g\ . v]nf}gf lbFbf km'6g] / 6'qmf x'g] v]nf}gf -afnaflnsfn] lgNg ;Sg] ;Defjgf ePsfn]_ To:tf v]nf}gf lbg'x'Fb}g . ;fgf] pd]/sf afnaflnsfnfO{ s8f vfnsf] rsn]6 / e'6]sf] ds} h:tf rkfpg] vfnsf vfg]s'/f lbg'x'Fb}g . v's'/L, 5'/L, r'n]F;L, An]8, l;of], snd, r:df cflb h:tf j:t'x¿nfO{ afnaflnsfn] ge]6\g] 7fpFdf /fVg' kb{5 . l;Ssf / u/uxgf h:tf j:t'x¿nfO{ klg afnaflnsfn] e]6\g] 7fpFdf /fVg' xF'b}g .

jftfj/0fM jftfj/0f cGtu{t efG5f sf]7f, ;'Tg]÷a:g] sf]7f, vfgf vfg] sf]7f÷7fpF, 3/ jl/kl/, e\mofn, 9f]sf, e¥ofª, afb{nL, sf};L cflb kb{5g\ .e"FO{ w]/} lrKnf] gagfpg], df]hf dfq nufP/ lxF88'n ug{ glbg], 3/sf] dflyNnf] tnfdf alnof] 5]saf/ nufpg], cfO/g nufpFbf afnaflnsfnfO{ jl/kl/ cfpg glbg] / sfd ;s]kl5 klg afnaflnsfn] ge]6\g] / ;'/lIft :yfgdf /fVg], afnaflnsfn] v]Ng] 7fpFsf] jl/kl/ vfN6f v'N6L aGg glbg], s'v'/f, k/]jf,s's'/, la/fnf] h:tf 3/ kfn'jf kz'kG5L / hgjf/x¿nfO{ 5f8} /fVg] h:tf sfo{x¿n] klg ljleGg lsl;dsf b'3{6gfx¿ x'g;S5g\ .

!@=*=$= k|fylds pkrf/ afs;

k|fylds pkrf/ afs; o:tf] afs; xf], h;df ckem{6 cfjZostf kg{ ;Sg] cf}ifwL / ;dfu|Lx¿ /flvPsf] x'G5 . k|fylds pkrf/ afs;df oyf;So w]/} y/Lsf cTofjZos ;fdu|L / cf}ifwLx¿ /flv/xg' kb{5 . h;n] ubf{ cfjZos kbf{ t'?Gt} k|of]u ug{ ;lsof];\ . afs;df olt g} lsl;d / kl/df0fdf ;fdu|Lx¿ /fVg'k5{ eGg] geP tfklg hlt;Sbf] a9L lsl;dsf ;fdfgx¿ /fVbf cfjZos k/]sf] ;dodf w]/} sfd lbG5 . slt lsl;dsf ;fdu|Lx¿ /fVg] eGg] s'/f kl/jf/sf] ;ª\Vof / cfk"m;Fu ePsf] ;fdu|Ldf klg e/ kb{5 .

k|fylds pkrf/ afs; tof/ ubf{ Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fx¿

• ;fdfgx¿ cfjZostf k/]sf] ;dodf t'?Gt k|fKt ug{ ;lsof];\ eGgfsf] nflu 7'nf] afs; x'g' kb{5 .

• Knfl:6s jf l6gsf] afs; 6Dd lasf]{ nufpg ldNg] / kfgL gk:g] lsl;dsf] x'g'k5{ .

• cfjZostf k/]sf] ;dodf hf] sf]xLn] klg e]6\g ;lsg] u/L afs;sf] aflx/ k6\l6 b]lvg] u/L /]8qm;sf] lrGx jf k|fylds pkrf/ afs; jf cª\u|]hLdf First Aid Box n]Vg' kb{5 .

• afs;sf] aflx/ k6\l6 cfkt\sfnLg ;dodf kmf]g ug{ cfjZos gDa/x¿ h:t} k|x/L, PDa'n]G;, bdsn, kl/jf/sf] 8fS6/ jf glhssf] :jf:YosdL{ cflbsf] kmf]g gDa/ n]v]/ /fVg'kb{5 .

• kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:ox¿n] afs; sxfF 5 / afs;leq s] s:tf ;fdu|Lx¿ 5g\ eGg] yfxf kfpg ;fdfgsf] ;"rL x'g'kb{5 .

• k|fylds pkrf/ afs;df ;fdfgsf] k|of]u s;/L ug]{ eg]/ yfxf kfpg Pp6f k|fylds pkrf/ lgb]{lzsf ;d]t /fVg'k5{ .


82

• afs;df /x]sf] ;fdu|Lx¿ ;lsgf;fy t'?Gt} cfk"lt{ ug'{k5{ / ldlt gf3]sf / sfd gnfUg] ePsf ;fdfgx¿nfO{ kmfn]/ gofF cfk"lt{ ug'{k5{ .

• kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿n] la/fdL ePsf] avt pkr/sf nflu 8fS6/sf] l;kmfl/;df vl/b ul/Psf cf}ifwLx¿ 5g\ eg] k|fylds pkrf/ afs;df /fVg' x'Fb}g .

!@=*=%= ;fdfGo /f]u / b'3{6gfdf ug{ ;lsg] k|fylds pkrf/

Hj/f] cfPdfM Hj/f] cfkm}F /f]u xf]Og . of] ljleGg /f]ux¿sf] nIf0f xf] . a9L Hj/f] cfpg' s]6fs]6Lx¿sf] nflu vt/f x'g;S5 . Hj/f] cfPdf n'ufn] 9fSg' x'Fb}g, a? afnaflnsfsf] n'uf km'sflnlbg' k5{, h;n] ubf{ Hj/f] 36fpg ;xof]u k'U5 . tfhf xfjf jf atf;n] Hj/f] cfPsf] JolStnfO{ xflg ub}{g .

a? Hj/f] 36fpg ;xof]u ub{5 . Hj/f] 36fpg l;6fdf]n v'jfpg'k5{ / w]/} emf]lnnf] s'/fx¿ v'jfpg'k5{ . ;Dej ePdf Hj/f]sf] sf/0f kQf nufP/ cfjZos pkrf/ ug'{k5{ . s]6fs]6LnfO{ w]/} Hj/f] cfPsf] 5 / o;nfO{ rfF8f] 36fpg ;lsPg

eg] kl/0ffd :j¿k dGb a'b\lw, 5f/] /f]u, kIf3ft

;d]t x'g;S5 . w]/} Hj/f] cfPdf kª\vfn] xlDsg], lgwf/df kfgL k6\l6 nufpg] / l;6fdf]n v'jfpg] ug'{k5{ . oltubf{ klg Hj/f] g36]df pko'St pkrf/ t'?Gt :jf:YosdL{ jf lrlsT;ssf] db\bt lng' kb{5 .

3fF6Ldf s'g} j:t' cl8\sPdfM ;d:ofdf k/]sf] JolStsf] k5fl8 pleP/ b'j} xftn] sDd/df

;dft]/ k]6nfO{ dflylt/ ws]lnlbg' k5{ . h;n] ubf{ kmf]S;f]df bafa kgf{n] Ps} k6s 7"nf] Zjf; aflx/ lgl:sFbf c8\lsPsf] j:t' aflx/ lgl:sg ;S5 . cfjZostf k/]df of] k|lqmof bf]xf]/\ofpg

;lsG5 .

Rff]6k6s nfu]df /St;|fjsf] /f]syfdM rf]6 nfu]sf] 3fpnfO{ 6fpsf] eGbf dfly x'g] u/L p7fpg] / eP;Dd ;kmf sk8fn] gePdf xftn] 3fpnfO{ !% ldg]6 hlt lyr]/ /St;|fj x'g glbg] . /St;|fj /f]Sgsf nflu w'nf], ufO{sf] uf]a/, skmL, dl§t]n cflb h:tf j:t'x¿ nufpg' x'Fb}g .

gfsaf6 /ut au]dfM gfsaf6 /ut au]df

k|fylds pkrf/ afs;df /xg] cfwf/e"t ;fdu|Lx¿ M

k|fylds pkrf/ lgb]{lzsf yfg ! hLjghn % Kofs]6

3fp ;kmf ubf{ k|of]u ul/g] 6]k yfg ! /a/sf] kGhf @ hf]/

lgd{nLs/0f ul/Psf] uhKof8 yfg % 6«]ªu'n/ JofG8]h yfg @ xft w'g] ;fa'g yfg !

ydf]{ld6/ yfg ! PlG6;]km\l6s ;f]n';g ! af]Qn skf;sf] ;fgf] /f]n yfg !

PlG6afof]l6s dnd yfg ! wfl/nf] lsl;dsf] s}FrL jf rSs' yfg !

3fpsf] kmf]sf kmf]g] l;of] yfg ! JofG8]h k|of]u ubf{ cfjZos kg]{ ;]km\6L lkgx¿ yfg %

JofG8]h yfg % emf8fkvfnf nfUbf, k]6 b'Vbf k|of]u ul/g] cf}ifwLx¿ %÷% 6\ofAn]6

bfx|L sf6\g] An]8 yfg ! PlG6Pnlh{s dnd yfg !


83

k|fylds pkrf/ afs;df /xg] cfwf/e"t ;fdu|Lx¿ M

k|fylds pkrf/ lgb]{lzsf yfg ! hLjghn % Kofs]6

3fp ;kmf ubf{ k|of]u ul/g] 6]k yfg ! /a/sf] kGhf @ hf]/

lgd{nLs/0f ul/Psf] uhKof8 yfg % 6«]ªu'n/ JofG8]h yfg @ xft w'g] ;fa'g yfg !

ydf]{ld6/ yfg ! PlG6;]km\l6s ;f]n';g ! af]Qn skf;sf] ;fgf] /f]n yfg !

PlG6afof]l6s dnd yfg ! wfl/nf] lsl;dsf] s}FrL jf rSs' yfg !

3fpsf] kmf]sf kmf]g] l;of] yfg ! JofG8]h k|of]u ubf{ cfjZos kg]{ ;]km\6L lkgx¿ yfg %

JofG8]h yfg % emf8fkvfnf nfUbf, k]6 b'Vbf k|of]u ul/g] cf}ifwLx¿ %÷% 6\ofAn]6

bfx|L sf6\g] An]8 yfg ! PlG6Pnlh{s dnd yfg !

gx8a8fO{sg sl/a !) ldg]6;Dd gfs ;dfP/ a:g] . s]xL ;do kl5 gfssf] b'j} Kjfndf skf;n] aGb u/]/ xftn] ;d]t ;dfP/ /fVg] . /ut aUg /f]lsPkl5 klg s]xL 306f;Ddsf] nflu gfssf] b'j} Kjfndf skf;n] aGb ul/lbg] . s]xL ;dokl5 lj:tf/} skf; lemlslbg' k5{ . skf; lemSbf /ut hd]sf] kfOPdf To;nfO{ sf]6\ofpg' x'Fb}g . t/ jo:s jf kfsf] pd]/sf dflg;sf] eg] gfssf] k5fl8lt/af6 /ut aUg] ePsf]n] sf7sf] 6'qmf jf ds}sf] vf]of bfFtn] 6f]sL gxlNnO{sg cufl8lt/ em's]/ a:g'k5{ . o:tf] ubf{ y's lgNg x'Fb}g .

kf]n]dfM kmf]sf gp7\g] u/L ;fdfGo ¿kdf kf]n]sf] v08df b'vfO{ sd u/fpg t'?Gt lr;f] kfgLdf 8'afpg] . o;sf] nflu cGo pkrf/ cfjZos kb}{g . kmf]sf p7\g] u/L kf]n]df kmf]sf km'6fpg' x'Fb}g . t/ kmf]sf p7]/ km'6]df pdfn]/ ;]nfPsf] lr;f] kfgL / ;fa'gn] 3fpnfO{ w'g'k5{ / lgd{nLs/0f ul/Psf] Eof;lngnfO{ uhdf /fvL kf]n]sf] 7fFpdf /flvlbg' k5{ . 5fnfnfO{ g:6 u/]/ leq;Dd kf]n]df z/L/sf] cGo efudf ;d]t c;/ ug]{ x'gfn] hlt;Sbf] rfF8f] :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf n}hfg'k5{ . k|efljt JolStnfO{ k|z:t dfqfdf t/n kbfy{ vfg lbg'k5{ .

xf8 efFlrPdfM xf8 efFlrPsf] cj:yfdf ug'{kg]{ ;aeGbf dxTTjk"0f{ sfd rf]6 nfu]sf] 7fFp otfplt grNg] u/L l:y/ /fVg' xf] . :jf:Yorf}sL k'/\ofpg s]xL ;do nfUg] ePdf efFlrPsf] xf8 gxlNnof];\ eg]/ sfFd|f] afFlwlbg' kb{5 . efFlrPsf] 7fFpdf dfln; ug'{x'Fb}g . efFlrPsf] xf8 ldnfpgsf nflu /fd|f] cg'ej ePsf] JolStn] dfq ug{ ;Sb5, cGoyf emg\ w]/} ;d:of x'g;Sb5 . o:tf] la/fdLnfO{ ;s];Dd rfF8f] :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf n}hfg' g} /fd|f] x'G5 .

hf]gL{ tlGsPdf / dls{PdfM xf8 efFlrPsf] h:t} dls{Pdf klg otfplt grNg] u/L l:y/ /fVg'k5{ . To:t} cg'ej gePsf dflg;n] x8\8L ldnfpg tGsfpg x'Fb}g . dls{Psf] efusf] b'vfO{ sd ug{

dls{Psf] efunfO{ dflylt/ p7fP/ /fVg'k5{ . dls{Psf] @$ 306f leqdf lr;f] kfgL jf a/kmn] ;]s]df ;'lGgg sd x'G5 . @$ 306f eGbf a9L eP kl5 lbgsf] w]/} k6s tftf] kfgLdf 8'afpg' kb{5 .

ljif ;]jg u/]dfM s'g} sf/0fn] d';f dfg]{ cf}ifwL, l8l86L, l6+r/ cfof]l8g, n'ufw'g] kfp8/ jf ;fa'g, /ª /f]ugsf j:t', ljiffn' jg:kltsf] kft jf kmn cflb ;]jg ePdf la/fdL xf];df g} 5 eg] 3fF6Ldf cf}Fnf xfn]/ jf w]/} g'g ld;fPsf] tftf] kfgL vfg lbP/ afGtf u/fpg'k5{ . olb afnaflnsfn] d6\l6t]n, k]6«f]n, Iff/Lo kbfy{ h:tf kf]Ng] j:t'x¿ lgn]df afGtf u/fpg k|of; u/fpg'x'Fb}g . t'?Gt :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf n}hfg'k5{ . ljif vfPsf] JolStnfO{ ;s];Dd w]/} b'w, cG8f jf lk7f]nfO{ kfgLdf 3f]n]/ v'jfpg'k5{ . la/fdLsf] afGtfdf ;kmf kfgL gcfpGh]n v'jfO/xg'k5{ . ljif vfP/ a]xf]; ePsf] ePdf klg afGtf u/fpg] k|of; ug'{x'Fb}g .

;k{n] 6f]s]dfM ;a} ;k{ lj;fn' x'Fb}gg\ . uf]dg / s/]tsf] ljifn] :gfo' k|0ffnLdf c;/ k5{ / efOk/ hftsf] ljifn] /ut hDg lbFb}g . ;k{n] 6f]s]df dflg;x¿ t'?Gt} dl/G5 eGg] ;f]rfOsf] sf/0f Hofb} cflQG5g\\ . To;}n] ;k{n] 6f]s]sf] JolStsf] klxnf] nIf0f g} w]/} cflQg' xf] / clwsf+z ;k{n] 6f]s]sf] dflg;sf] tTsfn d[To' x'g] sf/0f g} cflQP/ x'g] d[To' xf] . To;}n] ;k{n] 6f]lsxfn]df gcflQO{sg t'?Gt pkrf/ ug{tkm{ nfUg'kb{5 . ;k{n] 6f]s]sf] 7fFpdf ;kmf u/L ;kmf sk8fn] 5f]Kg'k5{ / 6f]s]sf] 7fpFeGbf dflyk6\l6 6Dd x'g] u/L afFWg'k5{ / cfwf cfwf 306fdf v's'nf] kfg]{ / s:g] ug'{k5{ . ;k{n] 6f]s]sf] 7fpFdf lgd{nLs[t u/]sf] rSs'n] sl/a ! ;]=ld= nfdf] / cfwf ;]= ld= ulx/f] 3fp agfpg' k5{ / sl/a !% ldg]6;Dd Tof] 3fp r':b} y'Sb} ug'{k5{ . t/ ;k{n] 6f]s]sf] cfwf 306f eGbf w]/} ;do ePsf] 5 eg] o;/L 3fp agfpg] / r';]/ y'Sg] sfd ug'{x'Fb}g . of] ;a} k|fylds pkrf/ dfq xf] . ;fdfGotof ;k{sf] 6f]sfOdf o:tf] pkrf/


84

e/kbf{] x'Fb}g . vt/fnfO{ s]xL ;dosf] nflu kl5 ;fg]{ dfq x'g;S5 . la/fdLnfO{ pkrf/sf] nflu hlt;Sbf] rfF8f] :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf n}hfg' k5{ .

cf}ifwLsf] unt k|of]u ePdfM cf}ifwL k;ndf kfOg] cf}ifwLx¿ l7s lsl;dn] k|of]u u/] Hofb} pkof]uL x'G5g\\ t/ ltg}} c;n cf}ifwLx¿ unt tl/sfn] k|of]u u/]df dflg;sf] Hofg klg hfg;S5 . s'g} klg cf}ifwL rflxPsf] a]nfdf dfq k|of]u ug'{k5{ . cfkm"n] k|of]u ug]{ cf}ifwLsf] k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf / To;n] s:tf] lsl;dsf] kmfObf k'¥ofpF5 eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpg' k5{ . Dofb ;lsPsf] cf}ifwL ;]jgn] /f]u lgsf] gx'g] dfq x}g ls z/L/df uDeL/ gsf/fTds c;/ klg k'¥ofpF5 .

lr;f]n] s7\ofª\lu|PdfM lzz'sf] z/L/sf] tfkqmd (% l8u|L ;]lG6u|]6eGbf sd ePdf s7\oflª\u|Psf] elgG5 . afnaflnsf hGdg] ljlQs} aflx/sf] tfkqmd;Fu cg's"n gx'Fbf jf hf8f] ;dodf ;fgf] pd]/sf afnaflnsfx¿ lr;f]n] s7\oflª\u|g ;S5g\ . g]kfndf gjhft lzz'x¿sf] d[To'sf] k|d'v sf/0f dWo] of] klg Ps xf] . s7\ofª\lu|Psf] lzz'nfO{ sfFKg], lgnf] x'g], lhp w]/} lr;f] x'g], vfg gdfGg] nIf0f b]lvG5 . lzz' hGd]sf] @$ 306f leq g'xfOlbg' x'Fb}g . hGdg] ljlQs} lzz' ;kmf sk8fn] k'5]/ Gofgf] sk8fn] a]/]/ cfdfsf] 5ftLdf 6fF;]/ /fVg'k5{ . ;fgf] pd]/sf afnaflnsfnfO{ Gofgf] sk8f nufOlbg] / sf]7f Gofgf] /fVg] ug'{k5{ .

sfg b'v]dfM s'g} lsl;dsf] ;ª\qmd0fsf] sf/0f sfg b'v]df afnaflnsfsf] pd]/ cg';f/sf] dfqf ldnfO{ Kof/fl;6fdf]n vfg lbg] . ;'t]sf] ;dodf sfg b'v]df a:g] jf p7\g] . w]/} b'v]df :jf:YosdL{sf] ;Nnfxcg';f/ pkrf/ ug'{kb{5 .

cfFvfdf s'g} s'/f k/]dfM cfFvfdf s'g} ;fgf] j:t' k/]df rfF8f] eGbf rfF8f] cfFvf lemDSofP/ cfF;'n] aufP/ lgsfNg k|of; ug]{ . cfFvfsf] 9sgLx¿nfO{ vf]n]/ ;kmf kfgL 5\ofk]/ klg cfFvfsf] sl;ª\u/

x6fpg ;lsG5 . cfFvf leq ufl8P/ /x]sf] sl;ª\u/ /x]5 eg] lemSg k|of; ug'{x'Fb}g / t'?Gt c:ktfn n}hfg'k5{ . sl;ª\u/ k/]sf] ;dodf cfFvfnfO{ df8\g x'Fb}g . o;/L df8\gfn] cfFvfsf] gfgL 3f]l6P/ lau|g ;S5 / ;fgf] sl;ª\u/n] klg 7"nf] ;ª\qmd0f x'g ;S5 .

bfFt b'v]dfM afnaflnsfsf] bfFt b'v]df ;s];Dd ;DalGwt lrlsT;ssf] ;Nnfx g} lng'k5{ . k|fylds pkrf/sf] ¿kdf Njfª\sf] t]ndf skf; lehfP/ b'v]sf] bfFt 5]pdf Rofk]/ /fVg], d'vsf] aflx/k6\l6 af]Qndf tftf] kfgL /fv]/ ;]Sg], ;'t]sf] ;dodf b'V5 eg] l;/fgL cUnf] kf/]/ ;'Tg] ugf{n] bfFt b'v]sf] sd x'g ;S5 .

!@=(= kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo :t/df cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿

• k|fylds pkrf/ eg]sf] s:tf] pkrf/ xf], lsg o;sf] dxTTj 5 eGg] ljifodf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;fdfGo hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\ .

• cfˆgf] 1fg / l;ksf cfwf/df cfk"mn] k|bfg ug{ ;lsg] k|fylds pkrf/sf cf}ifwL nufot cGo ;fdfu|L /fVgsf nflu 3/df Pp6f k|fylds pkrf/ afs;sf] Joj:yf ug'{xf];\ .

• k|fylds pkrf/ afs;df ePsf cf}ifwLx¿sf] k|of]u ub}{ hfFbf sdL ePdf jf ldlt ;dfKt ePsf cf}ifwLx¿sf] lgoldt ¿kdf dlg6l/ª u/L ;f]sf] ;f]wegf{ lgoldt ¿kdf cb\ofjlw ug]{ .

6f]n l5d]sLx¿;Fu 5nkmn u/L ;d"x tof/ u/L k|fylds pkrf/;DaGwL tflnd pknAw


85

u/fpg] ;+:yf jf JolSt kQf nufO{ pSt tflnd lng] Joj:yf ldnfpg] . tflndsf nflu cfˆgf] kl/jf/sf ;b:o tyf l5d]sLsf] ;xdltdf 6f]nsf pko'St JolStsf] 5gf}6 ug]{ .

slxn]sfxLF s'g} afnaflnsfx¿n] cln clgolGqt Jojxf/ b]vfP eg] pQfpnf] c:jefljs nknk] cflb o:t} lsl;dsf bf]if nufOG5 . o:tf bf]ifaf6 afnaflnsfn] klg a'‰b5g\ ls pgLx¿n] u/]sf] Jojxf/ cleefjsx¿n] rfx] h:tf] ePg5 .

cleefjsx¿nfO{ l7s nfu]sf Jojxf/x¿ dfq bafa lbP/ eP klg :jLsf/ u/fpg' eg]sf] klg b'¿kof]u ug'{ xf] . gsf/fTds Jojxf/x¿ ubf{ c?nfO{ s:tf] c;/ ug{ ;S5 eGg] s'/fsf af/]df afnaflnsfnfO{ ;sf/fTds tl/sfn] l;sfof}F eg] pgLx¿n] cfˆgf Jojxf/x¿ la:tf/} ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g ug{ k|]/0ff ldNb} hfG5 . afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ plrt Jojxf/ l;sfpg cleafjsx¿n] lgDg s'/fx¿ Ufg'{ cfjZos 5M

86

v08 t]x|afnaflnsfx¿sf] Jojxf/ kl/j{tg


87

!# afnaflnsfx¿sf] Jojxf/ kl/j{tg

!#=!= afnaflnsfsf] afgL tyf Jojxf/sf] Joj:yfkg

cleefjsx¿n] afnaflnsfsf] :j:y ljsf;, ;'/Iff tyf enfOsf nflu ;fg} pd]/b]lv g} /fd|f] lsl;dsf] x]/rfx / kof{Kt dfof lbgfn] afnaflnsfx¿sf] af}b\lws, z}lIfs / pgLx¿n] ug]{ eljiosf] Joj;foaf6 ;d]t ;Gtf]ifhgs kl/0ffdx¿ k|fKt x'g ;Sb5g\ .

;+/If0f cfkm}F x'g] s'/f xf]Og . o;nfO{ ;+:s[lt, ;fdflhs kl/j]z, cleefjssf] cg'ejx¿ ;d]tn] c;/ kf/]sf] x'G5 . w]/} cleefjsx¿df afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ 1fg / l;kx¿ x'g;Sb5 . t/ klg, afnaflnsfx¿ zf/Ll/s lx+;f, dfgl;s lk8f, b'Jo{jxf/ h:tf s'/fx¿af6 k|efljt ePsf x'g;S5g\ . o:tf k|efjx¿n] afnaflnsfsf] klg eljiodf cleefjs aGg] Ifdtfdf gs/fTds k|efj kg{;Sb5 . To; sf/0fn] cleefjsx¿nfO{ o;;DaGwL w]/} s'/fx¿sf] Vofn x'g cfjZos 5 . tLdWo] s]xL lgDg cg';f/sf 5g\ M

• cfˆgf] afnaflnsfsf] x/]s afgL / Jojxf/sf af/] /fd|f] 1fg x'g'k5{ .

• cfk"mn] cfh{g u/]sf] cg'ejsf cfwf/df afnaflnsfx¿sf] ;+/If0f ug{ ;Sg] cfˆgf] Ifdtf slt 5 eGg]af/] cfkm}FnfO{ hfgsf/L x'g'k5{ .

• afnaflnsfx¿;Fu ;sf/fTds / cfTdLo ;DaGw sfod ePsf] x'g'kb{5 .

• afnaflnsfsf] pd]/cg';f/sf]] Jojxf/sf s:tf] x'g' kg]{ xf] eGg] af/] hfgsf/L x'g'k5{ .

• afnaflnsfsf] Jojxf/df ;'wf/ Nofpg pd]/ cg';f/ pko'St x'g] of]hgf agfpg'k5{ .

afnaflnsfsf] Jojxf/ Joj:yfkg eg]sf] cleefjsn] afnaflnsfsf] hLjgf]kof]uL l;k ljsf; ug{sf nflu lgwf{/0f ul/g] ljifo / of]hgf xf] . o;/L ul/g] Jojxf/;DaGwL Joj:yfkgsf nflu cleefjsx¿df afn ljsf;sf] ljleGg r/0fx¿, cfzf u/]cg';f/ b]lvPsf] Jojx/sf af/] cleefjsnfO{ hfgsf/L x'g' kb{5 . To;sf cfwf/df s:tf] ;xof]u ug{' cfjZos 5 egL agfOPsf] of]hgfx¿sf] hfgsf/L cfkm"nfO{ ;w}F x'g'k5{ . o:tf of]hgf cGtu{t afnaflnsfn] s:tf] Jojxf/ b]vfpFb5g\\ eGg] ljifodf eGbf a9L afnaflnsfx¿sf] Jojxf/nfO{ s;/L Joj:yfkg ug]{ eGg] s'/fdf a9L Wofg lbg'kb{5 .

cWoogx¿n] b]vfPcg';f/ cfdfafa'sf] cg'ej / afnaflnsfx¿n] kfpg] lzIffn] klg ;+/If0f ug]{ sfo{df leGgtf NofPsf] kfOG5 . olb cleefjsx¿df afnljsf;;DaGwL 1fg sd ePdf pgLx¿n] cfˆg} 1fg / l;k k|of]u u/L ;+/If0f sfo{ ug{ ;Sb5g\, h'g s'/fn] afgL Jojxf/sf] plrt Joj:yfkg eGbf gs/fTds k|efjdf j[b\lw x'g ;Sb5 . To;sf/0f cleefjsx¿df afnljsf;sf] r/0f / To;nfO{ plrt Joj:yfkg ug]{ 1fg / l;k k|bfg ug'{ cToGt cfjZos 5 .

!#=@= afnaflnsfx¿n] afgL Jojxf/ s;/L l;Sb5g\\ <

cleefjsx¿n] cfˆgf] 3/df afnaflnsfx¿k|lt ;'dw'/, dfofn' kfl/jfl/s tyf d}qL ;DaGw :yfkgf ug'{kb{5 . cleefjs jf kl/jf/sf cGo


88

;b:ox¿af6 h:tf] Jojxf/sf] cg'ej u/]sf x'G5g\\, afnaflnsfn] klg o:t} Jojxf/ b]vfpF5g\ / oxL kl5 uP/ Tof cfgLafgLsf] ¿kdf :yflkt x'g k'Ub5 . h:t}Mcleefjsn] xfdLn] afnaflnsfx¿sf] afgL Jojxf/nfO{ k|z+;f u¥of}F eg] pgLx¿n] klg c?nfO{ k|z+;f ug]{ afgL a;fN5g\ . To;}, olb cleefjsn] afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ bf]iff/f]k0f / cfnf]rgf dfq} ul//xFbf pgLx¿n] ;f]xL Jojxf/ c?nfO{ klg b]vfpg yfNb5g\\ .

• afnaflnsfx¿n] b]vfPsf g/fd|f vfnsf afgL Joxf]/f dfly gsf/fTds l6sf l6Kk0fL gu/L ePsf /fd|f Jojxf/sf] k|z+;f ug'{k5{ . o;n] pgLx¿df klg lj:tf/} ;sf/fTds Jojxf/x¿ b]vfpg] k|]/0ff a9\b} hfG5 . afnaflnsfx¿sf] pd]/ cg';f/ cleefjsx¿af6 ck]Iff ul/Psf] Jojxf/ / afgLsf af/]df afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ :ki6 atfpg' kb{5 . To;sf af/]df pgLx¿sf] klg ljrf/ Wofgk"j{s ;'Gg'k5{ . t/ o:tf s'/fx¿ ubf{ jf afnaflnsfn] atfPsf s'/fx¿ k|lt gs/fTds k|lqmofdf lbg'x'Fb}g .

• cleefjs x'g' ;lhnf] 5}g . cleefjsn] agfOlbPsf ljleGg s8f aGb]hx¿sf ljk/Lt l;df gf£g afnaflnsfx¿n] cg]sf}F tl/sfn] k|oTg u/]sf x'G5g\ . o;nfO{ cleefjsx¿n]

• :jefljs 7fGg' kb{5 lsgls afnaflnsf Pp6f :jtGq JolSt aGg hfFb}5 eGg] 7fGg'kb{5 . of] dfgl;s / zf/Ll/s ¿kdf cfpg] kl/jt{gsf b[li6sf]0fn] :jefljs k|lqmofdf kb{5 .

• afnaflnsfx¿n] c? s'g} sf/0f ljgf ?g' eg]sf] pgLx¿nfO{ rflxPsf] s'/f dfUg' xf] . sltko afnaflnsfx¿n] cleefjs;Fu ;f]em} s'/f ug{ g;Sbf dfu k'/f u/fpg bafa lbgsf nflu cfk"mlt/ cleefjssf] s]lGb|t ug{ rfxG5g\ . To;}n] ?g'nfO{ ;lhnf] pkfo 7fg]sf x'G5g\\ .

• aRrf hGd]kl5 pd]/ a9\b} hfFbf pgLx¿nfO{ dg kg]{ / gkg]{ s'/fx¿sf] ;ª\s]t ug{ ;+Ifd xF'b} hG5g\ . h:t}M xfF:g], xft v'6\6f xNnfpg], ld7f] nfu]sf] j:t' v'jfpFbf /dfpg], ld7f] gnfu] y'lslbg] h:tf Jojxf/x¿ b]vfpFb5g\ . oL Jojxf/x¿ cleefjsnfO{ lbSs nufpg u/]sf xf]Ogg\ a? pgLx¿n] hfg]sf] Jojxf/af/] hfgsf/L u/fPsf] xf] .

• afnaflnsfnfO{ b}lgs ¿kdf dfof lbg'sf ;fy} cf/fdbfoL jftfj/0fsf] l;{hgf ul/lbg'kb{5 . h:t}M aRrf af]Sbf p;sf] z/L/ cfkmg} z/L/df ;dflxt ePsf] cg'ej ug'{ .

!#=@=!= n/v/fpg] -lx”8\g / af]Ng sf]l;; ug]{_ pd]/sf] afnaflnsf

• ;Dej eP;Dd afnaflnsfn] ug]{ cg'lrt afgL Jojxf/df ;'wf/ ug]{ Joj:yf ug'{k5{

• / pgLx¿n] b]vfPsf] /fd|f] Jojxf/sf af/]df k|z+;f ug{'kb{5 . o;f] ugf{n] afnaflnsfn] g/fd|f] Jojxf/ bf]xf¥ofP/ b]vfpg] ;Defjgf sd x'G5 .

• afnaflnsfn] cfb]z lbPsf] dg k/fpFb}gg\ / cfb]z lbg] k|lt gs/fTds ;f]r /fVg

• ;Sb5g\ . gs/fTds ;f]r x'Fbf;Dd Jojxf/ kl/jt{g x'Fb}g .

• afnaflnsf;Fu s'/fsfgL ubf{ x'Fb}g, gfO{, xf]Og h:tf c:jLs[t hgfpg] zAbx¿sf] k|ToIf k|of]u gu/L cGo zAbsf] k|of]u u/]/ ;DemfpFbf jf hfgsf/L u/fpFbf /fd|f] x'G5 . h:t} Psl5g kl5, x'g t xf]nf t/===, u/f}Fnf, h:tf zAbx¿ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

• afnaflnsfn] s'g} lsl;dsf] lauf/ ubf{ jf l/;fpFbf cfk"m w}o{ /xg'xf];\ / To;sf] Joj:yfkg ug'{eGbf cufl8 nfdf] ;f; lng] / sl/a !) b]lv !% ;]s]G8 zfGt /xg' kv{g'


89

kb{5 clg dfq plrt Joj:yfkg k|lqmof cufl8 a9fpFbf plrt x'G5 .

!#=#= :s'n hfg] pd]/sf afnaflnsfx¿sf] afgL Jojxf/sf] Joj:yfkg

:s'n hfg] pd]/df k'lu;s]kl5 afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ 3/ eGbf aflx/sf] jftfj/0fn] a9L k|efj kfg{ yfN5 . vf;u/L pgLx¿sf] ;fyLx¿sf] k|efj a9L kb{5 . o; cj:yfdf afnaflnsfn] cleefjssf] cf1f pNnª\3g ug{ yfn]sf] dx;'; ug{ ;Sb5g\ . o; Jojxf/n] cleefjsnfO{ g/fd|f] dx;'; x'g;Sb5 . t/ klg afnaflnsfn] cfˆgf] cfjZostf, ljrf/, dgnfO{ :jtGq agfpg ;'? u/]sf] s'/f cleefjsnfO{ hfgsf/L x'g]5 . tL s'/fx¿n] g} o'jf tyf jo:s pd]/df x'g'kg]{ u'0fx¿sf] ljsf; u/]sf] x'G5 . To;}n] :s'n hfg] pd]/el/ klg klxnfsf] hlQs} oy]i6 dfof / xf};nfsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .

!#=#=!= :s'n hfg] pd]/sf afnaflnsfx-¿sf] afgL Jojxf/ Joj:yfkgsf nflu s] ug{ ;lsG5 <

• ;w}F afnaflnsfnfO{ u/fpg vf]h]sf] Jojxf/ lsg ug{ vf]lhPsf] eGgaf/] :ki6 atfpg'xf];\ .

• afnaflnsfnfO{ w]/} u/ cyjf s]xL klg gu/ eGbf cfk"mn] uNtL ug]{ u/]sf] dx;'; ub{5g\ .

• afnaflnsfn] eGg vf]h]sf] s'/f /fd|/L ;'Gg'xf];\ . pgLx¿sf] ;fyLx¿sf af/]df / pgLx¿sf] lbgel/sf] sfdsf af/]df klg ;f]Wg'xf];\ . olb s'g} ;d:of 5 eg] To;nfO{ ;'Nemfpg ;w}F tof/ x'g'xf];\ . pgLx¿n] uNtL ug{ ;Sg] 7fpFnfO{ /fd|/L ;Demfpg'xf]; .

• afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu ul/g] s'g} k|z+;f jf Ifdfsf sf/0f klg atfOlbg'xf]; .

• cfˆgf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ geO{ pgLx¿sf] afgLJoxf]/fnfO{ cfnf]rgf u/]sf] cg'e"lt u/fpg'xf];\ .

• afnaflnsfx¿;Fu cy{xLg ljjfb gug'{xf];\ / pgLx¿n] ug{'kg]{ sfdsf af/] ;lhnf];Fu a'‰g] u/L la:tf/} ;Demfpg'xf];\ .

• olb afnaflnsfn] 3/df s'g} eb|uf]n dRrfPdf jf s'g} j:t' 3/aflx/ 5f]8] eg] pgLx¿nfO{ dfofn] ;DemfP/ To;nfO{ ;xL 7fpFdf /fVg eGg'xf];\ .

• afnaflnsfnfO{ slxNo} glk6\g'xf]; . h;sf] sf/0f tkfO{Fk|ltsf] ;DaGwdf cfFr cfpg ;S5 .

!#=$= lszf]/fj:yf

lszf]/fj:yfdf zf/Ll/s / ;+j]bgftds -dgdf_ kl/jt{gx¿ l56f] l56f] cfpg yfNb5g\ . o; cj:yfdf pgLx¿sf ;fyL;ª\uLåf/f ;f]xL pd]/ cg';f/sf] Jojxf/x¿ ckgfpgsf nflu bafa lbG5g\ . ;fy} ljleGg ;~rf/sf dfWodx¿n] klg pgLx¿nfO{ cfslif{t ug]{ lsl;dsf cfsfª\Iff;Fu hf]8]/ lj1fkg / sfo{qmdx¿ cg]sf}F k|rf/÷k|;f/df ul//x]sf x'G5g\\ . To;}cg';f/ w]/} lsl;dsf j:t'x¿ klg ahf/df pknAw x'G5g\\ / To:tf j:t' k|fKt ug{ cleefjsnfO{ bafa lbg], ;fyL ;ª\utsf sf/0f h:t} r'/f]6 tfGg], dfbs kbfy{ ;]jg ug]{, nfu' cf}ifwL vfg] cflb lj;ª\ultn] klg oxL pd]/df k|efj kfb{5 . lj;ª\ultdf kg{ yfn]kl5 cleefjs tyf kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:ox¿;Fu /fd|f] ;DaGw sfod /fVg klg lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿n] cK7\of/f] cg'e"lt ug{ yfNb5g\ . cleefjssf] ;DaGw sd x'g yfn] kl5 tL cj:yfsf] ljifodf Wofg k'¥ofpg gk'Ug ;Sb5 . To;sf] sf/0f pgLx¿sf] rfxgfnfO{ a'em\g ;Sb}gg\ . cleefjsn] To;sf nflu lgDg s'/fx¿ ug'{kg]{ x'G5M


90

• tkfO{Fn] latfPsf] cfˆg} lszf]/fj:yfsf] ;f]r / Jojxf/sf ;Demg] sf]l;; ug'{xf];\ .

• cfˆg} ;Demgfn] tkfO{Fn] s:tf] cg'e"lt ug'{eof] <

• lszf]/fj:yfdf tkfO{Fn] s:tf s:tf bafax¿sf ;fdgf ug'{k/]sf] lyof] <

• tkfO{FnfO{ Tolt a]nf :jtGq x'g / cfˆgf] JolSTTj arfpg slt ufx|f] k/]sf] lyof] <

• To;}n] cfˆgf] afnaflnsfsf] Jojxf/ JolStut ¿kdf bf]if lbg] dg;fon] glng'xf];\ .

• afnaflnsf;Fu v'nf tl/sfn] s'/fsfgL ug]{ ug'{xf];\ tf ls pgLx¿n] cfk'mnfO{ a]jf:tf u/]sf] jf cg'ej x'g glbg'xf];\ lsgls pgLx¿nfO{ hlxn] klg tkfO{Fsf] dfof, ;xof]u, / ;Ddfgsf] cfjZostf kl//xG5 .

• cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf Jojxf/nfO{ g/fd|f] xf] eGg] lsl;dn] lng' cufl8 tkfO{n] cfˆgf] lszf]/fj:yfdf ePsf jf u/]sf uNtLx¿ klg ;lDemg'xf];\ .

• pgLx¿sf] afgL Jojxf/ k|lt ;s/fTds tl/sfn] cfnf]rgf u/]klg nfdf] gug'{xf];\ lsgls To;nfO{ afnaflnsfn] emsf]{ dfg] eg] To;sf] pN6} gs/fTds c;/ kb{5 .

• 5f]/f5f]/Ln] klg ;xL lg0f{o ug{ ;S5g eGg] s'/f ljZjf; /fVg'xf];\ . slxn]sfxLF xfdLn] uNtLaf6 klg l;Sg ;S5f}F eg] pgLx¿n] klg l;Sb5g\ . pgLx¿sf] ;xof]uL aGg'xf];\ .

• slxn]sfxLF cleefjs / afnaflnsfx¿sf lardf s'g} lsl;dsf] dt aflemg] klg x'g;S5 . dt aflemPsf] a]nfdf cfk"mn] a9L w}o{tf b]vfpg' kb{5 / ;s];Dd pgLx¿ k|lt

• ;sf/fTds alglbg' kb{5 . dt aflemPsf] ljifodf afnaflnsf;Fu ldqjt jftfj/0f agfP/ 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ / pko'St ;dfwfgsf] nflu pgLx¿sf] klg ;xdltdf x'g] cj:yf l;h{gf ul/lbg'xf];\ .

• afnaflnsfsf] afgL Jojxf/ Joj:yfkg ug{sf nflu ckgfOg] tl/sf jf of]hgfdf ;w}Fel/ Pp6} k|lqmof / af]nLrfnL ckgfpg'xf];\ . h:t}M kl/jf/sf ;a} hgf e]nf x'g] a]nf a9fO jf sfdn] km';{b ePsf] cflb ;do ldnfpg] / cleefjs / kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿n] lrQ ga'em]sf] emf]Fs gb]vfpg] jf clt/l~ht tl/sfn] k'mSof{pg] Jojxf/ gug{'xf];\ .

• s'g} klg pd]/sf 5f]/5f]/x¿nfO{ sbflk glk6\g'xf];\ . zf/Ll/s÷dfgl;s lx+;fn] pgLx¿sf] dgf]lj1fg klg lj:tf/} lx+;fTds jf sft/ aGb} hfg yfNb5, cleefjs b]lv emg\ 6f9f eO lj;ª\ultsf] k|efj kg{ ;Sb5 .

• ;hfo lbg}kg]{ ePdf lx+;f gx'g] u/L pko'St ;hfo dfq lbg'xf];\ . h:t}M p;nfO{ lbg] ;'ljwfsf] s6f}tL ug]{, ;do tflnsfcg';f/ dfq rNg lbg] cflb . yf]/} lbg klg pgLx¿nfO{ w]/} lbg h:tf] nfUg ;S5 To;}n] klg o:tf ;hfo 5f]6f] cjlws} x'g' /fd|f] x'G5 .

• ;lDemg'xf];\ ls 5f]/f5f/Lx¿n] lszf]/fj:yf k'/f u/]kl5 jo:s pd]/df k|j]z ub{5g\ . of] pd]/ cj:yf sl/a tkfO{F ;/xsf] x'G5, h;nfO{ tkfO{Fn] cfk"m ;dfgsf] dfGg kg]{ x'G5 .

!#=%= afnaflnsfx¿sf] Jojxf/df afgLsf] ljsf;

afnaflnsf eg]sf sfFrf] df6f]sf efF8f x'g\ eGg] k'/fgf] egfO cfzo jf k|;+uaf6 ag]sf] eP tfklg ;f]emf] cy{df Tof] df6f]sf] sfFrf] efF8f] g;'s];Dd h:tf] cfsf/ jf a'6\6fsf] klg agfpg ;lsG5 . afnaflnsfx¿sf] a9\g] pd]/;Fu} pgLx¿df ljsf; x'g] ljleGg wf/0ff / Jojxf/sf] ljsf; klg sl/a To:t} x'G5 . To;}n] afnaflnsfdf c;n afgLsf] ljsf; ug{ cleefjssf] w]/} 7"nf] e"ldsf x'G5 . cleefjsaf6 gl;s]sf 1fg tyf Jojxf/x¿


91

pgLx¿n] cGo ;|f]tx¿af6 l;s]sf x'G5g\ . To;/L ;'g]sf hfgsf/L jf Jojxf/x¿ ;a} plrt / ;xL g} x'G5 eGg ;lsFb}g . cleefjsn] afnaflnsf;Fu ug]{ Jojxf/ / s'/fsfgLsf] k|efjn] ubf{ g} pgLx¿sf] Jojxf/df kl/jt{g cfpFb5 . To;/L cfPsf] kl/jt{g lj:tf/} afgLsf] ¿kdf ljsf; x'G5 / afgL a;]sf] cj:yf g} Jojxf/df cfPsf] :yfoL kl/jt{g xf] .

!#=^= 1fg / Jojxf/sf] u'0ffTds ljsf;

cfˆgf] 1fg / wf/0ff c?nfO{ klg lbgsf nflu lbg] dflg;sf] tTk/tf cfjZos kb{5 . ;fy} 1fg / wf/0ff lbg] dflg;sf] ;~rf/ l;kdf klg lj:tf/} ljsf; eO/x]sf] x'G5 . afnaflnsfdf klg k|efjsf/L tl/sfn] s'/f ug]{ k|]/0ff ldNb5 . o;/L afnaflnsfsf] hLjgdf cfO{ kg]{ x/]s lqmofsnfk / Jojxf/df cfpg] :yfoL kl/jt{gn] ubf{ pgLx¿df kfl/jfl/s tyf ;fdflhs ;+:sf/ l;Sg db\bt ldNb5 . :jo+ cleefjsnfO{ klg ;sf/fTds k|efj kb{5 . Jojxf/;Fu ;DalGwt hf]lvdx¿ sd ug{ 7"nf] ;xof]u k'Ub5 .

Jojxf/df kl/jt{g u/fpg ;lhnf] eg] 5}g, b'O{÷rf/ k6ssf] k|of;n] k'Ub}g . cleefjsn] To;sf] nflu w]/} ;do lbg'kb{5 . afnaflnsfsf] Jojxf/df :yfoL kl/jt{g Nofpgsf nflu pgLx¿n] k|fo ug]{ c:jLsf/, h:t} gfO{ eGg] afgLdf g} ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g u/fpg ;Sg' xf] . To:t} lxlRsrfx6, cN5Lkg, ;ª\sf]r, cflbn] ubf{ Jojxf/df kl/jt{g Nofpg sl7g kg{ hfG5 . To;sf nflu sfdsf] ljZn]if0f, pbfx/0f, pTk|]/0ffsf ljleGg ljlwx¿ k|of]u ug{ cfjZos kb{5 . cleefjsn] afnaflnsfdf s:tfs:tf Jojxf/sf] ljsf; u/fpg vf]lhPsf] xf] To;

lsl;dsf] dfu pgLx¿af6 g} l;h{gf u/fpg] jftfj/0f agfpg ;lsof] eg] cleefjsnfO{ l;sfpg ;lhnf] x'G5 / k|efjsf/L x'G5 . To;sf nflu cleefjsx¿n] ldNbfh'Nbf s'/fx¿ k|efjsf/L tl/sfn] ug{ ;Sb5g\ . h:t}M pgLx¿ h'gh'g s'/fdf afgL k/]sf jf cfTdlge{/ ePsf 5g\, To;nfO{ cem k|efjsf/L agfpg db\bt ub}{ k|z+;f ug]{ / To;};Fu ;DaGw ufF;]/ gofF lsl;dsf Jojxf/ ckgfpg k|]l/t ug]{ . To;kl5 pgLx¿n] u/]sf] k|of;df ;xof]u ub}{ hfg] . c;n Jojxf/;DaGwL lhDd]jf/L af]w u/fpg pgLx¿n] u/]sf] sfdsf] k|z+;f ug]{ . pgLx¿sf b}lgs sfddf cfTdlge{/ aGg k|]l/t ub}{ cleefjsn] u/]sf] ;xof]un]] pgLx¿nfO{ c? klg gofF sfd jf Jojxf/ ug{ k|]/0ff ldNb5 .

cleefjsn] ;w}F Vofn ug{ kg]{ s'/f s] xf] eg] afnaflnsfx¿sf] Jojxf/df cfpg] jf Nofpg] ;sf/fTds ljsf;sf nflu ckgfpg] ljlw, lqmofsnfkx¿ / To;sf] nflu cfjZos ;dfu|Lx¿ c;xh lsl;dsf eP eg] Jojxf/ kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsFb}g . pbfx/0fsf] nfluM rkL{sf] ;/;kmfO, ;fa'g ge]6\g] 7fpFdf, kfgLsf] cefj, kf7\o ;fdfu|Lsf] cefj, cflb . afnaflnsfsf] nflu h'g s'/fdf afgL Jojxf/sf] kl/jt{g ul/Fb}5, Tof] Jojxf/ cleefjsdf klg afnaflnsfn] b]Vg' cfjZos 5 . To:t} afgL Jojxf/df kl/jt{g ug]{ kIfx¿sf kIfdf ePsf cGo cEof; tyf k}/jLx¿sf af/]df klg hfgsf/L afnaflnsfnfO{ pknAw u/fpg' kb{5 . d'Vo u/L :s'nsf ultljlw, ;~rf/ dfWoddf cfpg] To;;DaGwL ultljlw, ;dfhdf ckgfPsf To:t} sfd jf Jojxf/x¿, kl/jf/ eGbf c? dflg;x¿af6 ;f]xL;DaGwL s'/fsfgL u/fP/, ;fyLx¿;Fu cGt/lqmof u/fP/ cflb .


92

!#=&= Jojxf/df kl/jt{g ug]{ k|lqmof

afnaflnsfn] s'g} klg Jojxf/ s;/L kl/jt{g ul//x]sf x'G5g\ eg]/ cleefjsn] To;sf] k|lqmofx¿sf] af/]df Vofn ug{ ;s]df c? l;sfOPsf] Jojxf/nfO{ :yfoL ¿kdf afgLsf] ljsf; ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . x/]s JolStsf] l;Sg] k|lqmof cnu cnu x'g;Sb5 . afnaflnsfsf] klg To:t} x'G5 eGg] s'/f cleefjsn] ;a}eGbf klxnf dgg ug'{ kb{5 . Jojxf/df kl/jt{g ug{ jf gofF sfd jf hLjg z}nLnfO{ afgLsf] ¿kdf l;Sg] cg]sf}F tl/sfx¿ ljåfgx¿n] k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . ljleGg ljåfgx¿sf cg';f/ ;du|tfdf ckgfOg] Jojxf/ kl/jt{g ;DaGwL k|lqmof o; k|sf/sf 5g\M

klxnf] r/0fM sg} j:t' / lqmofsnfksf] ;fdfGo hfgsf/L jf 1fg lbg] .

bf];|f] r/0fM To;sf af/]df ;r]t ug]{, /fd|f];Fu s] l7s s] a]l7s cflb atfpg] .

t];|f] r/0fM To; k|ltsf] rf;f] a9fpg jftfj/0f agfpg] .

rf}yf] r/0fM To;sf] Jofjxfl/s k|of]usf nflu jf cfk"mnfO{ kl/jt{g ug{ pTk|]l/t ug]{ .

kfFrf} r/0fM ckgfPsf] k|of]u jf Jojxf/sf kl/jt{gaf/] /fd|f s'/fx¿ cf}FNofP/ :ofaf;L lbg] .

5}7f} r/0fM /fd|f s'/fx¿nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbFb} gofF kl/jt{gsf nflu k'gM klxnfs} k|lqmof ckgfpg] . o;/L ubf{ Ps kl5 csf]{ Jojxf/x¿ :yfoL ¿kdf afgLsf] ¿kdf ljsf; x'g yfNb5 .

!#=*= kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo :t/df cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿

• kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds Jojxf/ afgLsf] ;fdfGo hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .

• afnaflnsfsf /fd|f afgL Jojxf/x¿ s] s] 5g\ eg]/ kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] ;'emfj cg';f/ /fd|f Jojxf/x¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ug]{ / c;n Jojxf/sf nflu afnaflnsfsf] k|z+;f ug'{xf];\ .

• g/fd|f afgL Jojxf/x¿df ;'wf/ ug{ lzi6tfk"j{s cg'/f]w ug]'{xf];\ / k|ltab\wtf klg hfx]/ ug'{xf];\ .

• kl/jf/sf cg's"ntf x]/L xKtfdf s'g} Ps lbg -;Dej eP zlgaf/ laxfgsf] lrofkfgdf_ s]xL ;do c;n afgL Jojxf/sf nflu ;'wf/ of]hgf ;DaGwL kfl/jfl/s 5nkmn rnfpg'xf];\ . b]vfPsf /fd|f] Jojxf/k|lt afnaflnsfx¿sf] k|;+zf ug]{ / wGojfb lbg'xf];\ .

93

v08 rf}wafnaflnsf;Fusf] k|efjsf/L ;~rf/


94

!$ afnaflnsf;“usf] k|efjsf/L ;~rf/

æ;'gfOaf6 ;~rf/sf] ;'?jft x'G5Æ of] egfO w]/} k'/fgf] xf] / o;df w]/} dflg; ;xdlt /fVb5g\ . ;'g'jfO kl5 cfpg] k|ltlqmofn] dfq} ;~rf/sf] k"0f{tf x'G5 . t/, k|efjsf/L ;~rf/ s:tf] x'g'kb{5 eGg] s'/frflxF sf];Fu s:tf] ;~rf/ ePsf] 5 To;}df e/ kb{5 . cleefjs / afnaflnsf larsf] ;~rf/sf] jo:sx¿lar x'g] ;~rf/ eGbf km/s x'g ;Sb5 . h'g lsl;dn] afnaflnsf / cleefjs lar ;~rf/ x'G5, To;sf] k|efjn] afnaflnsfsf] af}b\lws Ifdtf, Jojxf/ / JolSTTjsf] ljsf; x'G5 . To;}n] k|efjsf/L ;~rf/ afnaflnsfsf] nflu w]/} dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 . pgLx¿sf] hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf] ljsf;df ;a}eGbf w]/} cleefjsx¿;Fusf] ;~rf/n] e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 . To;}n] Jojxf/ kl/jt{g ug]{ ;~rf/sf] l;k / To;sf] nflu ;dosf] Joj:yfkgdf cleefjsn] lgs} Wofg lbg' cfjZos 5 . clg k|fyldstfdf /fVg' kb{5 .

!$=!= afnaflnsf;“u k|efjsf/L ;~rf/ s;/L x'G5 <

afnaflnsf;Fu cleefjsn] ug]{ s'/fsfgLsf] k|efj ;sf/fTds jf gs/fTds b'j} lsl;dsf] kg{ ;Sb5 eGg] s'/fdf cleefjsn] ;w}F Vofn k'¥ofpg kb{5 . ;~rf/sf] ;sf/fTds k|efj k/]g eg] afnaflnsfsf] l;sfOdf klg ;sf/fTds efjgfsf] ljsf; gx'g ;Sb5 . s'/fsfgL :ki6 gePdf jf ck"0f{ ePdf klg gs/fTds k|efj kg{ ;Sb5 . lsgls ga'lemPsf] s'/fdf pgLx¿nfO{ s'g} rf;f] x'Fb}g . To:t} afnaflnsf;Fu ul/g] ;~rf/df pgLx¿nfO{ ckdfg x'Fbf klg ;~rf/ k|efjsf/L x'Fb}g .

;dfhdf rNb} cfPsf] pvfg6'Ssfx¿ h:t} …tf]nfsf] lha|f] km8\sfg'{ eGbf wfgL{sf] 6fpsf] xNnfpg hftLÚ …tf]nfsf] arg vf]nfdfÚ …ufP ahfP kf7 ;f]x| b'g] cf7Ú …d u5{' cfu|fsf] s'/f ;DwL u5{g\ ufu|fsf] s'/fÚ …h''Fuf rNof] s'/f a'‰of]Ú cflbn] ;~rf/nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] lzIff lbPsf] x'G5 . ;~rf/nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg cj:yfcg';f/ af]n]/ / ;ª\s]t u/]/ jf b'j} tl/sfn] ;lsG5 . clwsf+z cleefjsx¿ h;/L afnaflnsfn] af]Nb5g\ ToxL nf]nLdf dfofn' kf/fdf tf]t] af]nL af]Nb5g\\ . h:t} aRrf ;'tfpg æg'g' un g t 5fg'Æ eGg' eGbf ToxL nf]nL ldnfP/ æg'g' u/ g t ;fg'Æ eGg' /fd|f] x'G5 . slxn]sfxLF ToxL z}nLdf af]lnP tfklg clwsf+z ;do :ki6 pRrf/0f u/L 5f]6f5f]6f t/ k'/f jfSo g} af]Nbf pgLx¿n] klg :ki6 a]Ng l56} l;Sg ;Sb5g\ . To;sf] k|efjn] pgLx¿sf] klg Jojxf/df l56f] kl/jt{g cfpg db\bt k'u]sf] x'G5 / dfgl;s ljsf;df klg db\bt ldNb5 .

!$=@= afnaflnsfn] a'‰g] u/L s;/L af]Ng <

s'/fsfgLdf k|of]u ul/g] zAbx¿ :ki6;Fu ;'lgg] / a'lemg] x'g'kb{5 . efiff eGgfn] af]Ng] JolStn] h'g efiffdf af]ln/x]sf] 5, ;'Gg] JolStsf nflu klg a'lemg] efiff x'g'kb{5 . ;dfhsf rngrNtLdf k|of]u eO/xg] efiffdf s'/fsfgL ug'{ kb{5 lsgls afnaflnsfn] kl/jf/ eGbf aflx/ klg Tof] zAb ;'Gb5g\ . olb kl/jf/df dft[efiff sd af]lnG5 eg] ;dfhdf rn]sf] efiff l;s]kl5 dfq} dft[efiffsf] k|of]u ug{ l;sfOof] eg] afnaflnsfsf] af}b\lws


95

ljsf;df ;lhnf] x'G5 . cGoyf ;dfhsf cGo afnaflnsfnfO{ eGbf ;fdflhs ;DaGw / af}b\lws ljsf; ug{ l9nf x'g klg ;Sb5 . h:t}M s'g} ;dfhdf cª\sn a'em]kl5 dfq} sfsf, 7"nf] sfsf ;fgf] sfsf clb a'‰g ;Sb5g\ . To;}n] cfk"mn] af]Nbf ;lhnf] jf ;xL nfu] klg afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu ga'lemg] jf af]Ng dg gnfUg] klg x'g;Sb5 . pd]/cg';f/ To;nfO{ Vofn ug'{ kb{5 . afnaflnsfn] af]n]sf] ;'Gbf xfdLnfO{ a'‰g sl7g ePsf] x'G5 eg] pgLx¿nfO{ klg xfdLn] af]n]sf] a'‰g sl7g eO/x]sf] x'G5 eGg] x]Ssf /fVg'kb{5 . lsgls hlxn] b]lv cleefjsn] af]n]sf s'/fx¿ afnaflnsfn] klg ;lhn} a'‰g yfNb5g\\, pgLx¿n] af]n]sf] klg xfdLnfO{ a'‰g ;lhnf] x'g yfNb5 . pgLx¿;Fu :ki6 jf a'lemg] u/L lj:tf/} / :ki6 prrf/0f u/]/ af]Nbf l56f] l;Sg ;Sb5g\ . :ki6 pRf/0f gubf{ pgLx¿n] ToxL zAb p:t} t/ cs}{ tl/sfn] pRrf/0f u/]sf x'G5g\ . h:t}M …slknÚnfO{ …klsnÚ …7f]skf{Ú ufpFnfO{ 7f]ksf{ cflb . afnaflnsfn] ga'‰g' eg]sf] cfkm'n] g} a'emfpFg g;s]sf] xf] eGg] s'/f klg cleefjsn] :jLsfg'{ kb{5 . a'lemg] efiffdf :ki6;Fu af]Nbf jo:sn] eGbf afnaflnsfx¿n] l56f] a'‰g ;Sb5g\ .

afnaflnsfn] ga'‰g] efiffsf] k|of]u ug'{ eg]sf] g;'g]sf] efiffsf] slxNo} k|of]u gug'{ eg]sf] sbflk xf]Og . efiffsf] Ifdtf a9fpg gofF zAbx¿ / To;sf] k|of]u s;/L ug]{ eGg] d'Vo sfd g} cleefjssf] xf] . a'lemg] u/L s;/L l;sfpg] eGg] s'/f rflxF k|efjsf/L ;~rf/sf] dxTTj xf] .

lsg afnaflnsfx¿;“u a'‰g ;lhnf] x'g] u/L ;~rf/ ug'{ kb{5 <

• cfk"mn] eGg vf]lhPsf] s'/fsf] ;f]xL cy{ a'emfpg,

• afnaflnsfn] wf]sf gkfpg eg]/,

• :ki6 pRrf/0f ug{] l;ksf] ljsf; ug{ / 1fgsf] tx j[b\lw ug{ ;xh agfpg,

• ;dosf] art ug{,

• ;fyL / ;dfh;Fu ;lhn} 3'nldn x'g] Ifdtf a9fpg,

• hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf ljsf; ug{ ; x h agfpg,

• ;d'bfosf] rngrNtL /Lltl/jfh / ;+:s[lt;DaGwL a'‰g / l;Sg,

• ;sf/fTds efjgfsf] ljsf; ug{

!$=#= afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ a'‰g ;xh s;/L agfpg] <

• afnaflnsf;Fu s] ljifodf s'/f lsg ug{ vf]lhPsf] xf] ;f] s'/f ug]{ jftfj/0f l;h{gf u/fP/ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu Ps gd'gf o:tf] 5M æltdLnfO{ yfxf 5 slj eg]sf] s] xf] -olb yfxf /x]g5 eg] pQ/ lbg]_ n ;'g x} t, slj eg]sf] sljtf n]Vg] dflg; xf] .,Æ

• pgLx¿n] af]Ng] zAbx¿ / tl/sfx¿df Vofn /fv]/,

• pgLx¿n] af]n]sf s'/f ga'lemPdf s] eGg vf]h]sf] xf] ;f];DaGwL gnhfO{ bf]xf]¥ofP/ eGg k|f]T;flxt u/]/,

• cfk"mn] af]n]sf] zAb afnaflnsfsf] pd]/cg';f/ pgLx¿n] a'em] ga'em]sf] yfxf kfpg ldqjt\ tl/sfn] ;f]w]/,

• pgLx¿;Fu lgoldt ¿kdf dg kg]{ lsl;dsf] ljwfdf s'/fsfgL u/]/ . h:t} syf, uLt,

• ;+:d/0f, pbfx/0fLo cflb dfWodsf] k|of]u ug]{ .

• afnaflnsfeGbf cfk"m a9L hfGg] 5' jf 7"nf] JolSt x'F eGg] efjgfsf] k|efj ;s];Dd sd kf/]/,


96

• pgLx¿;Fu klg 1fg 5 eGg] ljrf/ /fv]/,

• a]nfa]nfdf ;d'bfo e]nf x'g] cgf}krfl/s e]63f6df afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ klg ;xefuL u/fP/ / slxn]sfxLF ;Fu} 3'dfpg nu]/,

• c? afnaflnsf;Fu pgLx¿sf] e]63f6df x'g] s'/fx¿sf] /fd|f] cjnf]sg u/]/,

• h]i7 gful/sx¿;Fu klg pgLx¿sf] /fd|f] 3'nldn eof] eg] ;~rf/ l;ksf] ljsf; x'g ;lhnf] x'G5,

• s'/fsfgLsf nflu ;s];Dd afnaflnsf;Fu cTolws ;do lbP/,

• a]nfa]nfdf ljb\ofnosf lzIfsx¿;Fu afnaflnsfsf] af/] s'/f ubf{ pgLx¿sf] ;~rf/ l;ksf af/]df klg hfgsf/L lnP/,

• l;s]sf] gofF zAbx¿ k|of]udf Nofpg ljleGg tl/sfx¿ ckgfP/ -h:t}M uf]nf] zAbsf] cy{ l;sfpFbf, uf]nf] rGb|df, uf]nf] l6sf, uf]nf] Kjfn, -clg To;nfO{ af6'nf]sf] klg cy{af6 l;sfpg]_, xftsf] xfpefp, Ozf/f, lrq, jf:tljs j:t'sf] k|of]u, cflb .

• ;dfhsf] rngrNtLdf :ki6 lgb]{zg jf ;Gb]z lbgsf nflu k/fk"j{ sfnb]lv g} ljb\jfgx¿n] ljleGg s'/fx¿sf] gfd, /ª, cfsf/, gfk, ;do, tf}n, gDa/, ldlt, :jfb, ;ª\Vof, lbzf cflb 5'6\ofO{ /fv]sf 5g\ . logLx¿sf] ;xL k|of]un] g} :ki6 ;~rf/ ug{ db\bt ub{5 . pd]/cg';f/ afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ cEo:t u/fpg' kb{5 . sltko cleefjsx¿n] c:ki6 s'/fsfgL ul//x]sf klg x'G5g\ h:t} …clnslt b'wÚ ls cfwf lunf; < …w]/} lrgLÚ ls Ps rDrf < …7"nf] xfQLÚ 6«s hq} x'G5 xfQL < …gld7f]Ú ls ltpgdf g'g gnfu]sf] < cflb zAbx¿sf] k|of]u ul//x]sf x'G5g\\ . zAbx¿sf] k|of]u ubf{ pgLx¿n] klg :ki6 ;~rf/ ug{ ;Sb5g\\ . kl/jf/leq jf aflx/sf ;b:osf gfd jf gftf ljeGg

j:t'sf] gfd lrgfpg], /ª 5'6\ofpg], cfsf/ / To;sf] gfk atfpg] -h:t}M e}F;Lsf] k'R5/ hlt nfdf], xft l5g]{ Kjfn, a~r/f] h:t} RofK6f], cflb_ / pd]/sf] ljsf; ;Fu} To;sf] gfksf] 1fg lbg' cfjZos 5 . h:t} emG8} b'O{ ld6/ nfdf] k'R5/, Ps bh{g sfkL, b'O{ ;]lG6ld6/ df]6fO, kfFr OGrsf] uf]nfO OToflb . afnaflnsfnfO{ bf]if gnufOsg cfsf/, gfk, tf}n, ;do, ldlt, ;ª\Vof, :jfb, lbzf, cflb :ki6 atfpg' kb{5 .

!$=$= afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu ;~rf/sf afwfx¿ s] s] x'g\ <

;~rf/ ug]{ jf lbg]n] ;Gb]z jf hfgsf/L lbP klg lng] -;'Gg] jf b]Vg]n]_ /fd|f];Fu lnPg jf ;~rf/ ubf{ /fd|f];Fu lbPg eg]/ c¿dfly bf]if y'kfg]{ w]/} dfG5] x'G5g\ . sltko cleefjsx¿n] afnaflnsfnfO{ klg To; lsl;dsf] bf]if nufPsf x'G5g\\ . ;~rf/sf afwfx¿ eGgfn] s'g} klg ;Gb]z, ljrf/, 1fg, l;k / wf/0ff cfbfg–k|bfg ug]{ snf jf k|lqmofdf afwf kfg]{ s'/fx¿nfO{ elgG5 . ;~rf/sf afwfx¿ b'j} kIfdWo] s'g} Pssf] sdhf]/Ln] x'G5 eg] slxn]sfxLF dfq To; eGbf afx]s c? sf/0f x'G5 . h:t} c? cfjfhx¿, ;':t >j0f jf >j0fljxLg cj:yfdf ;fª\s]lts lrGx gb]lvg' cflb h'g kl/jt{g ug{ sd ;Defjgf x'G5 . ck"0f{ ;~rf/ x'g'df lbg]n] /fd|f];Fu glbP/ jf lng]n] klg /fd|f];Fu glnP/ jf b'j}sf] sf/0fn] x'g] ub{5 . cleefjs / afnaflnsf lar x'g] ;~rf/sf afwf klg oxL cj:yfn] l;h{gf u/fPsf] x'G5 .

afnaflnsf;Fu ul/g] ;~rf/df afwf kfg]{ TTjx¿ JolStut cfgLafgL, cf–cfˆgf kl/jf/sf] agf}6÷;+:sf/ / ;dfhcg';f/ klg km/s kg{ ;Sb5 . t/ klg, s]xL d'Vo afws TTjx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\M


97

:ki6 gx'g'M :ki6 ;'g]sf] t/ cy{ rflxF yfxf gkfpFbf, s'/f nfdf] x'Fbf, rflxg] eGbf l56f] af]Nbf, ;'Gg' eGbf a9L af]Nbf, gaf]n] klg c?sf] egfOdf jf:tf gubf{ s;n] slt a'e]msf] egL Vofn x'Fb}g .

rf;f] gx'g'M afnaflnsfx¿n] dg gk/]sf s'/f ;'Gg} rfxFb}gg\ . yf]/} cleefjsn] dfq o:tf] s'/fdf Vofn u/]/ s'/fsfgL ub{5g\ / ToxLcg';f/ d}qL jftfj/0f agfP/ s'/f ;'Gg tof/ agfPsf x'G5g\ .

a]jf:tfM afnaflnsfx¿sf] s'/f÷lh1f;fdf cleefjsn] a]jf:tf ul/lbFbf jf ems]{sf] yfxf kfpFbf pgLx¿nfO{ cleefjssf s'g} klg s'/fdf rf;f] x'g 5f8\b5 . To:t}, Pp6} s'/f Pp6} kf/fdf w]/} hgfn] 3l/3l/ s'/f ubf{ klg pgLx¿n] afnaflnsfx¿n] c?sf] s'/f k|lt a]jf:tf ul/lbG5g\\ . To;}n] cleefjs jf o'jf tyf jo:sx¿ ;a}n] afnaflnsf;Fu s'/f ubf{ s'g pd]/sf afnaflnsf;Fu s] s'/f slt ul/Fb}5 eGg] s'/f Wofg lbg' kb{5 . pd]/sf] kl/kSjtf cg';f/sf] s'/f pko'St s'/f ug]{ tl/sf klg ljlw lsl;dn] ckgfpFbf dfq pgLx¿n] s'/fdf Wofg lbPsf x'G5g\ .

?vf] Jojxf/M cleefjs / kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:ox¿sf] af]nL arg afnd}qL geO{ k|fo ?vf] jf x]lkPsf] h:tf] x'Fbf afnalnsfx¿n] gd|tf lzi6tfsf] efjgf a'‰g kfpFb}gg\ / h;n] ubf{ pgLx¿df klg To:t} :jefjsf] ljsf; x'g;S5 .

nfh / 8/M afnaflnsf nhfpg' jf 8/fpg' :jefljs} xf] t/ ToxL afgL a:g uPdf ;~rf/df afwf kg{;S5, h;sf] sf/0f l;sfOdf klg l9nfO x'g hfG5 .

afnaflnsf;Fu ;DalGwt oL plNnlvt ;~rf/sf afwsx¿ pbfx/0f dfq} x'g . o:tf c? klg w]/} ef]lu/x]sf x'g;S5g\ . cleefjsx¿n] ;w}F Vofn ug{'kg]{ s'/f s] xf] ls afnaflnsf;Fu ;~rf/df

w]/}h;f] afwf :jo+ cleefjsx¿s} sf/0fn] eO/x]sf x'G5g\ . k|foM cleefjsn] afnaflnsfsf] dfgl;s cj:yfsf] Vofn gu/L cfk"mnfO{ lrQ ga'em] ufnL ug]{ jf lk6\g];Dd klg u/]sf x'G5g\\+ . k|efjsf/L ;~rf/n] Jojxf/sf ;fy} afnaflnsfsf] a'b\lw, ljj]s, lrGtg jf ljZnif0ffTds Ifdtfsf] ljsf;df klg ;xof]u k'lu/x]sf] x'G5 . afnlj7\ofOF x'g] lsl;dsf ;~rf/n] afnaflnsfsf] Ifdtfdf ghflgFbf] lsl;dn] sdL eO/x]sf] x'G5 .

xfdLn] h:t} afnaflnsfn] klg OHht rfxG5g\\ . pgLx¿n] eg]sf ;a} s'/fx¿nfO{ Wofg lbP/ ;'g]sf] 5 / pgLx¿sf] egfO k|lt ;sf/fTds k|ltlqmof lbPsf] 5 eGg] dx;'; ePdf cfˆgf] OHht /fv]sf] 7fGb5g\\ / pgLx¿df klg lj:tf/} c?sf] s'/f Wofg lbP/ ;'Gg] / OHht ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; x'G5 .

gd| / :ki6 ;~rf/ l;ksf] ljsf;n] afnaflnsfdf lj:tf/} hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf] ljsf; eO/x]sf] x'G5 / To;}sf cfwf/df pgLx¿sf] ghflgFbf] lsl;dn] cfˆgf] JolSTTjsf] ljsf; eO/x]sf] x'G5 . To;}n] cleefjsn] afnaflnsfnfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstfdf /fVg' kb{5 . cleefjsx¿sf] v';L ePsf] cj:yf xf];\ jf l/;fPsf] cj:yf xf];\, afnaflnsf;Fu ul/g] s'/fsfgL p:t} lsl;dsf] x'g'kb{5 . To:t}, afnaflnsfdf klg To:t} ePsf] cj:yf x'g;S5 t/ cleefjsn] To:tf] a]nfdf klg d}qL Jojxf/ g} ug'{kb{5 .

!$=%= kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo :t/df cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿

• cleefjsn] afnaflnsf;Fu ;~rf/ ubf{ kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿n] ljrf/ k'¥ofpg kg]{ ljljw kIfdf ;a}nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg], ;~rf/ l;kdf afnaflnsfn] u/]sf] k|ult k|lt :ofaf;L lbg'xf];\ .


98

• afnaflnsfn] u/]sf] ;~rf/ l;ksf / ;d:ofx¿sf] af/]df lgoldt hfgsf/L /fvL ;f]af/] afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ kl/jf/nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .

• afnaflnsf / kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿lar x'g] ;~rf/nfO{ pd]/ cg';f/ k|efjsf/L s;/L agfpg] / afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu ;~rf/

l;k ljsf; dfkm{t 1fg tyf ljZn]if0f ug]{ Ifdtf slt eof] egL kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿df 5nkmn ug]{ / afFsL of]hgf agfpg'xf];\.

• k|efjsf/L ;~rf/ l;ksf nflu kl/jf/df cfˆgf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ 6f]n s} gd'gf agfpg], h;n] ubf{ c? cleefjsnfO{ klg To;sf lglDt k|]/0ff aGg ;xof]u ldNb5 .

99

v08 kGw|hLjgf]kof]uL l;k


100

!% hLjgf]kof]uL l;k

JolStdf ljsf; x'g] ;sf/fTds ;f]r b]lvg Ifdtf g} hLjgf]kof]uL l;k xf] . o;n] JolStsf] j}rfl/s tyf Jojxfl/s 1fg / IfdtfnfO{ ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g ug{ ;Ifd agfpF5 . o;sf] db\btn] JolSt ;kmn hLjgofkg ug{ ;Ifd x'G5 . hLjgf]kof]uL l;knfO{ JolStsf] b}lgs hLjgdf cfOkg]{ cfjZostf k"lt{ ug]{ / r'gf}tL ;fdgf ug]{ k|efjsf/L of]Uotfsf] ¿kdf klg lnOG5 . of] Pp6f JolStsf] dfgl;s ;r]ttf sfod ug]{ of]Uotf xf] / o;nfO{ JolStn] c¿;Fu tyf cfˆgf] ;+:s[lt / jftfj/0f;Fu k|ltlqmof hgfpFbf ;sf/fTds Jojxf/sf] ¿kdf ckgfpF5 .

ljZj :jf:Yo ;ª\u7gsf] kl/efiffcg';f/ hLjg pkof]uL l;kx¿ JolStx¿sf] b}lgs sfo{df cfOkg]{ ;d:ofx¿sf] ;fdgf ub]{, ;sf/fTds ¿kdf hLjg JotLt ug{ db\bt k'¥ofpg] l;kx¿ x'g\ . hLjg pkof]uL l;kx¿n] JolStx¿sf] dgf];fdflhs ;d:ofx¿;Fu h'Wg÷;fdgf ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfx¿nfO{ clej[b\lw u/fpF5 .

afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿sf] nflu ;'/lIft hLjgofkg u/fpg hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf] cfjZostf k5{ . x's{Fb} u/]sf afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿n] ;dosf] dfucg';f/ cfk"mnfO{ ;dfof]hg ug{ ;s]gg\ eg] ablnFbf] kl/l:yltn] pgLx¿nfO{ ;d]6\g ;Sb}g . kmn:j¿k pgLx¿ s'ntsf] l;sf/ x'g], of}g b'Jo{jxf/sf] l;sf/ x'g], of}g zf]if0fsf] l;sf/ x'g] / of}ghGo ;ª\qmd0fsf] ;d]t l;sf/ x'g] / ljleGg lsl;dsf c/fhs åGåx¿df c?af6 k|of]u x'g] ;Defjgf x'G5 .

cleefjs tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] hLjgf]kof]uL l;kx¿sfaf/] /fd|f] hfgsf/L lng ;s]df pgLx¿n] afnaflnsf tyf lszf ] / lszf ] / L x¿sf

Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu of]hgf agfpg / sfo{ ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .

!%=!= afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu lsg cfjZos 5 hLjgf]kof]uL l;k <

s= lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿ afNofj:yf kf/ ub{} o'jfcj:yflt/ hfFb} u/]sf x'G5g\ . To;}n] lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿ g afnaflnsf g o'jf x'g\ . oxL cj:yfdf pgLx¿n] dgf];fdflhs l;kx¿ / cGt/ JolSt ;DaGwsf l;kx¿ l;s]sf x'G5g\\ . tL l;kx¿sf] cfwf/df pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] JolSTTj c¿;Fusf] ;DaGwnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg ;S5g\ .

v= hLjgf]kof]uL l;kn] hf]lvdk"0f{ Jojxf/x¿, n}ª\lus e]befj, ;fdflhs ;b\efj laufg]{ åGå cflbaf6 s;/L aRg], s;/L hf]ufpg] / lzIff, :jf:Yo nufot ;fdflhs ;DaGw tyf Jofj;flos l;sfO k|lqmofdf klg ;lqmo x'g] cg'ejx¿ k|bfg u5{ .

u= lszf]/lsfzf]/Lx¿sf] of}g tyf k|hgg :jf:Yo /fd|f] agfpg cfjZos 1fg clej[b\lw / Jojxf/nfO{ ;dGjofTds 9ª\un] k|:t't ug{ hLjgf]kof]uL l;kn] dbt u5{ .

3= hLjgf]kof]uL l;kn] s'ntdf gnfUgsf nflu k|]/0ff ldNb5 .

!%=@= s:tf s:tf x'G5g\ t hLjgf]kof]uL l;kx¿ <

ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gn] klxrfg u/]sf] !) cf]6f cfwf/e"t hLjg pkof]uL l;kx¿ 5g\ / To;nfO{ # pk–;d"xx¿ cGtu{t ljefhg ug{ ul/Psf] 5 .


101

hGd}b]lv k|fKt l;kx¿ ;~rf/ / cGt/j}olSts

l;kx¿

lgoGq0f tyf Joj:yfkg

l;kx¿

• lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtf

• ;d:of ;dfwfg

• ;dfnf]rgfTds ;f]rfO

• l;h{gfTds ;f]r / cfTd hfu/0f

• cg'e"lt

• k|efjsf/L ;~rf/

• cGtj}olSts ;DaGw

• cfTd;r]t

• ;+j]u lgoGq0f

• tgfj Joj:yfkg

;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3Lo afnsf]if -o'lg;]km_ n] !) cf]6f cfwf/e"t hLjgf]kof]uL l;kx¿ k|:t't u/]sf] 5 h;sf] 5f]6s/L j0f{g lgDgfg';f/ ul/Psf] 5M

!= cleJolSt l;k

cleJolSt l;k eg]sf] cfˆgf dgsf s'/f lgw{Ss / :ki6;F+u c?nfO{ atfpg] l;k xf] . cfk;L ;DaGw /fd|f] agfpgsf nflu cleJolSt l;k klg /fd|f] x'g' cfjZos x'G5 . cfˆgf] dgdf s'g} ;d:of eP c?nfO{ geGbf emg\ alNemFb} hfG5 . To:t}, dgdf /fd|f] s'/f eP c?n] yfxf kfpg ;Sb}gg\ . ;~rf/ g} s;/L ug'{kb{5 eGg] l;k gePsf] sf/0f sltko JolStn] cfˆgf egfOx¿ u'D;fP/ /fVb5g\\ eg] sltn] ;ª\sf]r k}bf x'gfn] JoQm ug{ rfxFb}gg\ . o;/L cfˆgf dgsf s'/fx¿ JoQm ul/Pg eg] ;fyLx¿ lar jf cleefjs / afnaflnsf÷lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿ lar ufFl;Psf] ;DaGwdf zª\sf÷pkzª\sf tyf c;dembf/L a9\g yfNb5 . cfˆgf dgsf cleJolSt gugf{n] OR5f ljkl/t ljjfx x'g], c?lrsf ljifo k9\g kg]{, hLjgsf nIox¿ k|fKt ug{ g;Sg], g;f]r]sf] jf gofF lsl;dsf åGådf kml;g] cflb w]/} 36gfx¿ 36]sf 5g\ . s'g} sfdsf] nflu c? eGbf of]Uo ePsf] yfxf kfpFbf kfpFb} cleJolStsf] l;kdf sdhf]/ ePs} sf/0fn] cfk"m eGbf cof]Uo JolStn] To:tf cj;/x¿ kfPsf klg w]/} pbfx/0fx¿ 5g\ . To;}n] 3/df cleefjsx¿n] afnaflnsfx¿sf

nflu cleJolStsf] l;k ljsf; ug]{ jftfj/0f ldnfpg] / k|]l/t ug{ cfjZos 5 .

@= cGt/j}olSts ;DaGw

dflg;sf] hLjg ;fdflhs ;DaGwdf cfwfl/t 5 . h:t}M kl/jf/sf ;b:o jf cfkmGtx¿;Fu, ;fyL;Fu, ;d'bfosf JolStx¿;Fu, k|]d cflb ;DaGwx¿ x'g;S5 . tL cg]sf}F ;DaGwx¿ ;'dw'/ /x]df hLjg ;'vdo / pT;fxL x'G5 . cGoyf hLjg kL8fbfoL x'G5 . h'g;'s} sfddf klg c;kmn eOG5 . ;DaGwnfO{ s;/L ;'dw'/ agfpg] eGg] s'/f klg JolStdf ePsf] l;kdf e/ kg]{ ePsfn] o;nfO{ klg hLjgfkof]uL l;ksf] ¿kdf lnOPsf] xf] . cGt/j}olSts ;DaGwsf] s'/f ubf{ ;aeGbf klxn] 3/sf] cleefjs / kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿ larsf] ;DaGwsf] s'/fnfO{ rrf{ ug'{k5{ . lsgls of] ;a}eGbf klxnf] v'8\lsnf] xf] . kl/jf/df cleefjsx¿n] g} cfl>t cj:yfaf6 lj:tf/} :jfjnDaL aGg k|z:t cg'ejx¿ k|bfg u5{ / Jojxf/df k|:t't ub{5 . :jfjnDaL agfpg] qmddf afnaflnsf x'sf{pg] cleefjsx¿ g} kl5 5f]/f5f]/L k|lt cfl>t aGb} hfg] s'/f xfdLn] a'‰g ;s]gf}F eg] xfd|f] kl/jfl/s ;DaGw lau|g ;S5 . Pp6} kl/jf/df k'/fgf] / gofF lkF9L lar ljrf/ gldNg ;S5 . o; cj:yfdf km/s ljrf/nfO{ ;dGjofTds 9ª\un] ldnfP/ n}hfg] sfo{ gofF lkF9Ln] dfq ug{ ;S5 .


102

lszf]/fj:yfdf cleefjs;Fu eGbf ;fyLx¿;Fu glhs x'g] ub{5g\ . To;}n] pgLx¿sf] hLjgsf] r'gf}tL Pp6f k|]d ;DaGw klg xf] . lszf]/fj:yfdf ghfg]/ k|]d hfndf km:g ;Sb5g\\ . k|]d ;DaGwnfO{ klg l;h{gfTds / ;sf/fTds 9ª\un] cufl8 a9fpg ;s]df hLjg ;'vdo klg x'g;S5 t/ pgLx¿n] o;nfO{ sfdjf;gfsf] ¿kdf lnP jf Ifl0fs dgf]/~hgsf] dfWod agfpg yfn] eg]] To;sf] kl/0ffd ;d:ofd"ns x'g ;S5 . olb k|]ddf wf]vf eof] eg] hLjgf]kof]uL l;k geP/ w}otf{ / ;ª\udtf wf/0f ug{ g;Sg] w]/} o'jf lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿ x'G5g\\ . o;sf sf/0f lk8fbfos cj:yf l;h{gf x'G5 . kmn:j¿k s'g} klg lsl;dsf] s'ntdf nfUg] / s;}s;}n] t cfTdxTof klg u/]sf] w]/} pbfx/0fx¿ 5g\ . To;}n] oL / o:tf s'g} klg ;d:of cfpg glbg cGt/JolSt ;DaGwnfO{ ;sf/fTds / pknlAwd"ns agfpg' kb{5 .

#= cfTd;r]t

cfkm\gf] efjgf, OR5f / cfjZostfnfO{ lrg]/ hfu?s aGg' eg]sf] cfTd;r]t x'g' xf] . d sf] x'F < d}n] s] ug'{ k5{ < d]/f] ;xL af6f] s'g xf] / unt s'g xf] eGg] af/] a'‰gsf nflu pgLx¿df cfTd;r]ttfsf] cfjZostf k5{ . xfdL sf] xf}F eg]/ xfd|f k'vf{n] eGb} cfPsf cfwf/df dfq} dfGb} cfPsf 5f}F . t/ cfˆgf] jf:tljs cj:yf cs}{ klg x'g ;S5 eGg] s'/f dgg u/]/ cfkm}Fn] cfk}FmnfO{ k|Zg u/L ljZn]if0f ug{ l;sfOof] eg] afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿n] cfkm\gf] oyfy{tf yfxf kfpg ;Sbg\ . pgLx¿nfO{ x/]s s'/fdf ;r]t aGg l;sfOof] eg] pgLx¿n] cfk"mleqsf] IfdtfnfO{ klxrfg u/L ;kmntf xfl;n ug{ ;xof]u k'Ub5 . o;sf nflu cfkm"n] cfkm}FnfO{ :jLsfg]{, cfˆgf] nflu nIo lgwf{/0f ug]{ / nIolt/ cu|;/ x'g], cflb Jojxf/x¿ ckgfpg ;Sb5g\\ .

$= cg'e"lt

dgn] ug]{ cg'ejsf] k|lqmof g} cg'e"lt xf] . cfk"mnfO{ c¿ dflg;x¿n] s'g b[li6sf]0fn] x]/]sf 5g\ / cfk"mn] c¿sf] af/]df s] s:tf efjgf /flvPsf] x'G5 eGg] s'/f klg cg'e"lt xf] . afnaflnsfx¿n] k|fo b}lgs ¿kdf sof}F k6s gofF gofF cg'e"ltx¿ ul//x]sf x'G5g\\ . c¿;Fu /fd|f] ;DaGw :yfkgf ug{ pgLx¿sf] cfjZostf, OR5f / dgf]efjgfnfO{ a'‰g'k5{ . cleefjsn] pgLx¿n] u/]sf] cg'e"lt / To;n] l;h{gf u/]sf] ;d:ofx¿ a'em]/ pgLx¿nfO{ ;s/fTds tl/sfn] a'‰g / ;r]t x'g xf};nf lbof}F eg] pgLx¿n] ;xL / unt 5'6\ofpg ;Sb5g\\ . To:t}, s'g} JolSt;Fu ;DaGw :yfkgf ubf{ :jfy{n] dfq x]l/G5 eg] xfdLk|ltsf] b[li6sf]0f gsf/fTds x'g hfG5 afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿n] a'‰g' cfjZos 5 . lsgls o; s'/fdf pgLx¿n] ;'wf/ ug{ ;s]gg\ eg] kl5 uP/ pgLx¿;Fusf] ;a} ;DaGwx¿nfO{ sfod /fVg klg uf¥xf] x'G5 . x's{Fb} u/]sf afnaflnsf / lszf]/lszf]/x¿df OR5f / cfjZostfx¿ a9\b} hfG5g\\ . tL OR5f / cfjZostfx¿ k"lt{sf] nflu To;sfaf/] d}qLk"0f{ jftfj/0fdf 5nkmn x'g'k5{ . o;sf] nflu pgLx¿n] ;fyLx¿af6 s:tf] cg'e"lt lnPsf 5g\ / ;fyLx¿n] s;/L x]g]{ u/]sf] 5g egL a'‰g' Psbd cfjZos 5 . To;sf cfwf/df cfjZostfsf] k'/f ug{ slxn]sfxLF g;lsg klg ;lsG5 . To:tf] a]nfdf cfˆgf] cj:yf :jLsfg{ k|]l/t ug'{ cfjZos 5 . kl/jf/sf] cj:yfsf] klg cg'e"lt u/fpg k|]l/t ug'{ kb{5 . To;df cleefjsn] klg cfˆgf cg'e"lt :ki6 /fVg' kb{5 To:tf] ubf{ csf{nfO{ dsf{ kg]{ cg'e"lt gxf];\ eGg] s'/fdf pgLx¿nfO{ ;r]t aGg ;xof]u k'Ub5 .

%= ;+j]u Joj:yfkg

;+j]u xfd|f] dfgl;s efjgf xf] . ;fdfGotof ;+j]u ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds b'O{ lsl;dsf


103

x'G5g\\ . ;sf/fTds ;+j]u cGtu{t cfgGb, v';L, k|f]T;fxg, dfof, k|]d h:tf s'/fx¿ cfpF5g\ eg] gsf/fTds ;+j]u cGtu{t 8/, l/;, 3[0ff, lrGtf, Oiof{, cflb Jojxf/x¿ cfpF5g\ . ;sf/fTds ;+j]un] xfd|f] hLjgdf ;'vsf If0fx¿sf] cg'ej u/fpF5 eg] gsf/fTds ;+j]un] xfd|f] hLjg g} cGwsf/do agfOlbG5 . hLjgnfO{ ;xL lbzf lbgsf nflu ;sf/fTds gsf/fTds b'j} vfn] ;+j]u x'g' cfjZos 5 . oL b'j} ;+j]unfO{ ;Gt'lnt cj:yfdf /fVg' g} jf:tjdf ;+j]usf] Joj:yfkg ug'{ xf] . lszf]/fj:yfdf ;+j]usf] ult c? pd]/df eGbf a9L x'G5 . ;fdfGo cj:yfsf] 36gfn] klg afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ a9L pQ]lht kfb{5 . To;}n] pgLx¿;Fusf] s'/fsfgL jf Jojxf/ afnd}qL lsl;dsf] x'g' kb{5 . kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0fn] ;a} lsl;dsf ;+j]ux¿nfO{ ;sf/fTds tl/sfaf6 Joj:yfkg u/fpg cEo:t u/fpg' kb{5 .

^= tgfj ;fdgf ug]{ l;k

lrGtf / s'07fsf] sf/0fn] dl:tisdf af]em kg'{nfO{ tgfj elgG5 . dflg; tgfjdf x'Fbf d'6'sf] w8\sg l56f]l56f] rNg], 6fpsf] b'Vg], kl;gf cfpg], ckr x'g], l56f]l56f] lk;fa nfu] h:tf] x'g], sfDg], lgGb|f gnfUg], emsf]{ nfUg], l/; p7\g], Wofg s]lGb|t ug{ g;Sg] h:tf Jojxf/x¿ b]vf kg{;S5 . lszf]/fj:yfdf k'u]kl5 ;fyLx¿sf] ;DaGw, cfˆgf] OR5f / rfxgf, 3/sf] cfly{s÷;fdflhs cj:yf, cleefjssf] 5]saf/, k/LIffdf c;kmntf, u[xsfo{sf] af]em, cflbn] tgfj pTkGg u/fpg ;S5 . o;nfO{ plrt ;dod} Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsPg eg] ljs/fn ¿k lnO{ dflg; s'ntdf klg nfUg ;S5g\ . tgfjn] dflg;sf] l;h{gfTds lrGtg / ;dfnf]rgfTds ;f]rfOdf afwf pTkGg u/fOlbg;Sb5 . To;}n] tgfjnfO{ a]n}df Joj:yfkg ug'{k5{ . tgfjsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;'?df tgfjsf sf/0fx¿ hfGg' Psbd cfjZos 5 . h:t}M s'g} s]6fn] k|]d k|:tfj /fVbf s]6Ln]

OR5f eP/ klg :ki6 ¿kdf af]Ng g;Sbf jf :ki6 ¿kdf cWoog ug]{ a]nf k|]dlt/ gnfUg] egL k|:tfj gsf/]sf] s'/fdf s]6fnfO{ tgfj ;'? ;'? x'g;S5 . o:tf k|:tfjdf s]6Ln] cGt/JolSt ;DaGw glau|g] u/L s;/L gsfg]{ jf s;}n] of}g ;DaGws} k|:tfj u¥of] eg] ;DaGw klg glau|g] u/L s;/L gfO{ eGg] s'/fsf] l;k s]6Ldf x'g' cfjZos 5 . To:t} s]6fdf klg Tof] cj:yfdf cfkm"n] k|]d k|:tfj /fv]sf] jf of}g;Dks{sf] nflu u/]sf] s'/f k|lt s]6Ln] hjfkm lbPsf] s'/fdf slTtsf] ;Totf 5 egL ljZn]if0f ug]{ l;k cfjZos 5 . To;n] cfˆgf] lrTt a'emfpg ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; x'G5 . slxn]sfxLF cfkm"n] d]xgt} gu/L kmn gkfPsf]df klg lrGtfn] tgfjsf] l:ylt NofOlbG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf cfkm\gf] cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f u/L dg a'emfpg ;Sg'k5{ cyjf pSt c;kmntfnfO{ csf]{ kN6sf] ;kmntfsf] nflu k|]/0ff agfP/ d]xgt jf cEof; u/]df ;kmntf xft nfUb5 egL tgfjnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{ l;sfpg' kb{5 . o:tf s'/fx¿df pgLx¿sf] sdhf]/Lsf] ¿kdf k|:t't ug'{ x'Fb}g lsgls To;n] emg\ tgfj a9\b} hfG5 / hf]lvd lsl;dsf] Jojxf/ ug{ k'Ub5g\\ eGg] s'/fdf cleefjsx¿n] Vofn /fVg' cfjZos 5 .

&= l;h{gfTds lrGtg

s'g s'/f s'g kl/l:yltdf JoQm ubf{ pko'St x'G5 egL ;f]Rg' l;h{gfTds lrGtg xf] . s'g} ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf] af6f] vf]Hg' klg l;h{gfTds lrGtg xf] . x'sF{b} u/]sf afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/fj:yf b]lv g} l;h{gfTds lrGtg ug{ k|]l/t ug]{ / To;sf] nflu kl/jf/df jftfj/0f agfpg] ugf{n] pgLx¿leq /x]sf hGdl;b\w k|ltefnfO{ k|:km'6g u/fpg ;lsG5 . pgLx¿sf] k|ltef k|:t't ug]{ y'k|} pkfox¿ x'G5g\\ . olb tL k|ltef tyf efjgfx¿ kl/l:ylt cg'¿k k|:t't u/fpg ;lsPg eg] To;n] l;h{gfTds lrGtgdf gsf/fTds c;/ kg{ ;S5 . w]/}h;f] kl/jf/sf afnaflnsfx¿df


104

sltko ;d:ofx¿ cfˆg} txaf6 ;dfwfg ug{ ;Sg] eP klg c¿sf] d'v tfs]/ a;]sf] kfOG5 . olb cleefjsx¿n] afnaflnsfdf ePsf leqL rfxgf / Ifdtf hufP/ pT;flxt u/fpg] sfd ug{ ;s]df cg]sf}F ;d:of cfˆg} txaf6 ;dfwfg x'G5 . k]ml/ klg o;sf] nflu cleefjsdf klg l;h{gfTds lrGtgsf] cfjZostf k5{ .

*= ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg

;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg eg]sf] dgdf p7]sf b'O{eGbf a9L ljrf/x¿ jf lrGtgnfO{ ljZn]if0ffTds 9ª\un] ;f]Rg' xf] . s'g} sfd jf lhDd]jf/L ug'{ kbf{ To;sf af/]df ;sf/fTds of gsf/fTds b'j} wf/0ff aGb5 . afnaflnsfx¿n] klg ;sf/fTds jf gs/fTds tl/sfn] ljrf/sf] b'j} tl/sfaf6 ljZn]if0f ub{5g\ t/ ;dfnf]rgfTds tl/sfn] ;f]Rg ;Sb5g\ . gfkmf ;sf/fTds ePdf To;af6 s] s] kmfObfx¿ x'G5g\\ t/ s'g} lg0f{o k'Ug sl7g kg{ ;Sb5 . pgLx¿sf nflu ljZn]if0f ug{] tl/sfdf gsf/fTds kIf jf s'g} sfdaf6 x'g] a]kmfObfx¿ s] s] x'g ;Sb5 / ToxL sfdsf] csf]{ gsf/fTds kIf jf To;af6 lg:sg] a]kmfObfx¿ s] s] x'g;S5 egL t'ngfTds ¿kdf ljrf/ u/]/ ug{ To:tf s'g} ljifo 5fgL afnaflnsfx¿;Fu 5nkmn rnfpg ;lsG5 . lg0f{odf s;/L k'Ug] eGg] s'/fsf] cEof; klg ;Fu} ug'{ kb{5 / lg0f{o s;/L eof] eg]/ lrQa'‰bf] k'ki6 klg ug'{kb{5 . slxn]sfxLF afnaflnsf;Fu ul/g] o:tf ;dfnf]rgfTds cEof;sf lg0f{o tTsfn} gu/L ljifocg';f/ ;f]Rg] df}sf l;h{gf u/L csf]{ lbg ug'{xf];\ tfls afnaflnsfx¿n] ljZn]if0f ug]{ w]/} df}sf klg kfpFb5g\ . o;/L ul/Psf 5nkmn / cEof; ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg xf] egL cGTodf dfq eGg' pko'St x'G5 . afnaflnsfnfO{ oxL a]nfdf eGg' kb{5 ls ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtgaf6 s'g} lg0f{odf k'Ug' kb{5 / cfkTsfnLg cj:yf jf cfsl:ds ljkb afx]ssf] cj:yfdf lg0f{o

ubf{ xr'jfsf] e/df jf xtf/df ug'{x'Fb}g / c?sf] k|nf]eg jf k|efjsf cfwf/df dfq} lg0f{o ug'{ x'Fb}g eGg] s'/f klg o:tf lrGtgsf cEof; u/]kl5 :ki6;Fu atfpg' kb{5 . /fd|f] ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg u/]/ ul/Psf] lg0f{on] dfq /fd|f] kl/0ffd lbg ;Sb5 eGg] s'/fdf afnaflnsfnfO{ ljZj:t agfpg' kb{5 .

(= lg0f{o ug]{ l;k

pd]/ cg';f/sf ljZn]if0f ug]{ Ifdtf ;a} afnaflnsfdf x'G5 . pgLx¿n] To;sf cfwf/df ljrf/ u/L lg0f{o klg ug{ ;Sb5g\ t/ ljrf/ / Jojxf/nfO{ clGtd lgrf]8df NofP/ g} lg0f{o u/]sf x'G5g\ eGg rflxF ;lsGg . lsgls Tof] nfdf] cEof;af6 ckgfOg] k|lqmof xf] . afnaflnsfn] l7s jf a]l7s h] lg0f{o ub{5g\ pgLx¿sf] cfˆgf] ljj]s cg';f/ ub{5g\ . pgLx¿n] klg pd]/ cg';f/ jf kl/kSjtfsf] cj:yf cg';f/ ;fgfltgf b]lv 7"nf7"nf lg0f{ox¿ klg ug{ k/]sf] x'G5 . lg0f{o ug]{ k|lqmofdf rflxF kl/jSjtf gx'Fbf s'g} lg0f{o ;fgfltgf g} eP klg olb unt eof], To;n] 7"nf] k|efj kfg{ ;Sb5 / hLjgel/ klg kfg{ ;S5 . To:t}, 7"nf] lg0f{o g} unt eof] eg] t To;n] emg 7"nf] b'ikl/0ffd lgDTofpFb5 . oL s'/fx¿df Vofn k'¥ofpg ;r]t ug]{ / pbfx/0fLo ¿kdf 3/df cEof; u/fpg] sfd cleefjssf] xf] . kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:ox¿n] klg o:tf s'/fdf ;w}F Wofg k'¥ofpg' kb{5 . lg0f{o ug'{ cufl8 /fd|f];Fu ;f]Rg] afgL, x/]s s'/f jf sfd ubf{ / b]lvg] 36gf;Fu} cleefjsn] afnaflnsfnfO{ cEo:t u/fpg' kb{5 . pbfx/0fx¿af6 klg l;sfpg ;lsG5 . h:t}M ga'emL lap lsGg] lg0f{o ubf{ afnL lau|g hfG5 t/ csf]{ k6s To;df Wofg k'¥ofP/ lg0f{o ug{ ;lsG5 . w]/} ljrf/ g} gu/L ljjfx ug]{af/]df unt lg0f{o ul/of] To;n] lhGbuLel/ g} lk/f]ln/xG5 . s'g} s'/fdf slxn]sfxLF c¿sf] bafadf klg lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . s'g} ljifo;Fu


105

cw'/f] cg'ej 5 eg] To;sf] cfwf/df dfq lg0f{o ubf{ klg unt x'g k'Ub5 . To;}n] afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿nfO{ lg0f{o ug]{ l;k jf Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{ o:tf s'/fx¿df cleefjsx¿n] Wofg lbP/ l;sfpg'k5{ . kl/jf/leq x'g] s'g} s'g} 5nkmnsf] lg0f{o k|lqmofdf pgLx¿nfO{ klg ;lqmo ;xeflutf u/fpg' kb{5 . xtf/df lg0f{o ug'{ x'Fb}g / w]/} l9nf klg ug'{ x'Fb}g eGg] s'/fsf] 1fg lbg' kb{5 . s'g sn]hdf k9\g] eGg] lg0f{o klg oxL k|lqmofdf u/fpg ;lsG5 . pgLx¿nfO{ Jojxfl/s cg'e"lt u/fpg ;lsof] eg] ;xL lg0f{o ug{] l;ksf] ljsf; x'G5 . afnaflnsf tyf o'jf lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿sf nflu lg0f{o k|lqmofsf] l;k jf Ifdtf ljs; u/fpg lg0f{o k|lqmofsf] r/0fdf Wofg lbg'k5{ .

• pgLx¿df pTkGg ;d:ofx¿sf] y'k|} j}slNks lg0f{ox¿sf] ;"rL agfpg] .

• tL j}slNks lg0f{o;Fu ;DalGwt hfgsf/L oyf;Dej ;ª\sng ug]{ .

• k|To]s lg0f{osf] ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds kl/0ffdsf] ;"rL agfpg] .

!)= ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ l;k

lg0f{osf jf lgsf; glgl:sPsf] cj:yf ;d:of xf] . afnaflnsfn] pgLx¿sf] klg sfd, v]n, ;fyL;Fusf] ;DaGwsf sf/0f ;do ;dodf ;d:ofdf kl//x]sf x'G5g\ . cleefjsn] klg cg]sf] tgfj l;h{gf ul/lbPsf x'G5g\ . lgsf; lgsfNg grfx]df afnaflnsfx¿ To;af6 pDsg cg]sf}F axfgf agfpg yfNb5g\ t/ ;dfwfg glgl:sP;Dd nfdf] ;do tgfjdf /lx/x]sf klg x'g ;Sb5g\ . To;sf/0f cleefjsx¿n] afnaflnsfnfO{ ;fg} pd]/b]lv ;r]t u/fpg kg]{ k|d'v s'/f xf], ;d:of cfkm}F hfFb}g To;sf] ;dfwfg ug}{ kb{5 . ;dfwfg gu/]sf] sltko ;d:ofn] t h/f] g} uf8]/ emg al9/xG5, /lx/xG5 jf a9]/

hfg;S5 . ;d:ofn] tgfj a9fpF5, To;}n] ubf{ klg l7s ;dodf ;dfwfg ug'{{kb{5 . afnaflnsfn] s'g cj:yfdf s] s] ;d:of ef]lu/x]sf x'G5g\ eGg] s'/fdf cleefjsn] glhsaf6 Vofn ug'{ kb{5 / yfxf ePsf ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug]{ k|lqmofdf cleefjsn] ;xof]u ug{] / cGoqaf6 klg ;xof]u h'6fpg] ug'{ kb{5, lsgls ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ s;/L ;xefuL u/fpg] eGg] l;k klg afnaflnsfx¿n] ;Fu;Fu} l;ls/x]sf x'G5g\ . ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;xof]u ubf{ cleefjsx¿n] pgLx¿sf nflu lgDg k|lqmof ckgfpg ;lsG5M

• cleefjsn] ;aeGbf d'Vo ;d:of rflxF s] xf] / To;sf sf/s TTjx¿ s] s] x'g\ egL ;"rLsf cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ug{ ;xof]u ug'{ kb{5 .

• tL ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{{ j}slNks pkfox¿ s]s] x'g;S5g\ egL lrGtg / 5nkmn rnfpg' kb{5 . o; cj:yfdf tL pkfox¿sf ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds kIfnfO{ Wofg lbg' x'Fb}g .

• ;dfwfgsf ;Defljt pkfox¿sf] kl/0ffdnfO{ ljZn]if0f u/L o; r/0fdf cfP/ cf}FNofPsf pkfox¿sf] ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds kIfnfO{ /fd|/L s]nfP/ x]g'{ cEof; u/fpg'kb{5 .

• cGtdf pSt pkfonfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg]{ k|of; ug'{k5{ . o; r/0fdf ;;fgf pkr/0fx¿sf] of]hgf u/L cufl8 a9\g'k5{ .

slxn]sfxLF afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿sf nflu dfq} geP/ cleefjssf nflu klg ;'Nemfpg} g;Sg] lsl;dsf] ;d:ofn] klg lk/f]Ng ;S5 / To:tf] a]nfdf w}o{ ug{ k/fdz{ ug'{kb{5 . df}sf kv{g' k5{ / ;d:of ;dfwfgdf cfkm\gf] k|of;n] dfq} ;Dej gx'g] s'/f dgg u/fpg' k5{ . To:t} slxn]sfxLF ;d:ofx¿ ;fyLx¿lar 5nkmn ubf{ klg ;dfwfg x'g ;Sg] / ;fyLx¿nfO{ cfkm"nfO{


106

eGbf a9L ;d:ofn] lk/f]n]sf] klg x'g ;S5 . o;/L cfkm\gf] ;d:ofeGbf ;fyLsf] ;d:of hl6n b]v]kl5 klg cfkm"n] s]xL ;xg ;Sg] l:ylt cfpF5 .

pko{'Qm bz} cf]6f l;kx¿ Ps cfk;df cGt;{DalGwt / cGtlg{lxt 5g\ . s'g} Pp6f l;k k|bz{g ug{ csf]{ l;kn] k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] nflu cfkm" ;r]t x'g' k¥of], cleJolSt l;k /fd|f] x'g' k¥of], l;h{gfTds / ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg ug'{k¥of], ;+j]u / tgfj Joj:yfkg ug'{ k¥of] / lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg' k¥of] . To;}n] tL s'g} klg l;k Ps csf{af6 cnu 5}g egL a'emfpg] eGbf a9L Jojxf/df dx;'; u/fpg' kb{5 . To;}n] afnaflnsfx¿n] cfh{g u/]sf hLjgf]kof]uL l;kx¿df tL ;a} s'/fx¿ cGt/ ;DalGwt eP/ cfPsf] b]lvG5 jf b]lvFb}g eg]/ cleefjs / kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿n] lgoldt cjnf]sg ug]{ / ;f]xLcg';f/ pgLx¿nfO{ cEof; u/fpg ljleGg dfWodaf6 ;xof]u ug'{kb{5 .

!%=#= kl/jf/ / ;d'bfodf cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿

kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu hLjgf]kof]uL l;k lsg cfjZos kb{5 egL ;fdfGo hfgsf/L u/fpg] / hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf] ljsf; ug{ s;/L cEof; u/fpg] eGg] af/]df klg ;dofg's"n 5nkmn rnfpg] .

hLjgf]kof]uL l;kdf s'g s'g s'/fx¿ kb{5g\ eg]/ l;sfpg' eGbf klxnf s:tf] s:tf] sfd, Jojxf/, ;f]r / Ifdtfx¿ lsg rflxG5 eGg] tl/sfaf6 hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf af/]df kl/jf/nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg] / afnaflnsfsf] hLjgf]kof]uL l;k

ljsf; ug{ kl/jf/sf] ;xeflutf s;/L Joj:yf ug]{ eGg]af/]df cleefjsn] ;dGjo ug'{ kb{5 . ljb\ofno hfg] pd]/sf afnaflnsfsf] hLjgf]kof]uL l;kx¿df s'g s'g kIfx¿ ;an 5g\ / s'gs'g kIfx¿nfO{ ;an agfpg cfjZos 5 egL afnaflnsfsf] klg ;xeflutfdf kl/jf/df ;do cg's"n 5nkmn rnfpg] / ;an agfpg kg]{ kIfk|lt afnaflnsfnfO{ pTk|]l/t ug]{ . ;s/fTds k[i7kf]if0fn] pgLx¿nfO{ pTk|]/0ff lbg kl/jf/sf] ;xof]u pknAw u/fpgxf];\ .

hLjgf]kof]uL l;k ljsf; ug{ db\bt ldNg] hfgsf/Ld"ns k':ts, kf]:6/ nufot c G o >Job[Zo ;fdfu|Lx¿ 3/df pknAw u/fpg'xf];\ . syf / 5f]6f lkmNdx¿ a9L k|efjsf/L x'G5g\ .

• hLjgf]kof]uL l;k afnaflnsfsf] JolSTTj ljsf;, ljleGg ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ / hLjgko{Gt ;a} kIfx¿sf nflu cfjZos ePsf] x'gfn] kl/jf/df afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu o;sf] sfof{Gjog jf nfu' x'g] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{, l;k l;sfpg], kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:onfO{ atfpg] / cfk"mn] klg OdfGbf/Lsf ;fy ckgfpg'xf];\ .

• hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf] slt ljsf; ePsf] 5 jf s'g s'g kIf ;an / s'gs'g kIfnfO{ ;an agfpg cfjZos 5 egL yfxf kfpg afnaflnsf;Fu g} a;]/ ljleGg k|;ª\udf 5nkmn rnfpg'xf];\ / cfjZos ;xof]u h'6fpg'xf];\ .

• afnaflnsfdf hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf] ljlsf; afn d}qL jftfj/0fdf dfq} ;Dej ePsfn] cfˆgf] kl/jf/, :s'n / ;d'bfonfO{ afnd}qL agfpg'xf];\ .

107

v08 ;f]x|h]G8/ tyf of}lgstf


108

!^ h]G8/ tyf of}lgstf

!^=!= h]G8/

hGdFbf dflg; dlxnf jf k'?if eP/ hGdG5 / ;dfhn] rflxF Tof] eGbf km/s tl/sfn] dlxnf / k'?ifsf] sfd klg 5'6\ofOlbG5 . k|s[ltn] dlxnf / k'?if elg 5'6\ofP/ hGdfpg' h}ljs jf k|fs[lts leGgtf xf], o;nfO{ lnª\usf] leGgtf elgPsf] xf] . hGd]kl5 rflxF ;dfhn] dlxnf / k'?ifsf] sfd / e"ldsf 5'6\ofOlbG5, o;}nfO{ h]G8/ / h]G8/ leGgtf elgPsf] xf] . Tof] ;fdflhs leGgtf xf] . ToxL leGgtf cg';f/ dlxnf ? k'?ifk|lt ;dflhs b[li6sf]0f ag]sf] xf] .

ue{wf/0f x'Fbf g} dflg;sf] lnª\u -dlxnf jf k'?if_ lgwf{/0f ePsf] x'G5 . hlGdP/ x's]{kl5 ;dfhsf] agf}6 cg';f/ dlxnf / k'?ifn] cf– cfkm\gf klxrfg jf e"ldsf agfp“5g\\ . o;/L Ps cfk;sf] rfnrng / e"ldsfsf] cfwf/df æn}ª\lus klxrfgÆ l;h{gf ePsf] x'G5 .

!^=!=!= h]G8/ ljz]]iftfx¿

• dlxnf k'?iflarsf] ;dembf/L cfk;L ;DaGwdf lge{/ /xG5 . lsgeg] o;n] dlxnf / k'?ifx¿sf ;fdflhs gLltgod -rng / k/Dk/f_ sf cfwf/df ;DaGw hf]l8lbPsf] x'G5 .

• h]G8/ Ps k/Dk/fut e"ldsf xf], h;n] dlxnf / k'?iflarsf] km/snfO{ Ps clt dxTTjk"0f{ rfnrng / lqmofsnfksf cfwf/df ;dfhdf lrgfOPsf] x'G5 .

• h]G8/sf] Oltxf; xhf/f}Fxhf/ jif{sf] 5, To;}n] ;dfhdf o;n] 5'§} dfGotf :yflkt u/]sf] 5 .

t}klg 5f]/f / 5f]/Llarsf] km/s e"ldsf / ;DaGwx¿ ;docg';f/ kl/jt{g eO g} /x]sf] 5 . h:t} 5f]/LnfO{ klg 5f]/f;/x k9fpg', 5f]/fn] ug]{ sfd 5f]/Ln] klg ug'{, k'?ifn] dfq} vfg] hflu/ eG7fg]sf cj:yfdf dlxnfn] Tof] hflu/ ug'{, k'?ifn] klg afnaflnsfsf] x]/rfx ug'{ cflb .

• h]G8/ ;DaGwL e"ldsf / ;DaGw a:tL, hfthflt, ;fdflhs /xg;xg, cfly{s cj:yf, / ;+:sf/÷;+:s[ltsf cfwf/df km/skm/s x'G5g\\ .

h]G8/sf af/]df cfh;Dd k|fo o'jf / jo:sx¿sf nflu, k'?ifeGbf dlxnfx¿sf nflu a9L, cgf}krfl/s If]qdf eGbf ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L If]qsf dflg;nfO{ a9L hfgsf/L lbOPsf] jf ;zStLs/0f ul/Psf] 5, t/ To;sf] t'ngfdf afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿nfO{ sd dfqfdf nlIft ul/Psf] 5 . h]G8/ ;r]tgf / h]G8/ ;dljsf;sf nflu afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿ klxnf] k|fyldstfdf kg'{ cfjZos 5 . lsgls h]G8/sf] b[li6sf]0fn] x'g] ckx]ngf tyf lnª\usf cfwf/df x'g] lje]b jf lx+;faf6 pgLx¿nfO{ g} arfpg cfjZos 5 . To;}af6 afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿sf] hLjgf]kof]uL l ;ksf] ljsf; ug{ ;xh x'G5 . hGdFbf b]lv g} lnª\usf] cfwf/df km/s Jojxf/ 3/af6 g} ug{ ;'? ul/G5 . cfhef]ln ;fj{hlgs ;xeflutfdf n}ª\lus ;dfj]zLsf] gLlt /fHon] agfPsf] 5 t/ kfl/jfl/s ;xeflutfdf eg] afnaflnsf nflu s'g} gLlt agfOPsf] 5}g . ob\olk afn clwsf/;DaGwL gLltn] eg] lnª\usf] cfwf/df cleefjs jf kl/jf/n] s'g} lje]b ug{ gx'g] atfPsf] 5 .


109

k/Dk/fut h]G8/ cjwf/0fn] dlxnf / k'?if b'j}sf] JolSTTj ljsf;df gsf/fTds c;/ kf/]sf] 5 . afnaflnsfn] klg o;;DaGwL cg'ej u/]sf x'G5g\\ . 5f]/L eP afkt cg]sf}F afwfx¿sf] ;fdgf ug'{kb{5 eg] 5f]/f eP afkt\ klg afwfx¿sf] ;fdgf ug{ kl//x]sf] x'G5 . afNofj:yf b]lv g} cfk"mn] nufpg] n'uf, Jojxf/, ultljlw, pQ/bfloTj, af}b\lws lqmofsnfk, efjgf k|bz{g cflbaf6 cfk"m s]6f jf s]6L ePsf] dx;'; u/fp“b5 . ;dfhsf] dfGotfsf sf/0fn] g} cleefjsx¿n] pgLx¿nfO{ 5f]/f jf 5f]/Lsf] ljz]if e"ldsfx¿ lgefpg k|]l/t u5{g\ / bafa klg ub{5g\ . afn dgf]lj1fgdf o;n] ck|ToIf gsf/fTds ljsf; ul//x]sf] x'G5 . To;df klg 5f]/LnfO{ sd dxTTj lbg] u/]sf] 5 .

xfd|f] ;dfhdf cfh ef]ln klg ;fdflhs ;xeflutfdf klg 5f]/Lsf] e"ldsfn] sd dxTTj kfPsf x'G5g\ . v]Ng] ;jfndf klg 5f]/fnfO{ a9L 5'6 x'g] u/]sf] x'G5, h;n] ubf{ klg 5f]/Lx¿nfO{ s'l07t u/fOPsf] 5 . kl/jf/leq x'g] afnljHofFO klg 5f]/fn] eGbf 5f]/Ln] a9L g} cg'e"lt u/]sf x'G5g\ . To;}n] w]/}h;f] 5f]/Lsf] eGbf 5f]/fsf] ;zStLs/0f l56f] x'G5 . lnª\usf] cfwf/df ul/g] Jojxf/ / dfGotfx¿ leGg ;fdflhs kl/j]zdf leGg vfnsf x'G5g\\ . 5f]/f / 5f]/Ldf ;dfg ljsf;sf nflu sfd ug'{ jf :ofxf/ ug'{ cleefjssf] st{Jo xf] / ;dfg ljsf;sf nflu ;dfg cj;/ lbg' kb{5 . ;dfhdf ljb\odfg rngrNtLdf 5f]/f / 5f]/L lar lgDgfg';f/ km/s b]Vg ;lsG5 M

lhDd]jf/L jf >d

xfd|f] ;dfhsf] clwsf+z kl/jf/df 5f]/LnfO{ cfdfsf] sfd ;3fpg cEo:t u/fOG5 / cfdf dlxnf ePsf] sf/0fn] ;dfhn] efG5fsf] sfd, n'uf w'g], ;/;kmfO ug]{, afnafnaflnsfx¿sf :ofxf/;';f/ / 7'nfsf ;]jf6xn ug]{ cflb sfd lhDdf nufPsf] 5 . To;nfO{ sfd dfq} geP/

st{Jos} ¿kdf :yflkt ul/Psf] 5 . t/, 5f]/f ePafkt 3/leqsf] sfd -cfdfnfO{ ;3fpg] sfd_ ug'{ kb}{g . 3/aflx/sf afsf] sfd ;3fpg ;Sg] geP;Dd 5f]/fn] cln a9L km';{b -v]Ng, 3'Dg_ kfpFb5 . To;}n] 5f]/fdf afNosfnb]lv g} an k|of]u ug'{kg]{ sfdx¿ ug]{ p;sf] sfd xf] eGg] dgf]j}1flgs k|efj k/]sf] x'gfn] k'?iffy{sf] efjgf x'G5 h;n] dlxnfnfO{ ckx]ngfsf] jf bofsf] efjgfn] xg]{ b[li6sf]0fsf] ljsf; qmdzM eO/x]sf] x'G5 . 5f]/fnfO{ ;DklTtsf] xsbf/ xf] eGg] cg'e"lt ;fg} pd]/b]lv lbOPsf] x'G5 . To:t} lsl;dsf cg]sf}F k'?ifTj ;DaGwL dxTTjsf+Iffx¿ a9]/ pm jo:s x'Fbf;Dd ck|ToIf ¿kdf h]G8/ ;dljsf;sf] :jod\ Pp6f 7"nf] afws alg;s]sf] x'G5 . cleefjsn] afnaflnsfnfO{ ;fg} pd]/ b]lv g] kl/jf/df lje]b gx'g] Jojxf/ ug'{ kb{5 . >ddf ;dfg ;xeflutf u/fpg] dfq gefP/ ;dfhn] dlxnf / k'?ifsf nflu eg]/ 56\ofPsf sfddf klg 5f]/f / 5f]/LnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg] jftfj/0f tof/ ug'{kb{5 / kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ klg To;df ;r]t u/fpg' kb{5 .

;fdflhs e]befj

;fg} pd]/b]lv cleefjs, cfkmGt / l5d]sL 7'nfa8fx¿n] 5f]/f / 5f]/Llarsf] ;dflhs dfGotfsf cfwf/df lg/Gt/ ;'gfO/x]sf x'G5g\, 5f]/LnfO{ ha/h:tL bf];|f] bhf{sf] dflg; xf] eGg] :jLsfg{ afWo kfl/Psf] x'G5 . tf]lsPs} lsl;dsf n'uf nfpg' kg]{, af]nLrfnLdf km/s x'g' kg]{, k"hfljlwdf tf]lsP cg';f/ g} 5f]/f jf 5f]/Ln] ug'{ kg]{, afcfdf;Fu a:g gkfpg] s'/f af/Daf/ ;'gfO/xg] nufot 5f]/Ln] ug{ x'g] / gx'g] s'/f 5'6\ofOg], nfh dfGg} kg]{ cflb s'/fdf cleefjsn] g} afgL a;fOlbG5g\ . ;f]xLcg';f/ pgLx¿sf] ;f]rx¿ a9\b} hfg] x'Fbf 5f]/f / 5f]/Ldf Jofks lje]b eO/x]sf] x'G5 . lzIffdf ;dfg cj;/ lbP/ klg ;fdflhs ;DaGwdf eg] lnª\usf cfwf/ tL s'/fx¿n] lje]bdf kl//x]sf x'G5g\ .


110

s'/f a'‰g ;Sg] ePb]lv ljjfx ug'{ cufl8;Dd … csf{sf] 3/ u/]/ vfg kg]{ hftÚ egL ;w}F /x]sfn] g} clwsf+z aflnsfx¿nfO{ cfTdan g} sdhf]/ agfOPsf] x'G5 . s]6Lx¿nfO{ sf]dn / b'a{n agfpg / s]6fx¿nfO{ s7f]/ / alnof] agfpg kl/jf/ / ;dfhn] lg/Gt/ k|f]T;flxt u/]sf x'G5 . cleefjssf ;fy} kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿n] klg 3/df o:tf lje]bnfO{ lj:tf/} sd ub}{ n}hfg' kb{5 . o;sf ;fy} ;f]rdf klg kl/jt{g ug]{ jftfj/0f agfpg' kb{5 h;n] ubf{ 5f]/Ln] klg 5f]/fsf] ;/x JolStTj ljsf; ug{ cj;/ k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5g\\ .

xs÷clwsf/

h]G8/ ljsf; dlxnfsf] dfq} clwsf/ xf] eGg] e|d klg xfd|f] ;dfhdf lj:tf/} Jofks 5 . h]G8/df ;dljsf; egsf] dlxnf / k'?if b'a}sf] a/fa/ clwsf/sf] ljifo xf] . sfdsf] Pp6fsf] sfd csf]{n] ;3fpg] / ;a} lsl;dsf] sfdnfO{ ;dfgtfsf] b[li6sf]0fn] x]g]{ / >dsf] a/fa/ ;Ddfg ug]{ cj:yfsf] l;h{gf ug'{, kl/jf/leq g} ;fdflhs ;xcl:tTj l;h{gf ug'{ eg]sf] h]G8/d}qL jftfj/0f agfpg' xf] . afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;fg} pd]/b]lv ;xcl:tTjsf af/] ;f]rdf g} kl/jt{g ug]{ jftfj/0f cleefjsn] g} tof/ ul/lbg' kb{5 . kl/jf/df klg o;sf af/] ;r]t u/fpg' kb{5 . afnaflnsfdf h]G8/ ljsf;sf] nflu afnaflnsfdf dfq s]lGb|t ubf{ klg Tof] k|efjsf/L x'g ;Sb}g . cleefjsdf klg kl/jt{g b]lvg' kb{5 . kl/jf/df dlxnfx¿sf] ;zStLs/0fn] h]G8/ ljsf;df ;sf/fTds k|efj t kb{5 t/ ghflgFbf] u/L dlxnf ;zStLs/0fn] k'?if;Fusf] cGt/lj/f]w a9\g uof] eg] afnaflnsfdf To;sf] emg\ gsf/fTds k|efj kg{ hfg] x'gfn] cleefjsn] o:tf] s'/fdf lgs} xf]l;of/L ckgfpg' kb{5 .

!^=@= lnª\u / h]G8/

x''sF{b} u/]sf afnaflnsfdf ælnª\uÆ dlxnf / k'?iflardf /x]sf zf/Ll/s, h}ljs leGgtf xf] / æh]G8/Æ lnª\usf cfwf/df ;dfhn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] Jojxf/, d"No / dfGotf x'g\ eGg] Jojxfl/s 1fg cleefjs / ljb\ofnon] lbg'kb{5 .

!^=@=! cleefjsn] a'‰g kg]{ s'/f

lnª\u Ps zf/Ll/s cyf{t h}ljs ¿kdf b]lvg] km/s ¿k dfq xf] . To;s} cfwf/df dlxnfx¿n] dfq aRrfx¿ hGdfpg / aRrfnfO{ :tgkfg u/fpg ;Sb5g\ . To:t}, k'?ifx¿df dfq} z'qmsL6 lgdf{0f x'G5 / ue{wf/0f u/fpg ;Sb5g\ . ToxL k'?ifsf] z'qmsL6 h'g 5, ToxL cg';f/ 5f]/f jf 5f]/L aGb5 . zf/Ll/s ¿kn] dlxnf / k'?ifsf larsf] km/s olt dfq} xf] . c? leGgtfx¿ ;a} kl/jf/ / ;dfhn] agfOlbPsf x'g . To;}n] h]G8/ leGg ;dfh / ;do cg';f/ leGg lsl;dsf] x'g uPsf] xf] .

!^=#= e"ldsf

dlxnf / k'?ifsf nflu ;dfhn] h'gh'g sfdsf] ljefhgdf ul/lbPsf] 5, lsg ljefhg ul/lbPsf] eGg] s'g} Gofok"0f{ cfwf/ 5}g . ;Gtfg pTkfbg;DaGwL sfd afx]s ;a} y/Lsf sfdx¿ b'j}n] ug{ ;S5g\ . afnaflnsfnfO{ -Ifdtf cg';f/_ o;;DaGwL 1fg / sfdk|lt ;dfg wf/0ff aGb5 . xfd|f] ;dfhdf dlxnfn] dfq ug]{ elgPsf sfd k|lt k'?ifx¿n] lgDg sf]6Lsf] sfd 7fGb5g\ . h:t} afnaflnsfsf] yfª\gf jf dlxnfsf] sk8f w'g', 3/sf] b}nf] kf]Tg', h'7f efF8f df‰g' cflb . k'?ifn] dfq ug]{ eg]sf] sfd dlxnfn] ubf{ klg ;dfhn] ;xh :jLsfg{ ;s]sf] 5}g . h:t}M xnf] hf]Tg', lsl/of ug'{, v;L jf s'v'/f sf6\g', k/Dk/fut afhf ahfpg' cflb . jf:tjdf To:tf ;a} y/L


111

sfd b'j} y/Ln] ug{ x'G5 eGg] efjgfsf] ljsf; ug{ cleefjsn] klg cfˆgf] Jojxf/ jf e"ldsfdf klg kl/jt{g ug'{ h?/L x'G5 . clg dfq ;a} lsl;dsf afnaflnsfx¿df ;a} lsl;dsf] >dk|lt a/fa/ ;Ddfg ug]{ efjgfsf] ljsf; u/fpg ;lsG5 .

!^=#=!= klx/gsf] e"ldsf

;dfhdf klx/gn] klg h]G8/;DaGwL wf/0ffdf k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 . ;dfhn] g} dlxnf / k'?ifn] egL nufpg] sltko klx/g leGbfleGb} 5'6\ofOlbPsf] 5 . s'g} s'g} ljz]if klx/g t alh{t g} ul/lbPsf] x'G5 . h:t} k'?ifsf nflu kml/of, rf]nL, cflb / dlxnfx¿sf nflu k'?ifn] nufpg] 6f]kL, bf}/f ;'?jfn cflb . dlxnfn] nufpg] n'ufk|lt eg] k'?ifdf gsf/fTds wf/0ff hufOPsf] 5 . h:t} s'g} k'?ifnfO{ ;fdflhs sf/jfxL ug{] l;nl;nfdf ;fj{hlgs 7fpFdf kml/of cf]9fOlbg] klg ul/Psf] kfOG5 . h]G8/sf] b[i6sf]0fn] dlxnf dfly ul/Psf] ;fdflhs ckx]ngf xf] . o;sf] k|efj afnaflnsfdf kbf{ pgLx¿df c?sf] kf];fs klx/gk|lt ;Ddfgsf] ;6\6f ckx]ngf jf e]befjsf] efjgfsf] ljsf; x'G5 h'g h]G8/ ;dljsf;sf] cj/f]w xf] .

!^=#=@= k|hgg tyf x]/ljrf/;DaGwL e"ldsf

sltko afnaflnsfx¿df pgLx¿sf] k|hgg ;DaGwL s]xL 1fg x'g yfn]kl5 cleefjsx¿nfO{ ;f]Wg] ub{5g\, æd s;/L hlGdPF <Æ clg k|foM cleefjsx¿n] o;sf] ;xL pQ/ atfpFb}gg\ . ToxLFaf6 pgLx¿df k|hgg ;DaGwL e|d l;h{gf x'g yfNb5 . ha xfd|f] ;dfhdf afnaflnsfx¿ cfk"m 5f]/f x'F jf 5f]/L xF' eGg] dx;'; ePkl5 pgLx¿n] v]Ng] v]n klg ;f]xL cg';f/ x'g] ub{5 . tL s'/fx¿ cleefjs / ;dfhaf6 l;s]sf x'g\ . To;sf/0f afnaflnsfsf] ;f]rfOdf h]G8/ k|ltsf] k"jf{u|xdf kl/jt{g Nofpg cfjZos 5 .

!^=#=#= pTkfbgzLn e"ldsf M

k|ToIf cfly{s cfh{gsf] e"ldsfdf k'?if x'g' / To;sf] ;xfos pTkfbssf] e"ldsfdf dlxnfnfO{ ;Lldt ul/Psf] k/Dk/fut dfGotfn] dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf pTkfbgdf gePsf] dflgG5 . o;}cg';f/ 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿nfO{ k|ToIf jf k/f]If ¿kn] cled'vLs/0f ul/Psf] x'G5 / 5f]/LnfO{ dgf]j}1flgs ¿kdf ;fgf] pd]/b]lv g} sdhf]/ agfOPsf] x'G5 . cleefjsn] ;a} sfddf b'j}sf] pd]/cg';f/sf] ;xeflutf u/fPdf dfq pTkfbgdf ;dfg b[li6sf]0fsf] ljsf; x'G5 . o;n] ubf{ Jojxf/df g} kl/jt{g u/fpg ;lsG5 .

!^=#=$= ;fd'bflos tyf /fhg}lts e"ldsf

;d'bfodf x'g] ;dflhs sfo{sf ljljw ultljlwx¿df 5f]/fnfO{ eGbf 5f]/LnfO{ sd n}hfg] ul/Psf] kfOG5 . h;sf] sf/0f To:tf e]nf jf ;fdflhs ultljlwaf6 cfh{g ug]{ 1fg / 5f]/Ln] sd cg'ej ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . ;fdflhs tyf ;fj{hlgs sfdsf] ;xeflutfdf cfdfsf] pkl:ylt klg ;dfg x'g] xf] eg] 5f]/Lsf] klg :jefljs ¿kdf To:tf ultljlwdf ;xeflutf :jefljs ¿kdf a9\g ;Sb5 . ljsf;sf gofF k|ult;Fu} o;df s]xL kl/jt{g x'Fb} klg 5 .

gofF k':tfdf dlxnf dfly x'g] ;a} lsl;dsf lx+;fdf Go"gLs/0f x'Fb} hfg] xf] eg] afnaflnsfdf h]G8/ ;dljsf;sf] Jojxfl/s ljsf; ug'{ ;xh x'Fb} hfg;Sb5 . t/, kl/jf/df cleefjssf] e"ldsfdf klg kl/jt{g x'g' cfjZos 5 . h]G8/ ;dljsf;sf nflu 3/ / ;dfhdf dlxnfx¿sf] ;zStLs/0fsf s]xL dxTTjk"0f{ pkfox¿ cjnDag ug'{ cfjZos 5 . h:t}M

• lnª\usf cfwf/df >d ljefhgsf] cGTo x'g'k5{,

• dlxnf / k'?ifdf ;dfg Hofnfsf] Joj:yf sfod ug'{ kb{5,


112

• afnaflnsfx¿sf] :ofxf/;';f/df ;dfhsf] ;xeflutf x'g'k5{,

• kl/jf/sf] ;DklQdf 5f]/f / 5f]/Lsf] ;dfg xs sfod ug'{ kb{5,

• kl/jf/ jf ;fd'bflos ;|f]t kl/rfngdf dlxnf / k'?ifsf] ;dfg xs sfod x'g] Joj:yfnfO{ clgjfo{ ug'{ kb{5,

• aRrf slxn] / slt hGdfpg] eGg] s'/fdf dlxnfsf] lg0f{odf klg :jtGqtf x'g'k5{,

• lnª\udf cfwfl/t lx+;fsf] cGTo x'g'k5{,

• 5f]/LnfO{ klg cfwf/e"t lzIff clgjfo{ u/fpg] / dfWolds tyf pRr lzIffdf klg 5f]/f ;/x k9fpg] clgjfo{ gLltut Joj:yf x'g'k5{, cflb .

!^=$= ;dtf / ;dfgtf

cj;/ / clwsf/jf6 jl~rt ePsf] cj:yfdf jl~rtdf k/]sfnfO{ ;dfg'kflts ¿kdf cufl8 Nofpg yk cj;/ lbg' ;dtf xf] . h]G8/ ljsf;;DaGwL ;dfgtfsf nflu ul/g] sfdn] g} ;dfgtf xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf /fhg}lts ;|f]t tyf ;fwgdf dlxnf / k'?ifsf] a/fa/L kx'Fr Pj+ lg0f{ofTds ;xeflutfsf] k|of; g} h]G8/;DaGwL ;dfgtf xfl;n ug]{ dfWod xf] . h:t}M dlxnf / k'?iflar ;a} If]q / txdf ;dfg cj;/ / ;dfg nfe xfl;n ug]{ cj:yf ;dfgtf xf] .

!^=%= clwsf/ / ;zStLs/0f

cfh;Dd klg ;+;f/sf w]/} b]zx¿df ;fdflhs, cfly{s / sfg'gL clwsf/x¿ a/fa/ 5}gg\ . dlxnf -5f]/L jf a'xf/L_ ePs} sf/0fn] k'?if ->Ldfg\ jf af_ sf] cg'dlt lagf ;fj{hlgs sfddf ;xefuL x'g jf cfˆg} :jfldTjdf pb\of]u Jofkf/ ug{ kfPsf 5}gg\ . xfd|f] ;dfhdf cem} klg clwsf+z dlxnfx¿n] >Ldfg\ jf kl/jf/sf ;f;';;'/fsf]

OR5f cg';f/ ;Gtfg hGdfpg' kl//x]sf] 5 . k'?ifsf] cg'dltn] dfq w]/} dlxnfx¿n] ue{lg/f]wsf] ;fwgsf] k|of]u ug{'k/]sf] 5 . lzIffsf] clwsf/df k'?ifx¿s} lgoGq0f sfod g} 5 .

;zStLs/0fsf nflu ltgcf]6f kIfx¿ dxTTjk"0f{ 5g\, PsLs[t ljsf;, cfly{s ;zStLs/0f / r]tgf clej[b\lw . oL ltg kIfx¿ Ps cfk;df ;DalGwt 5g\ . cfhsf dlxnfx¿ h:t} cfhsf aflnsfx¿ eljiodf cfly{s ¿kdf k'?ifx¿k|lt cfl>t x'gaf6 arfpg cleefjsn] 5f]/Lsf] klg clwsf/nfO{ kl/jf/df :yflkt ug{ ;fgf] pd]/b]lv g} kl/jf/df plrt jftfj/0f tof/ ug]{ . o; sfddf kl/jf/ / ;dfhsf ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 . h]G8/ ;dljsf; ug{sf nflu afnalnsfx¿sf] ;zStLs/0f ug{ lgDg s'/fx¿df ljrf/ k'¥ofpg cfjZos 5M

• ;a} dflg;sf] dl:tis pxL sf]if sf]lifsf / tGt'sf] ljsf;af6 lgdf{0f x'g] ePsfn] zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s ljsf; ug{ cfwf/e"t cfjZostfx¿ 5f]/f / 5f]/L b'j}df ;dfg¿kn] k'¥ofpg' kb{5 .

• Ifdtf ljsf;sf] nflu cfjZos j:t'x¿sf] ;|f]t / pTkfbgsf cfwf/x¿ h:t}Ù >d, l;k, lzIff, k'FhL OToflbdf dlxnf / k'?if b'j}sf] ;dfg kx'Fr x'g ;Sg] cj;/ k|bfg ug'{k5{ .

• dlxnf / k'?if jf:tjdf ;dfg x'g\ . ;fdflhs ljZjf;, cf:yf / Jojxf/n] dfq c;dfg b]lvPsf] xf] . plrt hLjgf]kof]uL l;k, kf]if0f, lzIff / ;fdflhs Jojxf/n] 5f]/LnfO{ klg 5f]/f ;/x ;Ifd agfpg ;lsG5 eGg] r]tgfsf] ljsf; ;a} If]qdf k'¥ofpg'kb{5 .

• s]lGb|o b]lv :yfgLo tx;Ddsf] of]]hgf tyf gLlt lgdf{0f h:tf sfo{ / lg0f{o ug]{ x/]s txdf dlxnf / k'?ifsf] ;dfg / ;lqmo ;xeflutf u/fpgfn] / o;sf] k|ToIf k|efj afnaflnsfdf klg kg{ hfG5 .


113

!^=^= ;|f]t / ;fwg

xfd|f] ;dfhdf /fHoaf6 k|fKt x'g] ;]jf / ;|f]t tyf ;fwgdf k'?ifsf] eGbf dlxnfx¿sf] kx'Fr sd 5 . h;sf] kl/0ffd h]G8/ ;dljsf;df lje]b sfod} 5 . ;dfg sfdsf] ;dfg Hofnf 5}g . To;sf] k|efj afnaflnsfx¿df kg{af6 arfpg pgLx¿sf] hLjgf]kof]uL l;k ljsf;df cleefjsn] e"ldsf v]Ng'kb{5 . To;sf nflu cleefjs lzIff clgjfo{ ug'{kb{5 . /fHosf ;a} gLltx¿ h]G8/ d}qL x'gsf nflu ;dfhsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ ;zStLs/0f ug'{ cfjZos 5 . o;sf] k|ToIf kmfObf afnaflnsf ;Dd klg k'Ub5 / eljiodf lje]b / lnª\udf cfwfl/t lx+;fdf Go"gLs/0f cfpg] of] :yfoL pkfo x'g;Sb5 .

!^=&= h]G8/ lje]btf

xfd|f] ;dfhdf klg ca clwsf+z afnaflnsf lsg dlxnf / k'?ifdf lje]b 5 eGg] lh1f;f /fVg

;Sg] ePsf 5g\ . h]G8/ ljsf;sf] of] cg's"n cj:yf xf] . kl/jf/df cleefjsn] o:tf] a]nfdf

;xL hfgsf/L lbPdf 5f]/Ln] klg 5f]/fn] hlQs} JolSTTj ljsf; ug{ ;Sb5g\\ . To;sf] kl/0ffd :j¿k p;n] dlxnf ePs} sf/0f k'?ifaf6 x'g] s'g} klg lje]b jf lx+;faf6 aRg ;Sbl5g\ jf c;n pgLx¿n] k"0f{ ¿kn] hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf] ljsf; ug{ ;Sb5g\ . ljleGg e|ddf hLjg latfpg' kg]{ 5}g .

!^=*= h]G8/ / ;~rf/

;~rf/ dfWoddf dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf Hofb} Go"g 5 tfklg xfn cfP/ s]xL xb;Dd a9\g] qmd b]vf k/]sf] 5 . t/ klg dlxnfx¿ dfly yf]kl/Psf] k/Dk/fut e"ldsfn] o;nfO{ /fd|/L sfof{Gjog x'g lbPsf] 5}g . olt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg ;~rf/ dfWodn] u/]sf] ax;k}/jLn] h]G8/ ;dljsf;df 7"nf] k|efj kb{5 . ;~rf/sdL{x¿nfO{ h]G8/ ;dtfd"ns l;k ljsf;sf] Ifdtf a9fpg cfjZos 5 .

cleefjsx¿ / ;dfhsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] To;sf] nflu ;xhLs/0f ug{ ;Sb5g\ . ljleGg lgsfoaf6 k|fKt x'g] h]G8/d}qL kf]:6/x¿ afnaflnsfn] k|ToIf b]Vg] / a'‰g] u/L k|bz{g ubf{ klg To;n] /fd|f] k|efj kfb{5 . h:t} aRrfsf] :ofxf/df k'?ifsf] ;xeflutf, Joj;flos If]qdf ;dfg bfloTj, afnaflnsfsf] ;dfg ;xeflutf, dlxnf dfly x'g] 3/]n' lx+;fsf] k|lt/f]w, 5f]/Ln] klg 5f]/f ;/x cfly{s ;d[b\lwdf k|ult u/]sf] cflb .

!^=( kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo :t/df cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿

• h]G8/ ljsf;sf nflu kl/jf/df cjnDag ug{ ;lsg] sfdx¿ / afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu h]G8/ ;DaGwL ;f]rdf kl/jt{g ug{ / Jojxf/df cEo:t u/fpg] tl/sf / kl/jf/ tyf cleefjssf] e"ldsf ;DaGwL cg's"n tyf kof{Kt ;do ldnfpg 5nkmn rnfpg'xf];\ / ug{ ;lsg] yk sfdsf of]hgfx¿ agfpg'xf];\ .

• 3/sf afnaflnsfx¿sf] pd]/ cg';f/ h]G8/;DaGwL s:tf s:tf lqmofsnfkx¿ b]lvG5, ;f]af/] lgoldt Wofg lbg'xf];\ / To;df ;'wf/ ug{ ;Dej eP;Dd !%÷!% lbgdf afnaflnsfx¿;Fu v'Nnf 5nkmn rnfpg'xf];\ .

• h]G8/;DaGwL cfˆgf 1fg, wf/0ff / Jojxf/nfO{ ;ldIff u/L cfjZostf cg';f/ To;df clej[b\lw ug'{xf];\ . kl/jf/df klg To;;DaGwL 1fg wf/0f / l;k ljsf; ug{ dbt ldNg] z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿ - k':ts, kDˆn]6, lel8cf] cflb_ ;ª\sng u/L ;xof]u ug'{xf];\ / h]G8/ ljsf; ;DaGwL /]l8of], l6eLsf] k|;f/0f ;dodf kl/jf/nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fO{ ;xof]u ug'{xf];\ .


114

!^=!) of}lgstf

of}gsf] cfwf/df dflg;sf] of}lgstf k|:t't ePsf] x'G5 . of}gnfO{ lnª\usf] cfwf/df x'g] leGgtf xf] eg]/ j'‰g' k5{ t/ c¿ k|of]hgdf cª\u|]hLsf] ;]S; zAbnfO{ lnª\u -dlxnf, k'¿if / t];|f] lnª\uL_ eg]/ a'lemG5 . of}lgstf eg]sf] of}g;DaGwL ljrf/x¿ / ;dfhdf rngrNtLdf /x]sf of}lgs d"No dfGotfx¿ x'g\ . o;sf] ;fy} of}lgstfn] of}gsf] cy{ / a'emfO cjut u/fp“b5 / dflg;x¿df 1fg / l;ksf] clej[b\lw u/L of}gnfO{ s;/L lgoGq0f / ;Lldt ug{ ;3fp ;d]t k'¥ofpg] eg]/ ;zSt wf/0ff agfpFb5 . To;}n] of}lgstfn] hLjgsf w]/} kIfx¿nfO{ ;d]6]sf] x'G5 . d'Votof M lnª\u, n}ª\lus klxrfg / e"ldsf, of}g cfsif{0f, of}gfGb, of}g klxrfg / k|hgg h:tf ljifox¿sf] ;dli6 ¿k g} of}lgstf xf] .

of}lgstfn] of}g ljsf;, k|hgg :jf:Yosf ;fy} n}ª\lus e"ldsfx¿ / n}ª\lus c;dfgtfaf6 ;dfhdf 3l6/x]sf ljleGg 36gf tyf ljifox¿nfO{ cufl8 Nofpg dbt ub{5 . oL vf; u/L x's{b} u/]sf afnaflnsf / lszf]/lszf]/L / o'jfx¿nfO{ plrt 1fg, hLjg pkof]uL l;k / ;sf/fTds cjwf/0ff clej[b\lw ug]{ ljifo xf] . / o;n] eljiosf] cleefjsTjsf] klg af]w u/fpFb5 .

dlxnf jf k'¿if ePsf] sf/0f dflg;n] JolStut ¿kdf v]]Ng] e"ldsf, kl/jf/ / ;dfhdf lgjf{x ug{] e"ldsf, Jojxf/ / ;dfhn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] /Llt/Ljfh ;+:sf/, rfnrng cflbn] dflg;sf] of}lgstf lgwf{/0f ePsf] x'G5 . To;}n] of}lgstf ax'cfolds / ;du|tfdf cfwfl/t 5 . o;nfO{ km/flsnf] kl/lw / ;f]raf6 x]l/g'k5{ .

jo:s dflg;sf] h:t} afnaflnsf] klg of}lgstf ljleGg 9ª\un] k|:t't x'g] u5{ . pgLx¿sf] ;f]r, OR5f, dfGotf, Jojxf/, lhDd]jf/L, ;DaGw cflb y'k|} s'/fx¿ dfkm{t of}lgstf k|:t't jf cleJoSt ePsf] x'G5 . x's{Fb} u/]sf afnaflnsfsf] of}lgstfnfO{

klg w]/} s'/fn] k|efj kfl//x]sf] x'G5 . ljz]iftM zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhg}lts, ;f+:s[lts, gLltut, P]ltxfl;s / wfld{s kIfx¿ tyf ls|ofsnfkx¿n] dflg;sf] of}lgstf lgwf{l/t ePsf] x'G5 . To;sf] k|ToIf jf k/f]If k|efj afnaflnsfx¿df klg kl//x]sf] x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu cfdfn] afnfO{ ug]{ Jojxf/, ;fj{hlgs 7fpFdf s'g} o'jfo'jtL hf]8Lsf] lqmofsnfk, km/s wdf{jnDaLx¿df ToxL s'/fdf b]lvg] km/s of}g klxrfg, cflbdf pgLx¿n] klg km/s lsl;dsf ;DaGwx¿ b]lv/x]sf x'G5g\ . ToxL of}g ;DaGwnfO{ klg km/s km/s afnaflnsf, lszf]/lszf]/L / jo:s dflg;sf] x]g]{ b[li6sf]0f / dfGotf km/s ePsf] x'G5 . oL ;a} s'/fnfO{ of}lgstfn] ;d]6]sf] x'G5 . of}lgstfsf] cleJolSt / Jojxf/nfO{ JolSt, ;d'bfo, wd{, ;fdflhs :j¿k, r]tgfsf] :t/ cflb ;a}n] km/s kf5{ . To;}n] of}lgstfnfO{ a[xt, dflg;sf] ljlzi6 k|sf/sf] u'0f ePsf] x'gfn] ;sf/fTds 9ª\un] a'‰g] / Jojxf/df k|:t't ug]{ u/]df afnaflnsfsf] ;du| of}g hLjgdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g Nofpg ;lsG5 . ;sf/fTds ;f]rsf] ljsf; u/fpg ;lsG5 . of}g pQ]hgfTds hf]lvdk"0f{ Jojxf/df ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g Nofpg ;lsG5 .

lsg cleefjsx¿n] cfkm\gf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf of}lgstfsfaf/] a'‰g cfjZos 5 <

afnaflnsfn] /fd|f];Fu bf]xf]/f] ;~rf/ ug{ yfn]kl5 g} of}lgstfsf] cg'ej eg{ yfn]sf x'G5g\\ . h:t} d …/fd|f]Ú jf d …/fd|LÚ 5', lsg d 5f]/f x'F jf lsg d 5f]/L x'F < cflb . pgLx¿sf] pd]/ a9\b} hfFbf qmdzM x'g] zf/Ll/s, ;fdflhs / ;+j]ufTds ljsf;;Fu} of}lgstfsf If]qdf klg j[b\lw eO/x]sf] x'G5 . lszf]/fj:yfdf k'Ubf;Dd of}g pQ]hgfsf] ;d]t cg'ej ug{ yfn]sf x'G5g\\ / To;;DaGwL cfˆgf ;fyL bf}t/L;Fu s'/f ug{ yfn]sf x'G5g\\ . of] cj:yfdf cleefjs;Fu eGbf cfˆgf bf}t/L ;fyLx¿ w]/} glhs ePsf x'G5g\\ . o; cj:yfdf of}g;DaGwL cg]sf}F hfgsf/Lx¿


115

kfPsf x'G5g\ . ;fyL / ;dfhaf6 kfPsf tL hfgsf/Lx¿ ;a} ;xL lsl;dsf x'Fb}gg\ . of}g / of}lgstfsf af/]df k|fKt u/]sf e|dx¿sf sf/0f jf To;;DaGwL plrt lzIffsf] cefjn] hf]lvdk"0f{ of}g;DaGwx¿ a9\g] vt/f w]/} x'G5 . To;}n] a9\bf] pd]/;Fu} afnaflnsfdf s:tf] kl/jt{gx¿ cfPsf] 5 < s:tf] Jojxf/ ug]{ < s;/L To;sf] ;'/lIft Joj:yfkg ug]{ < To;sf] nflu s;/L hLjgf]kof]uL l;k pgLx¿df ljsf; u/fpg] eGg] yfxf kfpg / ;f]xLcg';f/ Joj:yf ug{ afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿sf] of}lgstfsf af/]df cleefjsn] /fd|f] hfgsf/L /fVg h?/L 5 .

!^=!)=!= of}lgstfsf cfofdx¿

afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿sf] of}lgstfsf af/]df lgDg cg';f/ ;xh ¿kdf cWoog ug{

;lsG5M

s= h}ljs jf zf/Ll/s cfofd

k|hggk|0ffnL, ue{wf/0f tyf uef{j:yfdf x'g] ljsf;, lzz'b]lv o'jfcj:yf;Dd x'g] of}g ljsf; tyf kl/jt{gx¿ kb{5g\ . To;}u/L dlxgfjf/L of}g ;Dks{sf] Ifdtf, lszf]/fj:yfdf k'Ubf pTkGg x'g] of}g /fu/;, :qLx¿df :tgsf] cfsf/df j[b\lw, z/L/sf] prfOdf j[b\lw, hg]Gb|Lox¿sf] ljsf;, h:tf dxTTjk"0f{ ljsf; tyf kl/jt{gx¿ x'G5g\\ h;n] :qLx¿nfO{ zf/Ll/s ¿kdf kl/kSj / pj{/ agfpF5 . To;}u/L s]6fx¿ lszf]/fj:yfdf k'Ubf hg]Gb|Lox¿sf] cfsf/df j[b\lw, z/L/sf] j[b\lw x'g], :j/ wf]b|f] x'g], :jKg bf]if x'g], bf/Lh'Fuf pld|g] h:tf dxTTjk"0f{ kl/jt{gn]] pgLx¿nfO{ kl/kSj / pj{/ agfpFb} n}hfG5 . z/L/ ljsf; tyf kl/jt{g;DaGwL oL ;a} s'/fx¿ of}lgstfsf] h}ljs cfofdleq kb{5g\ .

v= dgf]j}1flgs cfofd

of}g;DaGwL efjgf, pQ]hgf, t[i0ff, of}gfGb dgf]j}1flgs cfofdx¿ x'g\ . dfgjsf] h}ljs cfofdn] of}gdgf]lj1fgnfO{ klg k|efj kfb{5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu afNofj:yfdf cfkm\g} hg]Gb|Lo 5f]O{ v]Ng] / /dfOnf] ug{], Psn] csf{sf] hg]Gb|Lo x]g{] u/]sf x'G5g\ eg] lszf]/fj:yf ;'? ePkl5 of}g cfsif{0f / of}g;DaGwx¿ ljsf; x'G5g\\ . ljk/Lt lnª\uL jf cfkm\g} lnª\uLk|ltsf] cfsif{0f a9\g], dfof, k]|d, 3lgi6tf a9\g], / of}ghf]8Lx¿ agfpg] jf aGg] cj:yf ;'? x'g yfNb5 .

u= ;fdflhs ;f“:s[lts cfofd

x/]s ;dfhsf] cf–cfˆgf ;f+:s[lts, dfGotf, cGwljZjf;, ljZjf;, k/Dk/f, rfnrng cflb x'G5 . ;f]xL cg';f/ of}g ;DaGwx¿nfO{ klg cfˆg} 9ª\un] a'em]sf x'G5g\\ . h:t} xfd|f] ;dfhdf cem} klg ljjfx cufl8sf] of}g ;DaGw, ue{ktg cflbnfO{ :jLsfo{ 5}g . g]kfnsf ljleGg ;dfhdf ePsf ljleGg k|yfx¿ h:tf] b]psL k|yf, jfbL k|yf, 5fpk8L, j]nljjfx h:tf of}lgstfsf ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts kIfx¿ x'g\ .

3= Jofjxfl/s cfofd

of}gJojxf/ JolSt, ;dfh / ;+:sf/ lkR5] km/s x'G5g\\ . c;n ;DaGw / cfgGb k|flKt ug]{ of}gJojxf/ b]lv c¿nfO{ b'Mv lbg], x}/fgL ug]{ h:tf of}g Jojxf/x¿ h:t} ha/h:tL s/0fL, of}g x}/fgL, OR5f ljk/Lt of}g ;DaGw /fVg] cflb h:tf Jojxf/x¿ klg dfgj of}lgstfsf kIfx¿ x'g\ . ;'/lIft / lhDd]jf/k"j{s of}g Jojxf/sf nflu ug'{kg]{ / l;Sg'kg]{ cgGt s'/fx¿ klg o;} cfofd cGt{ut kb{5g\ .

ª= cGo cfofdx¿

of}g tyf k|hgg :jf:Yo -h:t}M ljleGg of}ghGo


116

;ª\qmd0f, pkrf/, k/fdz{ cflb_, sfg'gL pkrf/ tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff -h:t}M anfTsf/, of}g lx+;f cflbsf nflu ul/g] ;hfo_, afnljjfx, t];|f] lnª\uLsf] ljjfx, of}g Joj;fo cflb sfg'gL af6f]sf] nflu ckgfpg' kg]{ lsl;dsf cfofd cflb .

!^=!)=@= s:tf x'G5g\ lszf]/fj:yfdf x'g] of}lgstfsf cleJolStx¿ <

s= ;DaGwx¿

b'O{ JolSt jf ;d"xx¿ larsf] ldqtf jf ldng xf]– ;DaGw . o:tf ;DaGwx¿ b'O{ kIflarsf] :jfy{, efjgf, k|ltjb\wtf / rfxgfn] d]n vfFbf ljsf; x'b}F hfg] xf] . ;DaGw k|foM cfk;L efjgfTds ldngdf g} ljsf; ePsf x'G5g\\ . o:tf] ;DaGw ;a};Fu of}gfefjn] dfq} ePsf] x'Fb}g . h:t}M kfl/jfl/s, ;fyL larsf] sfo{, wd{÷;+:sf/, k];f cflb . ;DaGwx¿ ljleGg lsl;dsf x'G5g\ . ;'¿jftdf b]ve]6af6 ;DaGwsf] ;'?jft x'G5 . To;af6 ljrf/ / dg ldn]df Pscsf{nfO{ ljZjf; ug]{ jftfj/0f aGg yfNb5 . efjgf / ;f]rx¿ cfbfgk|bfg x'gyfNb5 . ljZjf; a9\b} uof] / Pscsf{nfO{ ;Gt'li6 ldNb} uof] eg] To; ;DaGwn] lg/Gt/tf kfpFb} hfG5 . ;DaGwsf] :yfloTj x'g] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 . k|]dLk|]ldsfsf] ;DaGw xf] eg] ljjfx, 3/hd, Joj;fo cflbsf] lbuf] of]]hgf;lxt ;w}F ;Fu} a:g] ;DaGwsf] ¿kdf ljsf; x'gyfNb5 .

;DaGwdf slxn]sfxLFF lr;f]kg klg cfpg] x'g;S5 . efjgf, ;f]r, cfsfª\Iff jf pb\b]Zo ldn]g jf ljZjf;df ;ª\s6 kb}{ uof] eg] ;DaGw lau|g] jf lr;f] x'g yfN5 / 6'6\g klg ;Sb5 . dflg;sf] Pscsf{df ;DaGwx¿ hf]l8g] / 6'6\g] lg/Gt/ k|lqmof xf] . of}lgstf klg dflg;sf] hLjgrqmdf x/]s sfnv08 -;do / pd]/_ df ljleGg tl/sf / ¿kx¿df k|:t't x'G5g\\ .

v= ;+j]u (Emotion)

;+j]u eg]sf] Dfflg;n] cfˆgf ljrf/, efjgf, ;f]rnfO{ cleJoQm ubf{ b]lvg] dfgl;s / zf/Ll/s cj:yf xf] . csf]{ cy{df, pd]/sf] cj:yf jf ;dosf] kl/l:yltn] xfd|f] z/L/df kfg]{ k|efj / To;sf sf/0f xfd|f] z/L/df cfpg] kl/jt{gsf] ;du|tf cj:yf g} ;+j]u xf] . JolStut cg'ej, ;do / kl/l:ylt, JolSTTj, lhDd]jf/L cflbn] dflg;sf] ;+j]unfO{ k|efj kfb{5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu s;}n] xfdLnfO{ l/; p7\g] s'/f u¥of] eg] cg'xf/ /ftf] x'G5, hLp sfD5, :j/df kl/jt{g cfpF5 . l/; p7\g' eg]sf] ;j+]usf] cj:yf xf] .

x's{Fb} u/]sf afnaflnsf / o'jf lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿sf] of}lgstfsf] ;Gbe{df ;+j]ufTds k|:t'ltx¿ dxTTjk"0f{ 5g\ . To;}n] pgLx¿sf] of}g hLjgnfO{ cfgGbbfoL agfpF5 s'g} a]nf ;fx|} a]/fuL jf lbSsnfUbf] klg agfpF5 . oltdfq xf]Og, of}g pQ]hgf / of}g;DaGwL Jojxf/x¿ klg dflg;sf ;+j]ufTds k|:t'ltx¿ x'g\ . o:tf] cj:yfnfO{ cleefjsn] glhsaf6 Vofn ug'{ kb{5 . ;+j]unfO{ ank"j{s -ufnL u/]/ jf lk6]/_ lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsGg lsgls To:tf] ubf{ ;+j]udf cem} gsf/fTds k|efj kb{5, h;sf sf/0f pgLx¿n] emg\ hf]lvdk"0f{ lg0f{o ug{ ;Sb5g\\ . To;}n] pgLx¿nfO{ d}qLk"0f{ Jojxf/ / k/fdz{ cfjZos x'G5 .

u= cfTdLotf

cfTdLotf eg]sf] efjgfTds ¿kdf g} glhs ePsf] cj:yfnfO{ xf] . To;nfO{ b'O{ kIfsf] ljrf/÷efjgf / Jojxf/n] cfs{if0f ePkl5 cfTdLotf a9\b5 . cfTdLotf a9]kl5 geg]sf uf]Ko s'/fx¿ klg eGg] ul/Psf] x'G5 . cfTdLotf csf{nfO{ k"0f{¿kdf ljZjf; u/]sf] cj:yf klg xf] . cfTdLotfnfO{ zf/Ll/s / ;+j]ufTds u/L b'O{ efudf afF8\g ;lsG5 . lszf/fj:yfsf] ;'?jft ePkl5 of}lgstfsf] ;Gbe{df cfTdLotfnfO{


117

dxTTjk"0f{ kIfsf] ¿kdf lng] u/]sf] kfOG5 . lszf]/fj:yfdf clwsf+znfO{ JolSt–JolSt larsf] zf/Ll/s cfsif{0f / cGt/ JolSt Jojxf/af6 cfpg] ;+j]u jf efjgfTds ;DaGwn] cflTdotf a9fpg] jf 36fpg] u/]sf] x'G5 . To;}n] cfTdLotfdf ;sf/fTds jf gsf/fTds kl/jt{g eO/x]sf] x'G5 . cfTdLotf g} of}g ;DaGw / Jojxf/sf nflu dxTTjk"0f{ dfWod xf] . o;}sf cfwf/df cleefjsx¿n] pgLx¿;Fu lhDdjf/Lk"0f{ tl/sf ckgfP/ Jojxf/ tyf s'/fsfgL ug'{kb{5 . afnalnsfx¿nfO{ bafan] eGbf ;xdltn] ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsG5 .

3= dfof÷k|]d

x/]s dflg;n] cfkm"nfO{ dfof kfpg jf s;}nfO{ ug{ klg rfxG5 . To;}n] dfof–k|]dsf af/]df g} ;a} eGbf w]/} k':ts n]lvPsf 5g\ . k|]dnfO{ s}of}F lsl;dn] kl/eflift ul/Psf 5g\ . ;a}eGbf w]/} o;}sf uLt ufOFb} cfPsf] 5 . ;a} hLljt k|f0fLn] dfof÷k|]ddf g} ;a}eGbf w]/} cfgGb k|fKt ub{5g\ . ToxL cfgGb k|flKt ug{ ljleGg cj:yfx¿df k|fKt ul/g] cfsif{0fsf efjgfx¿ x'g\–dfofk|]d .

o'jf lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿sf] dfof÷k|]dnfO{ cfs{if0f;Fu ;DjlGwt ;+j]ux¿sf] ;Fufnf]sf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . o;sf cg]sf} ;+j]ufTds cleJolStx¿ x'G5g\ . h:t}M of] d]/f] xf] . o;nfO{ sfnGt/;Dd arfP/ /fVg'k5{ . of] d]/f] d'6'sf] 6's|f xf], d]/f] lhGbuL;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 cflb OToflb .

dfofnfO{ b'O{ efudf afF8]/ a'‰g ;lsG5 . b]z, hGdynf] jf sd{ynf], ;+:yf, l;b\wfGt jf ljrf/ k|ltsf] cf:yf, cflb j:t'k|ltsf] dfof xf] eg] k|]dL / k|]ldsf, >Ldfg\ / >LdtL, af÷cfdf / 5f]/f5f]/L, bfh'efO / lbbLalxgL, afh]÷ah' /

gftfgfltgf cflb JolStk|ltsf] dfof xf] . k|]dL / k|]ldsf larsf] dfof k|]d ;a} eGbf ;+j]bgzLn x'g] u/]sf] 5 . To;}n] cleefjsn] ;Defljt hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu pgLx¿sf] ;+j]bgzLntf cg';f/ d}qLk"0f{ Jojxf/ ug'{kb{5 .

lszf]/fj:yf ;'? ePkl5 z/L/df of}g xdf]{gx¿sf] ljsf; x'g yfNb5 . To;}sf sf/0f cfkm"n] dg k/fPsf] JolStk|lt tLj| ¿kdf cfsif{0f a9\5 . dg k/fPsf] JolSt;Fu glhs x'g] jf k|fKt ug]{ / cfkm\gf] agfpg] rfxgf klg tLj| aGb} hfG5 . o;n] dfof–k|]dsf] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf u5{ . o;df z/L/df ljsf; ePsf ljleGg of}g xd{gx¿ -/;fogx¿_ n] d'Vo sfd u/]sf] x'G5 . ToxL xd{gx¿n] ubf{ g} dfG5]n] dfofnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf x'G5g\\ . cfdfn] aRrfnfO{, k]|dLn] k|]ldsfnfO{ cflb k|]dsf] lg/Gt/tfsf] sf/0f oxL xf] . clg, of}lgstfsf] cleJolSt dfofk|]d ePsf] klg oxL sf/0f xf] . lszf]/fj:yfsf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿n] dgk/]df ;fyL;Fu dfof k|]d ug'{ :jfefljs} x'g;Sb5 t/ cleefjsn] ;Defljt ljklTt jf hf]lvdk"0f{ Jojxf/ ug]{ jf lg0f{o klg ;DefjgfnfO{ Wofg lbP/ cleefjsx¿n] d}qLk"0f{ tl/sfn] hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf] ljsf;df Wofg lbP/ s'/fsfgL ug'{kb{5 .

!^=!!= hf]lvdk"0f{ Jojxf/x¿ / To;sf] Joj:yfkg

cleefjsx¿n] afnaflnsfx¿df cfOkg]{ ljljw ;d:of / To;sf] Joj:yfkg s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] hfgsf/L x'g cfjZos 5 . To;sf nflu kl/jf/leqsf ;fy} ;dfhsf ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnf klg x'g;Sb5g\ . ltgLx¿sf] klg ;xof]u lng] Joj:yf ldnfpg ;lsG5 . tnsf] tflnsf Pp6f pbfx/0fsf] nflu x]g'{xf];\ .


118

qm=;= of}lgstf ;DaGwL

;d:ofx¿

Jo:yfkgsf pkfox¿ lhDd]jf/ lgsfo jf JolStx¿

! • of}g tyf k|hgg :jf:Yo ;]jfsf af/]df Go"gtd hfgsf/L .

• c;'/lIft of}g Jojxf/ of}g/f]u tyf PrcfO{eLsf] ;ª\qmd0f

• of}g b'Jo{jxf/ / of}g zf]if0f

• of}g ;Dks{nfO{ l9nfO ug{] l;k / pTk|]/0ff .

• of}g /f]u / PrcfO{eLsf] ;ª\qmd0f tyf clglR5t ue{af6 aRg ;"rgf / c:yfoL kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ;fwgx¿

• of}g b'/frf/, b'Jo{jxf/ / hah{:tL s/0fL /f]Sg rflxg] cfjZos sfg'gL ;xof]u .

• cleefjs

• lzIfs

• :jf:YosdL{

• cfdf ;d"x tyf cGo :yfgLo ;fd'bflos ;d"xx¿

• /fhgLltsdL{x¿

@ • ;fgf] pd]/df x'g] ljjfx

• l9nf] u/L ljjfx ug{, ;fgf] pd]/df ue{jtL gx'g, hGdfGt/ a9fpg rflxg] hfgsf/L / l;k .

• cfdf ;d"x tyf cGo :yfgLo ;d"xx¿

• ;f+:s[lts÷wfld{s cu'jfx¿

# • sd pd]/ / sd cGt/df x'g] ue{wf/0f

• c;'/lIft ue{ktg

• vt/fk"0f{ / c;'/lIft of}g Jojxf/df kl/jt{g ug{ k/fdz{ ;]jf

• o'jfd}qL :jf:Yo ;]jf / k/fdz{

• :yfgLo lgsfo / u}/;/sf/L lgsfox¿

• kqsf/

• k|x/L$ ;"tL{ nufot nfu'

cf}ifwsf] k|of]u• o'jfd}qL :jf:Yo ;]jf / k/fdz{ • /fhgLltsdL{x¿

• :yfgLo lgsfo / u}/;/sf/L lgsfox¿

• kqsf/

• k|x/L• pBdL tyf Jofkf/÷

Joj;foL

• :yfgLo cGo ;d"xx¿

!^=!@= kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo :t/df cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] s]xL dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿

• kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ of}lgstf;DaGwL hfgsf/Lx¿ lbg ljleGg k|;ª\udf s'/fsfgL ug]{ / of}lgstfsf e|dx¿ Go"gLs/0f ug{ of}lgstf ;xL hfgsf/L, lzIffsf] cfjZostf, dxTTj, ;Ddfg tyf lzi6tfsf af/]df ;Nnfx lbg] / 5nkmn ug]{

• afnaflnsfnfO{ hf]vdk"0f{ of}g Jojxf/af6

arfpg hLjgf]kof]uL l;k ljsf;df ;xof]u k'Ug] lsl;dsf hfgsf/Lx¿ lbg] .

• of}lgstfsf ;an / b'j{n kIfx¿sf af/]df 36]sf 36gfx¿nfO{ pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf ;'gfpg] h;n] ubf{ xf]l;of/L ckgfpg ;xof]u k'Ub5 .

119

v08 ;qafn ;+/If0fsf nflu ljb\ofno / kl/jf/sf] e"ldsf


120

!& afn ;+/If0fsf nflu ljb\ofno / kl/jf/sf] e"ldsf

!&=!= afn ;+/If0f eg]sf] s] xf] <

afn ;+/If0f eGgfn] afnaflnsfnfO{ zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;+j]ufTds, ;fdflhs, g}lts tyf af}b\lws ljsf;df gsf/fTds c;/ kfg]{ lsl;dsf ultljlwx¿af6 hf]ufpg' eGg] a'lemG5 .

;fdfGo cy{df s'g} klg lsl;dsf vt/fx¿af6 afnaflnsfnfO{ ;'/lIft agfpg' g} afn ;+/If0f xf] . o; cGtu{t d'Votof lgDg lhDd]jf/Lx¿ kb{5g\ M

• s'g} klg :yfg, kl/j]z, k|lqmof jf sfo{qmdx¿ afnaflnsfsf] ;'/Iffsf] b[li6sf]0fn] pko'St 5g\ jf 5}gg\ hfFRg' / To;nfO{ ;'/lIft agfpg' .

• s'g} klg :yfg, kl/j]z, k|lqmof jf sfo{qmdx¿sf sf/0fn] ;xefuL jf ;DalGwt afnaflnsfnfO{ zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;+j]ufTds, ;fdflhs tyf g}lts Iflt k'u]sf] cj:yfdf pko'St Goflos k|lqmof ckgfpg' / afnaflnsfsf] k'g:yf{kgf tyf pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg' .

• afnaflnsfx¿sf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;+j]ufTds, ;fdflhs tyf g}lts Iflt k'Ug] hf]lvdx¿ tyf ;'/Iffsf pkfox¿sf af/]df ;fdflhs ;r]tgf, gLltut k}/jL ;~rfng ug'{ .

• afnaflnsfsf] ;'/Iff / hf]lvdsf] d"Nofª\sg, Joj:yfkg, ;r]tgf tyf k}/jL sfo{df afnaflnsfsf] ljrf/, efjgf, cg'ej / ;'emfjx¿nfO{ pko'St 9ª\un] ;'g'jfO ug'{ .

x/]s afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0fsf pgLx¿sf] kl/jf/sf] d'Vo lhdd]jf/L /x]sf] x'G5 eg] ljb\ofnosf] e"ldsf klg pNn]Vo ¿kdf /x]sf] x'G5 . s'g} klg afnaflnsfn] kl/jf/ tyf ljb\ofnodf cfkm" ;'/lIft /x]sf] dx;'; ug{ ;s]df dfq pgLx¿sf] zf/Ll/s, z}lIfs tyf jf}b\lws ljsf; ck]lIft ¿kdf x'g] ub{5 . 3/ kl/jf/ tyf ljb\ofnodf afnaflnsfn] cfkm"nfO{ c;'/lIft dx;'; u/]df pgLx¿n] km/s km/s Jojxf/ ug]{ ub{5g\ . To;}n] x/]s kl/jf/ tyf ljb\ofnon] afnaflnsfnfO{ lgDg s'/fx¿af6 ;'/lIft tyf ;+/lIft u/fpg' h?/L 5 .

s= e]befj M e]befj g]kfndf afnaflnsfx¿n] ef]Ug' kl//x]sf] Ps k|d'v ;d:of xf] . 5f]/f / 5f]/Ldf ul/g] e]befj, ckfª\utf ePsf afnaflnsfx¿ lj?b\w ul/g] e]befj, hftLotf tyf ;Dk|bfosf cfwf/df ul/g] e]befj, Pr\cfOeL ;ª\qmldt afnaflnsf lj?b\w ul/g] e]befj / afnaflnsfsf ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf z}lIfs k|ultsf cfwf/df ul/g] e]befjx¿ g]kfnL ;dfh, 3/, ljb\ofno tyf cGo ljleGg lgsfox¿df ljb\odfg 5g\ . g]kfndf lnª\u klxrfgsf nflu ue{jtL dlxnfsf] lel8of] PS;/] ul/g] tyf 5f]/L ePdf ue{ktg ug]{ u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . oL b'j} sfo{x¿ sfg'gtM ck/fw dflgPsf 5g\ . o; lsl;dn] afnaflnsfdf e]befj ul/Fbf pgLx¿df bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf c;/ kg]{ x'Fbf kl/jf/ tyf ljb\ofno ;r]t x'g'kb{5 .

v= afn >d zf]if0f M !$ jif{eGbf sd pd]/sf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ cfly{s jf cGo s'g} kmfObf jf cj;/sf nflu >ddf ;+nUg u/fpg' / !% b]lv !* jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf afnaflnsfnfO{ z}lIfs


121

tyf cGo cj;/x¿df c;/ k'Ug] u/L / sfg'gn] tf]lslbPsf] eGbf a9L ;do / a9L sfd nufpg' afn >d zf]if0f xf] . cfO{Pncf]sf] k|ltj]bg cg';f/ g]kfndf !^ nfv eGbf a9L afnaflnsfx¿ >ddf ;+nUg 5g\ . g]kfn ;/sf/n] tTsfn pGd"ng ug'{kg]{ * cf]6f ljleGg >d If]qx¿nfO{ lgs[i6 afn >dsf] If]qdf /fv]sf] 5 . tL x'g\ M 3/]n' afn >d, vfgL tyf O6f e6\6fdf sfd ug]{ afnaflnsf, afn el/of, ;8s afnaflnsf, sfk]{6 sf/vfgfdf sfd ug]{ afnaflnsf, lu6\6L s'6\g] k];fdf ;+nUg afnaflnsf, afn aFw'jf dhb'/ tyf a]rlavgdf k/]sf afnaflnsfx¿ . o; lsl;dsf] >d zf]if0fsf] cGTo ug{ kl/jf/ / ljb\ofno b'j}sf] e"ldsf /xG5 .

u= afn of}g b'Jo{jxf/ tyf zf]if0f M g]kfndf w]/} afnaflnsfx¿ of}g b'Jo{jxf/ tyf zf]if0faf6 kLl8t 5g\ . afnaflnsfx¿ dfly of}g cfzosf ;fy ul/g] s'g} klg Jojxf/x¿ of}g b'Jo{jxf/ x'g\ . o:tf Jojxf/x¿df anfTsf/, anfTsf/ k|of;, cZnLn xfpefp, O;f/f, af]nL Jojxf/ tyf lrq0f cflb kb{5g\ . afnaflnsfx¿;Fu of}g cfzosf ;fy ul/Psf Jojxf/x¿nfO{ cfly{s jf cGo nfesf] ;|f]t agfpg' g} of}g zf]if0f xf] . afn of}g b'Jojxf/ ljb\ofno tyf kl/jf/ b'j} :yfgdf x'g] u/]sf] tYof+sx¿ xfdLn] lbg k|ltlbg ;~rf/ dfWodx¿jf6 ;'Gg] u/]sf 5f}F . w]/} afnaflnsfx¿ cfkmGt tyf lrghfgsf dflg;af6, ljb\ofnosf lzIfs af6 tyf kl/jf/sf cleefjsx¿af6 klg of}g b'Jojxf/df kl//x]sf x'G5g\ . o;sf nflu kl/jf/ tyf ljb\ofnodf afnaflnsfn] cfkm"dfly ePsf] b'Jojxf/sf] af/]df v'n:t eP/ s'/f /fVg ;Sg] jftfj/0f agfpg' kb{5 . x/]s ljb\ofnon] ljb\ofnodf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ dgf];fdflhs ljdz{ ;]jf lbg] Joj:yf ldnfpg kxn ug'{kb{5 .

afn of}g b'Jo{jxf/ eg]sf] s'g} JolStaf6 csf]{ JolStnfO{ of}g hGo dg;fon] OR5f ljk/Lt /

c;}Xo x'g]u/L ug]{ To:tf] Jojxf/x¿ x'g\ . o:tf] of}ghGo b'Jo{jxf/ zf/Ll/s, df}lvs, lnlvt jf ;fª\s]lts x'g ;S5g\ . of}ghGo b'Jo{jxf/ 3/, ;fj{hlgs :yn, sfo{:yn cflb s'g} klg 7fpFdf x'g ;S5 .

kL8sx¿n] klg of}g b'Jo{jxf/ ljleGg lsl;dn] u/]sf x'G5g\ . OR5f ljk/Lt lh:Sofpg], of}ghGo lx;fan] ;tfpg' jf x}/fg kfg'{, xf8 gftf s/0fL tyf / cGo s/0fL x'g', anfTsf/ , b]xJofkf/, r]nLa]6L a]rlavg, k|nf]eg jf 8/df x'g] of}g zf]if0f, cflb ;a} of}g b'Jojxf/df kb{5g\ . ;dfhdf OHhtsf] 8/n] To:tf s'/fx¿ aflx/ lg:sb}gg\ . cWoogn] xf8gftf s/0fLdf ljz]if u/L lszf]/Lx¿ kg]{ u/]sf] atfPsf] 5 .

sxfF x'G5 of}g b'Jojxf/ <of}g b'Jojxf/ hxfF klg x'g;Sb5 . cWoogx¿n] atfP cg';f/ ;a}eGbf a9L 3/df / ljb\ofno jf sfd ug]{ 7fpFdf x'g]u/]sf] cWoogx¿n] atfPsf] 5 . slxn]sfxLF ;fj{hlgs oftfoftdf klg x'g] ub{5 . To:t} ;fj{hlgs e]nf x'g] 7fpFd} klg of}g b'Jojxf/ tyf of}g x}/fgL eO/x]sf] x'G5 . cleefjsx¿n] cfˆgf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ o;sf af/]df ;dod} ;r]t u/fO{ o;af6 aRg] pkfox¿sf af/]d ;r]t u/fpg' kb{5 .

sf]af6 s;/L x'g;S5 <

o; If]qdf ePsf clwsf+z cWoogx¿n] atfPcg';f/ cfhef]ln 8]l6ª -/dfOnf]sf nflu ul/g] 3'lDkm/_ sf] df}sf kf/]/ of}g;Dks{ ug{ bafa lbP/ w]/} lszf]/Lx¿ of}g zf]if0fsf] l;sf/ eO/x]sf x'G5g\ . cleefjsn] o;df k|ltaGw nufpg plrt x'Fb}g t/ s:tf] dfG5];Fu 8]l6ªdf hfg], s:tf] 7fpFdf hfg], hfFbf cK7\of/]df k/]df s] s] pkfox¿ ckgfP/ ;'/lIft tl/sfn] pDsg] cflbsf af/]df ;r]t u/fpg'k5{ . cleefjs;Fu v'n:t s'/f ug]{ afgL a;fPsf afnaflnsfx¿;Fu


122

o:tf] s'/f ug{ s'g} cK7\of/f] x'Fb}g . To:t} ljb\ofnodf ;fyLx¿af6 / lzIfsx¿af6 klg of}g b'Jo{jxf/ eO/x]sf] x'g;Sb5 . To;}n] ljb\ofno jf ;dfhsf] cfdf ;d"xsf] ;xof]udf afnaflnsfsf] nflu o:tf of}g b'Joxf/af6 aRg of}lgstf lzIff;Fu ;DalGwt hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf] ljsf; ug]{ sfo{qmddf ;xefuL u/fpg' kb{5 . 3/df x'g] of}g b'Jo{jxf/ k|fo cfkmGtx¿ jf l5d]sLx¿af6 klg eO/x]sf] x'g;S5 .

To;sf/0f afnaflnsfnfO{ o:tf s'/fx¿df ;hu u/fpg' kb{5 . afnaflnsfx¿ slta]nf sxfF / sf];Fu 5g\ eGg] hfgsf/L cleefjs;Fu xd];f x'g'kb{5 . slxn]sfxLF cfˆg} afnaflnsfn] klg c? afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ t st} of}g b'Jo{jxf/ t ul//x]sf] 5}g < cleefjs rgfvf] x'g cfjZos 5 .

lszf]/fj:yf pQ]lht pd]/ klg xf] . To;}n] of}g pQ]hgf klg l56\6} cfpg ;Sb5 . To;}n] lszf]/fj:yfdf k'u]sf afnaflnsfx¿ of}g b'Jo{jxf/df kg]{ w]/} ;Defjgf 5 . clg Tof] pd]/sf] cj:yf eg]sf] cTolws cfjZostf dx;'; ug]{ / cleefjsx¿;Fu w]/} lsl;dsf dfu ug]{ x'G5g\ . To;}nfO{ sdhf]/L 7fg]/ cGo dflg;x¿n] cg]sf}F k|nf]eg b]vfP/ jf k};f lbP/ jf dgk/]sf] j:t' lbP/ klg of}g b'Jo{jxf/ ul//x]sf x'g;S5g\ . oL dflysf cj:yfx¿nfO{ s'g} pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf k|:t't ub}{{ lszf]/fj:yfdf k|j]z ug'{ cufj} a]nfa]nfdf ;hu u/fpg cTofjZos x'G5 .

of}g b'Jo{jxf/df k/]sf] s;/L yfxf kfpg] <

• of}g b'Jo{jxf/df k/]sf] 5 eg] d'Vo u/L pgLx¿sf] km/s Jojxf/af6 klg yfxf x'g ;S5,

• sf]xL w]/} pQ]lht x'G5g\ eg] s;}nfO{ cfTdUnflg ePsf] x'g;Sb5 / b'j} cj:yfdf tgfjdf k/]sf] h:tf] b]lvg ;S5g\,

• sd af]Ng] jf af]n] klg PSn} a/a/fpg],

• cTolws 8/fPsf] b]lvg],

• vfgf vfg dg gug]{ jf yf]/} dfq vfg],

• xft uf]8fx¿df kl;gf cfpg], afGtf xf]nf h:tf] x'g] jf s;}nfO{ vfgf gkr]sf] sf/0f ;fdfGo kvfnf klg nfUg ;S5 / s;}nfO{ tgfjsf] sf/0f slAhot klg x'g;S5 . PSn} a:g dg k/fpg],

• s;}n] ems]{/ dfq af]Ng] klg ub{5g\,

• w]/} pQ]lht :jefj b]vfPdf / s'g} gofF j:t' cleefjsx¿af6 ;s];Dd n'sfpg] cflb Jojxf/ b]lvg ;S5 .

oL ;a} nfIfl0fs s'/fx¿ x'g o;}sf] cfwf/df dfq} of}g b'Jojxf/df k/]sf] 7fg]/ To;sf] Joj:yfkglt/ nfluxfNg eg] x'Gg . s]xL ;do vf; s'/f a'‰g lt/ klg nfUg' kb{5 lsgls s'g} a]nf c? g} sf/0fn] klg tgfjdf k/]sf x'g;S5g\ . lsgls lszf]/fj:yf eg]sf] cfFwLa]/Lsf] pd]/ klg xf] elgG5 .

/f]syfd tyf aRg] pkfox¿

s]xL pkfox¿ dfly klg pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . cleefjsx¿n] cfˆgf] k|of;df, To;af6 aRgsf nflu k|sflzt uPsf ;fdu|Lx¿ k9\g] / pgLx¿sf nflu klg tL ;fdu|Lx¿ pknAw u/fpg], :yfgLo cfdf ;d"x jf ;ª\3;+:yfsf] ;xof]u lnP/ o;sf] /f]syfd jf aRg] hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf] ljsf; u/fpg ;lsG5 . afnaflnsf dfly x'g] b'Jo{jxf/af6 aRg] s]xL pkfox¿ pbfx/0fsf] nflu oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .


123

3= zf/Ll/s oftgf tyf ;hfo Pj+ lx+;f M zf/Ll/s lx+;f, oftgf tyf ;hfoaf6 g]kfnsf cToGt} w]/} afnaflnsfx¿ k|efljt 5g\ . afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;fgf]ltgf] uNtL ubf{ jf pgLx¿sf] Jojxf/df ;'wf/ ug{ g;Sbf cleefjs, lzIfs, /f]huf/bftf, k|x/L Pj+ cGo jo:sx¿n] klg zf/Ll/s lx+;f tyf oftgfk"0f{ ;hfosf] k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . afnaflnsfx¿ o; lsl;dsf Jojxf/af6 ljb\ofno 5f]8\g], 3/ 5f]8\g], lhb\bL x'g], emu8fn' aGg] / sltko 36gfdf Hofg uPsf] tyf cfTdxTof u/]sf] klg kfOPsf] 5 . o;sf nflu ljb\ofno tyf kl/jf/n] ljz]if Wofg lbg' cfj:os 5 .

ª= afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/M afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ afnaflnsfdfly x'g] uDeL/ ck/fw xf] .

/fd|f] sfd nufOlbg], k9fOlbg], ld7f] vfg lbg] axfgfdf kl/jf/nfO{ em'6f] e/f];f lbP/ afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ kl/jf/af6 5'6fP/ b]zleq} tyf b]z aflx/ cf];f/k;f/ tyf a]rlavg u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . o;/L kl/jf/af6 5'6fP/ aflx/ nluPsf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ck/fwdf ;+nUg JolStn] hjh{:tL >ddf nufpg], of}gzf]if0f nufot sf sfo{df hjh{:tL nufpg] / zl//sf cª\ux¿ laqmL ug]{ s'/fdf k|of]u ub{5g\ . o;/L afnaflnsfnfO{ lsGg] jf a]Rg] pb\b]Zon] ljb]zdf n}hfg', of}gsfo{df nufpg] jf zf]if0f ug]{ pb\b]Zon] s'g} k|sf/n] nnfO{ kmsfO{ afnaflnsfnfO{ k|of]u ug'{, Affnaflnsfsf] ckx/0f ug'{, Affnaflnsfsf] OR5f ljk/Lt kl/jf/af6 cnu u/fO{ >d tyf dgf]/~hgsf nflu k|of]u ug'{, afnaflnsfsf] z/L/ aGws /fvL cfly{s nfe lng' jf lng ;xof]u ug'{ afnaflnsfsf] cf];f/ k|;f/ tyf a]rlavg xf] . afnaflnsfsf] a]rljvg tyf cf];f/ k;f/ lgoGq0fsf nflu kl/jf/n] ljz]if Wofg lbg' cfjZos 5 .

PSn} sf]7f v'Nnf /fvL ga:g], Jojxf/ /fd|f];Fu ga'lem em6\6} s;}nfO{ ljZjf; gug]{, lszf]/Lx¿nfO{ cfTd/Iffsf nflu ljz]if tflnd lng] Joj:yf ldnfpg] h:t}M s/fFt], t]SjfGbf], cflb_ . PsfGt 7fpFdf PSn} ga:g] / s'g} klg ;fyLx¿;Fu ghfg] / 8]l6ª hfFbf ;'/lIft 7fpF 5÷5}g kSsf u/]/ dfq} hfg] . a?, ;s];Dd ;d"xdf g} lxF8\g] ug]{ . s'g} dfG5] dg kb}{df, afgL Jojxf/ /fd|f] ghfgLsg c?n] lbPsf] pkxf/ glng] lsgls To;sf] k5fl8 p;n] of}g b'Jo{jxf/ ug]{ dg;fo /fv]sf] klg x'g;S5 . of}g tyf cGo s'/fx¿nfO{ klg uf]kgLotf /fVg] ljZjfl;nf] ;fyL;Fu jf k/fdz{stf{;Fu cfˆgf] s'/f atfpg] tfls ;Defljt hf]lvd jf b'3{6gfaf6 aRg ;lsof];\ . of}g Jojxf/sf ;DaGwdf ;fyLsf] bafadf

;fyL;Fusf] k'/fgf] ;DaGwnfO{ sfod /fv]/ g} gfO{ eGg] l;k / afgLsf] ljsf; ug{ ;xof]]u ug'{kb{5 . h;n] ubf{ ;fyLn] klg cfˆgf] cflgafgLsf] af/]df a'‰g] df}sf kfpFb5 jf afgLdf ;'wf/ Nofpg klg ;Sb5 . ;fyLn] of}g ;Dks{sf nflu ha/ h:tL bafa lbg yfNof] eg] ToxfFaf6 s'g} pkfo nufP/ pDsg] / ;f] 36gfsf] cfwf/df lg8/ eP/ ;DalGwt lgsfodf ph'/L ug]{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf; u/fpg] lsl;dsf ;xof]u 3/df cleefjsn] lbg' kb{5 jf ;DalGwt ;+:yfsf k/fdz{stf{sf] ;xof]u lng' kb{5 . cleefjsn] a]nfa]nfdf s'g} g s'g} tl/sfn] afnaflnsfnfO{ ;r]t u/fpg] s'/f g} xf] nf]edf slxNo} gkm:g', dgdf OZof{sf] efjgfnfO{ x6fpFb} hfg', dfG5]sf] /fd|f] hfgsf/L glnO{ -Jojxf/, Ifdtf, ljutsf e"ldsf cflb_ glhs gx'g', cfˆgf] eljio k|lt ;r]t x'g' cflb .


124

r= w'd|kfg, g;f tyf nfu" kbfy{sf] b'Jo{;g M g]kfnL afnaflnsfx¿ ljleGg e|ddf k/L, /dfOnf] jf ;fyLsf] nx}nx}df nfu]/ tyf w'd|kfg Pj+ g;fn' / nfu" kbfy{x¿sf af/]df kof{Kt hfgsf/L k|fKt gePsf sf/0fn] slnn} pd]/df o; k|sf/sf] b'Jo{;gsf] l;sf/ eO/x]sf 5g\ . r'/f]6, v}gL, /S;L tyf ljleGg lsl;dsf nfu" kbfy{sf pTkfbgstf{ Jofkf/Lx¿n] lszf]/fj:yfsf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ o:tf lsl;dsf] b'Jo{;gsf] l;sf/ agfO/x]sf 5g\ . pknAw tYofª\sx¿cg';f/ g]kfndf w'd|kfg ug]{x¿dWo] !=@ k|ltzt !% jif{eGbf d'lgsf afnaflnsfx¿ /x]sf] kfOG5 . nfu' kbfy{ k|of]u ug]{x¿dWo] @# k|ltzt !* jif{eGbf sd pd]/sf afnaflnsfx¿ kfOPsf] 5 . ufFhf, r/];, 8]G8«fO6, a'6 kfln;, k]6«f]n h:tf kbfy{x¿sf] klg o:tf lqmofsnfkdf cTolws k|of]u x'g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . o; lsl;dsf] sfo{df nfUgaf6 ;+/If0f ug]{ klxnf] lhDd]jf/L kl/jf/sf] xf] eg] ljb\ofnon] klg afnaflnsfx¿sf] o; lsl;dsf] ultljlw lgoGq0f ug{ cfjZos of]hgf agfpg' kb{5 .

afnaflnsfn] nfu' cf}ifw lsGg 3/af6 s'g} pkfo ePdf pgLx¿n] k};fsf] nflu h'g;'s} klg hf]lvd p7fpg cl3 a9\5g\ . s] tkfO{Fsf] 5f]/f5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ o:tf] b'Jo{;gLaf6 arfpg rfxg'x'G5 < olb rfxg'x'G5 eg] klxnf tkfO{Fsf] klg hLjgf]kof]uL l;kdf kl/jt{g Nofpg' kg]{ x'g;S5 . lsgls nfu'cf}ifw g/fd|f] eP klg k|of]ustf{n] tkfO{Fn] ;f]r]sf] h:t} g/fd|f] g;f]r]sf] x'g;S5 . To;n] pgLx¿ k|lt slxNo} g/fd|f] aGg'x'Gg . pgLx¿sf] /fd|f] kIfsf] cfwf/nfO{ ;dft]/ jf To;nfO{ emg\ alnof] agfP/ pgLx¿sf] cj:yfdf kl/jt{g ug{ ;Dej 5 .

lsg km:5g\ afnaflnsfx¿

• Jofj;flos lj1fkgx¿sf] k||efjn] ubf{ -h:t} r'/f]6, /S;L cflb_,

• cfbz{ jf dgk/]sf] JolSTTj lx/f], lx/f]Ogx¿, ufos÷uflosf cflbn] k|of]u u/]sf] b]v]/,

• s'g} nfu' kbfy{ k|of]u k|ltsf] pT;'stf a9]/ -lszf]/fj:yfdf of] k|j[lQ a9L b]lvG5 _

• cfgGb kfOG5 ls eg]/,

• zf/Ll/s tgfjaf6 d'lSt kfpg] cfzfdf -afn >lds /fVg] k/Dk/f ePsf] ;dfhdf_,

• km"lt{nf] aGg] em'7f] cfzfdf,

• zf/Ll/s Ifdtf a9fpg] e|ddf,

• dfgl;s tgfjaf6 d'lSt kfpgsf nflu nfu" kbfy{sf] b'Jo{;gLdf k/]sf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ lbg ;lsg] ;'emfjx¿

• b'Jo{;gLx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] cfr/0f kl/jt{g ug{ pTk|]l/t ug]{ .

• k|of]u ug}{ kg]{ eP klg ;'/lIft tl/sfn] of lgd{nLs/0f ul/Psf ;'O{ / cGo ;fdfu|Lx¿ k|of]u ug{ ;Nnfx lbg] .

• 5fnf 5]8\g] cf}hf/ hyfefjL k|of]u ubf{ Pr=cfO{=eL= ;ª\qmd0f x'g;Sg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L lbg] .

• nfu' kbfy{n] ubf{ x'g;Sg] xflg tyf To;af6 z/L/df kg{ ;Sg] c;/x¿af/] hfgsf/L lbg] .

• ;Sg] eP t'?Gt} 5f]8\g] / g;Sg] eP yf]/} xflg ug]{ vfnsf nfu" kbfy{x¿sf] k|of]u u/L lj:tf/} 5f]8\g] ;Nnfx lbg] .

• w]/} nt nflu;s]sf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ s]Gb|x¿df hfg k|f]T;flxt ug]{÷n}hfg ;xof]u ug]{ .

• nfu' cf}ifwsf] nft 5f]8\gsf nflu k|ToIf bafa lbFbf pgLx¿ pN6} cleefjs;Fu k|ltzf]wsf] efjgf klg agfpg ;S5g\ . To;}n] pgLx¿nfO{ pTk|]l/t u/fP g} nt 5'6\ofpg ;lsG5 .

• kl/jf/ tyf ;d'bfo :t/df cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿M


125

• afnaflnsf dfly x'g] ljleGg lsl;dsf afnzf]if0fx¿sf af/]df cfk"mn] klg hfgsf/L

• /fVg], :jod\ afnaflnsf / kl/jf/nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg] .

• afnzf]if0f;DaGwL ;~rf/ dfWodsf s'g} klg ;dfrf/ jf hfgsf/Lx¿sf af/]df kl/jf/nfO{ cjut u/fpg] / ;Dej eP;Dd To;sf af/]df kl/jf/df 5nkmn rnfpg] .

• cfk"m a;]sf] ;dfhdf afn>d zf]if0f ePsf] hfgsf/L kfPdf To;nfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{

• ;fdflhs ;xof]u h'6fpg] / Tof] klg gePdf pb\wf/ ug{ ;DalGwt ;+:yf jf :yfgLo k|zf;gdf hfgsf/L u/fpg] .

• afnaflnsf dfly x'g] ;Defljt of}g zf]if0faf6 aRg] arfpg] pkfox¿sf af/]df kl/jf/ tyf 6f]nl5d]sdf ;r]t u/fpg] .

• afnzf]if0f;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o >d ;ª\u7gsf] cjwf/0ff / g]kfnsf] k|rlnt sfg'gsf k|fjwfgx¿ hgr]tgfsf nflu ;fj{hlgs :yfgdf ;a}n] b]Vg / k9\g ;lsg] u/L lnlvt ¿kdf /fVg] .

5= afn la7\ofFO tyf ;hfo M afnaflnsfx¿n] ljleGg sf/0fjz ug]{ jf ug{ nufpg] sfg'gåf/f jlh{t sfdx¿ g} afn la7\ofFO x'g\ . afnaflnsfx¿n] ug]{ ;fgf]ltgf] rf]/L, ks]6df/L, emu8f jf tf]8kmf]8h:tf sfo{x¿nfO{ afn la7\ofFO cGtu{t lnOG5 . afnaflnsfx¿ o:tf 36gfsf ;Defljt kl/0ffdx¿sf af/]df k"0f{tof hfgsf/ xF'b}gg\ tyf ljleGg kl/j]z, ;fdflhs ;+:sf/ tyf pgLx¿k|ltsf] Jojxf/ jf ljleGg syf tyf rnlrqx¿af6 k|efljt eP/ ul/g] x'Fbf oL afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;'wf/ u/L c;n gful/ssf] hLjgofkgdf 8f]¥ofpg'kb{5 . oL afnaflnsfx¿ cfk}mF klg ljleGg ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf ;f+:s[lts kl/j]zsf], afWofTds cj:yfsf] Pjd\ bafa / tgfjsf] / kof{Kt hfgsf/Lsf] cefjsf]

l;sf/ ePsf x'Fbf logLx¿nfO{ ;sf/fTds kxnsf

;fy ;'wf/fTds sfo{ ug'{ h?/L x'G5 . 3/ kl/jf/ tyf ljb\ofnodf afnaflnsfn] o; lsl;dsf] sfo{ u/]df pgLx¿nfO{ ;'wf/ ug]{ tyf yk hf]lvdtfdf kg{af6 ;+/If0f ug]{ bfloTj kl/jf/ / ljb\ofno b'j}sf] /x]sf] x'G5 .

h= afn ljjfx M afn ljjfx g]kfnL afnaflnsfx¿n] ef]Ug' kl//x]sf] csf]{ k|d'v ;d:of xf] . g]kfndf ePsf s'n ljjfx¿dWo] $% k|ltzt afn ljjfx x'g] ub{5 . afn ljjfxsf sf/0faf6 w]/} aflnsfx¿sf] k|zj ;d:ofsf sf/0f ;fg} pd]/df d[To' x'g], ;fg} pd]/df jo:ssf] lhDd]jf/L ;DxfNg'kbf{ pgLx¿sf] z}lIfs, Jofjxfl/s, ;fdflhs ljsf; tyf afnfkgdf w]/} gsf/fTds k|efjx¿ kg]{ u/]sf 5g\ . k|hgg :jf:Yo;DaGwL kof{Kt hfgsf/L gx'Fbf, hLjg pkof]uL l;kx¿ tyf lszf]/fj:yfsf af/]df kof{Kt hfgsf/L Pj+ k/fdz{ ;]jf gx'Fbf w]/} lszf]/lzf]/Lx¿ klg o; ;d:ofaf6 kLl8t ePsf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] sfg'g cg';f/ cleefjssf] ;xdltdf !* jif{ pd]/ gk'uL ljjfx ug{ kfOFb}g / cleefjssf] dGh'/Llagf g} ljjfx ug{ @) jif{ pd]/ k'Ug' h?/L 5 . s'g} klg afnaflnsfsf] !* jif{ gk'uL ljjfx ug'{ cyjf u/fpg' b'j} ck/fw xf] .

afnljjfx afn lx+;f xf] / afnclwsf/sf] pNnª\3g klg xf], ;fdflhs tyf :jf:Yosf b[li6sf]0fn] klg afnljjfx ug'{ cg'lrt sfd xf] . lsgls ;fdflhs b[li6sf]0fn] x]bf{ afNofj:yf d} ul/g] ljjfxsf sf/0f afnaflnsfn] g} afnaflnsf hGdfpg' kg]{ afWotf l;h{gf ul/Psf] x'G5 . lsgls ljjfx ul/lbg' eg]sf] aRrf hGdfpg :jLs[lt xf] . cem u|fdL0f ;dfhdf t ljjfx kl5 t aRrf hGdfpg bafa g} lbO/x]sf x'G5g\\ . To;}n] /fHosf] / cGt/fli6«o sfg"gn] klg afnljjfx lgif]w u/]sf] xf] . g]kfnsf] sfg'gcg';f/ ljjfxsf] pd]/ @) jif{ eGbf sd x'g gx'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] / ePdf


126

;f]xL adf]lhdsf] bfdf;fxL ;hfo tf]s]sf] 5 .

;fgf] pd]/df ljjfx x'g] sf/0fx¿

;fgf] pd]/df ljjfx ul/lbg] jf ug]{ dg;fo /fv]sf cleefjsx¿nfO{ w]/} yfxf x'G5 lsg pgLx¿ cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿sf] ljjfx ;fgf] pd]/df ul/lbg rfxG5g\ eg]/ . o;sf ;DaGwdf sfd ug]{ lgsfox¿n] ;d'bfodf u/]sf 5nkmn / cWoogx¿sf cfwf/df ;+sng u/]sf s]xL sf/0fx¿df d'Vo u/L lgDg cg';f/sf 5g\M

;fgf] pd]/df ljjfx ubf{ x'g] c;/x¿

;fgf] pd]/df ljjfx ul/lbg]÷ug]{x¿ clw+sfzn] To;sf] k|efj s] k5{ eg]/ ;f]r]sf xF'b}gg\ . To;}n] pgLx¿df ljjfxsf] nflu sfg'gL tyf Jofjxfl/s cj:yfn] plrt ;dosf] af/]df lg0f{o ug{ ;Sb}gg / ;fgf] pd]/df ljjfx ul/lbPsf x'G5g\ .

;d'bfodf ePsf ljleGg lgsfox¿n] u/]sf 5nkmn tyf cWoogx¿ cg';f/ ;fgf] pd]/df x'g] ljjfxsf sf/0fn] x'g cfpg] k|d'v c;/x¿ lgDg cg';f/sf 5g\M

• lzIff / bIf l;k cefjn] a]/f]huf/ x'g',

• ;fgf] pd]/df cleefjs aGgfn] cfly{s dGbL

• cefj / ljk/Lt rfxgfn] 3/ emu8f,

• ;fgf] pd]/df lhDd]jf/L a9\g' x'g',

• ;DaGw g/fd|f] x'g' jf laR5]b x'g',

• ;Gtfg a9]kl5 kfl/jfl/s emu8f,

• ljjfx ePkl5 k9fO af6 jl~rt,

• ;fgf] pd]/df of}gfª\usf] /fd|f] ljsf; gx'Fb} uef{wf/0f x'g'

• kfl/jfl/s bafa / pd]/ eGbf a9L lhDd]jf/Lsf sf/0f dfgl;s tgfj a9\g',

• b]zsf] hg;ª\Vofdf j[b\lw,

• ul/aLsf] cj:yf a9\b} hfg'

• cfdf / afnaflnsf b'a}sf] :jf:Yodf ;d:of cfpg'

• afn tyf dft[ d[To' b/ a9\5,

• ;fgf] pd]/df ljjfx eO{ afnaflnsf hGdfpg' kbf{ cfª v:g',

g]kfndf !)) hgf afnaflnsfdf %^ hgfsf] ljjfx !* jif{ gk'Ub} eO;s]sf] x'G5 . g]kfn ;/sf/ :jf:Yo dGqfno, kl/jf/ :jf:Yo dxfzfvfn] ;g\ @)!! df u/]sf] cWoog cg';f/ g]kfndf sl/a #$ k|ltzt ljjfx !% jif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsfsf] x'G5 -g]kfnsf afnaflnsfsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)^$_ . Ps ;odf $! hgf lszf]/Lx¿n] !( jif{leq} ue{wf/0f ul/;s]sf jf afnaflnsf hGdfO;s]sf x'G5g\\ . of] ;dflhs / JolStut :jf:Yosf b[li6sf]0fn] w]/} hf]lvd cj:yf xf] . To;}n] klg afnljjfx sfg'g ljk/Lt elgPsf] xf] .

;fgf] pd]/df ue{wf/0f ubf{ x'g] c;/x¿

• z/L/sf cª\ux¿ -kf7]3/ / of]gL_ sf] k"0f{ ¿kdf ljsf; ePsf] x'Fb}g .

• sd pd]/b]lv g} of}g;Dks{ ubf{ kf7]3/sf] d'vsf] SofG;/ nufot of}ghGo ;ª\qmd0f x'g] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 .

• kf7]3/ / z/L/sf cGo cª\ux¿sf] ljsf; eO g;s]sf] x'gfn] afnaflnsf kfpg ufx|f] x'g], /ut w]/} aUg], kf7]3/ Rofltg] cflb ;d:ofx¿ pd]/ k'u]sf dlxnfx¿sf] bfFhf]df b'O{ u'0ff a9L x'G5 .

• sd pd]/df afnaflnsf kfPsf dlxnfx¿df kl5 uP/ cfª v:g], of]gLdfu{ / d"qgnL jf dndfu{lar Kjfn kg]{ x'G5 h;sf sf/0f ;w}Fel/ lb;f jf lk;fa r'O/xg] x'G5 . ;w}F uGw cfO/xG5 .

• cfkm}F slnnf] pd]/sf] x'g] x'Fbf a9\g] pd]/ ePsf]n] cfˆg} z/L/sf nflu kof{Kt kf]if0f


127

rflxg] cj:yfdf ue{sf] afnaflnsfnfO{ kf]if0fsf] cefj kg{ hfG5 / hGd]kl5 klg ;Gtfgsf] kfngkf]if0f ug{ w]/} sl7g x'g] x'gfn] afnaflnsf s'kf]lift x'g] / la/fdL eO/xg] x'g;Sb5 .

• g]kfndf lzz' d[To'b/ afn d[To' x'g] ;ª\Vofdf ;fgf] pd]/df ue{wf/0f ug]{ dlxnfx¿sf] g} ;ª\Vof w]/} 5 / lzz' d[To'df klg ;fgf] pd]/df x'g] ue{wf/0faf6 hGd]sf lzz'x¿sf] g} ;ª\Vof a9L 5 .

la; jif{eGbf sd pd]/df z/L/sf of}g tyf k|hgg\ cª\ux¿sf] k"0f{ ¿kdf ljsf; ePsf] xF'b}g . slnnf] / cljsl;t cª\ux¿n] ug]{ sfd ckl/kSj x'G5 . Tolt dfq x}g, tL cª\ux¿nfO{ ha/h:tL sfd u/fPdf bL3{ /f]uL x'G5g\\ .

lsg ;fgf] pd]/df afnaflnsf kfpgfn] clwsf+z dlxnfx¿sf] kf7]3/ v:g] ub{5 <

;fgf] pd]/df ue{wf/0f ubf{ kf7]3/sf] ljsf; k"0f{ ¿kdf eO g;s]sf] x'Fbf afnaflnsf / ;fnsf] ef/ y]Ug kf7]3/nfO{ ufx|f] x'G5 . o;sf] sf/0f kf7]3/nfO{ c8\ofpg] df+;k]zLx¿ tyf aGwgx¿ sdhf]/ x'G5g\\ / sfnfGt/df kf]if0f / cf/fdsf] sdL x'Fbf df+;k]zL tyf aGwgx¿ emg\ sdhf]/ aGg] ePsfn] kf7]3/nfO{ ;w}F c7\ofO /fVg ;Sb}g / kl/0ffd :j¿k kf7]3/ lj:tf/} tnlt/ emg{ yfN5 / of]gLaf6 aflx/ lg:sG5 .

s] cj:yf x'G5 o;/L cfª\ -kf7]3/_ v;] kl5 <

• of}g ;Gt'li6 gx'gsf sf/0f >Ldfg\n] x]Fnf ug{ yfN5g\ . kl/0ffd :j¿k sltko >Ldfg\ x¿n] bf];|f] ljjfx ug{ klg ;Sb5g\ .

• kf7]3/ v:gfn] 3/sf] sfd /fd|f];Fu ug{ c;Ifd ePsfn] 3/]n' tyf of}ghGo lx+;f a9\5 .

• ;w}F tNnf] k]6 b'Vg] / uGxfpg] kfgL alu/xg] x'gfn] kl/jf/df 3[0ffsf] kfq eOG5 .

• pkrf/ ug{ jf zNolqmof ug{ vlr{nf] x'G5 .

• dlxnfsf] afFsL hLjg b'vbfoL, tgfjo'St x'g ;Sb5 .

;fgf] pd]/df x'g] ue{wf/0fnfO{ /f]Sg ;Sbf clwsf+z dlxnfx¿df cfª\ v:g] ;d:of x'Fb}g .

slnnf] pd]/df of}gfª\usf] ;fy} kf7]3/ / of]gL dfu{ jl/kl/sf] x8\8Lx¿sf] ;+/rgf klg /fd|f];Fu j[b\lw ePsf] x'Fb}g h;sf sf/0f aRrf lg:sg] dfu{ ;fFu'/f] x'G5 / ;'Ts]/L Joyf nfu] klg aRrf hGdg sl7g x'G5 . nfdf] ;do aRrf o;/L hGdg g;s]/ c8\lsPdf jf nfdf] Aoyf nfU5, h;sf] sf/0f aRrf ckfª\u x'g klg ;Sb5 . lsgls aRrf lg;fl:;P/ Zjf; km]g{ l9nf] eO{ dl:t:sdf clS;hgsf] dfqf sd x'g k'Ub5 . w]/} g} nfdf] ;do Joyf nfu]df aRrf dg{ klg ;Sb5 . To;}n] @) jif{ eGbf sd pd]/df ljjfx ug'{ / ue{wf/0f ug'{ xF'b}g elgPsf] / ;f]sf nflu sfg'gL Joj:yf klg ul/Psf] xf] .

aRrf ue{df /x]sf] a]nf aRrfsf] 6fpsf]n] nuftf/ of]gLsf] df+;k]zLdf bafa lbO/xg] x'Fbf,

/utsf] cfk"lt{ aGb eO{ df+;k]zLx¿ ;8\lsg ;Sg] x'g] x'gfn] Kjfn kg{ ;Sb5 / pSt Kjfn lk;fa y}nL jf lb;f cfpg] dfu{;Fu hf]l8of] eg] of]gLaf6 lb;flk;fa r'lx/xG5 / b'u{Gw cfO/xg]

;d:of x'G5 . To;}n] sf]xL klg cleefjsn] cfˆgf 5f]/Lx¿sf] ljjfx @) jif{ eGbf sd pd]/df gu?g\ .


128

!&=@= kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo :t/df cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿

• cfˆgf afnaflnsfx¿sf] ljjfx sfg'gn] tf]s]sf] pd]/ eGbf sd pd]/df gug]{ / kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:o, gftfuf]tf / l5d]sdf klg o;sf af/]df /fd|f];Fu atfpg] / k/fdz{ ;]jf lbg] ug'{xf];\ .

• :jo+ cfˆgf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ klg o;sf af/]df /fd|f];Fu lszf]/fj:yf b]lvg] d}qLk"0f{ tl/sfn] ;fgf] pd]/df ljjfx / ue{wf/0f lsg ug{ xF'b}g eg]/ atfpg'xf];\ .

• ljb\ofnodf klg o; lsl;dsf cltl/St lzIff lbgsf nflu lzIfs cleefjs

• ;ª\3dfkm{t\ ljBfyL{x¿df 1fg / To; ;DalGwt hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf] ljsf; u/fpg kxn ug'{xf];\ .

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