ရဲေဘာ္သံုးက်ိတ္၀င္ ဗိုလ္ေက်ာ္ေဇာ ၏...

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(1)usaemfhudk usaemfwdk@av;pm;aom yk*~KdvfwOD;u vGefcJhaom 3 - 4 ESpfcef@u usaemfhtw�Ky`wWdudk a&;om;&ef wdkufwGef;cJhygonf?

usaemfu tvGefcufrnfxifI jiif;y,fcJhygonf? ,ckusaemfhtouf 84 ESpfa&mufrS rdrdtw�Ky`wdWa&;v#if trsm;twGuf tusKd;&SdEdkifrnf,kH=unf,lqvmojzifh raocifwm0efw&yftaejzifh a&;om;&efqHk;jzwf+yD; a&;om;&ygawmhonf?

1? usaemfharG;ae@rSm 1919 ckESpf/ 'DZifbm (3) &uf jzpfonf? ZmwdrSm jrefrmjynf om,m0wDc±dkif/ oHk;q,fòr@ qdkif;pk&Gm jzpfonf?2? v,form;}uD; OD;yef;-a':wihf wdk@. om;orD; (6) a,muf teuf 'kwd,om; jzpfygonf?3? rdbrsm;rSm cspfwD;xHrS v,f{u 40 ausmfudk tiSm;cs+yD; pm&if;iSm;rsm;ESifhv,foD;pm;vkyfaomolrsm; jzpfonf? csrf;omwJh

v,form;taetxm; jzpfygonf? toifhtwifhacsmifcsdaom v,form;rsm; jzpfygonf?4? usaemfwdk@onf i,fpOfu rdrdzcif.ESr tysKd}uD;a':apmESifh aecJh&+yD; rdbESifha':apmwdk@. qHk;ryJhjyifr_ESifh }uD;jyif;cJh&onf?

ta': a':apmrSm uGyf!�yfr_tawmfwif;usyfojzifh trsm;wef;wl rupm;&? raysmf&$if&bJ rdef;cav;wa,mufvdk ydyd&d&daecJh&onf?usaemfwdk@ qdkif;pk&GmrSm oHk;q,fòr@ajrmufydkif;rSp+yD; pD;vmaom oHk;q,facsmif;urf;yg;wGif&Sd&m trsm;a&ul;wwf=uaomfvnf; usaemfwdk@rSmta':&J@ynwfcsufa=umifh a&rul;wwfcJhyg? a&ul;twwfudk ppfynmoif&m [dkifeefu|ef;a&mufrSom enf;enf;wwfcJh&ygonf?xdk@a=umifhvnf; usaemhfrSm i,fpOfuwnf;u pmwwf+yD;aemuf pmzwf0goem}uD;cJh+yD; awG@or# jrefrmpmtkyfrSefor#zwfcJhrdonf xifygonf?usaemfi,fpOfu zwfrdpGJvef;aerdaom pmtkyfwtkyfrSm OD;zdk;usm;. �jrefrmh*k%f&nf� pmtkyf jzpfygonf? usaemf (3) wef;t&G,favmufwGifzwfrdjcif;jzpfonf xifygonf? pmzwfjcif;a=umifh usaemhfrSm i,fpOfuwnf;u rsKd;cspfpdwf0ifcJhyHk&ygonf? ynmwwfwa,mufvnf;jzpfcsifpdwf&SdcJhygonf? usaemfuav;t&G,fwGif oli,fema&m*g jzpfchJojzifh toufu,fcJh&onf [kqdkygonf?

5? usaemhftouf (7) ESpft&G,fwGif rdbrsm;u oHk;q,fòr@ESifh usaemfwdk@ qdkif;pk&Gmt=um; &Gmr&Gm&Sd jrefrmrlvwef;ausmif;udktyfygonf?

6? ausmif;wGif usaemfwdk@ twef;i,fudk udkifaomq&mrrSm trnfa':odef;cif[kxif&aom tysdKq&mr jzpfygonf?7? q&mrrSm tawmftwefacsmarmaomfvnff; pdwfxm;wif;rmojzifh usaemfwdk@a=umuf&ygonf? usaemfhrSm i,fpOfu

oli,fema&m*gpGJuyfcJhzl;ojzifh m%fenf;enf;xdkif;aeygonf? txl;ojzifh ocsFmbmomwGif xdkif;r_dif;jcif;jzpfI q&mr. jypf'%fay;jcif;udkc%c%cH&ygonf? usaemf. ^m%fxdkif;r_rSm touf (14) ESpf (15) ESpf t&G,f (7) wef;ausmif;om; t&G,favmufxd jzpfygonf?,if;aemufrS ^m%fxdkif;r_u oufomvGwfajrmufvmygonf?

usaemf (9) ESpfom;t&G,f (2) wef;a&muf+yD;aemuf usaemfhrdbrsm;u usaemfESifh usaemfhtpfudkudk usaemfwdk@&Gm. wzufurf;wGif&Sdaom anmif0dkif;bkef;awmf}uD;ausmif;wGif tawmftoifhcrf;em;pGmjzifh &SifðyyGJvkyfay;ygonf?

�anmif0dkif;bkef;}uD;ausmif;wGifvnf; tpdk;&rlvwef;ausmif;zGifhxm;ojzifh ouFef;0wfukd&ifb0rS xGuf+yD;aemuf &Gmrrlvwef;ausmif;odk@ jyefroGm;awmhbJ anmif0dkif;ausmif;rSmyJ quf+yD; (2) wef;up+yD; ausmif;aeygawmhonf? rdk;OwkwGif oHk;q,facsmif;udkavSjzifhjzwf+yD; ausmif;wufcJh&ygonf?

uav;b0ausmif;aepOf aetdrf. tao;tzGJtvkyfudpPrsm; vkyfcJh&ygonf? ta':tdrfaxmifðyoGm;aomfvnf; usaemfwdk@rdciftarrSmtvGef vHk@v0d&d,&Sd+yD; pdwfxm;tvGef}uH@cdkifwif;rm+yD; pdwf"mwftvGefaumif;ol jzpfonf? om;orD;rsm;tay:vnf; tvGefpnf;urf;aumif;ol jzpfygonf? pm&dwWvnf;tvGefajzmifhrwf aumif;rGefol jzpfonf? tdrfr_0wW&m;rsm;udkvnf; usaemfwdk@aphaphpyfpyfvkyfudkifcJh&ygonf? ta':vdkyif taruvnf; usaemfwdk@udk upm;ckefpm;r_ odyfrvkyf&yg?

usaemfhrSm rdk;wGif; 0gwGif; (3) vwGifouFef;pD;jcif;udk (2) wef;rS (6) wef;+yD;onftxd 5 ESpf 5 0g 0gqdk ouFef;0wfcJhygonf?rdbrsm;uvnf; rdk;wGif;Y acsmif;udkjzwfI oGm;&wmtE W&m,frsm;I ouFef;pD;+yD; 0gqdkwmudk óuufygonf? usaemfvnf; anmif0dkif;q&mawmfESifh ausmif;udkcifrifaeygonf?

usaemfanmif0dkif;ausmif;wGifaepOf (5) wef;ausmif;om; t&G,favmufwGif usaemfxDaygufonf[laomowif; jzpfvmygonf?jzpfyHkrSm usaemfhtazrSm om,m0wD±Hk;tr_wckwGif orm"dvl}uD;tjzpfvdkuf&ygonf? om,m0wD±Hk;wGif aA'ifq&mwa,muf awG@&ojzifhaA'ifwGuf&m aA'ifq&mu cifAsm;om;orD;wGif Ak'<[l;om; jzpfolu xGef;um;vm+yD; rdbawGudk tultnDay;vdrfhrnf[k a[mygonf?

2

Ak'<[l;om;rSm usaemfjzpfaeI tazu emrnf/ &GmvdyfpmESifh csufcsif; om,m0wD±Hk;wGif &Sdaeaom xDpma&;xHoGm;I tdkif,mvefxDudkxdk;ygawmhonf?

r=umcif usaemfwdk@&Gmudk armifa&$emrnfESifh tdkif,mvefxD±Hk;u pmwapmifvm&m &GmrSarmifa&$}uD;qdkaom vl}uD;u xdkpmudk&,l+yD; t*Fvdyfpmwwfaom pma&;}uD; AdkvfpdefrSefudkoGm;jy&m AdkvfpdefrSefu tdkif,mvefxD±Hk;u ay;aompm [kqdkojzifh xDaygufonfxifIpmudk odrf;xm;ygonf? tazuowif;=um;I pmudkoGm;awmif;ygonf? ray;yg? xdk@a=umifh tazu om,m0wD xDpma&;udk oGm;ajym&mxDpma&;u pm[mta&;r}uD;yg? cifAsm;xDxdk;wm aiG&a=umif; jyef=um;pmom jzpfonf? xDvufrSwfom cifAsm;vufxJ&Sdygap[k ajymojzifhtazu&Gmjyef+yD; armifa&$}uD;xH jyefajymjy+yD; pm&Gufawmif;ygonf?

usaemfrlvwef;atmif+yD; tv,fwef;udk oHk;q,fòr@( R.C.M ) tm&f pD trf ausmif;wGif ae&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; rlvanmif0dkif;ausmif;uxGuf+yD; &efukefu tv,fwef;q&mjzpf puUif'&Dpmar;yGJ atmifxm;aom �q&mqif�qdkolq&mu anmif0dkif;rlvwef;ausmif;udktv,fwef;ausmif;jzpfatmif vkyfaeonfqdkI tv,fwef;udk oHk;q,fòr@oGm;roifbJ 5 wef; 6 wef;udk ol@xHwGifyifoif=um;aeygonf?

aemuf 7 wef;a&mufaomtcg anmif0dkif;ausmif;vnf; tv,fwef;ausmif; jzpfrvmbJ&Sdonf? usaemfvnf; jrefrm (7) wef;rSmtpdk;&pmar;yGJ ppfcH&rnfjzpfI w&m;0iftv,fwef;ausmif; wuf&efvdkojzifh oHk;q,fòr@ R.C.M ausmif;odk@ aetdrfrS oGm;wufygonf?

(7) wef;q&mrSm OD;pdefcJqdkaom c&pf,mefq&m jzpfygonf? usaemfbkef;}uD;ausmif;om;rSef;odI bmoma&;ESifh ywfouf+yD;r=uc% usaemfudk�p�ygonf? usaemfvnf; jyefvnfacsyojzifh wjznf;jznf;q&mESifh usaemf &if;ESD;vmygonf?

usaemf (7) wef; yxrESpfajzqdk&m ausmif;ajymif; ausmif;v$JawGa=umifh aumif;aumif;pmrvdkufEdkifbJ pmar;yGJuscJhygonf?aemuf(7) wef; 'kwd,ESpfudk � R.C.M ausmif;wGifyif qufaeygonf? (7) wef;q&mrSm topfjzpf+yD; toufodyfr}uD;

ao;aom q&mjzpfygonf? usaemfol.emrnf arhaeygonf? �q&moifyHkjyyHkrSm tvGefaumif;ygonf? usaemf m%f&$ifvef; xufjrufvmygonf? �.oif=um;yHkenf;udk aemifusaemf Highergrade ac: txufwef;q&mjzpfoifwef; wufa&mufoif=um;&awmhrS oabmaygufvmygonf?

�oifenf;rSm q&mjzpfoifq&mrsm;. vufpGJjzpfaom jy\emwck oif=um;&mwGif q&mujy\em. tajzudk wdkuf±dkufajymrjybJ wynfhrsm; rlvod&Sdxm;onfh tcsufrsm;rS wynfhrsm;. rlv^m%fynmudk qGJqef@xGuf vmatmif wjznf;jznf;ar;cGef;rsm;ar;+yD;jy\em. tajzudkwynfhrsm; wjznf;jznf;tvdktavsmuf od&Sdvmapaom enf;rsKd;jzpfygonf?

Oyrm - oHk;ESihfoHk;aygif;jcif;udk oifrnfqdkv#if q&mutajz[m ajcmuf[krajymbJ wynfhrsm;od+yD;jzpfaom vufwzufpDudkvuf (3) acsmif;pDaxmifapum �vufacsmif;uav;rsm;udk a&wGufapygonf? yxr vufrS (3) acsmif; udk wpf/ ESpf/ oHk;[k a&wGufap+yD;rS'kwd,vufrS (3) acsmif;udkquf+yD; a&wGuf&ygonf? wynfhjzpfolu av;/ ig;/ ajcmuf[k quf+yD;a&wGuf&ygonf? odk@jzifh oHk;ESifhoHk;aygif;v#iftajz ajcmufqdkwm wynfhudk,fwdkifodvmapjcif; jzpfygonf?

Toifenf;rsKd;udk usaemfwdk@. (7) wef;q&mtopfu oif=um;ay;ojzifh usaemfwdk@ ^m%fyGifhvif;+yD; vsifjrefpGm wufajrmufvmcJhygonf? usaemfhrSm twef;xJwGifvpOf pmar;yGJtprf;ppfrsm;wGif t+rJwef; yxr/ 'kwd,&+yD; t+rJ0rf;om &$ifvef;aeayonf?

odk@aomfvnf; xdkESpf (7) wef; tpdk;&ppfpmar;yGJwGif rar#mfvifhbJ usaemfpmar;yGJ usjyefonf? usaemfrsm;pGm xdwfvef@0rf;enf;oGm;ygonf?

aemufrS ta=umif;udk&Sm&mwGif usaemfonf i,fpOfuwnf;u bkef;}uD;ausmif;wGif ynmoif=um;cJh&m twef;xJwGif yx0Dbmomtpm; ygVdbmomudkom oif,lcJh&m R.C.M ausmif; (7) wef; 'kwd,ESpfusrS (ygVdbmomoifay;rnfhq&m r&Sdojzifh)yx0Dbmom&yfudk ajymif;+yD;oifygonf? odk@aomf usaemfonf aemufrSvdkufoif&onfh yx0Dbmom&yfudk tm±Hkpdkufzd+yD; róu;pm;rdbJxdkq&m toiftjyaumif;aom wjcm;bmom&yfawGom aysmf&$ifpGmtm±Hkpdkufrdojzifh pmar;yJGus&ayonf? ,if;rS usaemf}uD;pGmaemifw&+yD; usaemhfynmoif=um;a&;wGif av;eufaom tawG@tñuH}uD; jzpfcJhygonf? usaemfonf ynmoif=um;a&;ESifh pmar;yJGrsm;ta=umif; wqifhwdk;I em;vnfvmygawmhonf? xdkonfaemuf ynma&;wGif usaemfaemufxyf wcgrS pmar;yJGrusawmhacs?

aemuf (7) wef; wwd,ESpfwGif usaemf R.C.M ausmif;wGif raeawmhbJ/ oHk;q,fòr@/ vdyftif;&Gm q&m}uD; OD;tHk;.tv,fwef;ausmif;odk@ ajymif;ae+yD; xdkausmif;rS (7) wef;udk wwd,ESpfwGif acsmarmpGmatmifjrifygawmhonf?

(2)

usaemfjrefrm (7) wef;atmif+yD;aemuf anmif0dkif;q&mawmfu usaemfESifhtwl anmif0dkif;rlvwef;ausmif;tkyfq&m}uD;OD;tHk;yef;.om; usaemfuJhodk@ (7) wef;atmifvmaom armifodef;[laomausmif;om;ESifh usaemfwdk@ (2) a,mufudk 1936 ckESpfavmufwGifol@q&mawmf&Sd&m [oFmwòr@ v,fwDausmif;wdkufwGif jrefrm (10) wef;txd txufwef;ausmif;&Sd&modk@ txufwef;qufoif=um;&efapv$wfvdkufygonf?

usaemfwdk@ [oFmwv,fwDausmif;wGif ouFef;0wf+yD;aemuf (8) wef;upI pmoif&ygonf? usaemhftwGuf aumif;wmwckuusaemfrSmtjyifpmay/ r*~Zif; pmapmifponfwdk@udk zwf±_wJh0goem &Sdoljzpf&m v,fwDausmif;wGif pm=unfhwdkkufuav;wck&Sdojzifh pmay/r*~Zif; ponfwdk@udk tm;vyfcsdefwGif usaemfzwf±_EdkifcJhygonf?

3

v,fwDausmif;rS (8) wef;ausmif;om;wcsdK@udk wESpftwGif; jrefrm (9) wef; tpdk;&ppfpmar;yJGudk ckefausmf+yD;ajzqdk&ef pDpOfygonf?Todk@pDpOf&mwGif (8) wef;ausmif;om; (3) a,mufudk a&G;ygonf? (2) a,mufrSm usaemf/ usaemfESifh anmif;0dkif;ausmif;rSvmolarmifodef;wdk@jzpf+yD;/ usefwa,mufrSm v,fwDausmif;rS ausmif;om; (1) a,mufwdk@jzpfygonf?

aemuf (9) wef;pmar;yJGudk 1936 ckESpfwGif usaemfESifh v,fwDausmif;om;wdk@u ckefausmfatmifjrif+yD; armifodef; us, usefcJhygonf?aemufESpfwGif usaemf[oFmw v,fwDausmif;wGif raeawmhbJ/ usaemfhta':&Sd&m &efukef=unfhjrifwdkiftdrfrSm oGm;ae+yD; xdkrS

1937 ckESpfavmufwGif &efukef ykZGefawmifjrLeDpy,f txufwef;ausmif;wGif jrefrm (10) wef;udk qufIoifygonf?ausmif;wufcgp tenf;i,fcufcJaomfvnf; tawmf=umaomtcg usaemfaumif;pGm vkdufEdkif+yD; xdkESpf (10) wef;udk aumif;rGefpGm

atmifjrifygonf?&efukefwGif usaemfhtwGuf ausmif;ae&wm wckaumif;onfrSm pm=unfhwdkufrsm; aygrsm;ojzifh =unfhvdkaom pmayr*~Zif;rsm;

iSm;&rf;=unfhEdkifygonf? xdk@jyif tdrfeD;em;csif;uvnf; pmzwfolaygrsm;I pmtkyfrsm;iSm;&rf;=unfhEdkifygonf? xdk@a=umifh usaemfhwGif tcsdef&Sdor#pmayr*~Zif;rsm; azmazmoDoD zwf±_csifor#udk zwf±_EdkifcJhygonf?

usaemf &efukefwGif ausmif;wufaeaom ykZGefawmif jrLeDpy,ftxufwef;ausmif; ausmif;q&mwcsdK@rSm ociftoif;0ifrsm;jzpf+yD; ausmif;om;rsm;rsdK;cspfpdwfudk tcGifhñuHwdkif;oGif;ay;ygonf? Tausmif;rSm usaemfhEdkifiHa&;todESifh rsdK;cspfpdwfudk wqifhjr�ifhwifay;vdkufaomausmif; jzpfygonf?

usaemfi,fpOfu AE<Kvta=umif;zwf+yD; ppfbuf0goemygvm&m t&yfxJwGifvnf; OD;armif}uD; &JwyfAdkvfrsm;jzpfonfhq&mOD;bpdef/ OD;jrpdefwdk@ESifh &if;ESD;vm+yD; �wdk@. &Jwyfodk@0ifvdkufawmhonf? 1937 ckESpf &efukeftrsdK;om;atmifyJG vSnfhvnfyJGwGifusaemfonf &Jwyfom;0wfpHkjzifh yg0ifcJhonf?

usaemf jrefrm (10) wef;atmif +yD;aemuf &efukefwuUodkvfodk@quf+yD; ynmoifvdkygonf? xdkpOf t*Fvdyf acwfynma&;pepft&usaemfwuUodkvfwufcGifh r&Sdyg? t*Fvdyfynma&;pepfrSm ,ckacwfvdk wrsdK;wpm;wnf; r[kwfbJ (3) rsdK;cJGjcm;xm;ygonf? yxrtrsdK;rSmt*Fvdyfpmoufouf oifausmif;/ 'kwd,rSm t*Fvdyf - jrefrm ESpfbmomoifausmif;ESifh wwd, jrefrmpmoufoufoifausmif; jzpfygonf?yxrtrsdK;ESifh 'kwd,trsdK;oifausmif;rS (10) wef;atmifolwdk@om wuUodkvfodk@wufcGifh&Sd+yD; jrefrmoufoufESihf (10) wef;atmifolrsm;wuUodkvfwufcGifh r&Sdyg? wuUodkvfwufvdkygu aemufxyf t*FvdyfpmwbmomESifh (10) wef;atmifjrif&rnf jzpfygonf?

xdk@a=umifh usaemfwuUodkvfwufEdkif&ef t*Fvdyfpmwbmom (10) wef;pmar;yJGatmif&ef vdkygonf? xdk@a=umifh &efukefòr@wGift*Fvdyfpm wbmomwnf; (10) wef;txd tvGwfoifay;aom yk*~vduausmif;rsm;udk pHkprf;avhvmygonf? b,frSmrS xdkausmif;rsdK;[kwWdywWdr&Sdyg? xdk@a=umifh t*Fvdyfpmoif&eft}uHudk pGef@v$wfvdkuf&ygonf?

usaemfjrefrm (10) wef;atmif+yD;aemuf jrefrmvdkquf+yD; oif=um;Edkif&ef twef;wwef;usefaeygonf? �rSm �Highergrade�([dkif;&m;*&dwf) ac: txufwef;q&mjzpfoifwef; jzpfygonf? xdkoifwef;udkom wufa&mufoif=um;&rnf jzpfygonf?

xdk@a=umifh usaemfonf touf (19) ESpf 1938 - 39 ckESpfwGif =unfhjrifwdkif txufwef;q&mjzpfoifwef; ausmif;odk@wuf+yD;oif=um;ygonf? xdkausmif;wGif ausmif;om;or*~ r&Sdojzifh �udkrdk;�[kxif&aom ausmif;om;wOD;udk OuUXwif+yD; usaemfutwGif;a&;r�;vkyfI ausmif;om;or*~ wnfaxmifcJhygonf?

xdkESpfwGif ArmjynfwGif ukvm; - Arm±dkufyJG t"du±k%f;jzpfaomESpfjzpfygonf? xdkudpP usaemfwdk@xHodk@vnf; ±dkufcwfvmygonf?usaemfwdk@pmoif=um;aepOf bwfpfum;wpD; usaemfwdk@ausmif;a&S@ xdk;&yfum bwfpfum;xJu vlwa,muf rsufESmrSmaoG;oH&J&JESihfbwfpfum;trdk;ay:wuf+yD; �a[hæ jrefrmawG ukvm;jynfu ukvm;awG[m wdk@ArmjynfxJvm+yD; pD;yGm;&Sm=uw,f? igwdk@ArmawG&J@pD;yGm;a&;udk 0ifvk+yD;vkyf=uw,f? 'DvdkpD;yGm;&Sm±Hkrubl;? igwdk@vJ apmfum;=uw,f? tckighrsufESmay:u '%f&mawG aoG;awG[m'Dukvm;awGu ckwfv$wfvdkufwmjzpfw,f? 'Dukvm;awGudk armif;xkwf&r,f? vufpm;acs&r,f? tckighudk ckwfv$wfvdkufwJh ukvm;awGudkjyef+yD;vufpm;acszdk@ igwdk@oGm;r,f? cifAsm;wdk@ rvdkuf=ubl;vm;?�[k atmf[pfajymqdkygonf?

xdktcg usaemftygt0if ausmif;om; 14 - 5 a,muf eD;&mwkwfwdk wkwfpawG aumuf,l=u+yD; �bwfpfum;ay:ajy;wuf=uonf? '%f&mESifhvlu um;udk&efukefòr@bufudk armif;oGm;apygonf? &efukef =unfhjrifwdkife,fpyff armfawmfum;vrf;ay:uoHacsmif;armif;wH}uD;udk csxm;+yD; um;vrf;udk ydwfxm;ygonf? ykvdyfwcsdK@&yfapmifhae+yD; usaemfwdk@ bwfpfum;udk jyefvSnfhapygonf?usaemfwdk@bmrSrwwfEdkifbJ vSnfhjyefcJh&ygonf?

aemufwae@ usaemfausmif;utjyef =unfhjrifwdkifblwm±Hk *Hk;wHwm;}uD;xdyf&Sd ukvm;qdkif}uD;wqdkifudk ArmwcsdK@ 0ifa&mufzsufqD;xkcJGae&m usaemfvnf; rSm;,Gif;aomrsdK;cspfpdwfESifh xdkvlpkxJyg0if+yD; xdkvkvm;qdkif}uD;udk0ifa&muf zsufqD;rdygonf?

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usaemfwdk@ausmif;onf &efukefòr@ausmif;om;rsm; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif yg0ifcJhygonf? xdkESpfrSm 1938 - 39/ 1300jynfh ta&;awmfyHkESpfjzpfygonf?

4

1300jynfhESpf 1938 ckESpf 'DZifbm 20 &ufae@wGif &efukefòr@ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;u &efukefòr@ t*Fvdyftpdk;&. twGif;0ef±Hk;}uD;udk 0dkif;&Hydwfqdk@oydwfwm;onfh ta&;tcif;}uD; jzpfyGm;ay:aygufvmygonf?

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c%t=umwGif twGif0ef±Hk;}uD; 0dkif;&Haom usaemfwdk@ausmif;om;wyf}uD; òyuGJoGm;ygawmhonf?usaemfwdk@ rdrdausmif;toD;oD;rS '%f&m&ausmif;om;rsm;udk aumuf=uonf? usaemfwdk@ausmif;rS '%f&m&ol (10) a,muf

eD;yg;avmuf&Sd&m rdef;uav;ausmif;olxJrS wa,mufrSrygacs? usaemfwdk@ausmif;rS '%f&m&olrsm;xJwGif udkcifarmifa&$[laomausmif;om;rSm enf;enf;jyif;onf? ausmif;olwcsdK@rSmvnf; aoG;oH&J&JESifh '%f&m&ae=uaom rdrdrdwfaqGausmif;om;rsm;udk =unhf+yD;idk,dk=uonf?

'%f&m&ol udkcifarmifa&$udkawG@&I usaemftHh=oygonf? ta=umif;rSm �onf aemif[mopma&;q&m}uD;aomfwmaqGjzpfvmrnfh ausmif;om;udk=uifarmifqdkolESifh twJGjzpf+yD; usaemfwdk@ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif ryg0if=ubJ ab;xdkifaewwfolrsm;jzpfaoma=umifhjzpfygonf? udkcifarmifa&$rSm aomfwmaqGvdk ±kyf&nfcef@nm;acsmarmol jzpfonf?

udkcifarmifa&$udk aemifESpfaygif;rsm;pGm=umrS usaemfxyf+yD;awG@&onf? awG@&yHkrSm 1957 ckESpfu usaemfwyfrawmfrSxGuf&+yD;aemuf w±kwfjzLrsm; 'kwd,t}udrfArmjynfudk usL;ausmfvmojzifh ,if;udk qef@usifwdkufxkwf&ef jynfolwdk@udk v_H@aqmfpnf;±Hk;zdk@usaemfonf �w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_ESifh e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;aumfrwD� OuUXtjzpf wdkif;jynfw0Srf; vSnfhvnfa[majym v_H@aqmf&mwGifòr@emrnfrrSwfrdaom Armjynftv,fydkif; {&m0wDjrpfta&S@bufurf;&Sd òr@wòr@uzdwf=um;I a&mufoGm;&m usaemfwdk@udk óuqdkaeaomvltpkxJwGif �ausmif;om;a[mif; udkcifarmifa&$udk awG@&awmhonf? usaemfwdk@ 0rf;omtm;& E_wfqufrd=uonf?

twGif;0ef±Hk;±dkufr_+yD;aemuf AdkvfatmifausmfusqHk;I Adkvfatmifausmfpsmyeudk ausmif;om;rsm; vdkufydk@=u&onf? Adkvfatmifausmfonf &efukef*syfqifaumvdyfrS ausmif;om;jzpfonf? psmyewGif Adkvfatmifausmfhrdcif}uD;u rdef@cGef;wdkav; ajym=um;&m vlawGtawmfpdwfxdcdkuf=uonf?

twGif;0ef±Hk;wGif ausmif;om;awG ±dkufr_}uD; +yD;v#if+yD;csif; EdkifiHt0Srf;ausmif;om;awG oydwfarSmufvm=uawmhonf? &efukefòr@ausmif;tm;vHk;vnf; oydwfarSmufvdkuf=uawmhonf? &efukefòr@ausmif;om;rsm; oydwfpcef;udk &efukefòr@ òr@rausmif; }uD;wGif zGifhvdkufonf?òr@rausmif;}uD;vnf; ausmif;vHk;0ydwfxm;onf? &efukefòr@&Sd usaemfwdk@ ausmif;toD;oD;rS oydwfarSmuf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh

5

aemufvdkuftcsdK@wdk@onf òr@rausmif;}uD;odk@ ajymif;a&$@aexdkif=uawmhonf? xdkpOfu òr@rausmif; oydwfpcef;wGif ausmif;om;oHk;&m (300)ausmfavmuf &Sdrnfxif&onf? usaemfwdk@onf apmifwxnfydkuf+yD; òr@rausmif;}uD;odk@ ajymif;a&$@aexdkif=uawmhonf? oydwfarSmufausmif;olawGuawmh ae@udkòr@rausmif;vm+yD; nwGifrdrdwdk@tdrfjyeftdyf=uonf? rsm;pGmaom oydwfarSmuf ausmif;om;rsm; udk,fhtdrfwGifyifae=u+yD; wcgw&Hòr@rausmif;odk@ vmwwfonf? òr@rausmif;oydwfpcef; pm;aomufa&;rSm &efukefòr@twGif; tvSnfhus&yfuGufvdkufxrif;xkyfrsm; aumufpm;=uonf?

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xdktawmtwGif; oHk;q,fòr@ usaemhfrdbrsm;u usaemfjrif;teif;cH&onf =um;&+yD; usaemfhtaz &efukefòr@odk@ vdkufvmumusaemfhudkòr@rausmif;wGif vmawG@qHkonf? usaemfu ajcruywfwD;udkzGif hjy+yD; '%f&mbmrSr}uD;a=umif; ajym&onf? tazuusaemfhudkoHk;q,fòr@odk@ jyefac:oGm;csifaeonf? ac:vdk@r&Edkifa=umif;vnf; olodyHk&onf? xdk@jyif wjcm;'%f&m&aom ausmif;om;tcsdK@acgif;/ vufponfwdk@wGif ywfwD;rsm;jzifh oGm;vmv_yf&Sm;ae=uonfudkvnf; oljrifawG@ae&ojzifh bmrSrajymbJ oHk;q,fòr@odk@jyefoGm;ygonf?

e,frsm;odk@ ausmif;om;rsm; w&m;a[mqif;&ef tpDpOft& usaemhfrSmwjcm;ausmif;om;ESpfOD;ESifhtwl ykodrfc±dkifodk@oGm;&efwm0efusygonf? ykodrfòr@odk@oGm;+yD; ykodrfòr@tygt0if tjcm;òr@ (4) òr@avmufrSm w&m;a[m&onf? ykodrfc±dkifausmif;om;[email protected] vSnfh+yD;a[majym&onf?

usaemfhrSm vlxkudkw&m;a[mzl;aom tawG@t}uHKr&Sd/ i,fi,f&G,f&G,fausmif;om;u vlxkudkw&m;a[m&rSm jzpfonf? xdkpOfuusaemfhtouf (19) ESpft&G,fomjzpf&m tawmfxdwfvef@ a=umuf&GH@aeonf?

usaemfwdk@onf t"duausmif;om;rsm; ta&;tcif;udkom a[majym&m t"dutwGif;0ef±Hk; ausmif;om;rsm; t±dkufcH&aomta&;tcif;udkom ajymjyonf? xdkudpPrSm vwfvwfqwfqwf jzpfysufaomudpP/ usaemfwdk@ pdwftxdcdkufqHk;udpP/ vlxkpdwft0ifpm;qHk;udpPjzpfI pdwfygvufyg wdwdusus tao;pdwfvnf; ajymEdkifojzifh y&dwfowfvlxk tawmfpdwf0ifpm; =uonf? wyGJESpfyJGa[majym+yD;aemufusaemfwdk@ajymqdkr_ &Jwif;vmonf? aemufydkif;wGif usaemfwdk@ausmif;om; ta&;tcif; omru Armjynftay: t*Fvdyfwdk@b,fvdk aoG;pkyftjrwfxkwfaeyHkawGyg ArmjynfrS qefpyg;tay: b,fvdkb,favmuf aoG;pkyfonf? u|ef;opf/ a&eH/ "mwfow�KawGtay: b,fvdkb,favmuf aoG;pkyf=uonfudk usaemfwdk@txl;ojzifh �e*g;eD� pmtkyfwdkfufxkwf pmtkyfrsm;rS zwfrdrSwfrdoavmufawGyg xnfhajymwwfvmI w&m;yJGrSm t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@qef@usifa&; w&m;yJG}uD;jzpfvm+yD; vlxkuvnf; usaemfwdk@ uav;awGr#om jzpfaomfvnf; tawmfav;pm;cspfcifvm=uygonf?

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usaemfwdk@ xdkodk@oydwfwm;aepOf ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_udk wqifhwdk;onfhtaejzifh ausmif;om;rsm; tpmiwfcHqENjy&ef qHk;jzwf+yD;a=unmvdkufonf? xdkudpPrSm tvGef&J0HhpGm qHk;jzwf=u&jcif; jzpfonf? xdkodk@ausmif;om;rsm; tpmiwfcHqENjyrnf[k a=unmvdkufaomtcgt*Fvdyftpdk;& tawmfxdwfvef@oGm;rnf xif&onf? òr@rausmif; ausmif;om;oydwfpcef;}uD;wGif tpmiwfcH=uawmhonf? tm;vHk;wdwfqdwfoGm;awmhonf? odk@&mwGif jynfolawGu ausmif;om;rsm; rusef;rrmjzpfvmrSmudk pdk;&drf=u+yD; csufcsif;yif xdktpmiwfcHqENjyr_udkqef@usif=uonf? txl;ojzifh &efukefvlxkESifh ausmif;om;rdbwdk@u ydkIqef@usif=uonf? vlxkqef@usifr_ }uD;rm;vmojzifh tpmiwfcHqENjyr_udk ESpf&uf=umvkyf+yD;aemuf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;u &yfpJvdkuf&efqHk;jzwf+yD; xdktpmiwfcHqENjyr_udk &yfpJvdkufonf?

xdk@aemufausmif;om;rsm;onf ae@tcg oydwfwm;r_rsm; oGm;vkyf=u+yD; ntcg òr@rausmif;}uD;wGif pnf;a0;yJGESifh w&m;yJGrsm;vkyf=uonf?

tcsdefrSmvnf; rdk;OD;uspðyvm+yDjzpfonf? xdktwGif; t*Fvdyftpdk;&u ausmif;om;rsm; awmif;qdkxm;csufrsm;tay:aphpyfaqG;EG;&ef ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk pnf;a0;&efzdwf=um;ojzifh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh tpdk;&rsufESmcsif;qdkif tpnf;ta0;xdkif=u&onf?

ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh tpdk;&pnf;a0;yJGudk wEdkifiHvHk;tm±Hkpdkufae=uonf? usaemfwdk@vnf; rsm;pGmtm±Hkpdkuf ar#mfvifhae=uonf?&uftcsdK@=um t}udwfte,f aqG;aEG;=u+yD;aemuf aqG;aEG;yJG+yD;+yD? ausmif;om;rsm;auseyf=u+yD/ ausmif;om;oydwf}uD; vSefawmhrnf[laomoabmxm;jzpfonfh owif;a=unmcsufxGufvmawmhonf? Ttpnf;ta0;wGif usaemfwdk@awmif;qdkcsufESifh &&Sdcsuf tcsuftvufrsm;udkusaemfrrSwfrdawmhacs?

xdkowif;a=umifh jrefrmjynf&Sd ausmif;om;rsm;tygt0if jynfolw&yfvHk;u ausmif;om;rsm;pnf;a0;yJGwGif auseyf=u+yD?ausmif;om;oydwfv_yf&Sm;r_}uD; atmifyJG&+yD? oydwfvSefawmhrnf ,lq=u+yD; rsm;pGmaysmf&$if 0rf;ajrmuf=uonf?

6

aemufusaemfwdk@onf usaemfwdk@awmif;qdkcsufESifh &&Sdcsufwdk@udk od&Sdvmaomtcg usaemftygt0if tcsdK@u rausreyfr_rsm;jzpfvmonf? aemufqHk;wGif &efukefòr@ausmif;aygif;pHk. oydwfacgif;aqmifESifh òr@rausmif;om;tzJG@ acgif;aqmif udkoef;wifudk,fwdkifygrausreyfjzpfawmhonf?

xdktajctaewGif ta=umif;wckudk azmfjy&ef&Sdayonf? �rSm tpdk;&u ,ckESpfpmar;yGJrsm;udk vtcsKd@ aemufa&$@+yD; ppfaq;&efpDpOfonf? ,if;tpDtpOfrSm oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm; pmar;yGJ0ifajzEdkif&eftwGufjzpfonf? oydwfarSmuf ausmif;om;rsm;twGuftusKd;&Sdonf? �udkausmif;om;rsm;u awmif;qdkvdk@ay;wmvm; odk@r[kwftpdk;&u vufawG@t&vJjzpf+yD; oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;udkaoG;aqmif&nf&G,f+yD;vkyfovm; usaemfrodawmhay?

ausmif;om;rsm;oydwfvSefa&;udpP aemufqHk;wGif òr@rudkoef;wif acgif;aqmif+yD; &efukefausmif; 4 -5 ausmif;rS ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;u oydwfrvSefbJ qufarSmuf&ef qHk;jzwf=uonf? trsm;pk}uD;uawmh qHk;jzwfcsuftwdkif; oydwfvSef&ef oabmwl=uonf?

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aq;ukae&onf?tdrfwGif 3 -4 &ufaq;uk tem;,l+yD; enf;enf;oufomvmwmeJ@ csufcsif;yifoydwfpcef;&Sd&m òr@rausmif;odk@ jyefoGm;onf?òr@rausmif;odk@a&mufaomtcg usaemfhrSm rsm;pGmpdwfxdcdkuf+yD; (tiftm;vJenf;aeojzifh) t±kyfóu;jywfrwwf jzpfoGm;

awmhonf? ta=umif;rSm òr@rausmif;rSm oydwfpcef;r[kwfawmhbJ ausmif;jyefzGifhae+yD; ausmif;om;rsm; ausmif;wufae=uwmudkawG@&awmhonf? usaemf}uD;pGm 0rf;enf;yufvufjzpf&onf?

xdkrSod&onfrSm udkoef;wifwdk@oydwfpcef;onf a&$wd*Hkbk&m; ta&S@bufrkcf A[ef;apmif;wef;&Sd Z&yfwaqmifodk@ ajymif;a&$@oGm;+yD[k od&onf? usaemfxdkae&mudkvdkufoGm;+yD; oydwfqufarSmufaeaom udkoef;wifwdk@ tzGJ@ESifh jyefaygif;qHkrdawmhonf? usaemfwdk@tzGJ@rSmvnf; vl 14 -5 a,mufcef@om &Sdawmhonf?

xdkausmif;om;oydwf}uD;twGif; usaemfrarhEdkifbJ rSwfrdaeoloydwfarSmufzufausmif;om;wOD; &Sdygonf? xdkolrSm &cdkiftrsKd;om;wOD;jzpfol òr@rausmif;om; udkjrwfomatmifqdkol jzpfygonf? olu b¾ma&;r�;wm0ef,lxm;ol jzpfygonf? tvGef±dk;om;ajzmifhrwf+yD; pnf;urf;wus&Sdolrdk@ usaemfwdk@ausmif;om;rsm; t0ef;t0dkif; twGif;rSmawmif a[h aiGa&;a=u;a&;qdk&if &cdkifom;bJxm;uG[laompum;awmif wGifcJhzl;ygonf?

usaemfwdk@ xdkA[ef;Z&yfoydwfpcef;wGif &uftcsKd@=um+yD;aemuf usaemfwdk@ tajctaeudk pOf;pm;vm=uawmhonf? ArmwjynfvHk;&efukefòr@up+yD; ausmif;awGjyefzGifhae=ujyD? b,fausmif;rS oydwfqufarSmufjcif; r&Sdawmhacs? usaemfwdk@ vlenf;pkuav;rSm oydwfwm;vdk@vnf;rjzpfbJ bmrStvkyfr&Sdovdk jzpfvmonf? oydwfqufarSmufaeaom usaemfwdk@udk ArmjynfvlxkESifh ausmif;om;trsm;pk}uD;uyif raxmufcHawmhwhJ tajctaejzpfae+yD jzpfonf? usaemfwdk@udk jrefrmowif;pmrsm; teuf �q,foef;�[k xif&aomowif;pmwapmifuom usaemfwdk@tay: =uifempGm axmufcHa&;om;aewm rSwfrdonf? jynfolESifh ausmif;om;xk. axmufcHr_r&wmtqdk;qHk; jzpfonf? aemufoydwfudpPrsm;wGifvnf; awmif;qdkwdkif; &=uwmr[kwfqdkwm pOf;pm;rdonf? usaemfwdk@awmif;qdkcsufawGtukefr&aomfvnf; usaemfwdk@ ausmif;om;rsm;. +yD;cJhaomv_yf&Sm;r_wdkufyGJrSm Armjynf +Adwdo#e,fcsJ@tpdk;&tzdk@ }uD;pGmxdk;ESufcH&+yD;rsm;pGmtxdemoGm;+yD[kvnf; usaemfwdk@ em;vnfvm=uonf?

xdk@a=umifh usaemfwdk@wcsKd@onf vlxkuvnf;raxmufcH bmrSvnf;qufvkyfvdk@ r&+yDjzpfI usaemfwdk@ oydwfarSmufr_ vkyfief;udk&yfwef;u&yfoifh+yDvm;[k pOf;pm;rdvm=uonf? usaemfwdk@xdkpOfu rsm;pGm0rf;enf; pdwf±_yfaxG; ae=uonf?

aemufqHk;usaemfwdk@txJrS trsm;onf oydwfarSmufr_udk tqHk;owf=u+yD; rdrdwdk@tdrfudkjyef=u&ef qHk;jzwf=uawmhonf? aemufqHk;A[ef;Z&yf oydwfpcef;udkpGef@cGm+yD; udk,fhtdrfudk,f jyef=uawmhonf?

usaemftdrfjyefa&muf+yD;aemuf OD;aESmuf±_yfaxG;+yD; 0rf;enf;aer_rsm;udk y,fcsvdkuf+yD; ausmif;jyefwufzdk@ qHk;jzwfvdkufonf?rdbrsm;bufudkvnf; pOf;pm;rdonf? rdbrsm;rSm acsmifvnf=uolrsm;r[kwf? usaemfpmar;yGJ wESpfratmifv#if rdbawGwESpf aiGydkIukefus&rnfukdvnf; pdk;&drfvmonf?

xdk@a=umifhausmif;jyefwuf+yD; usefao;aom 2 v/ 3 v twGif; pmawGzdóu;pm;cJhonf? xdk@a=umifh aemufqHk;tpdk;& txufwef;q&mjzpf pmar;yGJudk aumif;pGmajzqdkEdkifchJonf?

r=umcif ausmif;atmifpm&if;rsm; xGufvmaomtcg usaemfwkd@oydwfarSmufausmif;om;trsm;pk usaemftyg0if tm;vHk;vdkvdkatmifjrif=uonf? usaemfwdk@ausmif;tkyfq&m}uD; OD;nDyku aemifwGifusaemfwdk@udk ajymwmu oydwfarSmuf ausmif;om;awG[mausmif;wufysufcJhaomfvnf; oydwftwGif;wGif vlr_a&;tawG@tñuH oifcef;pmawG rsm;pGm&&Sd=uyHk&onf? 'gawGu pmar;yGJudktaxmuftulðy[ef&Sdonf? pmar;yGJtatmif rsm;=uonf[k ajymonf?

usaemfonf q&mjzpfpmar;yGJajz+yD; atmifpm&if;txGufudk apmifhaepOf usaemfhb0udk jyefvnfoHk;oyfrdonf? 1300 jynfhta&;awmfyHktwGif; usaemfwdk@ausmif;om;rsm; v_yf&Sm;r_wdkufyGJu usaemf. EdkifiHa&;tawG;tac: t,ltqudk }uD;pGmwqifh wdk;wufjr�ifhwifapcJhygonf? �rSm ,cktcgjrefrm rsKd;cspfjynfcspfwdk@. wm0efonf +Adwdo#t*[email protected] jrefrmh vGwfvyfa&;udkrkcsjyef&atmifwdkuf,l&rnfh wm0efjzpfonf[k jzpfygonf?

7

jrefrmjynfvGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ}uD; yg0ifqifE$J&efqdkv#if rdrdwdk@onf ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;ygwDwckckwGif yg0if+yD; qifE$JrS jzpfrnfudkem;vnfvmonf? vuf&Sd ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;wGif ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJtwGuf tm;xm;pdwftcs&qHk; aqmif&Gufrnfh EdkifiHa&;ygwDrSm xdkpOfu�wdk@Armtpnf;t±kH;ocifygwD}uD;� om&Sdonf[k ,Hk=unfrdygonf?

xdk@a=umifh usaemfESifholi,fcsif; udk=unf!Gef@ (aemif Adkvfausmfqef;) oli,fcsif;ESpfa,mufwdk@onf &efukefòr@ yef;qdk;wef;&Sdwdk@Armociftpnf;t±kH k;XmemcsKyfodk@ oGm;=u+yD; wdk@Armociftpnf;t±kH;toif;odk@ ociftoif;om;tjzpf toif;0if=uonf?usaemfwdk@onf toif;0ifa=u;tjzpf wOD;udkaiGwrwfpD ay;aqmifcJh&onf xifygonf? xdktcsdefwGif wdk@Armtpnf;t±kH; ocifygwDDXmecsKyfodk@ xdyfwifudk,fawmf}uD;qdkaom yk*~dKvfa&mufI {nfhcHpum;ajymae=uonf xifygonf?

usaemfwdk@ wdk@Armtpnf;t±Hk;XmemcsKyfrS xGufvmaomtcg tvGefpdwfvufayghyg; &$ifvef;vm=uygonf?usaemfonf [J&m;*&dwfac: jrefrmtxufwef;q&mjzpfoif pmar;yGJatmif+yD;cJh+yD; jrefrmvdkynma&;t& a&S@qufoifp&m

twef;ausmif;r&Sdawmhay?xdktcsdefwGif usaemfhrSm ynmA[kokwvJ tawmfjynfhpHkºu,f0vmojzifh t*Fvdyfpm wwfcsifaompdwf tawmfjyif;xefaeygonf?

&efukefòr@wGif udk,fydkift*Fvdyfpmwbmom tvGwfynmoifwef; zGifhxm;aom �tdrfausmif;� wcsKd@ &Sdygonf? xdkausmif;uav;rsm;wGift*Fvdyfpmwbmomudk quf+yD;oif=um;vdkaomqEN &Sdygonf?

odk@&mwGif usaemfrdbwdk@u usaemf[m jrefrmtxufwef;ausmif; q&mvJjzpfvm+yD/ oifp&mtwef;vJqHk;+yD/ toufarG;0rf;a=umif; vkyfudkifpm;aomufEdkif+yDjzpfI t*Fvdyfpmoifausmif; qufrxm;vdkbJ rdbrsm;xH jyefvm&efom ajymygawmhonf? aemufrdbrsm;u usaemf&efukefwGif ausmif;om;oydwfacgif;aqmif vkyfcJhojzifhvnf; &efukefòr@wGif =um=umaeygu usaemf vlvnf}uD;wa,mufjzpfoGm;rSmvnf; pdk;yHk&onf? xdk@a=umifh usaemfausmif;qufaea&; qufajymaomfvnf; r&awmh+yDjzpfI usaemfoHk;q,fòr@Zmwdqdkif;pk&Gmodk@ rdbrsm;xHjyefacgufcJh&ygonf? usaemfh ynma&;twGuf 0rf;enf;pGmESifh rdbrsm;xH jyefcJh&ygonf?

(3)

usaemfrdrdZmwd jyefa&muf+yD; bmrSvnf;taxGtxl; tvkyfr&Sdojzifh t*Fvdyfpmudk quf+yD;oif&ef óu;pm;ygonf? oHk;q,fòr@wGifaexdkifaom t*Fvdyf - jrefrmausmif;q&m q&mydkif[kac:aom q&mwa,mufESifh odu|rf;vm+yD; usaemfhudk t*Fvdyfpm oif=um;ay;yg&efyef=um;ygonf? q&muvnf;oabmaumif;I oif=um;ay;&ef oabmwlojzifh q&mtm;vyfcsdef q&mhtdrfudkoGm;+yD; t*Fvdyfpmqufoifygonf?

odk@aomf q&mydkifrSm udk,fa&;udpPrsm;I tcsdefodyfray;Edkifvdk@ pmoifcsdefenf;yg;onfuwa=umif;/ aemuf q&mydkifrSm ouf}uD;t&G,frsm; ynmoif=um;ay;&aomenf;em ru|rf;usifIwa=umif;wdk@a=umifh usaemf t*Fvdyfpmoif=um;r_rSm odyfxdxda&mufa&mufr&SdvSyg? odk@aomf usaemfTtwdkif; qufvufoif=um;oGm;ygonf?

xdktwGif; oHk;q,fòr@ajrmufydkif; qifajczHk;&Sd yef;qGJ&Gm jrefrmpmoifausmif;wGif rlvwef;q&mwa,muf udpPjzifh cGifh 2 v,lygonf? xdkausmif;. ausmif;tkyfq&m}uD;u usaemfESifhod&Sdae+yD; usaemfhynma&;tajctaeta=umif;vnf;odaeI usaemfhudkxdkae&modk@acwW,m,Dq&m0ifvkyf&efvm+yD; ajymygonf? usaemfhudkomru usaemfhrdbrsm;tdrfodk@yg vdkfufvm+yD; rdbrsm;udkyg ajymygonf? odk@jzifhxdkausmif;wGif usaemfrlvwef;jyq&m ,m,D0ifvkyfygawmhonf?

xdkausmif;rS q&mrsm;uvnf; usaemf&efukefu txufwef;q&mjzpf pmar;yGJatmifvmoljzpfI av;pm;=uygonf?ae@vnfvufzuf&nfaomufcsdefwGif xdkq&mrsm;udkusaemfu EdkifiHa&;w&m;rsm; a[majymygawmhonf? q&mrsm;rSm wjznf;jznf;pdwf0ifpm; ESpfòcufvm=uygonf? usaemfhudkvnf; rsm;pGmav;pm;vm=uygonf? usaemfvnf; aemufqHk;cGifh&uf ukefqHk;onftxdxdkq&mrsm;ESifh &if;ESD;pGma[majymoGm;ygawmhonf?

xdktawmtwGif; om,m0wDòr@wGif wdk@Armociftpnf;t±Hk;rS vlxkw&m;yGJwyGJvkyf&m usaemfoGm;+yD; wufygonf? w&m;yGJwGifpDrHvkyfudkifaeaom acgif;aqmifvl}uD; ocifcifatmiftm; usaemfu0if+yD; usaemfocif toif;0ifjzpfa=umif;ESifh usaemfhta=umif;wdk@udkrdwfquf+yD; usaemfom,m0wDc±dkif wdk@Armtpnf;t±Hk;wGif tultnD ay;vdka=umif;ajym&m ocifcifatmifu rsm;pGmoabmusojzifh,ckw&m;yGJrSm usaemfwdk@ociftoif;0ifawGcsnf; jzpfw,f? cifAsm;enf;enf;wuf+yD; a[majymygvm;[k ajym&m usaemfoabmwl+yD;r=umcif ocifcifatmifu usaemfhudk vlxkESifh rdwfqufay;+yD; w&m;wufa[m cdkif;ygonf?

usaemfuxGuf+yD; ,ckjrefrmjynfudk t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@wdk@ vmodrf;ydkuf+yD; u|efvkyfxm;a=umif;/ usaemfwdk@xHrS ypPnf;awGudkaoG;pkyfaea=umif;/ usaemfwdk@t*FvdyfatmufrS vGwfajrmufatmif t*FvdyfawGudk wdkufxkwf=u&rnf jzpfa=umif;wdk@udk yGifhyGif hvif;vif;a[majym&m vlxkuawmfawmfoabmus =uygonf? xdkrSp+yD; om,m0wDc±dkif w&m;yGJrsm;wGif a[majym&ef usaemfhudkzdwfygonff?xdkw&m;yGJwGif usaemfwdk@&GmrS ocifrsm;vnf; wufa&mufojzifh &Gmjyefa&mufaomtcg �wdk@uusaemfhudk av;pm;vm=uygonf?

usaemfhZmwdwGif usaemfaexdkifpOf udk,fa&;udk,fwmudpPwck jzpfysufvmygonf? oHk;q,fòr@wGif usaemfwdk@ESifh aqGrsKd;eD;pyfawmfaom om,m0wDta&;ydkif±Hk; ±Hk;tkyfpma&;}uD; OD;btHk;-a':wifwdk@tdrf&Sdygonf? usaemfrSm xkdtdrfodk@0ifxGuf oGm;vmaeygonf?olwdk@wGif usaemhfxuftouf 2 ESpfr#i,faom orD;wa,mufESifh om;i,fwa,muf &Sdygonf? orD;rSm roef;pdefqdkol jzpfygonf?rdbrsm;u orD;rlvwef;atmif+yD;aemuf ausmif;qufrxm;bJ tdrfrSmyJxm;ygonf?

8

usaemfESihf roef;pdefrSm &if;ESD;odu|rf;vmI usaemfu EdkifiHa&;w&m;awG a[majym+yD; EdkifiHa&;pmtkyfrsm;vnf; ay;IzwfapcJhygonf?

roef;pdefESifh usaemfrSm &if;ESD;cifrifvm+yD; bma=umifhrSef;rod wOD;ESifhwOD;pdwf&if; oabmxm;jcif; wlnDvmonfudk awG@&ygonf?aemuf wOD;ESifhwOD; cifrif&mu arwWm&Sdvm=uygonf? usaemfu arwWm&Sda=umif; zGihfajym+yD;aemuf r=umcifyif orD;&nf;pm;jzpfvmygawmhonf? usaemfwdk@rsm;pGm aysmf&$ifrd=uygonf?

usaemfonf ocifcifatmifwdk@ESifhaygif;+yD; usaemfhZmwd&GmwGif wdk@Armtpnf;t±Hk;ocifygwD. Armhvuf±Hk;wyfuav;wckudkvl 14-5 a,mufjzifh pwifxlaxmifygonf? usaemfhrSm &Jwyfppfavhusifhcef;om wufzl;+yD; Armhvuf±Hk;wyf ppfoifwef;rwufzl;Ippfoifwef;ay;&ef ocifcifatmifudk tultnDawmif;&m ocifcifatmifu olwdk@tdrfwGif twlaeaom ocifoef;wifqdkaom&Jabmfwa,mufudk apv$wf+yD; oifwef;ay;apygonf? xdkocifoef;wifqdkonfrSm aemif usaemfESifh *syefppfynmoifoGm;buf &Jabmfjzpfygonf?

usaemfxdkodkd k@aexdkif&if; rdrdonfvkyfief;}uD;rsm;udk vkyf&awmhrnfudk odem;vnfvmygonf? xdkpOfu usaemf t*Fvdyfpmrwwfao;onfudk awG;rd+yD; rsm;pGmpdwftm;i,fvmygonf? t*Fvdyfpmrwwfrcsif; rdrdvl@b0rjynfhpH kao;[k ,lq+yD; rsm;pGmpdwftm;i,fcJhygonf?

usaemfhudk t*Fvdyfpmoif&ef t}uD;tus,fv_H@aqmfvmaom ta=umif;rSm 1300 jynfhta&;awmfyHk ausmif;om; ta&;tcif;v_yf&Sm;r_wGif jzpfygonf? aemuf ,ckom,m0wDc±dkifwGif EdkifiHa&;pwif vkyfaqmifvmaomtcg xdkpdwf"mwf xyfrHjyif;xefvmygonf?

xdktwGif; B.A.B.Ed q&mjzpf bJG@&q&mr}uD;a':rru &efukefòr@wGif t*FvdyfpmtvGwfoif udk,fydkifausmif; zGifhvSpfoif=um;ae&m awmfawmfatmifjrif aumif;rGefaeonfh owif;udkvnf; usaemf=um;odvm&m xdktcGifhaumif;ñuHcdkuf xdkausmif;odk@usaemfoGm;a&mufoif=um;vdkpdwf jyif;xefvmonf?

xdk@a=umifh usaemfhrdbrsm;udk xkdta=umif;awGwifjy+yD; usaemf&efukefoGm;I xdkausmif;wGif t*Fvdyfpmoifvdka=umif; yef=um;ajymqdkygonf? rdbrsm;u usaemf&efukefudkoGm;+yD; xyfrHausmif;aerSmudk enf;enf;rS oabmrwlyg? odk@aomf usaemfu xdktcGifhaumif;rsm;ñuHzdk@rvG,fa=umif; usaemft*FvdyfpmwwfrS usaemf@b0ykdtqifajy jynfhpHkrnfjzpfa=umif; ZGJESifht}udrf}udrf jyif;xefpGm awmif;yefajym=um;vm&m rdbrsm;rSm usaemfhtay: oem;vmonf xifonf? aemufqHk;cGifhðyawmhonf?

cGifh&vsif&csif; usaemf&efukef =unfhjrifwdkif&Sd ta':htdrfudkoGm;+yD; q&mr}uD;a':rr. t*Fvdyfpm tvGwfoifausmif;odk@tjrefwufa&mufoif=um; ygawmhonf?

usaemf &efukefroGm;rD om,m0wD&S d ocifcifatmifxHoGm;+yD; usaemf acwW&efukefausmif; oGm;aernfhta=umif;owif;oGm;ydk@cJhygonf?

q&mr}uD;a':rronf usaemf. pmoif=um;a&; pdwftm;xufoefr_udk oabmusyHk&+yD; oludk,fwdkif usaemfhudk t*Fvdyfpmwae@udk 1em&DcJG 2em&Dr# oif=um;ay;ygawmhonf?

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9

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10

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c%=umaomtcg �tdk}uD;pHonf rsmufESmokwfy0guav;rsm; ,lvm+yD; usaemfwdk@udkay;onf? usaemfwdk@ yltdkuf+yD; ac|;xGufaewmudk olawG@oGm;I ac|;rsm;okwf&ef aemufwacgufvmay;jcif;jzpfonf?rSwfcsuf? ? usaemfonf *syefjynfppfynmoifoGm; rSwfwrf;udk ArmjynfupxGufonfhae@rS B.I.A wyfESifh &efukefòr@okd@ jyef0ifvmcgeD;[email protected];udk rSwfwrf;pmtkyf 2 tkyf/ AvmpmtkyfESpftkyfESifh a&;om;xm;cJhygonf? �pmtkyf 2 tkyfta=umif;udkArmhwyfrawmf armfuGef;wdkufrsm;udk tkyfcsKyf&aom ArmhwyfrawmfXmecsKyf±Hk;rS 'kAdkvfr�;}uD;boef;udk usaemfArmhwyfrawmf ajrmufydkif;wdkif;r�;jzpfpOf 1955 ckESpfavmufu ajymrdonf? xdkpmtkyfrsm;udk ppf}uD;twGif; usaemfodrf;qnf;xm;cJha=umif; ajymrdonf? TwGif'kAdkvfr�;}uD;boef;u [m æ 'godyfta&;}uD;wmyJ? 'Dpmtkyf 2 tkyf[m ordkif;0ifwJhpmtkyfawG jzpfw,f? cifAsm;xHrSm odrf;xm;&ifaemifaqG;ajr@ysufpD;oGm;Edkifw,f? aemuf cifAsm;r&Sdawmh&ifvJ 'DpmtkyfawG aysmufysufvJoGm;Edkfifw,f? 'DudpPb,frSmrS rSwfwrf;&Sdwmr[kwfbl;? 'Dwckom&Sdwm/ tvGeftzdk;wefwm? xm0&rysufpD;atmif usaemfwdk@armfuGef;wdkufu odyHenf;us avvHkrdk;vHkrSm xdef;odrf;xm;csifygw,f? xm0&xdef;odrf;xm;Edkifygw,f? aemifcifAsm;=unfhcsifvJ armfuGef;wdkufu ,l=unfhEdkifygw,f? usaemfwdk@ armfuGef;wdkufudkay;xm;yg? xm0&xdef;odrf;xm;oGm;yghr,f[k twif;eif;+yD; tm;wdkufcGefwkduf ajymygawmhonf? usaemfvnf; wkefv_yfoGm;aomfvnf;'Dpmtkyfrsm; usaemfwOD;wnf;ydkif jzpf&wmxuf EdkifiHawmfydkifjzpfoGm;awmhrSmrdk@ oabmwl+yD; ay;vdkufygonf?

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�rSwfwrf;rsm; ray;vdkufcif usaemfaumfyDwapmif ul;,lxm;vdkufygonf? aumfyDul;pOf ul;ay;ol ajrmufydkif;wdkif; ppf±Hk;vufESdyfpufpma&;u usaemfhxHvm+yD; xdkrSwfwrf;rsm;rSm tvGefpdwf0ifpm;p&m aumif;ojzifh ol@udkaumfyDwapmif &,lcGifh ðyyg&ef vmawmif;ygonf? usaemfu 'DrSwfwrf;awG[m usaemfydkifr[kwfawmhbl;? wdkif;jynfu ydkifoGm;+yDjzpfojzifh ray;Edkifawmhyg [k awmif;yefvdkufygonf?usaemfESifhom;orD;rsm; 1976ckESpfu awmcdkvm&mwGif xkdrSwfwrf;aumfyDrSm usaemfhprf;acsmif;tdrfwGif usef&pfygonf? xdkpOfu usaemfhZeD;a':oef;pdefxHrS usaemfodrf;xm;aom "mwfyHkaygif; 499 yHkudk axmufvSrf;a&;u odrf;,loGm;ygonf? 1980 ckESpfwGif a':oef;pdefusaemfwdk@aemuf vdkufvm&m usaemfhtdrfwGif 'kwd,orD; pef;pef;wdk@tdrfaxmifpkom &dS&mrS orD;pef;pef;udk 1989 ckESpfwGif e0wtpdk;&uzrf;+yD; usaemhfpmtkyfpmwrf;tm;vHk;udk um;eJ@wkduf+yD; axmufvSrf;a&;u odrf;,loGm;&m xdkpmwrf;rsm; ygoGm;Edkifygonf? xdkta=umif;rsm;udka':oef;pdefESifh pef;pef;wdk@u jyefajymjyzl;ygonf?

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11

rsm;omru xdkpOfuusaemfwdk@ aexdkifpm;aomuf oGm;vm&yHk/ *syefq&mrsm;ESifh roifhrjrwf jzpf+yD; *syefqef@usifa&;pdwf"mwfrsm; xdkpOfuwnf;u 0ifcJhyHkawGyg yg0ifaeygonf? xdk@jyif xdkpOfu jrefrmrdsK;cspfvli,fwOD;. pdwfaeoabmxm;udkvJ azmfjyxm;ovdk jzpfayonf?

,ckwGif xdkusaemf. *syefppfynmoifoGm; rSwfwrf;pmtkyfESpftkyfrSm ArmhwyfrawmfarmfuGef;wdkufwGif wdkif;jynf. ordkif;0ifypPnf;tjzpf aumif;pGmxdef;odrf;xm;+yDjzpfI pdwfat;csrf;&ayonf?

usaemfwdk@ *syefqefwifukefoabFm.vdk%facgif;xJ ae&onfrSm ae@vnfydkif;a&mufav yljyif;tdkufpyfvmavjzpf&m tawmftae&cufvmygonf? rwwfomI usaemfwdk@ t0wftpm;rsm;c|wfum twGif;cHabmif;bDwdkESifh pGyfus,fESifhom yifyef;cufcJpGmaecJh&onf?tyl'%frSm ae0if+yD;nOD; nae 6 em&D 7 em&DavmufusrS oufomvmyg onf? npmxrif;vmydk@aom �tdk}uD;pH�rSm usaemfwdk@tjzpfudk=unfh+yD; rsm;pGmpdwfraumif; jzpfoGm;yHk&onf? usaemfwdk@vnf; tyl'%fa=umifh npmaumif;pGm rpm;Edkif=uay?

xdkn usaemfwdk@tdyfcgeD; usaemfwdk@vdkjrefrmvli,f 2 OD;udk tdk}uD;pHu usaemfwdk@xHvmydk@ygonf? usaemfwdk@ tHhtm;oifh+yD;tcsif;csif; rdwfquf=uawmhrS olwdk@vJusaemfwdk@vdk *syefudkppfynmoifoGm;&ef apv$wfjcif;cH&aom vli,fawGjzpfa=umif; 0rf;ajrmufpGmod&Sd&ygawmhonf?

aemufae@wGifvnf; ,refae@vdkyif tyl'%fudkcH=u&jyefygonf? usaemfwdk@u vlopf 2 a,mufudk xdktyl'%fta=umif; rdwfqufxm;ygonf? xdktwGif; udkoef;wifrSm yltdkufvGef;ojzifh yifyef;EGrf;e,f+yD; rl;a0vJusoGm;ygonf? =urf;jyifuvJ tvGefyl eH&HuvJtvGefyljzpfojzifh usaemfuol@udkaz;r+yD; vJrusatmif arS;zufxm;&ygonf? tawmfav;=umrS oloufomvmygonf? ae@vnfavmufwGifoabFmay:ygvmol usaemfwdk@udk *syefodk@cdk;xkwfol *syefwm0efcH vl}uD;xHrS t*Fvdyfvdk pmwdkav;wapmifudk tdk}uD;pHu xrif;ydk@&if;ay;oGm;ygonf? pmrSm �usaemfwdk@ tyl'%f'kuQudk cHae&a=umif; olod&ygonf? pdwfraumif;yg? wjcm;vJ pDpOfray;Edkfifyg? cifAsm;wdk@rsdK;cspfawG'D'kuQudk cHoGm;Edkifrnf[k ,Hk=unfa=umif;� [laomoabm jzpfygonf? usaemfwdk@vnf; xdktyl'%f'kuQudk }udwfrSdwf+yD; cH&ygonf? odk@aomfusaemfwdk@rSm aemufxyf 2 OD;wdk;vmI tm;wuf0rf;omaeygonf?

xdknwGifvnf; aemufxyfjrefrmvli,f 2 OD; usaemfwdk@ vdk%facgif;odk@ xyfa&mufvmjyefygonf? usaemfwkd@tm;vHk; rdwfquf=u+yD;aysmf&$if0rf;ajrmuf =uygonf?

aemufae@nwGifvnf; aemufxyfjrefrmvli,fwOD; vdk%facgif;odk@ xyfa&mufvmygonf?xdkn+yD; aemufnawGrSm rvmawmhyg? tm;vHk;pHk+yDvdk@ ,lq&ygonf?usaemfwdk@ tm;vHk;. trnfrsm;rSm ocifapmvGif (Adkvfrif;acgif)/ ocifoef;wif (Adkvfjr'if)/ aemufusaemf ocifa&$ (AdkvfausmfaZm)/

ocifxGef;a&$ (Adkvfvif;,Hk)/ udkatmifodef; (Adkvf&JxGËf)/ ocifwifat; (Adkvfbkef;jrifh)/ ocifpdk; (Adkvfjrifhatmif)/ aygif; &Jabmf 7a,mufjzpfygonf?

aemufqHk;&Jabmf a&mufvm+yD;aemuf w&ufESpf&uf=umaomtcg usaemfwdk@ oabFm}uD; pufckwfarmif;oH =um;&+yD; r=umrDoabFm}uD;oGm;aeonf[k ,lq&ygawmhonf? xdkae@udk usaemfwdk@aumif;pGm rSwfrdaeygawmhonf? usaemfwdk@ *syefoabFm}uD; *syefodk@p+yD;xGufcGm+yD[kod&Sdem;vnf+yD; usaemfwdk@rsm;pGm aysmf&$if=uum jrefrmo}uFefwGif; umvvnf;jzpfI rdrdwdk@udkaomufzdk@ydk@ay;xm;aomaomufa&ykvif;rSa&ESifh usaemfwdk@tcsif;csif; vdk%facgif;xJwGif a&yufupm;=uygonf?

xdkae@[m Armhwyfrawmfordkif;pmt&a&m usaemfrSwfrdoavmufyg 1941 ckESpf {+yDv 13 &ufae@jzpf+yD; usaemfwdk@pD;aeaomoabFm.trnfrSm �udkif±d_rm±l;�jzpfygonf?rSwfcsuf? ? ,ckusaemfonf usaemfwdk@*syefjynf ppfynmoif oGm;onfhta=umif; a&;&awmhrnfjzpf&m xdkta=umif;rsm; udk usaemfa&;xm;aom rSwfwrf;rsm; usaemfhxHwGifr&Sdawmhyg? ArmhwyfrawmfarmfuGef;wdkufwGifom &Sdaeygonf? xdk@tjyif xdkta=umif; udk;um;=unfh±_&ef wyfrawmfordkif;pmtkyfESifh pmtkyftcsdK@om&Sdygonf? t"du usaemf. rSwf m%fudkom tm;udk;+yD;a&;&ygrnf? usaemfh toufrSmvnf; 84 ESpf &Sdae+yDjzpfI tawmfóu;pm;tm;xkwf+yD; wjznf;jznf;jcif; a&;&ygawmhonf?

oabFmckwfarmif;xGufcGmpwGif usaemfowdwck&ygonf? �rSm jrefrm0w�K r*~Zif;rsm;wGif &efukefjrpftwGif;rS a&$wd*Hkbk&m;}uD;udk zl;ar#mfjrifawG@&jcif;onf tvGef=unf!dkzG,faumif;a=umif; odxm;&ygonf? usaemfonf a&$wd*Hkbk&m;}uD;udk tvGef=unf!dkjrwfEdk;cJholjzpfygonf? =unfhjrifwdkif ta':htdrfrSmaexdkifpOfu usaemfae@wdkif; eHeuf rdk;vif;cgeD; ESpfrdkifausmfa0;aom a&$wd*Hkukef;awmfay:odk@ajcvsifvrf;av#muf&if; wuf+yD;zl;ar#mfavh &SdchJygonf? odk@aomf usaemfwdk@rSm &efukefjrpftwGif; oabFmay:rS jzpfaomfvnf; vdk%facgif;twGif;ujzpfI rzl;jrif&I pdwfraumif; jzpfrdygonf? oabFmay:wGif t*Fvdyftpdk;&. taumufXmeuvlawG r&dSawmhaomfvnf;usaemfwdk@oabFma&S@u t*Fvdyfa&a=umif;jy oabFmu&SdaeI usaemfwdk@ oabFmukef;ywfay: wufcGifhr&ao;yg?

t*Fvdyfa&a=umif;jyoabFmrS uif;vGwfaomtcg usaemfwdk@oabFmukef;ywftay: wufcGifh&+yD; ukef;ywfay:wGif usaemfwdk@udkcdk;xkwfvmaom *syefwm0efcHu apmifhóuE_wfqufonf? �.trnfrSm �rpfpkwmeD�jzpfa=umif; wyfrawmfordkif; pmtkyft&od&ygonf?usaemfwdk@aexdkif&rnfh oabFmtcef;rsm;udk jyo+yD; oabFmay: *syefoabFmom;rsm; 0wfqif=uonfh 0wfpHkrsm;ay;+yD; a&csdK;tem;,lapygonf?

aemufw&ufr# =umaomtcg usaemfwdk@ oabFmtrl;ajy+yD;aemuf oabFmuy`wdefu *syefrpfpkwmeDESifh usaemfwdk@ 7 OD; udknpmau|;arG;+yD; {nfhcHE_wfqufygonf? oabFmuy`wdefrSm Oy"d±kyfaumif;aomolwOD; jzpfonfudk rSwfrdaeygonf?

usaemfwdk@yifv,fjyif oabFmay:wGif &$ifvef;pGm&Sd=uygonf? oabFmom;rsm;u oabFm0rf;AdkufoHjym;ay:u oHacs;awGuGmus&efoabFm0rf;AdkufoHjym;ay: wlrsm;ESifh xk±dkufaeonfudk usaemfwdk@vJ0if+yD; r=umc%xk±dkufulnD=uygonf? oabFmom;rsm;vnf;usaemfwdk@udkaumif;pGmqufqH=uonf?

12

'DvdkESifh r=umcifusaemfwdk@oabFm puFmylodk@a&mufygawmhonf? usaemfwdk@tm;vHk;wzef qeftdwfvdk%facgif;xJqif;+yD;ykef;atmif;ae&ygonf? t*FvdyftaumufXmerSvlrsm; oabFmay:wufaumif;wuf+yD; =unfh±_ppfaq;Edkifojzifh vdk%facgif;xJqif; ykef;ae&ygonf? puFmylu oabFmxGufrS ukef;ywfay: jyefwuf&ygonf? ykef;&onfrSm w&ufavmufom &Sdonfxifygonf?puFmylrS *syefoGm; oabFmc&D;rSm om,mzG,fyifjzpfygonf? usaemfrSwfrdaomudpPwckrSm usaemfonf wae@wGif oabFmtcef;wcg;t0iftxGufwGif tcef;wcg;aygifESifh usaemhfezl;txufem; OD;acgif;ESifhwdkufrd+yD; usaemfhezl;txufem;uGJoGm;+yD; '%f&mtenf;i,f&ygawmhonf? aq;xnfh ywfwD;pnf;jcif; uyfjcif;rsm; &uftcsdK@ vkyfvkduf&ygonf?

(4)

xdktcsdefrsm;wGif usaemfaemufrSod&onfrSm usaemf*syefxGufcgeD; a&;vdkufaompm &aomtcg usaemfhrdbrsm; rsm;pGm pdwfyl+yD;usaemfhtaz &efukefwufvmum usaem@foli,fcsif; udk=unf!Gef@udk&SmazG+yD; olwdk@ESpfOD;&efukefwGif usaemfoGm;wwf vmwwfaom ae&mrsm;udk oGm;a&mufpHkprf; ar;jref;&SmazG=uygonf? usaemhfowif; bmrSr=um;&ojzifh usaemfhtaz ZmwdudkjyefoGm;ygawmhonf?

Zmwdjyefa&mufawmhvnf; usaemfhtazu usaemfhowif; ar;jref;wkef;jzpfygonf? xdkodk@usaemfhtaz usaemfhudk &SmazGpHkprf;aewJhowif;udk ocifjrb,fvdkodoGm;onf rodyg? usaemfhtazrSmvnf; &Gmol}uD;jzpfI =um&if owif;ayguf=um;r_awG jzpfvmrSm pdk;&drf[ef&Sdonf? wdk@a=umifh ocifjru usaemfhtazudk om,m0wD&Sd ol@tdrfodk@ vlv$wfac:,l+yD; awG@qHkygonf?

ocifjru tazhudk �cifAsm;om;udk &Smaew,f=um;&w,f? r&SmygeJ@? cifAsm;om;udk usaemfwdk@u wae&mudk v$wfxm;ygw,f?r=umcifjyefvmrSmyg? tJ'DrSmvJ cifAsm;om; aumif;rGefpGm&Sdygw,f? 'DudpPb,fol@rSvJ rajymygeJ@�[k ajymygonf? tazvnf;rsm;pGmpdwfat;csrf;+yD; jyefvmygawmhonf? 'DawmhrS usaemfhrdbrsm; tawmfpdwfat;csrf; oGm;ygonf?

puFmylrS *syefodk@ oGm;aeaom usaemfwdk@pD;vmonhf *syefukefoabFm �udkif±d_rm±l;�onf wyfrawmfordkif;pmtkyft& 1941ckESpf {+yDv 28 &ufae@wGif *syefjynf �tdkqmum�oabFmqdyfurf;òr@odk@ a&muf&Sdygonf? usaemfwdk@ tdkqmumodk@ oabFmurqif;rD*syefjynfausmif;om; vli,frsm; 0wfqifwwfaom tpdrf;a&mif&ifzHk; &ifaphwdkufyHk tusôt0wfrsdK;udk ajymif;vJ0wfqif&+yD;rS qif;&ygonf?usaemfwdk@ *syefjynfudka&mufyg+yD/ tdkqmumòr@rSm tawmf}uD;aomòr@ jzpf[ef&Sd+yD; vlOD;a&rsm;aom òr@vnf;jzpfyHk&+yD; vlawGusyfusyfwnf;wnf; wdk;a0S@oGm;vmae=uum tawmfaumif;rGefpGm 0wfpm;qif,if xm;=uygonf?

usaemfwdk@ tdkqmumòr@rS *syef.òr@awmf wdkusdKodk@ &xm;pD;IoGm;=uygonf? &xm;rSm usaemfwdk@ArmjynfrS &xm;awGxufrsm;pGmcrf;em; oef@&Sif;ygonf? awmfawmf=um=um &xm;pD;+yD;aemuf usaemfwdk@wdkusdKòr@awmfudk a&mufygawmhonf? wdkusdKblwm±Hk}uD;vJtawmfcrf;em;ygonf?

wdkusdKwGif rpfZkwmeD. tzJG@u *syefwOD; vmóuae+yD; usaemfwdk@udk wdkusdKòr@*syef[dkw,f}uD;wckodk@ ac:oGm;+yD; ae&mcsxm;ygonf?wdkusdKòr@rSm *syef.òr@awmf}uD;jzpfonfhtwdkif; txyfjrifhtaqmuftOD }uD;rsm;jzifh tvGefcrf;em;aom òr@awmf}uD;jzpfygonf? vlOD;a&vnf;xlxyfrsm;jym;yHk&ygonf?

usaemfwdk@ 'kwd,tokwfudk wdkusdKòr@awmfwGif wywfeD;yg;cef@ vSnfhvnfjyoygonf? b,fae&mawGqdkwm rrSwfrdawmhyg?xl;jcm;r_wcsdK@udk owd&ygonf? yxru *syefjynfolawG olwdk@tcsif;csif;qufqH=u&mwGif tvGef,Ofaus;ysLiSm+yD; (tm"duawmf) �aus;Zl;wifygw,f� qdkwJhajymoHawG[m ae&mwumrSm csdKompGm=um;ae&+yD; vltcsif;csif; ajcpHk&yf+yD; cg;ukef;E_wfqufaewmawGvnf; ae&mwumawG@&onf? [kdw,fvkyfom;rsm; wm0efcHrsm;vnf; usaemfwdk@tay: qufqH=uwm tvGefyif±dkaoudkif;±_dif;ygonf? tcsKyfuolwdk@tcsif;csif;qufqH=uwm[m tvGef,Ofaus;odrfarG@=uonf?

tm;upm;yGJawGrSmvnf; *syefvli,frsm; tawmfpdwftm; xufoef=u+yD; nDnD!Gwf!Gwf wufwufºuºu &Sdae=uwmawG@&onf?

*syefbk&ifudkvnf; bk&m;vdk =unf!dkav;pm; wefzdk;xm;=uonf?*syeftrsdK;orD;rsm;rSmawmh yifyef;}uD;pGm usdK;EGHpGmtvkyfvkyfae&wm awG@&ygonf? aemufodvm&wmu *syeftrsdK;orD;awGrSm

a,mufsm;rsm;ESifh wef;wltcGifhta&;r& a,mufsm;rsm;. ESdrfcszdESdyfjcif; cHae&aomb0jzpfonfwdk@udk awG@jrifvm&ygonf?usaemfwdk@ wdkusdKòr@awmfwGif vSnfh=unfh±_&mwGif wckudkowd&rdygonf? �rSm wdkusdKòr@wGif; wae&mrS *syefbk&ifheef;awmfudk

vSrf;+yD;=unfh&jcif;jzpfonf? usaemfwdk@pdwfxif *syefbk&ifheef;awmfrSm tc|eftwufawGeJ@ }uD;us,fcrf;em;aom taqmuftOD}uD;jzpfrnfxifaomfvnf; omrefwdkufwm taqmufttHkawGomawG@&onf? odyfxl;jcm;r_r&Sdacs? usaemfwdk@tem;wGif *syeftrsdK;orD;trsdK;om;wodkufvnf; usaemfwdk@vdk bk&ifheef;awmfudkvSrf;+yD; =unfhae=uonf? olwdk@onf tawmf=um=unfh+yD;aemuf eef;awmfbufudkpHk&yf+yD; cg;ukef;OD;acgif;iHk@ tav;ðy=u+yD; xGufcGmoGm;=uonf? usaemfwdk@vnf; *syefvlrsdK;[k xifjrifap&ef olwdk@enf;wl eefawmfbufvSnfh+yD;cg;ukef;acgif;iHk@um tav;ðycJh=uonf?

usaemfwkd@ wdkusdK[dkw,fwGifaepOf [dkw,fr,fESpfOD;udk usaemfwdk@udk apmifha&Smufðypk&ef txl;wm0ef ay;xm;yHk&onf? �wdk@emrnfudk xl;qef;pGmusaemfwkd@ rSwfrdaeonf? �wdk@rSm �at;[daumh�ESifh �[Da&mhaumh�wdk@[k jzpfyHk&onf? �wdk@ ESpfa,mufteufwa,mufrSm tawmfacsmarmajyjypfvSyol jzpfonf? �wdk@ESpfa,mufpvHk; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdk@udkvnf; ðypkvdkuf&onf[k aemifwGifod&ygonf?

13

usaemfwkd@ nxrif;pm;yJGrsm;wGif �trsdK;orD; ESpfa,mufu usaemfwdk@udk ðypkau|;arG;aeonfudk *syefrdwfaqGESpfOD;uxdktrsdK;orD;ESpfa,mufESifh usaemfwdk@udk avSmifajymifajymqdkwwfygonf? xdkodk@avSmifajymifr_udk usaemfwdk@txJrS Adkvfrif;acgifwa,mufom&,fusJ&,fusJESifh jyefvnfwHk@jyef aemufajymifygonf? usefvlrsm;rSm &Sufudk;&Sufuef;ESifh cyfwnfwnfomae=uygonf?

(5)

usaemfwkd@ 'kwd,tokwf wdkusdKòr@wGif wywfcef@vnfywf+yD;aemuf xdkrS usaemfwdk@ppfynmoif&rnfh w±kwfjynfrS *syefwdk@odrf;+yD;wdkuf,lxm;aom [dkifeefu|ef;odk@oGm;&ef jyifqif=uygonf?

usaemfwkd@udk ppfynmoif&ef ArmjynfrS cdk;xkwf=uaom *syeftzJG@. acgif;aqmifrSm plZluD; (ac:) Adkvfrdk;óu; jzpfygonf? *syefppfwyfrS Adkvfr�;}uD;wOD; jzpfygonf?

usaemfwdk@ 'kwd,tokwf 7 a,mufonf [dkifeefu|ef;odk@ wdkusdKrS*syefa&wyf. wdkufav,mOfi,frsm;jzifh oGm;=u&onfxifygonf? av,mOfwGif usaemfwdk@twGufxdkifcHkr&Sd =urf;ay:wGifvJavsmif;+yD;om pD;oGm;&onf?

[dkifeefu|ef;odk@ usaemfwdk@ 1941 ckESpf arv 10 &ufrSm aumif;pGma&muf=uonf? aemufusaemfwdk@ ppfynmoif,l&rnfh pcef;odk@usaemfwdk@ a&mufygawmhonf? pcef;wGif*syefppfynmoif&ef apmpGmuwnf;u a&mufaeaom ocifatmifqef;/ ocifvSòrif (Adkvf&efatmif)wdk@ESifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u Armjynfodk@ jyef+yD;ac:,lvmaom 1941 ckESpf rwfvtwGif; *syefjynfodk@ a&mufvm=uonfh usaemfwkd@t&ifyxrtokwfrSvlrsm; ocifvSaz (Adkvfvusfm)/ udkxGef;&Sdef (Adkvf&efEdkif)/ ocifat;armif (Adkvfrdk;)/ ocifA*srf; (Akdvfva&mif) wdk@udk 0rf;ajrmufpzG,f awG@&awmhonf? Armjynfowif;rsm; tjyeftvSefajym=uawmhonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh �yxrokwfrSvlrsm;rSm [dkifeefu|ef;odk@1941 ck {+yDv twGif;uwnf;u a&mufae=uonf?

usaemfwkd@ppfynm oif,l&rnfhpcef;rSm [dkifeefu|ef;&Sd *syefa&wyfpcef;. taemuf twGif;buf 4 rdkifavmuf uGmaomae&m�pef;,�[laom&GmteD;wGif &Sdygonf? armfawmfum;vrf; t=urf;&Sdonf? *syefa&wyfrS &duQmrsm; um;jzifho,f,l pm;aomuf=u&ygonf?

pcef;wGif t&Snfay 250 tus,f 35ayavmuf&Sd vlaeA[dkwef;vsm;}uD;wckESifh vufeuf±Hk/ rD;zdkacsmif taqmif/ xrif;pm;aqmif/a&csdK;&efae&m/ jrif;aZmif;uav;wck&Sdygonf? A[dkvlaewef;vsm;}uD;. acgif;&if;buf tpGefcef;rsm;wGif *syefppfoifwef; q&mrsm;ae+yD;usefwef;vsm;}uD;tydkif;wckvHk; usaemfwdk@oifwef;om;rsm; aexdkfif=uygonf? wef;vsm;}uD;wGif wzufv#if 15 aycef@us,faom vl aeEdkif/tdyfEdkifaom pifjrifh&Snf}uD; 2 ck rsufESmcsif;qdkif&Sd+yD; tv,fwGif 5 ayavmufus,faom vrf;av#mufvrf; &Sdygonf? atmufajcorHwvif;cif;xm;I pifjrifhrSm 3 ay avmufom jrifhygonf? tcef;wGif; ppfoifwef; ydk@cscsufrsm;udk xdkvlae+yD; tdyfEdkifaom pifjrifhay:wGif oif=um;ydk@cs=uygonf? �vlaepifjrifh&Snf}uD; 2 ckay:wGif *syefwdk@ vkyfavhvkyfxjzpfaom aumuf±dk;arG@&m cif;xm;I El;nHhoef@&Sif; aeygonf?

usaemfwdk@ pcef;a&muf+yD; r=umrD csufcsif;vdkyif (wwd,tokwfESifh pwkw�tokwfrsm; ra&mufrD) ppfoifwef;rsm;p&efpDpOfygawmhonf?

usaemfwdk@ oifwef;om;rsm;udk 3 zJG@cJGzJG@vdkufygonf? �'dkif;tdyef�ac: yxrtzJG@/ �'dkif;ed[ef�ac: 'kwd,tzJG@/ �'dkif;pefyef�ac:wwd,tzJG@wdk@jzpfygonf? xdk 3 zJG@cJGxm;aomfvnf; ppfynmtajccHESifh wyfpkwdkufyJG/ wyfcJGwdkufyJG paom uGif;qif;ppfavhusifha&; wdkufyGJrsm;rSm twlwlwzJG@wnf; oif=um;&ygonf?

'dkif;tdyefac: yxrwyfzJG@onf A[dkt"duwdkufcdkufa&; yifrppfwyfrsm;udk zJG@pnf;acgif;aqmif&eftwGuf &nf&G,f+yD; or±dk;usqefaom wdkufyJGrsm;udk tav;xm; oif,l&onf? 'dkif;ed[efac: 'kwwd,wyfzJG@onf t"Du &efol@e,ftwGif; v_yf&Sm;&aom jynfwGif;olykefv_yf&Sm;r_twGufyg &nf&G,f+yD; rdkif;cJGzsufqD;aom twwfynmrsm; pHkprf;axmufvSrf;a&; enf;ynmvkyfief;rsm;yg txl;oif=um;ay;onf?'dkif;pefyefac: wwd,wyfzJG@onf awmfvSefa&;udk OD;aqmifEdkifr_twGuf ppfwyfzJG@pnf;yHkrsm; ppfbufe,fbuf taxGaxGtkyfcsKyfa&; qdkif&mwdk@udk txl;oif=um;ay;onf?

usaemfwdk@ *syefppfynmoif yxrtokwfESifh 'kwd,tokwfwdk@ ppfynmoifwef;pwif+yD; r=umrDyif *syefppfynmoifwwd,tokwfjzpfaom udkvSarmif (AdkvfaZ,s)/ ocifpHjr (Adkvfawmufxdef)/ ocifcifarmifOD; (Adkvfwm&m)/ wdk@3 OD; usaemfwdk@pcef; [dkifeefu|ef;odk@ xyf+yD;a&mufvmojzifh usaemfwdk@ESifh a&maESm+yD; usaemfwdk@ESifh ppfynmrsm; qufoif&onf?

usaemfwdk@ppfynmoif=um;r_ 2 vavmuf=um+yD;aomtcg *syefppfynmoif pwkw�tokwfjzpfaom ocifxGef;tkyf/ ocif±_armif(Adkvfae0if;)/ ocifpHv_dif (Adkvfatmif)/ ocifxGef;cif (AdkvfjrifhaqG)/ ocifaiG (Adkvfapmatmif)/ ocifopf (Adkvfapmaemif)/ ocifxGef;vGif(AdkvfAv)/ ocifausmfpdef (Adkvfrdk;!dk)/ udkvS (Adkvfrif;a&mif)/ udkoef;!Gef@ (AdkvfZifa,mf)/ udkarmifarmif (Adkvf m%)/ aygif; (11) a,mufwdk@aemufqHk; 1941 ckESpf ZlvdkufvwGif xyf+yD; *syefodk@a&mufvm&m �wdk@xJwGif ocifxGef;tkyfrSvGJI usefvl (10) a,mufpvHk;wdk@onfppfynmoif,l&ef [dkifeefu|ef; usaemfwdk@pcef;odk@ 1941 ckESpf =o*kwfv 11 &ufwGif a&mufvm+yD; *syefppfynmoif yxr/ 'kwd,/wwd, tokwfwdk@ESifh yl;aygif;+yD; ppfynmrsm; oif,l=uonf? �pwkw�tokwfrSm usaemfwdk@a&S@OD;tokwfrsm;ESifh ryl;aygif;rD olwdk@ (2)vavmufaemufusaeI olwdk@csnf;aemufusaeaom ppfoifcef;pmrsm;udk oD;oef@ (2) ywfausmfavmuf tjrefoif=um;ay;+yD;rS usaemfwdk@a&S@OD;tokwfrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;+yD; oif=um;&onf?

aemufocifApdef/ ocifxGef;tkyfwdk@. wdk@Armociftpnf;t±Hk;rS ocifatmifoef; (Adkvfp}um) onf wOD;wnf; vdkufydk@aom*syefwOD;ESifhtwl [dkifeefu|ef;odk@ wwd,okwf ra&mufrDuav;wGif a&muf&Sdvm+yD; usaemfwdk@ESifhvmaygif;um ppfynmoifonf?

14

aemufudkaqmif; (Adkvfxdef0if;) rSm &JabmfoHk;usdyfwGif (azmfrdkqmwGif uG,fvGefcJhaom) ocifoef;wifESifh ocifxGef;tkyfwdk@uJhodk@[dkifeefu|ef;odk@ *syefppfynmoif&ef a&mufrvmbJ ppfynmroif jzpf=uay?

&JabmfoHk;usdyf [dkifeefu|ef;wGif ppfynmoif,l&mwGif atmufygtwdkif; wyfzGJ@(3) zGJ@/ zGJ@pnf;+yD; ppfynmoif,l=uonf?wyfzGJ@(1) wGif -ocifat;armif (Adkvfrdk;)? ocifA*srf; (Adkvfva&mif)? ocifpHvd_if (Adkvfatmif)? ocifpHjr (Adkvfawmufxdef)? ocifvSòrif(Adkvf&efatmif)? ocifxGef;vGif (AdkvfAv)? ocifa&$ (AdkvfausmfaZm)? ocifpdk; (Adkvfjrifhatmif)?ocifwifat; (Adkvfbkef;jrifh)? udkatmifodef;(Adkvf&JxGËf)? udkvS(Adkvfrif;a&mif)? udkarmifarmif (Adkvf m%)? udkoef;!Gef@(AdkvfZifa,mf) wdk@ yg0ifonf?wyfzGJ@(2) wGif - udkxGef;&Sdef (Adkvf&efEdkif)? ocifapmvGif (Adkvfrif;acgif)? ocifoef;wif (Adkvfjr'if)? ocifxGef;a&$ (Adkvfvif;,kef)? ocifcifarmifOD;(Adkvfwm&m)? udkvSarmif (AdkvfaZ,s) wdk@ yg0ifonf?wyfzGJ@(3) wGif - ocifatmifqef; (AdkvfawZ)? ocifvSaz (Adkvfvufsm)? ocifatmifoef; (Adkvfp=um)? ocif±_armif (Adkvfae0if;) wdk@yg0ifonf?rSwfcsuf(1) - Adkvfae0if;udk wyfrawmfordkif;pmtkyfwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdk@. tzGJ@(3) wGif xnfhxm;ygonf? usaemfrSwfrdoavmufuAdkvfae0if;[m wyfzGJ@ (2) jynfwGif;olykeftzGJ@wGif yg0ifonf[k rSwfrdaeygonf?rSwfcsuf(2) - ocifatmifqef;. Adkvfemrnfudk AdkvfawZ[k emrnfay;xm;aomfvnf; trsm;u AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[kom ac: =uygonf?[dkifeefu|ef; ppfynmoifwef;avhusihfa&;r�; *syefq&mwdk@. zGJ@pnf;yHkrSm æ(1) ppfavhusifha&;r�;csKyftjzpf (uy`wdef) Adkvf}uD;um0g&SD;rm; jzpfonf? olonf *syefjynf *syefwyfrawmfwGif ppfol&Jaumif; trSwf (6)bGJ@&ol&Jaumif;jzpfonf? w±kwfwdk@ESifh wdkufyGJrSm rsufESmwGif'%f&m&ojzifh yg;wzufapmif;+yD; t±kyfqdk;aeonf? *syefjynfolESifh *syefppfwyf.cspfcifav;pm;jcif; cH&oljzpfonf? pdwfoabmxm; }uH@cdkifwnf+idrf ajyjypfoljzpf+yD; wu,fh ppfom;aumif; wa,muf. oGifjyifvuQ%m&Sdoljzpfonf?ol@udkusaemfwdk@ut±kyfqdk;I �ol&J� [k emrnf0Sufay;+yD; ac:a0: =uonf? av;vnf;av;pm;=uonf?(2) usaemfwdk@trSwf (1) wyfzGJ@ *syefavhusifha&;r�;rSm vufzwifeif (Adkvf) [mwdk&D jzpfonf? olonfpum;enf;+yD; at;at;aq;aq;aewwfol jzpfonf? ppfynmoif=um;a&;wGif rsm;pGmtm±Hkpdkuf+yD; vkyfudkifol jzpfonf? wdkufyGJ ppfoifwef;rsm;+yD;v#if xdkwdkufyGJESifh oifwef;tm;vHk;tay: &Snfvsm;pGm a0zefoHk;oyfcsufrsm; ay;wwfonf? usaemfwddk@ *syefpum; em;rvnfvdk@om em;vnf=u&if wefzdk;rsm;pGm&Sdrnfjzpfonf? olonf um0g&SDrm;vdk rcef@nm;aomfvnf; at;aq;aom *syefppfom;aumif;. oGifjyifvuQ%m&Sdol jzpfonf? ola'goxGufwmudk rawG@zl;acs? ol@udkusaemfwdk@u �rif;om;}uD;� [k emrnf0Sufay;xm;+yD; cspfcif=uonf?(3) trSwf (1) wyfzGJ@. 'kwd,avhusifha&;r�;rSm vufzwifeif (Adkvf) tDZl;rD;,m; jzpfonf? olu usaemfwdk@ESifh oifwef;csdeftwGif;rSma&moifwef;csdeftyrSma&m &if;ESD;pGm qufqHwwfaomol jzpfonf? olonf ppfAdkvf±kyfvuQ%mxuf ausmif;q&mwa,muf. oGifjyifvuQ%m&Sdol jzpfonf? tajymtqdk ajyjypfacsmarmoljzpfonf?(4) usaemfwdk@trSwf (1) wyfzGJ@wGif *syefwyf=uyf}uD; avhusifha&;q&m �arm&d�ESifh �udkEdkqk� [laomq&m 2 a,mufvnf; &Sdonf?arm&drSm enf;enf;cufxef+yD; udkEdkqkrSm qufqHa&;ajyjypfoljzpfonf?(5) trSwf (2) wyfzGJ@. *syefavhusifha&; q&mawGudkawmh usaemfaumif;pGm rodacs? avhusifha&;r�;rSm vufzwifeif(Adkvf) [m&m jzpfonf?xl;jcm;aomtoGiftjyifrawG@&/ omref*syefppfAdkvfyJ[kom ta0;rSxif&onf?(6) trSwf (3) wyfzGJ@ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdk@wyfzGJ@. avhusifha&;r�;rSm vufzwifeif (Adkvf) qlZluD; jzpfonf? vlenf;enf;ydef+yD; t&yfykonf?olonf wnfwnf=unf=unf raewwf oGufoGufvufvufoGm;vm v_yf&Sm;wwfonf? &,f&,farmarmESifh a&ma&maESmaESm ayghayghyg;yg;ajymqdkaexdkifwwfonf? �onf*syefppfAdkvfESifhrwl ukefonfESifhydk+yD;wlonf?

olonf ppf}uD;+yD;aemuf Armjynfodk@ tvkyfudpPESifh wacgufa&mufvm&m usaemfhrSmwyfrawmfrS yifpif,l+yD; &efukef/ prf;acsmif;tdrfwGifaepOf usaemfhtdrfodk@ vma&mufvnfywfojzifh usaemfu aemufae@npm zdwfau|;vdkufonf? azmfazmfa&Ga&GESifh vma&mufpm;aomufoGm;onf?(7) *syefppfynmoifq&mrsm;ta=umif; trsKd;rsKd;tzHkzHk &Sdae=uaomfvnf; �wdk@wGif wlnDaompdwf"mwftajccHwck &SdaeyHk&onf? �rSmume,fqlZluD; (Adkvfrdk;óu;) rStp tm;vHk;vdkvdkwGif rdrdwdk@*syefvlrsKd;rsm;onf tjcm;vlrsKd;rsm;xuf jrifhjrwfonf[laom t,ltqvGJr_wcktenf;trsm;&Sdae=uyHk&I tajccHarmufrm=uonf?

(6)

[dkifeefu|ef;wGif usaemfwdk@ ppfynmoif=um;&mwGif usaemfwdk@tzGJ@wGif *syeft&yfom; (5) a,mufavmufvnf; yg0ifonf?olwdk@u ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ aAmfvHwD,m yg0ifvdkolawG jzpfonf? �wdk@txJwGif *syefppfom;a[mif; ppfjyeftouf (30)t&G,f rpPwm�[x&d� qdkolvnf; yg0ifonf? (xdkolawGudk aemufydkif;wGif usaemfwdk@ rawG@&awmhay?)

[dkifeefu|ef;wGif usaemfwdk@udk *syefrsm;oif=um;ay;aom ppfynmbmom&yfrsm;rSm atmufygwdk@ jzpfonf?(1) tajccHppfa&;jy v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; (u) vufeufryg ppfa&;jyv_yf&Sm;r_ (c) vufeufyg ppfa&;jyv_yf&Sm;r_

15

(2) wdkufyGJ/ uGif;jyifppfa&;wdkufyGJrsm;/ avhusihfr_rsm; (u) udk,fpDwdkufyGJ (c) wyfpdwfwdkufyGJ (*) wyfpkwdkufyGJ (trsm;qHk;) (C) wyfcGJwdkufyGJ - wdk@udk avhusifhoif=um;&onf?(3) n wdkufyGJrsm; (t"du wckxm;I oif=um;onf?)(4) ppf ajryHkwdkufyGJrsm; (u) wyf&if;wdkufyGJ (c) wyfr[mwdkufyGJ (*) wyfrwdkufyGJ (C) tjcm;wkdufyGJrsm;(5) ppfvufeufrsm; (u) vufeufi,frsm; (ajcvsifwyfcGJoHk; vufeufrsm;) (c) vufeuf}uD;rsm; (pdefajymif;- tvwf/ t}uD;/ tajrmuf - wihfum;ypf/ ±dk;±dk;ajrjyifypftajrmuf/ wyfroHk;tajrmuf)(6) tif*sifeD,mvkyfief; (u) wHwm;aqmufjcif;? (�rSm acsmif;i,frsm; armfawmfum;jzwf&ef/ awmopfyifwdk@jzifh jzpfovdk,m,DwHwm;xdk;jcif;) (c) rdkif;rsm;cGJjcif;(7) taxGaxG (u) a&ul;jcif; æ ponfrsm; jzpfonf?(8) ppfa&;qdkif&m pdwf"mwfoGif;ay;jcif; (u) ppfom;aumif;pdwf"mwf?

· tEdkifrcH t±H_;ray; &J&ifh}uH@ckdifaom ol&owdWpdwf"mwf?· trdef@ESifh pnf;urf;udk vdkufemaompdwf"mwf?

(c) rdrdvufeufudkrdrd toufvdk ±dkao*±kpdkufaompdwf"mwf æ ponfwdk@jzpfonf?

(7)

[dkifeefu|ef; *syefppfoifwef; pwifjcif;ESifhjyif;xefyifyef;qif;&Jjcif;?

usaemfwdk@ yxrtpDtpOfrSm (3) vr# ppfoifwef; tjyif;txefoif=um;+yD; jrefrmjynfjyefI t*Fvdyfwdk@ESifh vGwfvyfa&;twGufajymufusm;ppf qifEJ$&efem;vnfxm;=uonf?

usaemfwdk@onf omreftm;jzifh ESpfESifhcsDIoif=um;&rnfh txufazmfjyyg ppfynmrsm;udk tcsdefwdktcsdef (3) vESifh wufokwf±dkuf+yD;tjyif;oif=um;&rnf jzpfonf?

usaemfwdk@ [dkifeefu|ef;ppfoifwef;udk 1941 ckESpf arv tv,favmufu pwif=uonfxifygonf? xdk@a=umifh usaemfwdk@onftcsdefudkvk+yD; pm;csdef/ tdyfcsdeftenf;i,fuav;rSwyg; ae@a&mnyg 'vpyf oif=um;&.? eHeufrdk;vif;ptcsdefrS nae ae0ifcgeD;txdxrif;pm;csdefrSty oif=um;&.? tcsdefvk+yD; tjyif;txef oif=um;&ojzifh usaemfwdk@rSm rsm;pGmyifyef;=u&.? odk@aomf usaemfwdk@rSmppfynmudk tm;wufoa&m ief;ief;wuf avhvm=u.? usaemfwdk@onf 1300 jynfh vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ tawG@tñuHt& t*FvdyfatmufrSvGwfvyfa&;&zdk@ usaemfwdk@ trsKd;om;ppfwyf&Sdzdk@ vdktyfonfr[kwfygvm;? ppfwyfzGJ@zdk@ *syefodk@ppfynmoif&ef cJcJ,Of;,Of; pGef@pGef@pm;pm;vmchJ=uonf r[kwfygvm;? xdk@a=umifh b,favmufyifyef;yifyef; usaemfwdk@tvkt,uf óu;pm;+yD;oif,l=uonf?

ppfavhusihfcef;rsm;wGif tyifyef;qHk;avhusifhcef;rSm qkwfcGmxGufajy;aeaom &efoludk trdt&vdkufvH+yD; wdkufcdkufacsr_ef;&aomavhusifhcef;rSm c&Da0;ajy;v$m;vdkuf&ojzifh usaemfwdk@tarmqHk; tyifyef;qHk; jzpfonf?

TuJhodk@aom ppfavhusifhcef; wckta=umif; (14) }udrfajrmuf zufqpfawmfvSefa&;ae@ txdrf;trSwftjzpf a&;om;cJhaom�zufqpfawmfvSefa&;� [laomaqmif;yg;wGif usaemfa&;om;xm;yHkwckrSm (20³6³41) ae@ usaemfh'dkif,m&DwGif usaemfwdk@ 15 uDvdk (10rdkif) r#vrf;av#mufcsDwuf+yD; 5 rdkif&Snfvsm;aom wdkufyGJavhusifhcef;wckESifh ywfoufI ed*Hk;wGifa&;om;xm;onfrSm � TwdkufyGJonfusKyfwdk@tvGefauseyfonf? Tr#&Snfvsm;pGm r&yfrem;bJ wdkufcJh&onf? urBmay:wGifb,fppfom;rS ra=umufawmhay? *syeftaumif;qHk;ppfom;rpPwm [x&Dyif aemufqHk;ae&mudk tm;cJ+yD;vm&onf? ArmjynftwGuf0rf;ajrmufonf? usKyfwdk@yifyef;ojzifh us&aom ac|;aygufonf ArmjynftwGuf at;csrf;zdk@t&dyfta,mif rdk;a&rdk;aygufjzpf&acsrnf? usKyfwdk@xdkavhusifhcef;udk tauseyf}uD;auseyfonf? Armtm;vHk;5 rdkif ppfwvif;tqHk;udk twlwla&muf=uonf? txl;ojzifh ocifatmifqef;. ZGJ/ owWdudk vlwdkif;0rf;xJu auseyf=uonf?

16

ppfwef;vsm;odk@a&mufaomtcg 7 em&D xdk;ae+yD? �avhusifhcef;rSm eHeuf (9) em&DcGJwGif pI n 7 em&D+yD;onf?� [k a&;xm;ygonf?

vufeufudkif&+yD?

[dkifeefu|ef;ppfoifwef;wGif usaemfwdk@ vufeufp+yD; udkif&aomae@udk usaemfwdk@ trSwf&ae.? xdkudpP 14 }udrfajrmuf zufqpfawmfvSefa&;ae@ usaemfhaqmif;yg;wGif usaemfa&;om;xm;yHkrSm æ

�usaemfwdk@ppfoifwef;pIqif;+yD; wywfavmuf=umaomtcg 4 rdkifr#a0;aom *syefa&wyfrS usaemfwdk@ udkifpJG&rnfh vufeufaowWm}uD;rsm;udkxrf;I vufeufwdkufodk@oGif;&.? vufeufudkif&awmhrnfjzpfI usaemfwdk@&Jabmfrsm; 0rf;ajrmufae=u.? aemufae@wGifppfavhusifhcef;qif;&ef ppfom;wa,muftjzpf udk,fydkifudkifpJG&rnfh ±dkifz,faoewfrsm;udk tcrf;tem;jzifh vufcH,l&.?�

�xdkae@ppfoifwef;rS acwW&yf+yD; &Sdor#0wfaumif;pm;vSrsm;0wfqifI vufcH&.? trJqDrsm;ayusHaeaom csufudkpvdkAufvkyf±dkifz,fESifhvSHpGyfrsm;udk tpDtpOfjzifh wOD;pDac:Iay;.? aeylxJwGifwef;pDI tcrf;tem;jzif hvufcH=u&.?�

�usaemfonf yltdkuf+yD; ac|;rsm;pdk&$Jaeonfudk *±krðyEdkif/ vufxJodk@ yxrqHk;a&mufvmaom ±dkifz,faoewfESifh vSHpGyfwdk@tjyifycHk;óu;odkif;wdk@udk vufESpfbufESifhudkifvsuf rdrdwef;pD&modk@ jyef&yfae.? &Jabmftm;vHk; rsufvHk;rsm; 0if;awmufae =u.? aysmf&$ifae=u.?usaemfhrSm 0rf;omjcif; wkefv_yfjcif;jzifh uwkefu,ifjzpfcJh.? ,if;udk,cktxd owd&aerd.?�

�usaemfwdk@vufeufudkif =u&+yDr[kwfvm;? Tvufeufonf b,foluay;ay;/ b,fu&& ta=umif;r[kwf? Tvufeufjzifhe,fcsJ@pepf}uD;udk wdkuf&zdk@omv#if r[kwfavm? Tvufeufonf e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&; trsdK;om;vGwfvyfa&; vufeufudkifwdkufyJGtwGufrsdK;aphyif r[kwfygavm?�

*syefrsm;u usaemfwdk@udkajymonfrSm rdrdvufeufudk t+rJ±dkaoav;pm;pGm udkifwG,f&efESifh t+rJoef@&Sif;pif=u,f ajymifvufaeatmif wdkufc|wfxdef;odrf; xm;&rnf[k jzpfygonf?

usaemfwdk@ vufeufudkif&+yD;aemuf r=umc% *syefq&mwdk@u vufeufppfaq;yJGrsm; vkyfwwfonf? rdrdvufeuf ajymifvufoef@&Sif;ae+yD; aoewfajymif;udk axmif=unfhaomtcg aoewfajymif;[m ajymifvufae&rnf? rJarSmifaeaom tuGufr&Sd&? aemufqHk;vufeufroef@&Sif;v#if udkifpJGolrSm ppfom;aumif;ryDo[laom t,ltqjzifh xdkol.*k%foduQmyif xdcdkufapawmhonf?

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�14 }udrfajrmuf zufqpfawmfvSefa&;ae@�usaemf.aqmif;yg;wGif atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;onfudk azmfjyvdkufygonf?�xdktwGif; ([dkifeefu|ef; ppfoifwef;twGif;) *smr%Du ±k&Sm;udkppfa=unma=umif; owif;=um;&.? *syefq&mrsm; rsufESm

raumif;vS? �wdk@onf 1936 - 39 ckESpfrsm;t=um;wGif ±k&Sm;wdk@ESifh rGef*dk;vD;,m; - refcsL;e,fpyfwdk@Y e,fjcm;ppfyJGrsm; jyif;xefpGmjzpfcJhzl;.?xdkuwnf;u ±k&Sm;wdk@udkwkefv_yfcJh[efwl.? �wdk@. tm&Sppfqifa&; rlvtpDtpOfrsm;udk jyefvnfcsdefq ae&[efwl.? xdk@a=umifh usaemfwdk@Armjynfjyefa&; jy\emrSm wrsdK;wzHkjzpfvm.? ,if;ESifhywfoufI usaemf.rSwfwrf;wGif æ

(22³6³41) *smrefESifh±k&Sm; ppfjzpfaomowif; =um;&.? xdkudpPa=umifh usKyfwdk@vkyfief;}uD; a&S@rnfr#&Snfvsm;OD;rnfudk rcef@rSef;Edkifacs? �wdk@udk,fwdkif 0rf;wGif;oabm tawmfpdk;&drfylyefvsuf &Sdonf? odk@&mwGif �wdk@u xdkudpPbmrSylp&mr&Sd? *smr%Du±k&Sm;udkvsifjrefpGmEdkifvdrfhrnf? usKyfwdk@tvkyfomvkyf[k [efjypum;ajymonf?

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TudpPudkxdkpOfu usaemfwdk@ylyifaomua&mufcJh&onf? tu,fI wpHkwckaomta=umif;a=umifh usaemfwdk@udk (Armjynf)jyefrv$wfcJhaomf vufpwHk;azsmufzsuf=uvdrf@rnf jzpfonf? �wdk@t&dyftajcudk xdkpOfu t+rJtuJcwfaecJh&.?�

*syefrsm;ESifh qufqHa&; rajyjypf&jcif;xdktwGif;*syefrsm;ESifh usaemfwdk@qufqHa&;rSm ppfoifwef; apmapmydkif;uvdk r[kwfawmhbJ wjznf;jznf;qdk;0g;vm.? apmapm

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17

�TtðytrlrSm vl,Ofaus;wdk@. tðytrlr[kwfacs? wihfxJ&Sd *syefwdkif;vdkyifxdktðytrlrsKd;udk wdkuf±dkufr[kwf aomfvnf;wcgw&Hrodrom ðyrlonf? u|Ekfyf*syefjyefa&mufcgp wdkusKdòr@xJvnfywfpOf awG@ñuH&aom *syefvlrsKd;wdk@,Ofaus;jcif;udk tvGeftHh=ordonf�? [k nnf;wGm;xm;ygonf? [dkifeefu|ef;ra&mufrD *syefjynfwGif acwW0ifa&mufvnfywfpOfu *syefvlrsKd;rsm; rsm;pGm,Ofaus;az:a&GcJhonfudk E_dif;,SOfI tHh=ordjcif;jzpfonf?

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*syefvlrsKd;wdk@twGuf odyfta&;r}uD;[k ,lqzG,fjzpfaomfvnf; usaemfwdk@jrefrmvlrsKd;twGuf tvGefta&;}uD;.? ±dkif;pdkif; ,kwfrmpGmtvGefqdk;0g;pGm apmfum;vdkufonfhoabmaqmifayonf? xdk&JabmfrSm 0rf;enf;jcif;/ &Sufjcif;wdk@jzifh rsuf&nfrsm; pdk&GJvsuf&Sdonf? usaemfwdk@rSmvnf; rkef;wD;&GH&Smpdwf/ a'gopdwfwdk@jzifh rsuf&nfrsm;0Jvsuf Ttwdkif;qdku usaemfwdk@onf *syefrsm;ESifh wae@wGif pm&if;&Sif;=u&rnf[kpdwfwGifydkif;jzwf vm=uawmhonf? usaemfwdk@onf awmfvSefa&;twGuf ppfynmwwfzdk@twGuf onf;cH±HkrSwyg; tjcm;r&Sdawmhay?odk@aomfusaemfwdk@ tonf;wGif *syefrkef;wD;a&;pdwf"mwfrSm wqifhwdk;I pGJxifvsuf&Sdayawmhonf?

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aemufwrsKd;pOf;pm;p&mrSm *syefwdk@onf Armjynfudkaemiftkyfpdk;zdk@ &nf&G,fcsuf pDrHudef;&Sd+yD;jzpf&m ,ckuwnf;u [email protected]&if;cHvlrsm;jzpfaom usaemfwdk@u olwdk@udk a=umuf&GH@aeatmif OD;csdK;xm;zdk@ &nf&G,fcsufESifh ±dkif;pdkif;pGmqufqH ae=uovm; [kvnf;xifp&m&Sdonf?

Todk@a=umuf&GH@atmif qufqHv#ifrl olwdk@rSm;ayvdrfhrnf? t*Fvdyf.u|ef rjzpfvdkaom awmfvSefa&;orm;wdk@onf aemufvlrsdK;wrsdK;.u|efvnf; tjzpfcHrnfr[kwfonfudk olwdk@em;rvnf=ujcif;jzpfonf?

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wa,mufudk ac:vm+yD; wdkifwwdkifwGifóu;ESifhcsnfum usaemfwdk@udk t&Sifvwfvwf vHSpGyfxdk;avhusifhcef; ðyvkyfcdkif;jcif;yifjzpfonf?

18

usaemfwdk@onf *syefrsm;ESifh qufqHa&;rSm ppfoifwef;wav#mufvHk; aumif;rGefonfr&Sd/ usaemfwdk@ Armjynfjyefa&mufrS a&mufygOD;rvm;[k t+rJpdk;&drfae=u&.? aemufydkif;wGif &JabmftcsdK@onf pufypfuGif;rSm aoewfypfavhusihfpOf usnfqHwawmifhp ESpfawmifhpcJ&mcJqpf cdk;0Sufodrf;qnf;=u.?

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AdkvfcsKyfonf TudpPrsdK;}uHKwdkif; Todk@ajymwwf.?xdkpum;onf tay:,H=unfhawmh rdkuf±l;&Jpum;[k xifp&m&Sd.? odk@&mwGif awmfvSefa&;ol&owWd tjynfhyg0if.?=urf;wrf;aome,fcsJ@pepfudk wdkuf&mwGif TuJhodk@ pdwf"mwfowWdrsdK;jyrSom e,fcsJ@pepfu t±_H;ay;rnf? vuf&GH@rnf r[kwfygavm?

tu,fI rdrdusqHk;&v#ifvnf; usef&pfcJhrnfhrsdK;cspfrsm; awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;twGuf qufvufwdkufyJG0if&ef pdwftm;wufºuzG,fr[kwfygavm?

(8)

*syefppfynmoif &JabmfoHk;usdyftzJG@rSm t"duociftzJG@}uD; ESpfzJG@yg0ifonf? yxrtrsm;pkjzpfwJh ocifudk,fawmfr_dif; tzJG@rS (21)OD;ygw,f? tenf;pkjzpfwJh ocifApdef-ocifxGef;tkyftzJG@rS (8) OD;yg0ifygw,f? aemufudkaqmif;qdkol b,fygwDurSr[kwfwJh *syefynmawmfoifwOD; yg0ifygw,f?

&JabmfoHk;usdyfESifh aemufcHygwDrsm;?(1) ocifudk,fawmfr_dfif; wdk@Armtpnf;t±Hk;æ

(1) ocifatmifqef; - Adkvfatmifqef; (AdkvfawZ)(2) ocifvSòrif - Adkvf&efatmif(3) ocifvSaz - Adkvfvusfm(4) ocifA*srf; - Adkvfva&mif(5) ocifat;armif - Adkvfrdk;(6) ocifapmvGif - Adkvfrif;acgif(7) ocifoef;wif - om,m0wDAdkvfjr'if(8) ocifa&$ - AdkvfausmfaZm(9) ocifatmifodef; - Adkvf&JxGËf(10) ocifxGef;a&$ - Adkvfvif;,kef(11) ocifwifat; - Adkvfbkef;jrifh(12) ocifpdk; - Adkvfjrifhatmif(13) ocifpHjr - Adkvfawmufxdef(14) ocifcifarmifOD; - Adkvfwm&m(15) ocifpHv_dif - Adkvfr�;atmif(16) ocifoef;!Gef@ - AdkvfZifa,mf(17) ocifarmifarmif- Adkvf m%(1*) ocifxGef;vGif - AdkvfAv

(2) ausmif;om;tzJG@æ(19) udkxGef;&Sdef - Adkvf&efEdkif(20) udkvSarmif - AdkvfaZ,s(21) udkvS - Adkvfrif;a&mif

rSwfcsuf? ? ausmif;om;tzJG@onf ocifudk,fawmfr_dif; wdk@Armtpnf;t±Hk; =oZmcHjzpfonf?(3) ocifApdef ocifxGef;tkyf wdk@Armtpnf;t±Hk;æ

(22) ocifxGef;tkyf(23) ocifatmifoef; - Adkvfp=um(24) ocif±_armif - Adkvfae0if;(25) ocifxGef;cif - AdkvfjrifhaqG(26) ocifaiG - Adkvfapmatmif(27) ocifopf - Adkvfapmaemif(28) ocifausmfpdef - Adkvfrdk;!dk

19

(29) ocifoef;wif - Adkvfoef;wif aygif; (8) OD;?(4) woD;yk*~vtzJG@æ

(30) udkaqmif; - Adkvfxdef0if; (*syefY &ufuef;ynmoif&efa&mufaeol)?(5) &JabmfoHk;usdyf acgif;aqmifydkif; (10) OD;?

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(6) txufyg (10) OD;wGif trSwfpOf (1) rS (6) txd (Adkvfae0if;) txdudk acgif;aqmifvl}uD;ydkif; oabmxm;+yD; usef (4) OD;udk acgif;aqmifvwfoabmxm;=uonf?(7) Adkvfae0if; æ

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Adkvf&efEdkifu usaemfwdk@udkajymonfrSm olwdk@tzJG@rS Adkvfae0if;[m AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tay: av;av;pm;pm; qufqHvmojzifhusaemfwkd@uvnf;ol@wdk@tzJG@&J@ vl}uD;wOD;tjzpf ol@udkav;pm;pGm qufqH=u&ef wdkufwGef;owday;onfhtwdkif; usaemfwdk@vdkufem=uonf?

aemufrS usaemfowdxm;rdonfh xl;jcm;csufwckrSm Adkvfae0if;rSm tpdk;&tr_xrf;wOD;jzpfcJh+yD; vl@b0jzwfoef;r_vnf; tawmf&Sdoljzpfojzifh rdrdtxufvl}uD;udk rnfodk@csOf;uyf qufqH&rnfudkvnf;aumif;/ ywf0ef;usifESifh qufqHa&;udkvnf;aumif;/ txdkuftavsmufqufqHwwfonf? usaemfwdk@ausmif;om;rsm;vdk ±dk;±dk;pif;pif;}uD; r[kwfay? xdk@a=umifholonf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; wdk@ESifh av;av;pm;pm;&if;ESD;vm+yD; usefolrsm;ESifhvnf; qufqHa&;aumif;vmonf? odk@jzifh usaemfwdk@vnf; ol@udkvl}uD;wOD;vdk jyefqufqHcJh=u+yD; ppfoifwef;umv olESifhjy\em }uD;}uD;rm;rm;r&Sd/ acsmacsmarmarm&SdcJh=uonf?

bDtdkifat yxrumvwGif Adkvfae0if;onf rlvtpDtpOftwdkif; ArmjynfwGif; OD;pGm±kyfzsuf0ifonfh tzJG@acgif;aqmif tjzpftwGif;olykefvkyfief;awG tpDtpOftwdkif; vkyfcJhonf? bDtdkifat 'kwd,umvtqifhwGif &efukefodrf;+yD;aemuf tdENd,odk@ qkwfcGmaeaom+Adwdo#wdk@aemuf txufArmjynfvdkufwdkufa&;/ bDtdkifatwyfudk jyefvnfzJG@pnf;&mwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u ppfaoemywd/ Adkvfr�;}uD;vusfmu 'kaoemywd/ Adkvfr�;}uD;aZ,su wyfr (1) r�;/ Adkvfr�;}uD;ae0if;u wyfr (2) r�; tzJG@zGJ@pnf; wdkufcdkkfuf&mwGifvnf; acsmarmpGmjzpfcJhonf? xdkumv AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh Adkvfae0if;wdk@qufqHa&; xl;jcm;csufr&Sd? ol@udkvnf; tjcm;ygwDtzJG@u[k r±_jrif=ubJ tm;vHk;twlwl wzJG@wnf;vdk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh Adkvfr�;}uD;vusfmwdk@atmufwGif vkyfudkif ae=uonf?

27³7³42 wGif bDtdkifatzsuf+yD; ArmhumuG,fa&; (bD'Dat) wyfzJG@pnf;aomtcg Adkvfae0if;[m wyf&if; (1) r�; (ar*sm) &mxl;udkacwftac:t& Adkvfr�;uav;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ Adkvf&efEdkif/ AdkvfaZ,swdk@vnf; tvm;wl &mxl;ESifh wyf&if; (2)/ wyf&if; (3) r�;awGjzpfvm=uonf? xkdpOf ysOf;rem; bD'DatXmecsKyfwGif Afdkvfr�;}uD; (ume,f) atmifqef;u ppfaoemywdjzpf+yD; Adkvfp}um/ Adkvfvusfmwdk@u(vufzwifeifume,f) xdkacwftac: Adkvfr�;&mxl;awGjzpf+yD; ppfOD;pD;r�;rsm; jzpfvm=uonf? aemif Adkvfvusfmajymjycsuft& xdkpOfuwnf;u Adkvfae0if;[m ppfOD;pD;tjzpf Adkvfvusfmuay;wJh trdef@awGudk remcHr_awGvkyfvm+yD; aemufvnf; Ttwdkif; wav#mufvkH;jzpfcJhw,fvdk@ ajymjyygonf? TwGif ol@(Adkvfae0if;) pdwfwGif tem*wf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;+yD;v#if olom 'kwd,jzpfvm&rnf[k udk,fa&;}uD;yGm;a&;pdwfodk@ ajymif;vm+yDjzpfonf?

Adkvfae0if;ta=umif;rSm txufygudpPrSwyg; 1943 ckESpf ESpfv,favmuftxd bmrS}uD;}uD;rm;rm; xl;jcm;csufrawG@&? ol@wm0efudk *syeft}uHay;rsm; tultnDjzifh aqmif&GufcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; 1 ³ 8 ³ 43 ckESpf *syefu vGwfvyfa&; ay;+yD;aemuf oD;jcm;ppfOD;pD;Xme

20

csKyfzJG@&mwGif ol@udkAdkvfr�;}uD;&mxl;jzifh ppfOD;pD;csKyf&mxl;udk ppf0ef}uD;AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u cef@xm;vdkufonf? �rSmxdk&mxl;twGuft&nftcsif; r&SdvSaomfvnf; ocifESpfygwD nD!Gwfa&;twGuf oabmwl=uonf? txufwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; &Sdaeaoma=umifhvnf;jzpfonf?

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'kwd, EdkifiHa&;t&xl;jcm;csufwckrSm 1944 ckESpf/ yJcl;òr@wGif usaemf pHjywyf&if;r�; tjzpfaqmif&GufaepOf bDtdkifat taemufwdkif;�tmvH� bufrS Adkvf}uD;pdefrSef (�rSm usaemfhZmwd&yfom;/ bDtdkifat Adkvfoifwef;qif;+yD; pHjywyf&if;odk@ {+yDv ukefavmufa&mufvmol)u ajymonfrSm taemufwdkif;wGif Adkvfae0if;ESifh Adkvfatmif}uD;wdk@ tzGJ@om;awGu ,ckppfwyfwGif;xdyfydkif; &JabmfoHk;usdyfup+yD; tvum;yJ/bmrSvkyf=uwmr[kwf/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;vnf; bmrSrvkyf xdkifaewmyJ [kav#mufajymae=uonf? txl;ojzifh ynmwwfvli,fydkif;awGudk wdwfwqdwfpnf;±Hk; ajymqdkaeonf[k qdkygonf?

usaemfvnf; xdkudpP/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;yg xdcdkufvmojzifh aemifwyfwGif;xdcdkuf òyuGJvmrSmpdk;+yD; xdkpOfpHjywyf&if;udk avhvm&efa&muf&Sdaeaom Adkvfr�;atmifudk ac:wdkifyif+yD; ESpfa,mufpvHk; &efukefqif;+yD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk wdkif=um;owday; um tjrefajz&Sif;&efwifjyonf? AdkvfcsKyfuat;at;yif/ ol'DudpPawGodxm;yHk&wJh oabm&onf? vmajymwmaumif;w,f? 'DudpP wjcm;b,fol@rSav#mufrajymzdk@/ olpDpOfvkyfaqmifoGm;r,f? udk,fhtvkyfom at;at;vkyf=u/ wyftwGufvnf;bmrS rpdk;&drf=ueJ@[k ESpfodrfhpum;ajymygonf?usaemfwkd@vnf; AdkvfcsKyf ajymyHkqdkyHkt& pdwfat;csrf;oGm;+yD; yJcl;odk@jyefcJhonf?

aemuf (2) &ufavmuf=umaomtcg AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u taemufwdkif; �tmvH� bufa&mufaeaom Adkvfr�;}uD;ae0if;xHpmwapmifydk@onf? xdkpmudkydk@olrSm Adkvfatmif}uD;wdk@ESifh&if;ESD;aom Adkvf0if; jzpfonf? olu�tmvH� toGm; yJcl;0ifvm+yD; pmoGm;ay;&rnfhta=umif; usaemfwdk@odatmif owif;v$ifhoGm;onf?

aemufydkif;usaemfod&onfrSm usaemfwdk@awG *syefawmfvSefa&; bmrSrvkyf=u[kvnf; ajym=uonfqdkonf? olwdk@vnf; 'DudpPbmrsm; xdxda&mufa&muf vkyf=uovJ? usaemfwdk@aemufqHk; 1942 ckESpf uwnf;up+yD; *syefawmfvSefa&;twGuf ajratmufrS v_yf&Sm;pnf;±Hk;ae=uaom ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDESifh 1944 ckESpf =o*kwfvwGif yl;aygif;rd=urS awmfvSefa&;vrf;a=umif; yGifhoGm;+yD; xdkvrf;a=umif;twdkif;om awmfvSefa&;vkyfoGm;Edkif=uonf r[kwfygavm?

aemufusaemfwdk@pOf;pm;rd=uonfrSm Adkvfatmif}uD;wdk@*dk%f;onf wyfwGif;tm%mudk ausmfv$m;vSrf;wuf,lvdk=uonf?odk@&mwGif olwdk@tay:u xif&Sm;wJhacgif;aqmifwa,mufudk rSDcdkzdk@vdk&m TwGifAdkvfae0if;udk &SmazGawG@&Sd+yD;aemuf �wdk@onf wav#mufvHk;Adkvfae0if;udk wzufuajrawmifajr�mufay;+yD; wzufuvnf; ol@t&dyfcdkum wyfwGif;Adkvfus vm=uonfr[kwfygvm;? TwGifAdkvfae0if;uvnf; yxr AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;atmuf 'kwd,tqifhvljzpf&ef Adkvfvusfmudk qef@usiftmcH+yD; ausmfwufEdkif&ef tm;xkwfcJhonf? aemufAdkvfae0if;onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udkyg a0zefvmaom Adkvfatmif}uD;wdk@ vli,f*dk%f;awGeJ@ aygif;zuf*dk%f;zGJ@ vmonf? aemufol[mol@&J@t&nftcsif;r&Sdr_ESifh tusifhpm&dwWtm;enf; csdK@wJhr_wdk@a=umifh &JabmfoHk;usdyfESifh wyfwGif;trsm;pk&J@ av;pm;jcif; rcH&vdk@ rdrd&yfwnfwdk;wufa&;twGuf 'DvlawGudk rSDcdktm;xm;zdk@ vdktyfonf[kvnf; xif&ygonf?

1944 ckESpf {+yDvavmufu Adkvfatmif}uD;/ Adkvfae0if;wdk@u wyfwGif;uawmufuqvkyfr_rsm;udk usaemfESifh Adkvfr�;atmifwdk@uAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;xHoGm;I wdkif=um;owday;r_onf tcsnf;ESD;rjzpf[k xifygonf? ,if;aemufydkif;up+yD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onfAdkvfae0if;udkydkI owdxm;vmyHk&onf? aemufqHk; 1945 ckESpf rwfv *syefawmfvSefa&; eD;vmaomtcg AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u Adkvfae0if;tay: pwif+yD; yÉdyuQaygufuGJvm awmhonf?

�Adkvfae0if; ppfOD;pD;csKyfrS axmufyHha&;r�;}uD;odk@ &mxl;av#mhcsjcif;�

1943 ckESpf =o*kwfv 1 &uf *syefxHuvGwfvyfa&;&+yD;aemuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf tpdk;&tzJG@wGif ppf0ef}uD; (umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;) jzpfvm+yD; Armhwyfrawmf tkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf ppf0ef}uD;±Hk;ay:vm+yD; �.vufatmuf ppfOD;pD;csKyf±Hk;vnf; ay:vmonf? ocifApdefocifxGef;tkyfwdk@awmif;qdkcsuft& nD!Gwfa&;twGuf xdkpOfu�wdk@. ocif*dk%f;rS Adkvfr�;}uD;ae0if;udk ppfOD;pD;csKyf±Hk;wGif ppfOD;pD;csKyfae&modk@ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u cef@tyfcJhonf? Todk@ae=u&mrS 1945 ck zufqpfawmfvSefa&; rjzpfrD ESpfvavmufwGif (xifonf) AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u Adkvfae0if;udk ppfOD;pD;csKyf&mxl;rS ðzwfcs+yD; ppf0ef}uD;±Hk;Xmewckjzpfaom &duQmESifh ypPnf;axmufyHha&; Xme}uD;r�;ae&modk@tqifhcs+yD; ajymif;a&G@vdkufonf? tHhtm;oifhoGm; =u&onf? bmtwGif; ta=umif;a=umifh 'Dvdkav#mhcsvdkufonfudk usaemfwdk@twdtusrod&? tjyifyef;u jrifomxifom awG@&wmuawmh Adkvfae0if;rSm ol@0wW&m;udk aumif;pGmvkyfol r[kwf? taysmftyg;vdkufpm;aewwfonf? txl;ojzifh tcsdeftrsm;qHk;ðzef;wD;wmrSm xdkpOfu OD;[ef&Sdef0yfa&Smh tvkyf±Hk. t0ef;t0dkif;&Sd tdrfwtdrfwGif zJ±dkuf+yD; tcsdefðzef;aewwfwmrsm;onf [kod&onf? trSefrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wGif awmfawmf}uD;rauseyfcsuf twGif;ta=umif;awG &SdOD;rnf[k xif&onf?xdk@a=umifhom Todk@ta&;,l&jcif; jzpfonf[k ,lq&onf?

xdkppfOD;pD;csKyfae&mudk aemufydkif;wGif Adkvfr�;}uD;aZ,sodk@ wm0efv$JcJhonf? Adkvfae0if;rSm axmufyHha&;Xme}uD;r�;±Hk;odk@ vnf;vmrwuf[k od&onf?

21

�Adkvfae0if;u AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tay: vltrsm;a&S@wGifajAmif&efawG@pum;rsm;jcif;�

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usaemfArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD. awmfvSefa&;e,fa&muf+yD; ESpftawmf=um+yD;aemufydkif; ygwDOuUXocifAodef;wifuvnf;pum;pyfrd+yD; usaemfhudkajymwmu zufqpfawmfvSefa&;+yD;ump AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u Adkvfae0if;tay: tawmfwl;wl;cg;cg; rauseyfr_awGjzpf+yD; ppfwyfut+yD;tydkif z,f&Sm;xkwfy,fcsifaewmawGudk EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmiftcsKd@ESifh wdkifyifa=umif;udk ocifoef;xGef;u A[dkaumfrwDwcsKd@udkajymcJha=umif; ajymjyonfudk usaemfrSwfrdaeonf?

'Dvdkxkwfypfvdkufzdk@ pdkif;jyif;ae&if; aemufydkif;rxkwfypfEdkifcJhacs? ,if;wGifta=umif;&if; 2 ck&Sdonf[k xif&onf? yxrta=umif;uAdkvfae0if;&J@tuif;yg;+yD; aumufuspfvSnfhpm;Edkifr_jzpfonf? b,ftcsdefb,folawGESifhaygif;+yD; b,folawGudk cGm&rnf? b,folawGudkuefxkwfeif;acs&rnfwdk@udk em;vnfusifhoHk;wwfoljzpfjcif;wdk@a=umifhh jzpfonf? 'DvdkAdkvfae0if;udk awmfvSefa&;+yD;cgpu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdk@u ppfwyfuxkwfypfzdk@ vkyfudkifpdkif;jyif;cJhyHkwdk@udk usaemf 1976 ZlvdkifvukefcgeD; uGefjrLepfygwD. tajccHa'o ta&S@ajrmufodk@xGufvmcgp11³8³76 ae@u uGefjrLepfygwD jynfol@toHrS wdkif;jynfodk@ toHv$ifhpOfuvnf; xdkudpPudk xnfhoGif;ajym=um;cJhygonf?

Adkvfae0if;udk rxkwfypfEdkifonfh ta=umif;ESpfckteuf ta=umif;wckrSm usaemfhtxif xdktcsdef AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;rSm awmfvSefa&;t+yD; &efukefjyefa&mufawmh aep&mtdk;tdrfr&SdbJ tdrfaxmifESifh uav;awGESifh rsm;pGmttcuftcJ jzpfaeonf? xdktcsdefAdkvfae0if;rSmolOD;pD;csKyfb0u wdkuftdrf}uD;ESpfvHk;udk b,fvdkenf;emESifhrod ydkifqdkifxm;onf? wvHk;rSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; aexdkifcJhI ,ckjywdkufvkyfxm;aom wm0gvdef;ukef;ay:u wdkuftdrf}uD;jzpf+yD; awmfvSefa&;+yD;cgpu olwufaeonf? aemufwvHk;rSm xdkwm0gvdef;ukef;tdrf}uD;.ajc&if;um;vrf;ab;&Sd wdkuftdrfjzpfonf? �tdrfrSmtay:tddrf}uD;avmufraumif;ay? Adkkvfae0if;u AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk qGJac:vm+yD;wm0gvdef;ukef;ay:&Sd wdkuftdrf}uD;udk twif;xdk;ay;+yD; oludk,fwdkifu xdktdrfavmufraumif;aom ukef;atmufajcu wdkuftdrfwGif qif;aeonf?

TwGif ±dk;om;aom AdkvfcsKyfatmiffqef;tzdk@ Adkvfae0if;onf pdwf&if;rqdk; raumif;onhf tusifhp±dkuftcsKd@a=umifh wcsKd@tm;enf;csufawG &Sdaewmjzpfonf? ðyjyifoGm;&if&Edkifonf? txl;ojzifh ol@tay: 'Davmufav;pm;ojzifh olóu;udkifoGm;vdk@ &Edkifonf? pGef@ypfvdkuf&atmiftxd rqdk;[kwGufcsufyHk&oGm;onf[k xif&onf? 'kwd,ta=umif;rSm xdktcsdef (zqyv) tzGJ@csKyf}uD;xJ EdkifiHa&;orm;a[mif;

22

vuf,morm;rsm;0ifvm=u&m +Adwdo#wdk@xHrS vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJtwGuf xyfwdkufyGJ0ifa&; acsmacsmarmarmjzpfzdk@ tcuftcJawGay:aygufEdkifaeonf? TtwGif;rdrdwdk@ awmfvSefa&;vkyfcJh=uol vli,fawGxJu rnDr!Gwf uGJ=u&if ydkItcuftcJawG@Edkif+yD; zqyvtwGif;rnD!Gwfr_awGeJ@ tm;enf;oGm;Edkifonf? wdk@tcsif;csif;nD!Gwfa&;[m aomhcsufjzpfonf[k AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ,lqvmonf?

'D 'kwd,ta=umif;uawmh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk,fwdkif usaemfhudkac:ajymI 'Doabmudkod&wm jzpfonf? 'Dvdkajymjy&onfhta=umif;&if;u usaemfhwdkif;(4) wGif xdkpOfu Adkvfae0if;wdk@ todkif;t0dkif;rSjzpf+yD; aemifqdk&S,fvpfwyfr�;wOD; jzpfvmaom wyf&if;r�;wa,mufonf xdkkkkkkpOfusaemfwm0efay;xm;aom wdkufyGJwyGJudk rwdkufbJ a&Smifae+yD; usaemfhudkyif wefjyef ykwfcwfajymqdkaeonf? xdkta=umif;ol@&J@wyfcGJr�;wOD;u usaemfhudkvm+yD;owif;ay;awmh xdkwyf&if;r�;udk usaemfta&;,l&awmhrnfjzpf&m xdkta=umif; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;xHowif;ydk@+yD; ,cifu 'grsKd;awGudk usaemfwdk@u awmfvSefa&;a=umifh onf;cHcJhonf? ,ckawmfvSefa&;+yD;+y/D ppfwyfaumif;a&;twGuf txdkkuftavsmuf ta&;,lrSaumif;rnf jzpfonf[k tpD&ifcHonf? AdkvfcsKyfu txufygt,lltqESifh usaemfhudktxufygtwdkif;em;csygonf? aemuf AdkvfcsKyfudk,fwdkif xdkudpP=um;0ifovm;rod? xdkwyf&if;r�;u ol@trSm;0efcs+yD; tjypfrScGifhv$wf&ef awmif;yef0efcspmwapmif usaemfhxHydk@vmygonf? xdkpmudkvnf; Adkvfae0if;udk,fwdkif usaemfhxHyJcl;odk@ vmay;wmjzpfonf? usaemfvnf; AdkvfcsKyfudk,fwdkifajymxm;avawmh xdkudpPudk ausat;vdkufygonf?

xdktxufygta=umif; 2 cka=umifh Adkvfae0if;udk xdkpOfu wyfuxkwfypfa&;udk rvkyfjzpf=uwm[k ,lqygonf? odk@&mwGifAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf Adkvfae0if;udkwav#mufvHk; owdxm;qufqHvmcJhyHk&onf? Adkvfae0if;udk ppfOD;pD;csKyf&mxl; ay;xm;pOf Adkvfp}um*syefoGm;&onfhtcg Adkvfvusfmukd 'kwd,ppf0ef}uD;cef@xm;onf? aemufawmfvSefa&;+yD;cgeD; wyfrawmf ppfXmecsKyfudk awmfvSefa&;e,frS1945 Zlvdkif (5) &ufavmuf &efukefodk@ a&$@ajymif;vm+yD; avmif;0pfvrf;pcef;wGif ppfXmecsKyf topfudk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; jyefzGJ@pnf;&mwGifoludk,fwdkif ppfaoemywdae&m,lxm;+yD; 'kppfaoemywd&mxl;udk Adkvfr�;}uD;vusfmudkyif ay;xm;onf?

aemufqHk;awmfvSefa&;+yD;aemuf 1945 ckESpfukefcgeD; usaemfwdk@awmfvSefonfh rsKd;cspfwyfrawmfudk +Adwdo#wdk@ESifhaygif;+yD;Armhwyfrawmf (Burma Army) udk zGJ@pnf;awmh Armhwyfrawmfppfaq;a&; t&m&SdcsKyftjzpf t*FvdyftrsKd;om;AdkvfcsKyf (ar*sm*sife&,f)aomrwfpfudk t*Fvdyfwdk@u cef@xm;+yD; usaemfwdk@awmfvSefonfh rsKd;cspfwyfrawmfbufrS wyfrawmf 'kppfaq;a&; t&m&SdcsKyfAdkvfr�;}uD;wOD;ESifhtdENd,odk@ygoGm;aom jrefrmwyfrsm;bufrSvnf; wyfrawmf 'kppfaq;a&;t&m&SdcsKyfwOD; Adkvfr�;}uD; prpf'Gef;udk �wdk@ucef@cJhonf?rsKd;cspfwyfrawmfbufrS 'kppfaq;a&;t&m&SdcsKyfudkrl AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u olwyfjyifxGufaernfjzpfI Adkvfr�;}uD;vusfmudk ol@udk,fpm;cef@tyfcJhonf? xdkpOf Adkvfae0if;rSm usaemfwdk@ESifhtwl 'kAdkvfr�;}uD;tjzpfESifh ajcvsifwyf&if;r�;om jzpfapcJhonf?

aemufr=umrD Adkvfvusfmonf (zqyv) tpdk;& umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;jzpfvm+yD; Adkvfr�;}uD;prpf'Gef;rSm 1948 ckESpf vGwfvyfa&;&aomtcg AdkvfcsKyftqifhjzifh Armhwyfrawmf ppfOD;pD;csKyfjzpfvmonf? Adkvfae0if;uawmhAdkvfr�;csKyftqifhjzifh ajrmufydkif;wdkif;r�; jzpfvmonf?

(9)AdkvfcsKyfvusfm

1941 ckESpf usaemfwdk@ [dkifeefu|ef; *syefppfynmoif &JabmfoHk;usdyfwGif usaemfESifh &if;ESD;cifrifqHk; yk*~dKvfwOD;rSm AdkvfcsKyfvusfmjzpfonf? usaemfhxuftouf(4) ESpfr#ydk}uD;rnfxifygonf? ol.±kyftoGifrSm tenf;i,f ydefvSD;+yD; oGm;vmv_yf&Sm;rl tenf;i,faES;auG;onf? tajymtqdk El;nHhodrfarG@onf? toGiftjyifrSm at;aq;aysmhaysmif;aom toGiftjyif jzpfonf?

odk@aomf AdkvfcsKyfvusfm.pdwf"mwfrSm }uH@cdkifawmifhwif;ol jzpfonf? [dkifeefu|ef; *syefppfynmoif,l=u&mwGif *syefppfavhusifhcef;rsm;rSm ajy;&v$m;&wdkufcdkuf&ojzifh usaemfwdk@tawmfyifyef;=uonf? [dkifeefu|ef;ppfoifwef;wGif tyifyef;qHk; ppfavhusifhcef;(2) ck avhusifh&onf? wckrSmxGufajy;qkwfcGmaom &efol@wyfudkvdkuf+yD; tydkifacsr_ef;wdkufcdkuf&aom avhusifhcef;ESifh aemufwckrSm*syefvSHpGyfxkd; ppfavhusifhcef; jzpfonf? �rSm rsufESmzHk;acgif;pGyftumESifh udk,ftxufydkif;tum t0wftpm; rsm; 0wfqif+yD; wOD;ESifhwOD;ESpfbufaoewftwk/ wkwf wdk@jzifhvSHpGyfxdk;&jcif; jzpfonf? tvGefarmyef;aom ppfavhusifhcef; jzpfonf? tcsKd@&Jabmfrsm; armyef;+yD;vJòyarharsmonf txdjzpfonf? usaemfwdk@u AdkvfcsKyfvusfmvdkuf+yD;vkyfEdkifyghrvm; pdwfylrdonf? odk@aomfAdkvfcsKyfvusfmrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;uJhodk@yif ppfavhusifhcef;rsm;udkvdkuf+yD; ZGJESifhrSefrSef vdkufvkyfEdkifcJhonf? TwGif ol.pdwf"mwf}uH@cdkifr_udk usaemfwdk@jrif&jcif;jzpfonf?

AdkvfcsKyfvusfmonf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhtwlwuG ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;udk aqmif&GufcJhaom ArmjynfEdkifiHa&; acgif;aqmif}uD;wOD;jzpfonf? ArmhvGwfvyfa&; vufeufudkifwdkfufyJGtwGuf w±kwfjynf [dkifeefu|ef;wGif ppfynmoif+yD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhtwl 1941ckESpfwGif Armhwyfrawmfudk zJG@pnf;wnfaxmifcJhonfh Armjynf. ppfa&;acgif;aqmif}uD;vnf; jzpfonf?

AdkvfcsKyfvusfmudk usaemfwdk@[kdifeefu|ef;wGif ppfynmoifaomtcgrS vlcsif;pwifod&Sd &if;ESD;cJh+yD; Armjynfjyefa&muf +yD;aemufol@vufatmufwGif usaemfppfr_xrf;cJh&onf? AdkvfcsKyfvusfm ppfwyfuxGufoGm;&+yD;aemuf usaemfppfwyfwGif; usef&pfpOfuvnf;usaemfwdk@cifrifae=uonf? usaemfppfwyfrS xGuf+yD;aemufvnf; usaemfESifh AdkvfcsKyfvusfmwdk@ cifcifrifrif qufqHae=uonf? usaemfwdk@wav#mufvHk; wOD;ESifhwOD; cifrifav;pm;=uaom &Jabmf&Jbuf rdwfaqG}uD;rsm; jzpfawmhonf?

aemufAdkvfcsKyfvusfmonf Armjynf. Adkvfae0if;ppftm%m&Sifpepfqdk; tkyfpdk;r_udk oluG,fvGefonfh 1978 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvtxdwdkufcdkufqef@usifoGm;olvnf; jzpfonf?

23

AdkvfcsKyfvusfmonf rdrdudk,frdrd tawmfESdrfcswwfoljzpfonf? usaemfwdk@u AdkvfcsKyfvufsmudk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh twlwuGArmjynfEdkfifiHa&;acgif;aqmif ppfa&;acgif;aqmifrsm; vkyfcJh=uoljzpfvdk@ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh twlwlxm;+yD; av;pm; cJh=uonf?

odk@aomf AdkvfcsKyfvusfmuawmh ol@udk,fol AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh wwef;wnf;rxm;bJ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk ol@acgif;aqmiftjzpf oabmxm;onf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh um;wum;wnf;twlpD;=u&mwGif oluAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhtwl aemufwef;wGifrxdkifbJa&S@cef;wGif '±dkifbm. cHkab;xdkifcHkwGif xdkifwwfonfudk awG@&I av;pm;=u&ygonf? olonf ol@udk,fol ESdrfcswwfol jzpfonf?

aemufAdkvfcsKyfvusfmonf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDtay: rsm;pGm,Hk=unfav;pm; tm;xm;oljzpfonf? BIA +yD;cgpwGif xifygonf?usaemhfwyfxJwGif xdkif;EdkifiHu 0ifvdkufcJhwJh wyfr�;wOD;u wdkufyJGwyJGu ol&vmwJh jrefrmtrsdK;orD;wOD;&J@ vuf0wf&wem pdefa&$ypPnf;rsm;xnfhxm;wJh oHaowWmuav;wvHk; vm+yD;ay;tyfygonf? usaemfacwWodrf;xm;+yD;aemuf usaemfhtxufwGif AdkvfcsKyfvusfm/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdk@&Sd&m usaemfAdkvfcsKyfvufsmxHoGm;+yD; xdk&wemaowWmudk b,fol@tyf&rvJ oGm;ar;ygonf? AdkvfcsKyfvufsmu aemiftem*wfrSm ArmjynfrSm vGwfvyfa&;udk qufwdkufoGm;rSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDyJ jzpfw,f? 'ga=umifhuGefjrLepfygwDudk oGm;+yD;ay;xm;yg[k!ef=um;ygonf? usaemfhrSm rdrdqENESifhvnf;udkufnD+yD; csufcsif;yif ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDacgif;aqmif ocifoef;xGef;xHodk@ xdkaowWmi,fudkoGm;Ityfvdkufygonf?

xdk@a=umifh AdkvfcsKyfvusfmonf Todk@ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDtay: ,Hk=unftm;xm;ol jzpfygonf?aemifESpfaygif;tawmf=umrS ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDudk 1939 ckESpf =o*kwfv 15 &ufae@wGif pwifzJG@pnf;&mY AdkvfcsKyfvusfmonf

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ocifA[def;wdk@ESifhtwl yg0ifcJholjzpfa=umif; usaemfod&ygonf?AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;uvnf; usaemfwdk@tjrift& AdkvfcsKyfvufsmudk tawmfyifav;pm; cspfcifonf? &Jabmf&Jbufpdwfomru

wOD;ESifhwOD; nDtpfudkyrmuJhodk@vnf; tjyeftvSefcspfcifav;pm;=uonf? ol.vufatmuf 'kwd,ae&mwGif t+rJxm;+yD; b,fol@udkrSAdkvfcsKyfvusfm. txufae&mudk ray;acs? Adkvfae0if; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;atmuf a&mufvmaomtcg tjcm;EdkifiHa&;ygwDujzpfI rsm;pGmae&may;qufqHcJhaomfvnf; owdxm;+yD; AdkvfcsKyfvufsm. txufae&mudk b,fawmhrS ray;acs? Adkvfae0if;u 'gudktawmfrausreyfjzpf+yD;AdkvfcsKyfvusfmtay: wav#mufvHk; qef@usifcJhonf?

(10)[dkifeefu|ef; nwdkufyJGppfavhusifhcef;rsm;

usaemfwdk@ &JabmfoHk;usdyf [dkifeefu|ef; ppfynmavhusifhoif=um;a&;wGif nwdkufyJG ppfavhusifhcef;udk tawmf tav;xm;oif=um;onfudk owdðyrdygonf?

awmfvSefa&;wyfrsm;u &efoludkwdkufcdkuf=u&mwGif ppfyJGxHk;pHtwkdif; acsr_ef;a&;vufeuf}uD;rsm;udk tjynfht0oHk;pJGEdkif&ef csdK@wJhEdkifojzifh vl@obm0 vlom;wdk@. tm;tenf;qHk;umv ntcg nwdkufyJGrsm;udk t"dutm;xm;+yD; tarSmifxktumtuG,f jzifh &efoludkv#yfwjyuf 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkuf=u&ayonf?

usaemfwdk@ nwdkufyJGrsm;udk tawmfzdzdpD;pD;oif=um;&onf? nwdkufyJGppfavhusifhcef;udk we*FaEGwywf (3) }udrf (3 n)oif=um;&onf? nwdkufyJGrSm nae ae0ifcsdefrS nOfhwcsuf ESpfcsufwD;cef@txd =umwwf+yD; wcsdK@wdkufyJGrSm rdk;vif;csdeftxd qufoGm;ygonf?nwdkufyJGavhusifhcef;rSm usaemfwdk@tdyfysufaomfvnf; ryifyef;vSay?

usaemfwdk@onf nwdkufyJGESifh nv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk aumif;pGm u|rf;usifvm=uonf?usaemfwkd@rarhEdkifrSwfrdaeaom nwdkufyJGavhusifhcef;wckrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ta=umif;jzpfonf? jzpfyHkrSm usaemfwdk@ nwdkufyJG

avhusifhcef;wck ðyvkyf&mwGif nwdkufyJGxHk;pHtwdkif; rdrdwdkuf&rnfh&efol@pcef;. aemufqHk;tajctae uif;axmufv$wf& ayonf? usaemfwdk@nwdkufyJG0ifrnfhwyfonf awmifukef;apmif;wae&mwGif nOD;tarSmifwGif 0yfwGm;ae+yD; &efol@pcef;odk@ uif;axmufESpfa,mufv$wfonf?uif;axmufacgif;aqmifrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;jzpfonf? tawmfuav;=umawmh usaemfwdk@ 0yfwGm;aeonfh ae&mteD;odk@ vlESpfa,mufv#dK@0SufcsOf;uyfvmI usaemfwdk@u óuwifod+yD; apmifh+yD;zrf;qD;vdkuf&m rdrdwdk@wyfrS v$wfvdkufaom AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdk@ uif;axmufESpfa,mufjzpfaeonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdk@rSm &efol@pcef;csOf;uyfoGm;&mwGif b,fvdkrsufpdarSmuf+yD; vrf;vGJacsmfonfrod/ rdrdwdk@pxGuf&mrdrdwyf0yfaeonfhae&modk@om jyefa&mufvm+yD; uif;axmuf ae=ujcif;jzpf&m aemufwcsDxyf+yD; uif;axmufv$wf&ojzifh xdknwkdufyJGrSmtcsdefydk+yD; =umoGm;awmhonf? *syefrsm;u&,farm =uonf? usaemfwdk@onf xdkudpP AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; pdwfraumif;jzpfrSmpdk;I aemufxyfbmr# rajymawmhacs?

Adkvfjrifhatmif

[dkifeefu|ef; &JabmfoHk;usdyf ppfavhusifha&;pcef;wGif usaemfESifhtawmf cifrifav;pm;=uaom yk*~dKvfwa,mufrSm Adkvfjrifhatmif}uD;jzpfonf? tav;rorm;}uD;vdk oefrmxGm;usdKif;oljzpfonf? usaemfwdk@ESifh touft&G,f twlwlavmuf jzpfonf? olESifhusaemfcifrif&if;ESD;±Hkru ol@udk Adkvfva&mif/ Adkvf&JxGËfwdk@uvnf; cifrif=uonf? olESifhusaemf cifrifvm&onfh ta=umif; ESpfck&Sdonfxifygonf?wa=umif;u [dkifeefu|ef;wGif *syefwdk@u usaemfwdk@aomufzdk@ pD;u&ufaq;vdyfbl;rsm;ESifh bD,mt&ufykvif;rsm;udk r=umc%a0iS ay;urf;ygonf? usaemfrSm aq;vdyfraomufwwfoljzpf+yD; xdkpOfu bmoma&;vJ udkif;±_dif;oljzpfojzifh t&ufvJvHk;0raomufyg? xdk@a=umifh

24

usaemf a0pk&aom bD,mt&ufykvif;rsm;udk t&ufaomufwwfaom AdkvfjrifhatmifESifh Adkvfva&mifwdk@xHodk@ oGm;I cJGa0ay;wwfygonf?xdkrSp+yD; cifrifvmygonf? aemufwa=umif;rSm usaemfonf i,fpOfb0u jrefrmpmay r*~Zif;0w�Krsm;udk rsm;pGmzwfcJholjzpf&m &JabmfwcsdK@ESifh ta=umif;qHkwdkif; usaemfzwf±_cJhaom pmay A[kokwESifh pdwf0ifpm;zG,f 0w�KZmwfvrf;wdk@udk ajymjywwf&m xdktcgrsdK;wGifAdkvfjrifhatmif}uD; usaemfhtem;a&mufvm+yD; aumif;pGmem;axmifwwfonfudk owdðyrdygonf?

aemufAdkvfjrifhatmif}uD;ESifh usaemftawmf&if;ESD;vm&m oluusaemfzwfzl;aom pmayA[kokwrsm;ESifh 0w�KZmwfvrf; wdk@udkol@tm;ajymjyyg&ef yef=um;ygonf? TrSpI Adkvfjrifhatmif}uD;rSm i,fpOfb0u ynmoif=um;a&; csdK@wJhcJh&onfudkod&onf? usaemfrsm;pGmpdwfraumif;jzpf&ygonf? usaemftm;vyfonfhtcg olyef=um;onfhtwdkif; usaemfu pmayA[kokwESifh yHk0w�Krsm;udk ajymjyjcif;jzifh vlcsif;tawmf&if;ESD;vmygonf? oluvnf; usaemhfudk rsm;pGmcifrifav;pm; vmygonf?

ol@ta=umif;awGudk ajymjyygonf? olonf jynfc±dkif {&m0wDjrpftaemufbufurf;rS om;trd ESpfa,mufom&Sdonfh qif;&Jom;rdom;pkrS jzpfonf? om,m0wDacgif;aqmif}uD; ocifjrwdk@ESifh aqGeD;rsdK;pyfawmf+yD; ol@udk ocifjru*syefodk@ ppfynmoif xnfhv$wfvdkufI[dkifeefu|ef;odk@ a&mufvm&jcif; jzpfa=umif;awG od&ygonf? ol@rdcifudkvnf; tawmfcspfcifowd&yHk&ygonf?

aemufAdkvfjrifhatmifrSm tkef;xrif;csuf tvGefaumif;ygonf? usaemfwdk@trJom;&aomae@rsm;wGif Adkvfjrifhatmifu tkef;xrif;csuf+yD; trJom;ESyfjzifhau|;&m tm;vHk;0rf;ajrmuf=uygonf? *syefrsm;u tkef;xrif;csufudk odyfóuufoGm;+yD; �coconut rice� (tkef;xrif;)odyfaumif;w,f aumif;w,f ajymvGef;I Adkvfjrifhatmifu trJom;&wdkif;vdkvdkyif tkef;oD;vnf;aygojzifh tkef;xrif;csufau|;cJh&ayonf?

usaemfESifh AdkvfjrifhatmifrSm r=umc% xrif;csufwm0ef twluswwfonf? usaemfhrSm bmrSrcsufwwf/ Adkvfjrifhatmif cdkif;or#udkulvkyfudkifay;&onf? xrif;tdk;}uD;wnfxm;+yD; xrif;usufrusuf xrif;tdk;csoifhrcsoifh odEdkifzdk@ usaemfua,mif;rESifh aumf,loGm;+yD;wae&mwGifxdkifaeaom AdkvfjrifhatmifxHoGm;jy&onf? naexrif;csuf+yD;v#if wae&mxoGm;avh&Sdonf? t&m&Sd pwdkcef;rS cdk;,lvmaoma&pdrfxm;onfh bD,mykvif;rsm;udk aomufwwfonf? usaemf@twGufvnf; (t&ufraomufwwfI) acsmhuvufrsm;,lxm;+yD; au|;wwfygonf? xdktcgwGif usaemfwdk@tvGefaysmf&$if=uygonf?

usaemfwdk@ ppfavhusifhpcef; ppfwef;vsm;teD;wGif usaemfwdk@u �tESD;�vdk@ac:wJh w±kwfvlrsdK;pk&Gmw&Gm &Sdygonf? trsm;pk[mwHigonfrsm;jzpf+yD; wcsdK@v,form;rsm; jzpfonf?

�tESD;vlrsdK;pkrsm;[m [dkifeefu|ef;rS w±kwfvlrsdK;EG,f0if �vD�[kac:aom vlrsdK;pkawGjzpfa=umif; aemifusrSusaemfwdk@ od&onf?xdktESD;&Gmom;tcsdK@[m r=umc% usaemfwdk@pcef;odk@vm=u+yD; usaemfwdk@xHrS pm;ºuif;pm;usefrsm; t0wftpm;rsm; pD;u&ufrsm;

pwmawGudk vma&mufawmif;&rf;wwfygonf? wcgw&H [dkifeefu|ef;ay:wGif aygrsm;vSaom tkef;oD;pdrf;awGudk EGm;waumifwyf vSnf;uav;ESifh wdkuf,lvm+yD; usaemfwdk@xHrS t0wfa[mif;rsm;ESifh olwdk@vdkcsifaom ypPnf;wcsdK@ESifh vJvS,f ,lwwfygonf? tvGefqif;&J=uygonf?

usaemfwdk@&Jabmf Adkvfjrifhatmif}uD;rSm xdktESD;vlrsdK;pkwdk@ESifh tawmf&if;ESD;cifrifvmonfudk owdxm;rdygonf?wae@wGif AdkvfjrifhatmifrSm xdktESD;wdk@ESifh b,fvdkqufoG,fajymqdkem;vnf=uonfrod/ ol@t0wfa[mif;rsm;ESifh tESD;wdk@xHrS

csuft&ufudk vJvS,f+yD; aomufpm;aeonfudk awG@&ygonf?Adkvfjrifhatmifu a=unmxm;onfrSm &JabmfawG rdrdwdk@t0wfawGvSrf;&mwGif nae (6) em&Dausmfvdk@rS t0wfudk r±kyfodrf;&if

xdkt0wfrsm;udk olydkifonf[k qdkxm;onf? &Jabmfrsm;rSm ol.xdka=unmcsufa=umifh udk,hft0wfawGudk *±kpdkuf+yD; ±kyf=u&onf? r±kyfrdv#ifxdkt0wfawGudk Adkvfjrifhatmif}uD;uodrf;+yD; t&ufESifhvJaomufypfrSm jzpfonf?

AdkvfjrifhatmifrSm tm;vyfcsdefrsm;wGif rdrdwdk@pcef;rS aysmuf aysmufoGm;wwfojzifh usaemfavhvmpHkprf;&m tESD;vlrsdK;pk wdk@uAdkvfjrifatmifudk olwdk@&Gmodk@tvnfzdwfojzifh vdkufvnfywfonfudk odvm&ygonf? wcgw&HtESD;wdk@u ol@udkt&ufESifh {nfhcHyHk&onf?

usaemfhudk Adkvfjrifhatmifu tESD;wdk@&Gmodk@ olESifhtwlvdkuf&ef twif;ac:ojzifh usaemfwacgufvdkufoGm;ygonf? tvGefqif;&JaomtdrfpkawGjzpf+yD; tvGeftm;emzdk@vnf; aumif;ygonf? a&&SnfoGm;aev#if tE W&m,fwrsdK;rsdK; jzpfEdkifonf[kvnf; ,lq+yD;aemufAdkvfjrifhatmif}uD;udk tESD;wdk@&Gmodk@ oGm;rvnfywf&ef usaemfuajymygonf? odk@aomfodyfrxl;yg?

xdk@a=umifh usaemfutcdkiftrmajym&awmhonf? awmfvSefa&;orm;[m awmfvSefa&;udpPrSwyg; tjcm;tusdK;r&SdwJhtE W&m,f&SdwJhtvkyfawG rvkyfoifha=umif;/ xdcdkufoGm;v#if awmfvSefa&;udk xdcdkufepfemoGm;rSmjzpfa=umif; twif;ajymI roGm;&efwm;jrpf&onf? 'DawmhrS wjznf;jznf; toGm;&yfoGm;awmhonf?

Adkvf&efatmif

[dkifeefu|ef; ppfavhusifha&;pcef;wGif usaemfESifh &if;ESD;cifrifaom aemufyk*~dKvfwOD;rSm Adkvf&efatmif}uD; jzpfygonf?ocifvSòrif ac: Adkvf&efatmifrSm ocifatmifqef;ESifhtwl 1940 jynfhESpf =o*kwfv 8 &ufae@uwnf;u w±kwfjynfodk@ Armh

vGwfvyfa&; wdkufyJGtwGuf xGufvmoljzpfonf? olonfAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhtwl &JabmfoHk;usdyf *syefjynfoGm;um yxrtokwfAdkfvfvusfm/ Adkvf&efEdkifwdk@ESifh [dkifeefu|ef;ppfavhusifha&; pcef;udk 1941 ckESpf {+yDvqef;avmufuwnf;u a&mufvmol jzpfonf?

Adkvf&efatmifu usaemf.bmoma&;udkif;±_dif;r_/ tdyf&m ae&m oef@oef@jyef@jyef@ aexdkifwwfr_wdk@udk t+rJaemufajymif &$wfaemufavh&Sdonf? ntdyfcgeD; usaemfbk&m;&Sdcdk;onfhtcg Adkvf&efatmifonf usaemfhacgif;&if;udk jznf;jznf;oGm;+yD; wifyv�ifacG xdkifaewwfonf?usaemfbk&m;&Sdcdk;+yD;I rsufpdzGifh+yD; OD;csvdkufawmh usaemfha&S@rSm Adkvf&efatmif}uD; ðyH;ðyH;}uD;xdkifaewmudk OD;csrd vsufom; jzpfoGm;awmh

25

usaemfu [m æ cifAsm; 'grsdK;rvkyfaumif;bl;As ajymwJhtcg w[J[J&,farmaewwfonf? wcgw&H usaemfuoef@oef@jyef@jye@f jzLpifpGmcif;xm;aom usaemfhtdyf,may: wufeif;jcif; xdkifjcif;rsm; vkyfwwfonf? wcgw&H ajcwzufa&qGwf+yD; jzLpifaomtdyf,mcif;ay: ajc&mxifatmif vkyfwwfonf? ajymqdkv#ifvnf; wtm;&,farmwwfonf?

Adkvf&efatmifu rdrdwdk@ppfa=umif;awGcJG+yD; Armjynfudk jyefvnf0ifa&muf+yD; wdkufcdkuf&ef vlpkcJGcgeD;wGif usaemhfvufudk udkif+yD;Armjynfudk aumif;rGefpGm jyefa&muf=u&if cifAsm;ocifA[def;udkawG@&if EdkifiHa&;oifwef;ay;ygvdk@ ajymyg[krSmonf? usaemfu EdkifiHa&;avhvmcsif&if pmtkyfzwfrSmaygh[k ajym&m olu oifwef;wufzdk@ wu,fvdktyfvdk@yg [k ajymygonf? aemifrS em;vnfvmrdonfrSm usaemfuGefjrLepfjzpfvm&ef uGefjrLepfoifwef;wuf&ef &nf&G,f+yD; ajymjcif;jzpf[ef&Sdayonf?

aemufrSusaemfod&Sdem;vnfvm&onfrSm xdk[dkifeefu|ef; ppfoifwef;umvwGif Adkvf&efatmifrSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD0ifwOD;jzpfae+yDjzpfonf? [dkifeefu|ef; ppfynmoif=upOfu ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD0if oHk;OD;omyg0if=uonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;/ AdkvfvusfmESifhAdkvf&efatmifwdk@om jzpf=uygonf? Adkvf&efatmifonf usaemfhudk uGefjrLepfygwD0ifwOD; odyfjzpfapcsifyHk&ygonf? usaemfwdk@u xdkpOfuuGefjrLepfygwDta=umif; bmrSem;vnf=uolrsm; r[kwf=uyg?

Adkvf&efatmif}uD;ESifh usaemfaemufqHk;xdawG@vdkuf&yHkrSm usaemfppfwyfuxGuf&+yD;aemuf &efukefprf;acsmif;&yfuGufwGifaexdkifae&mrSm 1960 ckESpfrsm;twGif; q&m}uD;ocifudk,fawmfr_dif;ESifh yl;aygif;+yD; �jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzJG@�zJG@+yD; jynfwGif; +idrf;csrf;a&;&zdk@wdkif;jynfudk pnf;±Hk;v_H@aqmfygonf? Armjynfòr@tawmfrsm;rsm;odk@ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzJG@ESifh vSnfh+yD; a[majympnf;±Hk;aeygonf?

usaemfESifh pma&;q&m}uD; Aef;armfwifatmifwdk@ Armjynftv,fydkif; (usaemfemrnfrrSwfrdaom) òr@wòr@wGif jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;w&m; a[majymae&m Adkvf&efatmifrSm ajratmufuGefjrLepfygwDtaejzifh xdkòr@odk@ v#dK@0Sufa&mufae&m usaemfESifhtvGefawG@csifyHk&onfxifygonf? oluvlwa,mufv$wf+yD; usaemfwdk@tzJG@wm0efcH Aef;armfwifatmifxHodk@ olusaemfESifhawG@vdka=umif; awG@cGifhðy&efvmajymygonf? OD;wifatmifu �[m 'DudpP[m jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; vkyfief;}uD;wckvHk; xdcdkufEdkifygonf? awG@cGifhrðyEdkifyg?�[k awmif;yefjyef=um;vdkuf&ygonf?

xdktjzpftysufudk OD;wifatmifu usaemfwdk@&efukefjyefa&mufrS usaemf@udkjyefajymjy&m usaemfrsm;pGm pdwfraumif; jzpf&ygonf?OD;wifatmifvnf; tawmfpdwfraumif; jzpfyHk&onf? 'Daemufydkif;usaemf Adkvf&efatmifESifh xdawG@r_r&Sdawmhyg?

&JabmfAdkvf&efatmif}uD;rSm w±kwfjynf,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&; *,uf±dkufr_t& ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD. ðzwf - xkwf - owfvrf;pOfatmufwGif 1967 ckESpf 'DZifbmvwGif uG,fvGeftedpPa&mufcJhygonf?

TtwGif; wdkufqdkifr_wck ñuHóuufygonf? ,if;rSm usaemf 1941 ckESpf[dkifeefu|ef; &JabmfoHk;usdyf ppfynmoifaeyHk ta=umif;awGa&;aepOf 2003 ckESpf arvtwGif;u w±kwfjynf±kyfjrifoH=um;rS [dkifeefu|ef; �pef;,�(Sanya) &Gm}uD;. ywf0ef;usifa'o tajctaeawGudkc&D;vSnfhvnfoGm;vma&; tpDtpOfa=umfjimtjzpf jyooGm;ygonf? tJ'Dpef;,&Gm}uD;[m usaemfwdk@[dkifeefu|ef; ppfavhusifhpcef;XmeESifhajcvsif (4) em&DavmufuGmrSm &SdwJh&Gm}uD; jzpfygonf? usaemfwdk@ xdkpOfu t}udrftcsdK@a&mufcJhwJh &Gm}uD;vnf;jzpfygonf? usaemfwdk@ppfavhusifha&;. aemufcHtajccH&Gm}uD;vnf; jzpfygonf? xdkpOfu tvGefqif;&JwJh Zeyk'f&Gm}uD;jzpf+yD; wJtdrfawGom&Sdygonf? vlawGvnf;tvGefqif;&J=uygonf? ,ck ±kyfjrifoH=um;rSm awG@vdkuf&wmuawmh xdk&Gm}uD;rSm wdkufwmtdk;tdrfawGESifh tawmfcsrf;omae+yD; vltrsm;c&D;oGm;vm vnfywf&m yifv,furf;ajc òr@}uD;wòr@ jzpfaeygawmhonf? vlawGvJqif;qif;&J&J r[kwfawmhbJ aumif;aumif;rGefrGefom;om;em;em; 0wfpm;oGm;vmv_yf&Sm;aewmawG jrif&ygonf? um;rsm;armfawmfqdkifu,frsm;ESihfvnf; O'[dkoGm;aewm jrif&ygonf?w±kwfjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&J@ tm%mtESpf (50) avmuftwGif; wdk;wufajymif;vJvmyHkudk awG@&ygonf? usaemfwdk@ESifh vGefcJhaomtESpf60 ausmfu &if;ESD;cJh&wJh qif;&JvSwJh&Gm}uD; ,ckvdk csrf;om0ajymaewm awG@&vdk@ rsm;pGm0rf;omrdonf? qdk&S,fvpfw±kwfjynf}uD; wdk;wufaeyHkudkvnf; xif[yfjyoaeovdkvnf; awG@jrif&ayonf? usaemfwdk@Armjynfuawmh ,ckxdqif;&Jaewkef;yJ[k awG;ac:odjrif+yD; awmfvSefa&;pdwfyGm;rdonf?

usaemfwdk@[dkifeefu|ef;wGifppfynmoif,laepOf *syefu [dkifeefu|ef;wGif tm&Swdkufom; vli,fvl&G,fwpktm; v#dK@0Sufppfoifwef;ay;aeonfh ta=umif; *syefjynf&Sdtar&duefppfoHr�;u od&Sdum tar&dueftpdk;&xH ta=umif;=um;wmudk *syeftm%mydkifrsm;u owif;&&Sdvmojzifh usaemfwdk@&JabmfoHk;udsyf0ifrsm;. ppfoifwef;udk [dkifeefu|ef;rS wjcm;ae&m azmfrdkqmu|ef;odk@ ajymif;a&G@a&;udk pDpOf=u&jyefygonf?

tm;vHk;tpDtpOfrsm; vkyf+yD;aemuf 1941 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 16 &ufwGif [dkifeefu|ef;rS &JabmfoHk;usdyfwdk@onf azmfrdkqmodk@oabFmESifh xGufcGmvm&m �ESpfatmufwdkbm 23 &ufae@wGif azmfrdkqmu|ef; tvwfpm; òr@wòr@odk@ a&mufvm=uonf? aemufrS xdkòr@onf�wrmZmwdk� òr@jzpfa=umif;od&onf?

xdkòr@wGif ,cifu *syefwyfzJG@i,fwwyf wyfpcef;csxm;yHk&aom opfom;taqmuftOD; wae&mwGif usaemfwdk@udk ae&mcsxm;ygonf?

usaemfwdk@udk vuf&Sd*syefppfom; ,leDazmif;rsm;twdkif; 0wfqifap+yD; ppf&mxl;rSm *syefppfwyf wyf=uyf �[efcsdK� wHqdyfrsm;wyfqifxm;&ygonf?

usaemfwdk@udkifpJGaom aoewfvufeufrsm;rSm [dkifeefu|ef;rSmvdk csufudkpvyfvkyf aoewfrsm;r[kwfbJ *syefvuf&Sd ppfwyfudkifpJGaeaom acwfrD±dkifz,frsm;ESifh vufeufrsm;jzpfygonf?

usaemfwdk@vnf; *syefppfwyfpnf;urf;rsm;twdkif; aexdkifv_yf&Sm;ae&ygonf? usaemfwdk@onf *syefwyfzJG@i,fwzJG@uJhodk@ aexdkif&ygonf?

26

usaemfwdk@[dkifeefu|ef;rS azmfrdkqmodk@oGm;&mwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;rygyg? AdkvfcsKyfrSm *syefjynfwdkudsKòr@udk t&ifoGm;ESifh[efwlygonf?

usaemfwdk@azmfrdkqmwGif ppfoifwef;rsm; qufoif=um;&aomfvnf; [dkifeefu|ef;rSmavmuf ryifyef;awmhacs? pm;aomufaexdkifa&;rSm [dkifeefu|ef;aepOfuxuf aumif;rGefacsmarmaeygonf? [dkifeefu|ef;rSmavmuf nwdkufyJGavhusifhcef;vnf; rrsm;awmhacs?

usaemfwdk@pcef;axmifhwae&mwGif oabFmyifrsm;&Sd&m usaemfwdk@oabFmoD; rSnfhawGufdkcl;+yD; pm;=uonf? Armjynfutwdkif;pm;aumif;=uonf?

wrmZmwdkòr@wGif usaemfwdk@ vufeuf}uD;rsm; udkifwG,ftoHk;csenf; aemufqHk;ay: vufeufrsm; udkifwG,ftoHk;csenf; wdk@udkzd+yD;oif=um;&onf?

xdkumv (1941) ckESpf 'kwd,ESpf0ufumvwGif *syefwdk@u ta&S@tm&SEdkifiHrsm;udk wdkufcdkufodrf;ydkuf&ef *smr%Datmuf a&mufaeaom jyifopftpdk;&ydkif tif'dkcsdKif;em;awmifydkif;wGif pDpOfae=uonf? *syefwyfrsm;ajymif;a&$@pDpOf vkyfudkifaeonfudk usaemfwdk@wjznf;jznf;odvm&onf?

(11)

usaemfhrSm xdkumvtjzpftysufrsm;udk aumif;pGmrrSwfrdojzifh xdkumvtjzpftysuftcsKd@udk wyfrawmfordkif; yxrwGJrS udk;um;xkwfEkwf azmfjy&ygonf?

usaemfwdk@[dkifeefu|ef;rS azmfrdkkqmodk@ rajymif;rD 1941 ck pufwifbmtwGif; ocifatmifqef;ESifh Adkvfr�;}uD;qlZluD; (Adkvfrdk;óu;)wdk@ wdkusKdòr@rS [dkifeefu|ef;odk@ jyefvnfa&muf&Sdvm+yD; Armjynf t*FvdyfatmufrS vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ qifE$J&ef &JabmfoHk;usdyf Armjynfodk@jyefvnf0ifa&mufa&; tpDpOfrsm;udk *syefppfXmecsKyfESifh pDpOfaqmif&Gufaea=umif; ajymjy=uonf?

xdktpDtpOfrsm;t& &JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifrsm; ArmjynfwGif;odk@ jyefv$wfa&;tpDtpOf. yxrtqifhtaejzifh ocifvSaz/ (Adkvfvusfm)ocifat;armif (Adkvfrdk;)/ ocifA*srf; (Adkvfva&mif)/ ocifxGef;cif (AdkvfjrifhaqG)/ udkvSarmif (AdkvfaZ,s)/ udkxGef;&Sdef (Adkvf&efEdkif) wdk@ 6 OD;udk [dkifeefu|ef;rS wdkusKdòr@odk@ av,mOfjzifhac:oGm;onf? wdkusKdòr@rS 1941 ckESpf atmufwdkbm 12 &ufae@wGif udkqdkifrm±l;oabFmjzifhxGufvm&m xdkif;EdkifiH befaumufòr@odk@ atmufwdkbm (24) &ufae@wGifa&muf&Sdonf?

odk@aomf 1941 ckESpf atmufwdkbm (16) &ufae@wGif *syefjynfY tpdk;&tzGJ@tajymif;tvJ jzpfyGm;cJhonf? xdk@a=umifh vnf;aumif;urBmhtajctae wif;rmaeIwa=umif; ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;udk *syefrwdkufrD &JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifrsm; ArmjynfwGif; jyefvnfapv$wfvdkufygu �wdk@. tpDtrHudk t*Fvdyfu &dyfrdod&SdoGm;cJhaomf aemifwdkufcdkufa&;wGif tvpftidkuf &&Sdr_ ysufjym;Edkifaoma=umifh vnf;aumif;/ &JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifrsm; Armjynfjyef0ifa&; tpDtpOfudk &yfqdkif;xm;vdkvm=uonf?

Tae&mY [dkifeefu|ef;wGif usaemfwdk@ppfynmoif=um;r_wGif usaemfhpdwfwGifpGJxifaeaom xl;jcm;csufESpfcsufudk azmfjyvdkygonf?yxrrSm *syefwdk@u ppfynmoif=um;a&;wGif ppfom;aumif;pdwf"mwfudk oGif;&mY *syefppfwyfwGif oif=um;oGwfoGif; ay;ovdk

zufqpf0g'pdwf"mwftajccH oabmrsm;udkyg oGwfoGif;ay;ojzifh &JabmfoHk;usdyf0if pdwf"mwfwGif zufqpf0g' pdwfoabmxm;tcsKd@tenf;i,f rodromyg&Sdae=uonf? xdkpdwf"mwfrSm aemifESpftawmf=um vltrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;zufwGJ+yD; tvkyfvkyfvm=uawmhrSwjznf;jznf;avsmhyg; aysmufuif;oGm;=uonfudk usaemfowdxm;rdygonf? xdkudpPudk toufawmfawmf }uD;vmrS awG;ac:pOf;pm;rdvmjcif;jzpfygonf?

usaemfrSwfrdaom 'kwd,xl;jcm;csufw&yfrSm *syefppfynma&;&mwGif ppfwdkuf&mwGif b,fawmhrS rqkwfcGma&; tjrifjzpfygonf?usaemfhwouf rarhEdkifrSwfrdaeonfhwcsufrSm ppfwdkuf&mwGif b,fawmhrS rqkwfcGma&;tjrif jzpfonf? usaemfwdk@ [dkifeefu|ef;wGifaepOfwae@wGif ppfajryH kwd kufyG J usif;yaeygonf? usaemfOD;pD;aom ppfwyfrSm tawmftxdemae+yD; z±d kz&J tenf;i,fjzpfvm&m'Dtwdkif;qufoGm;ygu usaemfhwyfydkIqdk;0g;vmawmhrnfh tajcjzpfvmojzifh usaemfu usaemfhwyfudk wzefjyefvnfpkpnf; pnf;±Hk;Edkif&efaemufydkif; ae&maumif;wckodk@ qkwfcGmvdkfufygonf? TwGifppfajryHkwdkufyGJOD;pD;aeaom *syefq&m t&m&Sdu ðAef;ceJ a=umufzG,fatmf[pf+yD;ppfajryHkwdkufyGJudk &yfqdkif;vdkufygonf?

aemufatmf[pfajymqdkwmu *syefppfwyf[m b,fawmhrSaemufrqkwfbl;? b,fawmhrSvJ ppfr±_H;zl;bl;[kqdk+yD; usaemf.qkwfcGmr_udk }uD;pGmtjypfwifygawmhonf?

TudpPwGif tajccHusaemfrrSm;yg? *syefq&m. t,lonf;r_om jzpfonf[k ,lqygonf? ppfwyfynmrSm t,lonf;r_/ pdwfqENapmr_wdk@jzifh rajz&Sif;Edkifyg? odyHenf;ynmw&yf jzpfygonf? ESpfbuftajctaet&/ xdk;ppf/ cHppf/ qkwfppf/ vdkufppf pojzifh tajctaet&usifhoHk;&ayrnf? tajctaet& ,m,DqkwfcGm&rnfhtcsdef rqkwfcGmbJ wif;+yD;cHaev#if rdrdwyfòyuGJ+yD; z±dkz&J y&rf;ywmjzpfum aemufqHk;òyuGJ+yD; ppf±_H;edrfhr_odk@ OD;wnfoGm;Edkifayonf?

1944- 45 t*Fvdyf/ *syefwdk@ tdENd,e,fpyf tifzmwdkufyGJpOfwGif *syefppfwyftzdk@ rdrdppfwyf tajctaeqdk;0g;aeojzifh qkwfcGmay;+yD; rdrdwyfjyefvnfpnf;±Hk;cdkifrma&; vkyfoifhygvsuf rqkwfcGmbJ wif;+yD;ckcHae&m aemufqHk; *syefwyfysufpD;+yD; z±dkz&JqkwfcGm&mwGift*Fvdyfwdk@uvnf; 'vpyftwif;zd+yD; vdkufxdk;ojzifh *syefppfwyfb,fae&murS pnf;±Hk;+yD; tcdkiftrm cHppfrxdk;EdkifbJ z±dkz&JqkwfcGm&&maemufqHk;Armjynfawmifydkif;tpGef weoFm&Dtxd qkwfcGm&+yD; tqHk;rSm ArmjynfrS qkwfcGm&onftxd jzpfcJh&ayonf?

27

xdk@a=umifh b,fawmhrS rqkwfcGmbl;qdkwm r[kwfay? t,lonf;r_ jzpfonf? odyHenf;usr[kwf? 1945 ckESpf 'kwd,urBmppfwGif*syefwdk@ vdyf-uef wdk@udk vufeufcst±_H;ay;cJh&ayonf?

Tonfwdk@rSm *syefppfynm. tm;enf;c|wf,Gif;csufrsm; jzpfonf? usaemfwdk@owdxm;+yD; a&Smif=uOf&ef jzpfygonf?

(12)

TwGif&JabmfoHk;usdyf *syefppfynmoifoGm;&aomta=umif;ESifh [dkifeefu|ef;ppfynmoif=um;pOfu trSwfw& tjzpftysuftcsKd@udk a&;vdkygonf?

(1)? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m t*FvdyfudkawmfvSefa&;twGuf 1940 ckESpfup+yD; *syefESifh bma=umifhaygif;cJh&ovJ?AdkvfcsKyf[m 1940 ckESpfup+yD; *syefeJ@aygif;cJh&wm[m ol@tusyftwnf;rS vGwfajrmufatmif vkyf&jcif;u t"dujzpfrnf

xifygonf? xdkudpPusaemfodrSwfrdoavmufu AdkvfcsKyfwdk@ EdkifiHjcm;xGuf&wm[m Armjynf +Adwdo#qef@usifa&; 1300 jynfhESpf (1938-39) ta&;awmfyHk tawG@tñuHt& vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJudk vufeufudkifwdkufyGJESifh aygif;pyfEdkifrS atmifjrifEdkifr,f[k acgif;aqmifrsm;odvm=uwJhtwdkif; jrefrmtrsKd;om; vufeufudkifwyf zGJ@pnf;&ef enf;ynmESifh tultnDrsm;,l&ef xGuf=u&mrSm *syefudkoGm;wmr[kwf?xdkpOfw±kwfjynfY vufeufudkifawmfvSefaeom w±kwfuGefjrLepfygwD (C.P.C) odk@oGm;=ujcif; jzpfonf? olwdk@[m w±kwfuGefjrLepfygwDESifhtquftoG,ftvG,fwul&EdkifwJh &Sef[Jòr@oGm;oabFmudk rapmifhEdkifbJ +Adwdo#tzrf;cH&rSmpdk;I t&ifa&mufvmaom w±kwfjynf trGdKifòr@oGm;oabFmudkom pD;eif;oGm;=u&onf? trdGKifòr@wGif ulrifwefw±kwftpdk;&ESifh *syefwdk@ pdk;rdk;xm;&m e,fpyfyifv,furf;ajcteD;wGifaomifwifae+yD; w±kwfuGefjrLepfygwDvnf;&Smr&/ qufr&jzpfaepOf aiGa=u;vnf; ukefususyfwnf;vmojzifh ArmjynfudkvSrf;+yD;tultnDawmif;&m xdkudpPAdkvfvusfmu wdk;wdk;wdwfwdwf aiGtv�aumufcH&.? AdkvfcsKyfwdk@ wyfaygif;pkzGJ@pnf;xm;aom ArmhxGuf&yf*dk%f;rSa'gufwmAarmfwdk@udkvnf; tv�cHrd&m xdktzGJ@twGif; *syefudk vdkvm;aom a'gufwmodrf;armifwdk@od&SdoGm;+yD; (ol[m *syef - jrefrmcspf=unfa&;toif; wnfaxmifoljzpfonf?) �wdk@u trdGKifwGif v#Kd@0Sufaexdkifaeaom vdyfpmudk *syefrsm;udkay;vdkuf&mu *syefrsm;uAdkvfcsKyfwdk@udk &SmazGac:aqmif+yD; ume,fqlZluD; (aemifwGifAdkvfrdk;óu;) wdk@vufodk@ a&muf&SdoGm;jcif; jzpfonf?

AdkvfcsKyf[m*syefwdk@udk ,Hk=unf&avmufatmif±dk;tol r[kwfyg? *syefudkr,Hk=unfyg? *syefrsm;u w±kwfjynfr}uD;udk twdtvif;tiftm;}uD;pGmjzifh usL;ausmfwdkufcdkufae+yDudk jrifawG@ae&+yDjzpfonf? Armjynfudkvnf; aemif *syefwdk@ usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufvdrfhrnf[kroJruGJ,lqxm;onf[k aemufydkif;AdkvfcsKyfa&;wJh pmwrf;rsm;t&vJ od&onf? olonfjzpfay:vmaom vufawG@t& rv$Jomvdk@ *syefESifhaygif;vdkuf&jcif; jzpf[ef&Sdonf? *syefwdk@xHrS &or#tultnDudkvufcH+yD; aemufvufawG@ jzpfay:vmr_ tay:rSm=unfh+yD; awmfoifhovdkðyrlv_yf&Sm; aqmif&GufoGm;rnf[k odyfra&&maom qHk;jzwfcsufudk csvdkuf&[ef wlygonf?

(2)? usaemfwdk@&JabmfoHk;usdyfESifh *syefwdk@qufqHa&;tajctaerSm usaemfwdk@ESifh *syefwdk@qufqHcJh&mwGif usaemfwdk@cHpm; &aomolwdk@. tusifhp±dkuf 3�4 csufavmufudkwifjy&ef vdkrnfxifygonf?(1) usaemfwdk@ *syefa&mufp wdkusKdòr@awmfwGif wywfausmfvnfywf=u&onf? (u) *syefjynfolawG olwkd@tcsif;csif; qufqH=u&mwGif tvGef,Ofaus;ysLiSm=u+yD; (tm"duawmf) �aus;Zl;wifygw,f� qdkwJhajymoHawG[m ae&mwumrSm csKdompGm=um;ae&onf? tcsif;csif;awG@=uv#ifvnf;pHk&yf+yD; cg;ukef;E_wfqufae=uwmawGvnf;ae&mwumrSm awG@&ygonf? [dkw,fvkyfom;rsm;/ wm0efcHrsm;vnf; usaemfwdk@tay:qufqH=uwm[m tvGefyif±dkaoudkif;±_dif;ygw,f?tcsKyfu olwdk@tcsif;csif;qufqH=uwm[m tvGef,Ofaus;El;nHh=uygonf? (c ) tm;upm;yGJawGrSm *syefvli,fawG tawmf}uD; pdwfxufoef+yD; nDnD!$wf!Gwfwufwufºuºu &SdaewmawG@&ygonf? (* ) *syefbk&ifudk bk&m;vdk=unf!dkav;pm;wefzdk;xm;=uonf? (C) aemuf *syeftrsKd;orD;awG yifyef;}uD;pGm usKd;EGHpGm tvkyfvkyfaewmawG@&ygonf?(2) olwdk@wdkif;jynfwGif ,Ofaus;=uaomfvnf; usaemfwdk@[dkifeefu|ef;wGif ppfynmoif=um;=uawmh t&m&Sdq&mawG txl;ojzifh wyf=uyfq&mav;awGu usaemfwdk@tay: yxrpcgprSm {nfhonfawGvdkqufqH&mu c%=um+yD;aemuf olwdk@Zmwdjyvm=uonf? wif;rmvm=u+yD;vufatmufcH udkvdkeDEdkifiHom;awGtay:vdk =urf;wrf;vmonf? *syefjynfolawGtwGif; qufqHa&;ESifh rwlawmhyg? awmufav#muf'DvdkyJawG@vm&wmudk usaemftHh=ozG,f jzpfaerdw,f? 'DudpPudk usaemf aemufydkif; zufqpf0g'ta=umif; avhvmod&dSvmawmhrS zufqpfawGqdkwm trsKdk;om;ta&;rSm rdrdvlrsKd;rSwyg; tjcm;vlrsKd; trsKd;om;awGtay: vlom;tcsif;csif;awGvdk oabmrxm;=ubl;? rdrdwdk@*syefvlrsKd;awGom jrifhjrwfwJh r[mvlrsKd;}uD; jzpfw,fvdk@ ,lqpGJ+rJ ,Hk=unfxm;olawG jzpfw,fqdkwmodvm&onf? tJ'DusrS usaemfem;vnfrdonf?olwdk@[m zufqpfpdwf"mwf r[m vlrsdK;}uD;pdwf"mwfESifh urBmudkv$rf;&r,fqdkwJh pdwf"mwfawG[m awmfawmfrsm;rsm; txl;ojzifh ppf0g'Dorm;awGxJrSm pGJ+rJae=uwmvdk@ usaemfoabmaygufrdonf?(3) aemuf ppfynmoif=um;&mrSmvnf; zufqpftawG;tac: enf;ynmrsm; oif=um;cH&ygonf? (u) Oyrm ppfwyfr�;wOD;&J@ rsufESm[m rdk;aumif;uifvdk tuJcwf&cuf+yD; olrsm;ua=umuf&G@Hav;pm;&r,fqdkwJh 'Drdkua&pDpdwf"mwfeJ@qef@usifr_awGudk oif=um;ay;w,f? (c ) aemuf ppfy&d,m,frSm twuf tqkkwf&Sdayr,fh olwdk@rSm �tqkwf� qdkwmr&Sd? 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;rSm olwdk@ppf±_H;&wJh ta=umif;rsm;rSm 'Dta=umif;[m wcktjzpfyg0ifw,fvdk@ xifygw,f?

28

(4) aemufppfa&;rSm aumif;rGefwJh t"dutcsufvnf; oif=um;cH&w,f? �rSm ppfa&;wGif trdef@emcHrl/ ZGJvHk@vESifh tyifyef;tqif;&JcHEdkifr_ESihf vHk;yef;tm;xkwfzdk@ owWWdAswdW&Sdzdk@/ *syefol&Jaumif;rsm; �bl&SD'dk� pdwf"mwfrsm; ppfom;aumif;pdwf arG;jrLwnfaqmufzdk@udkvnf;oif=um;oGwfoGif;wmcH&onf? odk@&mwGif usaemfwdk@twGuf cHpm;&r_tqdk;qHk;uawmh usaemfwdk@tay: vufatmufcH vlrsKd;vdk ±dkif;pdkif;wif;rmwJh qufqHa&; jzpfygw,f?

(3) *syefwdk@. ±dkif;pdkif;r_tay: usaemfwdk@. wHk@jyefyHkrSm æ1? usaemfwdk@tay: olwdk@u 'Dvdk±dkif;pdkif;=urf;wrf;wJh qufqHr_awGtay: usaemfwdk@yxr tHhhtm;oifh+yD;aemuf olwdk@&J@ e,fcsJ@

zufqpfZmwdpdwfawG od&Sdvm=uwJhtcg tvGefyJrkef;wD; a'goxGuf+yD; ArmhvGwfvyfa&;[m olwdk@ESifhr+yD;Edkif/ olwdk@udkyg qef@usifwdkufcdkuf&OD;r,fvdk@ xifjrifvm=uonf? usaemfwkd@ &JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifwcsdK@rSm *syefuyg;±dkufcH&onftxd jzpfcJh&ygonf?

2? usaemfwdk@&J@ rkef;wD;r_[m tawmfjyif;xefvmygw,f? 'gha=umifh usaemfwdk@ atmufwdkbmvqef;avmuf [dkifeefu|ef;rSazmfrdkqmu|ef; ajymif;+yD;wJhaemuf pcef;twGif; wnaecyfarSmifarSmifwGif usaemfwdk@txJrS Adkvfrif;acgifESifh Adkvfawmufxdef (xifonf)wdk@u *syefwOD;acgif;udk wkwfeJ@±dkufvdk@ acgif;+yJoGm;onf? t±dkufcH&olrSm usaemfwdk@&J@avhusifha&; enf;jyr�;csKyf uy`wdefu0g&SD;rm;udk,fwdkifjzpfaeonf? olubmrSqlqlylylrvkyfbJ ol@tcef;xJ ESpf&ufoHk;&ufatmif;aeonf? aemufrS usaemfwdk@od&onfrSm olonf*syefwGifol&Jaumif;eHywf (6) avmufjzpfonf? ol@udkolwdk@wyfwGif;wyfjyifu vlawGu tawmfcspf=uonf? ol'%f&mESifhtjyifxGuf&if pcef;uwjcm;*syefawGod+yD; usaemfwdk@ESifh&efjzpfrSmpdk;vdk@ '%f&mtawmfaumif;rS xGufjcif;jzpfw,fvdk@ od&ygonf?

3? *syefq&mawGeJ@ usaemfwdk@ yÉdyuQawGjzpfvmcJh=uayr,fh ta&S@wdkif;,Ofaus;r_ w&yfvdk@xifygonf? usaemfwdk@ jyef&cgeD;wJhtcg�*syefq&mwdk@u rdrdwdk@wynfhawGtay: cspfcif=uifemwJh oHa,mZOfpdwfwcsdK@ 0ifvmyHkudk usaemfwdk@tuJcwfrd=uonf? odk@&mwGif�[email protected],fcsJ@zufqpf Zmwdpdwftay: usaemfwdk@emusnf;rkef;wD;pdwfudkawmh razsmufEdkifay? usaemfwdk@ rsm;pGm&ifav;+yD; �[email protected]*syefzufqpftpdk;&udk a&S@rSmusaemfwdk@ qef@usifwdkufcdkufr_ESifh pm&if;&Sif;=u&OD;rnf[k pdwfwGif xifjrif,lqxm;=uonf? trSefawmh 1945zufqpfawmfvSefa&; rsdK;aph[m tJ'Duwnf;u cscJh+yD;jzpfygonf? ¡AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m jrefrmjynfrS +Adwdo#wdk@udk armif;xkwf+yD;v#if*syefudkqufwdkufcdkuf&ef jrefrmjynfodk@r0ifrD 1941 'DZifbm befaumufwGif&Sduwnf;u pdwful;pDpOfcJhonfudk ola&;aom Armjynf.pdefac:r_ (Burma�s Challenge) wGif a&;om;xm;ygonf?¢

B.I.A wyf}uD;zJG@+yD?

usaemfwdk@onf 1941 ckESpf 'DZifbm 26 &ufae@wGif xdkif;EdkifiH befaumufòr@awmfwGif ArmhhvGwfvyfa&; wyfrawmf (bDtdkifat)udk pwifzJG@pnf;cJh=uygonf?

1? xdk@ae@rSm usaemfhwoufwm rarhEdkifaom ae@jzpfygonf? usaemfvGefcJhwJhESpfaygif; 40 ausmf (27³3³59) ae@u zufqpfawmfvSefa&; (14) }udrfajrmufae@rSm aqmif;yg;wapmifudk [dkifeefu|ef;rSm aepOfua&;cJhwJh usaem@f'dkif,m&DudkrSD+yD; a&;cJhhzl;ygonf? 'Daqmif;yg;,ckusaemhfxHrSm &Sdaeygonf? tJ'DxJrSm xdkae@ta=umif;a&;xm;&m usaemftcsuftcsdK@udk wifjyygrnf?

2? Armjynf 1300jynfh (1938 - 39) e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&; ta&;awmfyHk}uD;u usaemfwdk@jrefrmtrsdK;om;wdk@tm; oifcef;pmw&yfay;cJh.? �rSm udkvdkeDe,fcsJ@pepfwdkufyJGwGif EdkifiHa&;oufoufjzifh atmifyJGr&Edkif/ vufeufudkifwdkufyJGESifh taxmuftulðyrSom+yD;qHk;Edkifrnfjzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh e,fcsJ@udkvdkeDpepfrS vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyJGqifE$J&eftwGuf trsdK;om; vufeufudkif ppfwyfxlaxmifzJG@pnf;&efTacwf trsdK;om;wm0ef usaemfwdk@rsdK;quftay: usa&mufvmay.?

3? �ajcmufvufr&Snfaom "m;ajr�mifyif udkifcGifhr&cJhaom jrefrmtrsdK;om;wdk@tzdk@ vufeufudkifwyfwwyf zJG@pnf;wnfaqmuf&efrSm xdkpOfu pOfpm;r&avmufatmif cufcJvSaom jy\em}uD;w&yf jzpf.? xdk&mZ0ifopfudk a&;om;&efwm0efum; usaemfwdk@acwfodk@usa&mufae+yD?�

4? �AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. pGef@pm;acgif;aqmifr_jzifh 1941 ckESpfwGif *syefwdk@. [dkifeefu|ef;wGif jrefrmrsdK;cspfvli,fwpk ppfynmoif=um;ae&.�[ka&;om;xm;onf?

5? TwGif usaemfwdk@ pdwfv_yf&Sm;0rf;ajrmuf+yD; rarhEdkifaomae@wae@ &Sdao;.? �rSm 1941 ck arvavmufwGif [kdifeefu|ef;wGifusaemfwdk@ppfoifwef;p+yD; wywfavmuf=um+yD;aemuf avhusifha&;twGuf usaemfwdk@udk udk,fydkifvufeuf ±dkifz,frsm; *syefq&mwdk@utcrf;tem;jzifhay;tyfaom ae@jzpf.? usaemfwdk@vufeuf p, udkif&aomae@jzpfonf? usaemfwdk@ 0rf;ajrmufr_jzifh pdwfv_yf&Sm;pGmjzifh vufcH,lcJhonfudk rSwfrdaeayonf? �Tvufeufjzifh e,fcsJ@pepf}uD;udk wdkuf&zdk@omv#if r[kwfavm? Tvufeufonf e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;trsdK;om;vGwfvyfa&; vufeufudkifwdkufyJGtwGuf rsdK;aphyifr[kwfavm� [ka&;om;xm;onf?

6? 1941 ckESpf 'DZifbm (26) &ufae@onf e,fcsJ@atmufwGif jrefrmtrsdK;om;wdk@. yxrvufeufudkif wyfrawmf}uD; (BIA)udkpwifzJG@pnf;aom ae@}uD;jzpfonf?

7? usaemfwdk@onf ArmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf wdkufyJG0if&ef vufarmif;aoG;azmufI opPma&aomufcJh=uonf? usaemfwkd@onfvGwfvyfa&;&onftxd qHk;cef;wdkfifwdkufyJG 0ifoGm;rnf[k opPmt"dÏmef ðycJh=uonf?

8? usaemhfrSm xdkpOfu rsm;pGmpdwfv_yf&Sm; =unfEl;rd.? usaemfwdk@onf e,fcsJ@udk wdkufa&;twGuf ppfynmvnf; &&SdcJh=u+yD?vufeufrsm;vnf; udkif=u&+yD? aemufqHk; usaemfwdk@vdkvm;csuf}uD;jzpfaom vufeufudkifwyfrawmf}uD;udk zJG@pnf;Edkif=u+yDjzpf&m rsm;pGmpdwf=unfEl;r_udk cHpm;&ygonf?

29

9? usaemfwdk@onf jrefrmbk&ifrsm;vufxufrS udkvdkeDjzpfcJh&aom ESpfaygif; (100) cef@twGif; tqufjywfaecJhaom jrefrmhtrsdK;om;wyfrawmf}uD;udk wnfaxmifEdkifcJh+yD? usaemfwdk@. vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyJG aemufqHk;atmifyJGtwGuf vufeufudkif wyf}uD; xlaxmifrd=u+yD; r=umrDatmifyJG&vdrfhrnf[k ar#mfrSef;+yD; usaemfwdk@rsm;pGm =unfEl;tm;wufrd=uonf?

10? aemufxdkae@tcrf;tem;yJG}uD;rSm usaemfwkd@tm;vHk; 0rf;ajrmuf&$ifvef;wufºupGm qifE$J=uonf? xdktcrf;tem; jrifuGif;udkusaemf@aqmif;ygwGif =unfEl;pGma&;om;xm;yHkrSm æ

11? xdktcrf;tem;wGif usaemfrSwfrdaeaom jrifuGif;wckrSm wufa&muf=uaom ppfom;opfy&dowfrsm;xJrS tcsdK@rSm aomuf=upm;=u/ u=uckef=u tvGefaysmf&$ifae=uonf? vltkyfwtkyfonf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; 0dkif;Ixrf;=u+yD; u=uckef=u .? ajr�mufvdkufcsvdkuf vkyfae=uonf? AdkvfcsKyfrSmvnf; vltkyf}uD;ay:wGif ajrmufvdkufusvdkuf jzpfae.?

12? aemufae@up+yD; wyfwcsdK@pwif+yD; ppfxGuf=uawmh.?rSwfcsuf? ? txufygbDtdkifatwyfrawmf zJG@pnf;jcif;ESifh usrf;opPmcH,lyJGae@udk xdkpOfu usaemfwdk@q&mwa,muf �tDZkrd,�a&;aomrDemrDuDuefpmtkyf jrefrmjyefpmrsufESm 95 ESifh 104 wGif 28³12³41 [kazmfjyxm;onf? wyfrawmfordkif;rSwfwrf; (1) ed'gef;wGif 27³12³41[kqdkonf? usaemfwdk@ pJGrSwfaeonfh ae@onf 26³12³41 omjzpfonf?

bDtdkifatwyfzJG@+yD;aemuf &JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifrsm;onf Adkvftrnfrsm;odk@ ajymif;vdkufonf? xdkpOfbDtdkifatzJG@&mwGif ppfaoemywdcsKyftjzpf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;Adkvfrdk;óu; (Adkvfr�;}uD;qlZluD;) uwm0ef,l+yD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u ppfOD;pD;r�;tjzpf wm0ef,l=uonf?

(13)

usaemfwkd@&JabmfoHk;usdyf 1941 ckESpf [dkifeefu|ef;wGif *syefppfynmoifpOfu jrif;pD;oifjcif;ESifh a&ul;oifjcif;ta=umif;wdk@udkrSwfrdIa&;&ygrnf?

usaemfwdk@udk jrif;pD;oif&ef *syefpD;jrif;}uD; ESpfaumifoHk;aumifudk [dkifeefu|ef; usaemfwdk@ ppfwef;vsm;odk@ um;}uD;rsm;ESifh o,f,lvm=u+yD; ,m,Djrif;aZmif;wGif xm;ygonf? jrif;}uD;rsm;rSm a=umufrufzG,f w0kef;0kef;jzifh jrif;aZmif;uav;xJwGif ntcgv_yf&Sm;aeoHudk=um;ae&ayonf?

xdkn tdyf&m0ifcgeD; wef;pD&mwGif *syefrsm;u usaemfwdk@txJu jrif;pD;zl;olrsm; &Sdygovm;/ &Sd&ifa&S@ajcwvSrf;wuf=uzdk@ ajym&musaemfwdk@txJu wa,mufESpfa,muf xGuf&yfygonf? jrif;pD;zl;oltvGefenf; aeojzifh usaemfvJ rcHcsifI a&S@odk@wvSrf; wuf+yD; &yfvdkufygonf?

aemufae@ppfa&;jyuGif;wGif jrif;rsm;udkqJGvm+yD; yxrjrif;pD;zl;olrsm;udk t&ifoifygonf? usaem@fudkoif=um;&rnfhtvSnfhwGifjrif;}uD;ay:odk@ usaemfhudkwufapygonf? jrif;ay:wufuwnf;u usaemfjrif;rpD;wwfonfudk *syefq&modEdkifayonf?

*syefq&mu a&S@ujrif;pD;+yD;oGm;&m usaemfuvnf; jrif;pD;+yD; aemufuvdkufonf? omref±dk;±dk;oGm;jcif;jzpfI usaemf tcuftcJr&SdvSbJ aemufupD;+yD; vdkufEdkifayonf? rDwm 40 avmufoGm;+yD;aemuf a&S@u*syefq&mu ol@jrif;udk Armtac: oHk;acsmif;axmuftom;ustajy;pD;vdkuf&m usaemfhjrif;vnf; oHk;acsmif;axmuf taES;ajy;vdkufygawmhonf? usaemhfrSm jrif;udk Todk@oHk;acsmif;axmuftaES;ajy; wcgrSrpD;zl;ojzifh usaemfhcg;ESifhwifyqHkrSm tvdkufoifhºu+yD; ray;wwfbJ cg;ESifhwifyqHkrSm aqmifhumaqmifhumjzifh usaemfjrif;ay:wGif �,drf;�,dkifjzpfvm+yD; vlrxdef;EdkifawmhbJ xdk;usoGm;ygawmhonf? teD;u*syefESifh &Jabmfrsm;ajy;vm=u+yD; usaemfhudkqJGxl=uonf?

usaemfhrSm uHtm;avsmfpGmbmrS xdcdkufemusifr_r&SdbJ rwfwyf&yfvdkufEdkifygonf? xkdc%twGif; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;vnf; usaemfhteD;a&mufvm+yD; cifAsm;jrif;pD;zl;wm[kwf&J@vm;/ b,fwkef;u pD;zl;wmvJ[k ar;ygonf? usaemfu usaemfjrif;pD;zl;wm usaemfhudk&Sifðywkef;upD;zl;wm[k jyefajymaomtcg AdkvfcsKyfrsufESm wrsdK;ajymif;oGm;+yD; [mcifAsm;rcHcsifwmeJ@ pGef@pm;r_udk t&rf;rvkyfoifhbl;? rawmfwqusdK;yJhoGm;&if b,fhES,fvkyfrvJ[k usaemfhudkjypfwifa0zefoGm;onf?

aemuf*syefrsm;u usaemfwdk@udk a&ul;oif&mwGifvnf; [dkifeefu|ef;yifv,furf;pyfudk usaemfwdk@udkac:oGm;+yD; t0wftpm;qdkvdk@abmif;bDwdkom0wfap+yD; a&ul;&mwGif vufESifhajcaxmufawG b,fvdkv_yf&Sm;&onfwdk@udk &Sif;vif;ajymjy+yD; *syefwOD;u urf;ay:rSa&xJckefcs+yD; a&ul;yHkudkjyoygonf? aemufusaemfwdk@xJu wa,mufESpfa,mufpDudkvnf; yifv,fxJ ckefcscdkif;+yD; xdk*syefq&ma&ul;wmaemufuvdkuf+yD;ul;apygonf? usaemfwdk@vnf;a=umufa=umuf&GGH@&G@HESifh ckefcs+yD; jzpfuwwfqef; t&rf;ul;cwf=u&m vufyef;us+yD; armyef;vmrS ab;u*syefq&mu vufwJG+yD; usaemfwdk@udk qJGac:vmygonf? b,fvdkul;cwf&rnfudk oif=um;ygonf? Todk@jzifh ESpf&ufoHk;&ufoif=um;vm&m usaemfwdk@ rDwm 4-5 q,favmuf ul;wwfvmrS a&ul;jcif; &yfpJygawmhonf?

(14)

wrmZmwdkòr@wGif usefaeaom usaemfwdk@&JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifrsm;udk wumtdkqdyfurf;rS oabFmjzifh befaumufòr@odk@ apv$wfonf?usaemfwdk@&JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifrsm; wumtdkqdyfurf;odk@ a&muf&Sdaeaom 1941 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 7 &ufae@wGif *syefu ykvJqdyfurf;udkAHk;}uJwdkufcdkuf+yD; t*FvdyfESifh tar&duefwdk@udk ppfa=unma=umif; =um;od&.?

30

usaemfwdk@&JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifrsm; oabFmay:a&mufaomtcg *syef=unf;wyft&m&SdwOD; a&mufvm+yD; usaemfwdk@tm; *syefbmomjzifh a&;xm;aom pmcsKyfwckudk jyoonf? xdkpmcsKyfwGif *syefwdk@ weoFm&Dodrf;+yD;ygu *syefonf ArmjynfvGwfvyf a&; a=unmay;rnf[kyg&Sdonf? aemufjrefrmjynfwGif;odk@ &JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifrsm;tm; jyefv$wfa&;tpDtpOfrsm; a&;qJGxm;a=umif; usaemfwdk@udk &Sif;vif;ajymjyonf?

&JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifrsm; wumtdkqdyfurf;rS [EGdKif;òr@odk@ oabFmjzifhoGm;a&muf+yD; [EGdKif;rSwzef aq;*kHodk@a&muf=uonf? ocifatmifqef;vnf; aq;*Hkòr@odk@ 1941 'DZifbm 6&ufae@uyif a&muf&Sdaeonf?

xdktwGif; *syefESifhxdkif;EdkifiHwdk@ r[mrdwfpmcsKyfcsKyf&ef pdkif;jyif;=uonf? yxr xdkif;ujiif;qefaeojzifh *syefESifhxdkif;acwW ppfwdkufvdkuf=uao;onf? aemufxdkif;u oabmwlojzifh �ESpfEdkifiH r[mrdwfpmcsKyfudk 1941 ckESpf 'DZifbm 21 &ufrSm vufrSwfxdk;=uonf?

xdk@a=umifh aq;*HkwGifa&mufaeaom &JabmfoHk;usdyf0if usaemfwdk@onf xdkif;rSwqifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif; csDwuf0ifa&muf+yD; t*Fvdyfudkwdkuf&ef befaumufodk@ wokwf+yD;wokwf a&mufvmawmh.?

&JabmfoHk;usdyfwdk@u befaumufòr@&Sd +Adwdo#bdkeD,dkukr`%D taqmuftODwGif ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf ppfXmecsKyfudk zGifhvSpfxm;onf?

usaemfwdk@wawG ArmjynfwGif;0if+yD; t*Fvdyfwdk@ESifh vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyJG qifEGJzdk@ pDpOfpdkif;jyif;aeonfhenf;wl *syefbk&ifh ppfXmecsKyfonfvnf; ypdzdwfppfyJG}uD;udk ppfa=unmwkdufcdkuf+yD; jrefrmEdkifiHtygt0if ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;udk 0ifa&muf wdkufcdkufodrf;ydkuf&efpDrHcsrSwfxm;+yD; jzpfav+yD?

*syefwdk@pDrHudef;rSm 3 qifh jzpfonf? yxrtqifhrSm *syefwdk@u jrefrmjynfawmifydkif; 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkuf&ef? 'kwd, tqifhu*syefwdk@u jrefrmjynf&efukefòr@udk odrf;ydkufjcif;jzifh +Adwdo#wdk@ESifh w±kwfcsefau&Sdwftpdk;&. qufoG,fr_udk jzwfawmuf &ef? wwd,tm;jzifhjrefrmjynf&Sd +Adwdo#wyfrsm;udk acsr_ef;+yD;aemuf w±kwfjynfESifh tdEdN,jynfodk@ qufvufcsDwuf wdkufcdkuf&efwdk@ jzpfonf?

xdk@a=umifh ocifatmifqef;onf *syefrsm;u jrefrmjynfudk0ifwdkufrnfh tE W&m,frSm rv$Jra&Smifom ñuHawG@=u& awmhrnfjzpfaoma=umifh jrefrmjynfwGif;&Sd e,fcsJ@t*Fvdyfqef@usifa&; ajratmufawmfvSefa&; &Jabmfrsm;xH *syef.tultnDudk csnfh tm;rudk;&efbefaumufòr@rS pma&;ta=umif;=um;+yD; owday;cJhonf? xdk@jyif&JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifxJrS udkvSarmif (AdkvfaZ,s) ESifh ocifxGef;cif (AdkvfjrifhaqG)wdk@udk jrefrmjynfwGif;odk@ óuwifapv$wfI e,fcsJ@t*FvdyfawmfvSefa&;twGuf jyifqifr_vkyfief;rsm;udk pnf;±Hk;aqmif&Gufap+yD; wcsdefwnf;rSmyif *syefqef@usifa&; vkyfief;rsm;twGufyg pnf;±Hk;jyifqifa&; vkyfief;rsm;aqmif&Gufxm;&ef !¸ef=um;vdkufonf?

ocifatmifqef;. &nf&G,fcsufrSm e,fcsJ@t*Fvdyfwyfrsm;udk acsr_ef;wdkufcdkuf+yD;aomtcg *syefwyfrsm;udk vGwfvyfaomjrefrmEdkifiHtjzpfESifh &ifqdkifEdkif&ef jzpfonf? tu,fI ,if;tpDtpOftwdkif; ratmifjrifygu ajratmufawmfvSefa&; tiftm;pk rsm;ESifhjynfolvlxk w&yfvHk;onf *syefujrefrmjynfwjynfvHk;odrf;ydkufjc,fvS,frnfh ta&;udk tHkºuqef@usif&efESifh ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfu*syefudkygqufvuf awmfvSefwkdufyGJ0if&ef jzpfavonf?

1941 ukef 1942 qef;avmufwGif &JabmfoHk;usdyfwdk@onf [dkifeefu|ef;wGif *syefrsm;xHrS ppfynmrsm;oif=u+yD;aemufxdkif;EdkifiHodk@oGm;=u+yD; ArmjynfwGif t*Fvdyfwdk@udkwdkufcdkuf&ef ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf B.I.A zGJ@pnf;+yD; ppfom;pkaqmif; =uonf?Armrsm;/ xdkif;rsm;/ &Srf;rsm;/ &Srf;xdkif;rsm; ponfwdk@udk t*Fvdyfqef@usifa&;a[majym+yD; ppfom;pkaqmif;=uonf?

xdkppfom;opfrsm;tm; usaemfAdkvfausmfaZmudktyf+yD; ppfom;opfavhusifha&;pcef;zGifh+yD; 2 vr# ppfavhusifha&; ppfynmoif=um;ay;&ef wm0efay;cdkif;ojzifh usaemfuxdk �&m� tcsKd@&Sdaom ppfom;opfawGudk ppfynmoif=um;ay;&onf? ppfwyfpnf;urf;xdef;&efppfOya'ynmudk &uftenf;i,ftwGif; oif=um;ay;+yD; t"duaoewfcsdef&G,fypfcwfenf;udkvnf;aumif;/ rDwm 30 r#ajy;wufvdkuf/&yf+yD;tm;vsm;arSmuf csdef&G,fypfcwfenf; udk,fpDwdkufyGJudkvnf;aumif;/ ntcgcsDwufv_yf&Sm;aom nwdkufyGJenf;rsm;udk tusOf;±Hk;+yD;oif=um;ay;onf?

xdkavhusifhay;+yD; ppfom;opfrsm;udk ArmjynfwGif; csDwuf0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufrnfh wyfzGJ@rsm;odk@ cGJa0ay;&onf?xdkodk@ppfom;opfrsm;cGJa0ay;+yD; aemufqHk;wyfom;opf (40) r#usef&m xdkwyfudkusaemfhwyftjzpf zJG@pnf;&awmhonf? xdkwyf

om;opf 40 xJwGifta&;ygaom vl 3 OD;yg0ifaeonf? yxrwOD;rSm jrefrmvlrsKd; AdkvftkH;cdkif qdkoljzpfonf? usaemfhxuf toufenf;enf;}uD;yHk&onf? �.zcifrSm jrefrmrsKd;cspf}uD; jzpfonf? rlvuArmjynfa&$usife,frSm aexdkifcJh&mrS t*FvdyfatmufwGif raevdkojzifhxdkif;EdkifiHodk@ tdrfaxmifygajymif;a&$@aexdkifaejcif; jzpfonf? tawmftwefcsrf;omºu,f0ol jzpfonf? xdkif;EdkifiHwGif &JabmfoHk;usdyfut*FvdyfawmfvSef wdkufcdkufa&; ppfom;pkaqmif;aomtcg olyg0ifvm+yD; ppfom;pkaqmif;a&;udk tm;wufoa&m ulnDvkyfaqmifay;onf?aemufwyfzGJ@rsm; Armjynfodk@ csDwuf=uaomtcg ol.wOD;wnf;aomom; AdkvftHk;cdkif udk ighom; igwdk@[m t*FvdyfawmfvSefwdkufcdkufa&;udkwoufvHk; }uHpnfpdwful;cJholrsm; jzpfonf? ,ck 'DtcGifhta&;}uD;&vm+yD iguawmhtouf}uD;+yD ighom;u t*Fvdyfwdkufa&;wm0efqufxrf;ayawmh[kajym+yD; AdkvftHk;cdkifudk usaemfwdk@wyfwGif; xnfhvdkufayonf? Todk@jzifh AdkvftHk;cdkifusaemfh wyfxJygvm+yD; usaemfuvufaxmufwyfr�; wa,muftjzpf cef@xm;onf? aemifusaemfwdk@ rsm;pGmtm;udk;&aomwyfr�; jzpfvmonf? ppfynmqdkI usaemfhppfom;opfppfynm 2 v oifwef;avmufom wufcJhzl;onf? odk@aomfolonf ol@rdbvufatmufwGif opfawmvkyfief;rsm;vkyfcJhojzifhppfcsDwuf&mwGif rsm;pGmtusKd;&SdcJhonf?

usaemfhwyfwGif aemufwa,mufrSm xdkif;wGifudk,fydkifpD;yGm;a&; usyef;vkyfudkifaeaom AdkvfvSazqdkol Armwa,muf jzpfonf?olonf AdkvftHk;cdkifvdk rsKd;cspfpdwf EdkifiHa&;jzifh wyfxJ0ifcJholr[kwf? b0tcGifhtvrf;t& 0ifa&mufvmoljzpfonf? odk@aomfolESifh AdkvftHk;cdkifwdk@rSm vl*k%fwef (vluHkxH) rsm;jzpf=uI vufaxmufwyfr�;ay;xm;onf?

31

aemufwwd,wa,muf usaemfhwyfom;wa,mufrSm usaemf,cktxdemrnfrSwfrdaeaom udkxGef;wif[laom xdkif;wGif aexdkifaom jrefrmvli,fjzpfonf? �rSm Armpum;/ xdkif;pum; 2 rsKd;vHk; aumif;pGmwwfojzifh usaemfhudk,f&H&Jabmftjzpf usaemfhteD;ac:,lxm;onf? �onf usaemfhudk,f&H&Jabmfjzpfvmojzifh rsm;pGmpdwftm;wufºu+yD; usaemfhudkrsm;pGm *±kðyvkyfudkifaqmif&Guf apmifha&Smufay;onf? aemif �.aus;Zl; rsm;pGm}uD;rm;vSayonf?

usaemfhwyfcJGrSm rlvu vl (40) r#om&Sd&mrS AdkvftHk;cdkif pkaqmif;ay;aom ppfom;rsm;jzifh vl (100) ausmf jzpfvmayonf?

(15)

usaemfwdk@bDtdkifatwyfzGJ@rsm;onf ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJtwGuf 1942 ckESpfqef;wGif ArmjynftwGif;odk@ armfvòrifppfa=umif;/xm;0,fppfa=umif;/ a&a=umif;csDppfa=umif;/ twGif;olykefwyfzGJ@ppfa=umif;/ ppfonfppfa=umif;rsm;zGJ@+yD; csDwuf0ifa&mufonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. A[dkXmecsKyfvnf; 0ifa&mufoGm;+yDjzpfonf?

usaemfhwyfcGJom aemufcHwyftjzpf aemufqHk;rS ArmjynfwGif; 0ifa&muf&ayonf?xdkif;EdkifiHrS 3 - 4 &ufc&D; ArmjynfwGif;0if+yD;aemufwae@wGif usaemfhudk,f&H&Jabmf udkxGef;wifu usaemfhudk txl;owif;wck

ajymvdkI[kqdk+yD; vl&Sif;aomwae&mac:oGm;+yD; ajymonfrSm usaemfhwyfzGJ@rS vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm;u odu|rf;aom xdkif;vlrsKd;wyfpkr�;onfusaemfhwyfrS tjcm;xdkif;&Srf;ujym;vlrsKd; wyfpkr�;wa,mufESifh wdkifyifaqG;aEG;aeaom pum;rsm;udk ol=um;odor# jyefajymjyygonf?

xdkif;vlrsKd;wyfpkr�;u ajymwmu vuf&SdwyfzGJ@wGif OD;pD;aeaomwyfr�; (usaemfAdkvfausmfaZm) [m jrefrmvli,fuav; cyfydefydefav;omjzpfonf? igwdk@oludkvkyf}uH+yD; 'DwyfudktydkifpD;um 'De,fpyfa'orSm vk,ufwdkufcdkuf pm;aomuf&aomf igwdk@rsm;pGm csrf;om}uD;yGm;vmrnf[k }uHpnfajymqdkae=uyHkudk ajymjyygonf? usaemfhrSm xdkpOfu e,fcsJ@awmfvSefa&;pdwf"mwf rsm;pGmwif;rmaeojzifh xdkpum;=um;&aomtcg rsm;pGmpdwfqdk;a'goxGufrdonf? aemufrS rdrdwyfzGJ@wGif jrefrmvlrsKd;u tenf;pkuav;omjzpfojzifh xdkudpPynmowdjzifhajz&Sif;&rnf[k em;vnfvm+yD; usaemfhudk,f&Hudk aus;Zl;wif0rf;ajrmufa=umif; vufqGJcsD;usL;vdkuf+yD; quf+yD;rodrom axmufvSrf;oGm;&efajymum vlcsif;cGJvdkufonf?

usaemfhwyfzGJ@wGif vufeuftydktopf 1 'gZifr#vnf; aowWm 2 vHk;ESifhxnfh+yD; o,f,lvm=uonf? aemufwyfwdk;csJ@aomtcgoHk;&efjzpfonf? xdkvufeufrsm;udkyg olwdk@vdkcsifaeyHk&onf?

usaemfonf xdkudpPrqdkif;rwG rdrduvufOD;atmifvkyfrS jzpfrnf,lq+yD; xdkwyfpkr�; 2 OD;udk aemufae@wGif zrf;qD;vdkufonf?rdrdwyfzGJ@udk ykefuef&ef}uHpnfI jzpfonf[kvnf; a=unmvdkufonf?

aemufae@wyfcsDwufI naec&D;qHk;cgeD; opfyifESpfyifudk usaemfhudk,f&H &Jabmftm;jyxm;+yD; nusv#if zrf;xm;olawGudk csnfaESmifxm;&eftwGuf[k rSmxm;ygonf?

xdknOD;ydkif;wGif zrf;xm;aomwyfpkr�; (2) a,mufudk vkyf}uHowfjzwfypf&ef pDrHðyvkyfxm;.? xdk (2) OD;u wyfwGif;ykefuef&ef}uHpnfojzifh igwdk@wyfrS vHk;0xkwfypf+yD; teD;qHk;xdkif;&Gmw&Gmodk@ ydk@xm;cJhrnf[k a=unm+yD; nOD;ydkif;wGif xdkif;&Gmw&Gmodk@ jyefydk@&eftpDtpOfjzifh aemufydkif;odk@ tcsKyfjzifhjyefac:oGm;apygonf? usaemfESifhusaemfhwyfrS wyfr�;wcsKd@u aemufydkif;rvSrf;rurf; tuGmrS wdwfwqdwfarSmifxJrS vdkufoGm;cJhygonf?

tcsKyfESifhac:oGm;olwdk@rSm usaemfpDpOfxm;onfhtwdkif; vrf;c&D;opfyif (2) yifodk@a&mufaomtcg xdkn'DrSmyJ acwWtdyfem;rnfqdk+yD; wyfpkr�; (2) OD;udk usaemfnaeujyxm;aom opfyif 2 yifwGifuyf+yD; óu;jzifhcsnfaESmifapum tdyfzdk@vkyf=uygonf?

xdkpOftwGif; aemufuvdkufvmaomusaemfu olwdk@vufqGJrD;tdrf rD;a&miftwGif; 0ifa&mufvdkuf&m tusOf;om; (2) a,[email protected]=urRmudk&dyfrd+yD; pdk;&drfa=umuf&GH@pGm atmf[pf=uygawmhonf?

usaemfu rSeftdrfrD;a&mifatmufwGif olwdk@tm; ao'%fay;aomtrdef@pmudk zwfjyygonf? �oifwdk@onf wyfrawmfudk ykefuefopPmazmuf&ef vkyfudkif=uonf? TonfrSm jrefrmjynfolwdk@. ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmóu;pm;cJhaom t*Fvdyfwdk@atmufrS vGwfajrmufa&;/ t*FvdyfawmfvSefa&;}uD;udk yxrqHk;opPmazmufvdkuf&m usayonf? oifwdk@ (2) a,mufudk ArmhawmfvSefa&;aumifpDudk,fpm; u|Ekfyfu ao'%fay;vdkufonf?� [kqdk+yD; usaemfESifhygvmaom usaemfhwyfr�;rsm;a&S@arSmufwGif tapmihf&Jabmfwa,mufxHrS vSHpGyfwyfxm;aom aoewfwvufudk qGJ,lvdkuf+yD; a'goESifhusaemfatmf[pf+yD;ajy;I wyfpkr�;yxracgif;aqmifudk vSHpGyfjzifh 2 csuf 3 csuf qifhxdk;+yD; owfjzwfvdkufonf?

TwGif �yxrwyfpkr�;aysmhtd+yD; opfyifwGifuyfvsuf wGJavmif;usoGm;awmhrS reD;ra0;&Sdatmf[pfaeaom 'kwd,wyfpkr�;&Sd&mudk usaemfxyfoGm;+yD; vSHpGyfxdk;owfjzwfvdkufygonf? owf+yD;ol@tavmif;udk teD;&Sda&ajrmif;wckxJ qGJ,lypfcsapygonf?

yxrwyfpkr�;tavmif;udkvnf; tvm;wlopfyifrScGm,l+yD; a&ajrmif;xJypfcs&efoGm;&m xdkwyfpkr�;rSm opfyifwGif r&SdawmhbJol@udk csnfxm;aomóu;om wGJavmif;usefaeygonf?

TwGifusaemfonf tenf;i,fvef@jzef@oGm;+yD; xdkvGwfoGm;aom wyfpkr�;udk em&D0ufcef@ teD;w0dkufwGif &SmazG=uaomfvnf;rawG@&awmhyg?

xdkwyfpkr�;rSm vSHpGyf'%f&mjzifhaysmhusoGm;pOfcsnfxm;aom tkef;qHóu;&SnfxGufvm+yD; óu;uGif;&Snfjzpfvm&mrS arsmaeaomwyfpkr�; owd&+yD; óu;uGif;rS v#KdxGuf+yD; aoG;±l;aoG;wef; xGufajy;oGm;yHk&onf?

usaemfwdk@onf xdkwyfpkr�; wae&mwGifaoEdkifonf[k ,lq+yD; usaemf. ao'%ftrdef@udkxyf+yD;zwfjyvdkufum wyfzGJodk@jyefvm=uonf?

32

aemufwae@ wyfqufvufc&D;csDwuf+yD; naeem;+yD;I npmpm;=u&mwGif usaemfhwyfr�;i,frsm; cgwdkif;vdk usaemfwdk@xrif;0dkif;odk@0ifrpm;=uwmawG@&ojzifh usaemfu olwdk@b,frSmpm;=uovJar;jref;awmhrS AdkvfvSazu olwdk@wyfr�;}uD; Adkvf}uD;udka=umuf&G@Hojzifhxrif;twl rpm;&JawmhbJ wae&mrSm pm;=uwmyg[k ajymonf?

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usaemfonf jzpfysufcJhaom ao'%fay;vdkufaom wyfpkr�;(2) OD;. tjzpftysufudk Adkvfp}umtm;ajymjy&m Adkvfp=umuxdkxGufajy;ol wyfpkr�;[m rkcsyifaoqHk;&rnf/ aoG;±l;aoG;wef;xGufajy;&mrS vJòy+yD;jyefrxEdkifbJ aoqHk;&rnf[k ajymygonf? Adkvfp=umrSmaq;ausmif;om; q&m0efavmif;wOD;jzpfI usaemfvJ ydkrdk,Hk=unfrdygonf?

usaemfwdk@qufvufcsDwuf=u&m ArmjynftwGif;ydkif; oHvGifjrpfta&S@bufa&mufvm=u.? usaemfwdk@. a&S@buf rvSrf;rurf;wGif t*Fvdyfwdk@. wyfzGJ@wcka&mufaea=umif; &Gmom;rsm;u wqifhod=u&m usaemfwdk@ursm;pGm wdkufcdkufvdkI tjrefvdkuf=uonf?t*FvdyfwyfrSm usaemfwdk@wyfzGJ@owif;=um;um a=umuf&G@Hojzifh twif;qkwfcGm+yD; ArmjynftwGif;ydkif;odk@ jyefajy;wmjrefqefojzifh rrDvdkufI rwdkufvdkuf&yg?

rwdkufvdkuf&aomfvnf; usaemfwdk@wyfzGJ@rSm pdwftm;wufºuvsuf &Sdygawmhonf? usaemfwdk@wyfzGJ@rS vlrsm;u usaemfwdk@udkvlyifi,faomfvnf; &JpGrf;owWd&Sdaom awmfvSefa&;wyfr�;rsm; jzpfonf? ppfynmvnf;wwfolawG/ rsKd;cspfyk*~dKvfawG/ aorSmra=umufaomawmfvSefa&;orm;}uD;awG[k ,Hk=unf,lq+yD; av;pm;todtrSwfðyjcif; cHvm&onf?

Adkvfp=umu cifAsm;wdk@wyfzGJ@[m rae@ut*Fvdyfwdk@. wyfESifhrwdkufvdkuf&aomfvnf; wu,fwdkufrnfhyHko¿mef tjrefjyifqifvdkuf&ojzifh rsm;pGmtawG@tñuH&SdoGm;+yD[k ajymygonf?

usaemfwk@dwyfzGJ@onf zmyGefatmufrS wjznf;jznf; ArmjynfwGif;odk@csDwufvm&m aemufqHk;ppfawmif;jrpf urf;ay:&Sd�uGif;qdyf�[laom jrefrm&Gm}uD;odk@ qdkufa&mufygonf? yxrqHk;awG@&aom jrefrm&Gm}uD; jzpfojzifh usaemfwdk@ rsm;pGmaysmf&$if =uygonf?&Gmom;rsm;uvnf; aumif;pGmóuqdk csufðywfau|;arG;=uygonf? tcsKd@vnf; usaemfwdk@wyfodk@ wyfom;tjzpf0ifa&muf=uygonf? usaemfwdk@xdkjrefrm&Gm}uD;wGif w&ufr#tem;,l=uygonf? t*Fvdyfwyfrsm;vnf; ArmjynfrS txufArmjynfESifh tdEdN,jynfbufodk@ qkwfcGmae=uonf?

usaemfwdk@wyfzGJ@ aemufae@wGif yJcl;òr@buf qufvufcsDwuf&m aemufae@wGif yJcl; rE Wav;um;vrf;ay:&Sd �wmqHk� [laom&Gm}uD;odk@ qdkufa&muf+yD; yJcl;odk@ qufvufcsDwuf =uygonf?

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usaemfwdk@wyfzGJ@ yJcl;wGifntdyf+yD; aemufae@qufvuf+yD; ajcvsifcsDwufygonf? xdktcsdefArmjynfwGif ppfjzpfaeI armfawmfum;rsm; ajy;qGJjcif;rsm;r&Sdoavmuf jzpfaeygonf? usaemfrSwfrdonfrSm vrf;wGif �vSnf;ul;� [laom aus;vufòr@uav;wGif usaemfwdk@wyfzGJ@udk vlxkuóuqdkcsufðywf au|;arG;=ujcif; jzpfygonf?

usaemfwdk@aemufae@ �vSnf;ul;�rS &efukefòr@odk@ qufvufcsDwuf=uygonf? aemufqHk;usaemfwdk@ &efukefa&muf+yD; uefawmf}uD;�bkwfuvyf� wGif usaemfwdk@wyfzGJ@ wyfpGJygawmhonf? &efukefwGif vlodyfr&Sd usdK;wdk;usJwJ om&Sdygonf?

usaemfrSwfrdwmwckrSm usaemfwdk@ �v� tcsKd@&ufaygif;rsm;pGm ajr}uD;ay:wGif tdyfcJh&+yD; &efukefbkwfuvyf a&mufrS ckwifrsm;ESifhoef@oef@&Sif;&Sif;tdyf&aomtcg rtdyfwwfovdkjzpfaewm rSwfrdaeygonf? usaemfh&Jabmfrsm;u bkwfuvyfxJ 0if&Sm=u azG=u+yD;awG@vmonfh ckwifESifharG@&mrsm;udk,lvm+yD; usaemfhtwGuf cif;usif;ay;jcif; jzpfygonf? wcsKd@&Jabmfrsm;rSm t*Fvdyfrrsm;0wfonfh *g0ef&Snf}uD;rsm;/ iSufarG;eJ@OD;xkyfrsm; pwmawG &SmazGawG@&Sdum 0wfqifvmwmrsm;vJ&SdSI idktm;xuf &,ftm;oef&ygonf? t*Fvdyfrsm;u rqkwfcGmcif bkwfuvyfteD; uefawmf}uD;xJrSm cs+yD;0Sufxm;onfh t&uftaumif;pm;rsm; wcsKd@u&SmawG@+yD; rl;,pfaomufpm;=uwmvJ rSwfrdaeygonf? wcsKd@&Jabmfrsm;u wd&p>mef±HkxJu wd&p>mefrsm;udkoGm;a&muf ypfcwf,laqmifvm+yD; [if;csufpm;=uwmvJ&Sdygonf?

usaemfwdk@ ArmjynfrS 1941 ckESpf tv,favmufu *syefodk@ ppfynmoifoGm;cJh&m 1942 ckESpfwGif Armjynfodk@ raoraysmufrxdrcdkufESifh aumif;pGm jyefa&mufvm+yDjzpfvdk@vnf; tvGef0rf;omaerdygonf? ?tydkif; (1) +yD;?

1

Adkvfr�;csKyfa[mif;ausmfaZm tw�KywWdAdkvfr�;csKyfa[mif;ausmfaZm tw�KywWdAdkvfr�;csKyfa[mif;ausmfaZm tw�KywWdAdkvfr�;csKyfa[mif;ausmfaZm tw�KywWdAdkvfr�;csKyfa[mif;ausmfaZm tw�KywWd'kwd,ydkif;'kwd,ydkif;'kwd,ydkif;'kwd,ydkif;'kwd,ydkif;

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(16)(16)(16)(16)(16)&efukefwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u bDtdkifatwyfrawmfudk jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;ygonf? bDtdkifat wyfr (1) udk Adkvfr�;}uD;aZ,sudk OD;pD;

apIvnf;aumif;/ wyfr (2) udk Adkvfr�;}uD;ae0if;udk OD;pD;apIvnf;aumif;/ wyfr (2) wyfzGJ@+yD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. A[dkXmecsKyfu OD;pD;+yD;txufArmjynfodk@ qkwfcGmxGufajy;aeaom t*Fvdyfwyfrsm;udk *syefppfwyfESifh yl;aygif;+yD; vdkufIwdkufrnf? &efukefwGif usaemf.wyfomcsefxm;+yD; atmufArmjynf bDtdkifatwyfzGJ@rsm;udk tkyfcsKyfxdef;odrf;&efESifh &efukefwGif usaemfu Adkvfoifwef;wckzGifh+yD; ppfAdkvfavmif;rsm;udkoifwef;ay;I aemifwyfopfrsm; zGJ@&mwGif Adkvfavmif;rsm;&&Sdatmif pkaqmif;xm;&ef wm0efay;ygonf?

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh bDtdkifatwyfzGJ@rsm; Adkvfr�;}uD;aZ,sESifh Adkvfr�;}uD;ae0if;wdk@ OD;pD;aomwyfr (2) wyfwdk@ txufArmjynfodk@t*Fvdyfwyfrsm;aemufodk@ vdkufwdkuf&ef csDwuf=uygonf?

usaemfonf usaemfhwyfudk &efukefòr@=unfjrifwdkifvHkðcHa&;udk umuG,f&ef wyfpGJ&ygonf? atmufArmjynf bDtdkifat±Hk;udk &efukefwGifzGifhvSpf+yD; wzufu a*:&mukef;wGif Adkvfoifwef;zGifh+yD; oif=um;&ygonf? xdktcsdef *syefAdkvfrdk;óu; (qlZluD;) wdk@vnf; &efukefwGif &Sdaeygonf?

xdktcsdefu usaemftvkyf tvGefrsm;ygonf? eHeufydkif;wGif ppfAdkvfavmif;oifwef;wGif udk,fwdkifoifwef;ay;+yD; ae@vnfESifh naewGifatmufArmjynf bDtdkifatwyfrsm; tkyfcsKyfa&;wm0efudk bDtdkifat±Hk;zGJ@+yD; vkyfudkif&onf? ntcgwGif aemufae@ Adkvfoifwef;wGifoif&efrSwfpkrsm; jyifqif&jcif;ESifh tvkyfaºu;rsm;udk vkyf&jcif;jzifh rtm;rvyfwm0efawG rsm;jym;vSygonf?

xdkumvtwGif;rSm atmufArmjynf jrpf0u|ef;ay:a'owGif bDtdkifatwyfrsm;u u&ifrsm;udk owfjzwfjcif;qdkwJh udpPjzpfay:vmcJhygonf? xdkudpP usaemfrSwfrdoavmuf ,ckjyef+yD;a&;om;ygrnf?

'DudpPwGif usaemfAdkvfausmfaZm wm0efruif;cJhyg? jzpfyGm;wJhae&m[m Armjynfawmifydkif; {&m0wDjrpf0u|ef;ay: ajrmif;jrc±dkiftwGif;jzpfonf? umvu 1942 ckESpf tv,favmufrSm jzpf+yD; t*Fvdyfwyfrsm;u *syefwyfESifh bDtdkifat wyfwdk@&J@ xdk;ppfa=umifh tdEdN,odk@tjyif;qkwfcGmaecsdef jzpfygonf? �wdk@u olwdk@&J@qkwfcGmr_udk taxmuftulðyap&ef 0g'jzef@cJhwmu wdk@rwwfomvdk@ qkwfcGm&w,f? (3)vtwGif; jyefvm=ur,f? 'DtwGif; rif;wdk@*syefudk wwfEdkifoavmuf qef@usifwdkufcdkuf=u[k vH_@aqmfcJh=uonf? vufeufwcsKd@udkvJxkwfay;xm;cJhonf[k qdk=uygonf? xdk@a=umifh +Adwdo#wdk@udk vdkvm;tm;udk;=uaom u&iftrsKd;om; trsm;&Sd&m {&m0wDjrpf0u|ef;ay:rSmu&ifykefuefr_ pwifjzpfyGm;cJhonf? olykefacgif;aqmifu u&iftrsKd;om; a&$xGef;=um jzpfygonf?

xdkpOfu a&$xGef;=umwdk@ u&ifolykefwyfzGJ@[m vufeufudkif (100) cef@avmufom &Sdao;onf xifygonf? ajrmif;jròr@rSm *syefwyfr&Sdygbl;? a'ocHbDtdkifat wyfuav;om &Sdygonf? olwdk@u&ifolykefoGm;wdkuf&m rEdkifyg? Arm&GmwcsKd@vnf; twdkufcH&rSm a=umuf&GH@ae=uonf?aemufydkif; ajrmif;jròr@rSmyif jrefrmtrsm; u&ifvmwdkufrSm ylyefae=uonf? òr@ay:&Sd u&iftenf;pkuvnf; jrefrmawGu olwdk@udkvmwdkufrSmpdk;=uonf? ajrmif;jr bDtdkifat tkyfcsKyfa&;wm0efcHawGua&m ppfbufwm0efcHwdk@uyg usaemfhxHtultnD awmif;=uonf?

usaemfhrSmvnf; wyfr[mqdkayr,fh wyf&if; (Battalion) w&if;om &Sdonf? usaemfhwyf tm;vHk;eD;yg;rSmvnf; xdkif;e,fpyfuzGJ@vmonfh xdkif;&Srf;ESifh xdkif;ArmrsKd;qufawGjzpf+yD; jrefrmpum; tm;vHk;vdkvdk rwwf=u? wyfcGJr�;rsm;om jrefrmpum; wwf=uonf?wyfulv$wfoifh rv$wfoifh pOf;pm;aepOf xdkumvu usaemfh±Hk;udk r=umc% vmwwf+yD; usaemfhudk tultnDrsm;/ t}uH m%frsm; ay;aewwfonfh ocifAdkvfqdkaom ocifacgif;aqmifESifhawG@pOf xdkudpP wdkifyif=unfhawmh �'DwyfrsKd;awGrv$wfESifh 'DudpP+idrf;csrf;pGm ajz&Sif;wmaumif;w,f? &efukefo&ufawm bkef;}uD;ausmif;wdkufrSm u&ifbkef;}uD;OD;y¾0 qdkwm&Sdw,f? ol[m EdkifiHa&;vnf;em;vnf u&iftrsKd;om;vnf;jzpf+yD; u&ifawGtay:vnf; tawmf=oZm&Sdw,f? xdkq&mawmfudk umuG,fzdk@ wyfenf;enf;ay;+yD; xdka'otwGif; vSnfh+yD;+idrf;csrf;a&; w&m;a[majym em;cs&if +idrf;csrf;Edkifw,f� vdk@ t}uHðyygonf? xdkpOfocifacgif;aqmifrsm; axmifxJa&mufaeaomfvnf; ocifAdkvf[m eHrnfodyfr}uD;ao;vdk@ tjyifrSmusef&pf+yD; vkyfp&m&Sdwmvkyfae&mrSm usaemf wm0ef}uD;rSef;odvdk@ r=umc% tultnDawGay;aewm

2

jzpfygonf? (usaemf 1990 avmufrSm od&wmu ocifAdkvf[m 1939/ =o*kwfvrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDudk acgif;aqmif4 / 5 OD;ESifh pwifzGJ@pnf;&mrSm yg0ifcJhonfh yk*~dKvf jzpfygonf?)

usaemfonf usaemfhwyfrS oifhawmfrnfhwyfpk (vl oHk;q,fcef@) wpkudk qGJxkwf+yD; usaemf. Adkvfoifwef;rS tawmfrGef&nfaysmhaysmif;wJhwuUodkvfausmif;om;wOD;udk vufzwifeif Adkvf&mxl;ay;+yD; wyfpk. t}uD;tuJcef@um ocifAdkvf tpDtpOftwdkif; q&mawmfOD;y¾0ESifhxdku&ifa'orsm;odk@ v$wfvdkufygonf? &GmawGvSnfh+yD; w&m;a[m=uonf? 'D=um;xJ olykefacgif;aqmif a&$xGef;=umu wyfr�;ESif hpum;ajymvdka=umif;ac:I wyfom;ESpfa,muf v$wfvdkuf&m owfypfjcif; cH&ygonf? aemufw}udrf wOD;vnf; 'DvdkyJ towfcH&ygonf?q&mawmfu pdwfrysufbJ qufa[majymaeonf? xdk@a=umifh tajctae tawmfat;csrf;vmp ðyvmonf?

xdktcsdefrSm Adkvfrdk;óu;wdk@&J@ rDemrDuDuefrS*syefawG xdkudpPodoGm;+yD; 'D+idrf;csrf;a&;udpPudk olwdk@vkyfrnfqdkum q&mawmf rygawmhbJ([dkifeefu|ef;rSm usaemfwdk@q&m r[kwfcJhwJh) ppfwyf&mxl; vufzwifeifAdkvfESifh bDtdkifatwyf&mxl; (Adkvfr�;}uD;) ume,fjzpfol (eHrnfaumif;pGmrrSwfrd) �tD*sDrm;� xifonf? oludk,fwdkifacgif;aqmif+yD; usaemfhwyfpkuav;ESifh +idrf;csrf;a&;w&m;a[mzdk@ q&mawmfoGm;wJh a'oawGqDxGufoGm;ygonf?

(1942) arvqef;wnrSm usaemftdyfaysmfaepOf rDemrDuDuefrS Adkvfrdk;óu;u v$wfvdkufonfh *syefESpfa,muf usaemfhtdrfuif;udktwif;qGJvm+yD; usaemfhudkE_d;+yD; ajymjyonfrSm - ajrmif;jra'orSm vSnfhvnfoGm;aewJh ume,ftD*sDrm; usqHk;oGm;+yD/ e,l;a'vDa&'D,dku*syefwyfwwyfudk +Adwdo#vdkvm;aom u&ifaysmuf=um;awGu csKHcdkwdkufcdkuf&m *syefume,fwOD; usqHk;oGm;a=umif; toHv$ifhvdk@ wdkusKduoufqdkif&muwqifh ume,fqlZluD; (Adkvfrdk;óu;) udk tjref'DudpP ta&;,lcdkif;I reufzef Adkvfrdk;óu; 'Da'ooGm;r,f? cifAsm;yg vdkuf&r,f?cifAsmwyfawG csufcsif;eufzefxGufEdkifatmif vkyf&r,fqdkvdk@ usaemfhwyfcGJoHk;cGJausmfavmuf wyfjyif+yD; aemufae@Adkvfrdk;óu;eJ@ vdkuf&ygonf?

ajrmif;jroGm;+yD; wdkufyGJjzpf&mae&mudk oGm;=unfhygonf? usqHk;oGm;aom *syefume,f. tavmif;udk &SmazG&,l+yD; rD;o+*dK[fumt±dk;tdk;udk ,lygonf? xdkaemuf Adkvfrdk;óu;onf u&ifolykefrsm; tajcpdkuf&ma'o &Gmrsm;udk vufpm;acswdkufcdkuf&ef ESpfywfr# csDwufokGm;vmcJhygonf? xdktwGif; +idrf;csrf;a&;vkyfaeaom usaemfhwyfpkuav;onf tawmftxdem+yD; acgif;aqmif Adkvfuav;vnf; usqHk;oGm;+yDxifygonf?

Adkvfrdk;óu;u olykef&Sdonf[k ,lq&aom&Gmrsm;udk twif;wufodrf;ydkufcdkif;+yD; ckcH&if tm;vHk;udk wdkufcdkufowfjzwfzdk@ usaemfhwyfrª;awGudk wdkuf±dkuftrdef@ay;onf? wcgw&H usaemfuwqifh trdef@ay;onf?

'DvdkeJ@wywfavmuf=umatmif wdkufcd kufowfjzwfyGJawG jzpfygawmhonf? usaemfu ckcHwJh&Gmom;awGudkom wdkufcd kufzd k@rckcH&ifw&m;a[m+yD; vufeufawGtyfcdkif; odrf;cJhzdk@wyfr�;awGudk ajymygonf?

wdkufcdkufowfjzwfr_rsm; odyfrsm;vdrfhrnf[k usaemfrxifcJhyg? aemuf&efukefjyefa&muf+yD; vtcsKd@=umrS &Gmom;rsm; tawmfaoa=ua=umif; =um;&ygonf?

xdkodk@jzpf&onfrSm Adkvffrdk;óu;trdef@a=umifh jzpf&aomfvnf; xdkpOfu usaemfhwyf tm;vHk;eD;yg; jrefrmpum;rwwf=ubJ tawG@tñuHtavhtusifhvnf; odyfr&Sdao;vdk@ ydkqdk;&onf[k xifygonf?

xdkpOfu Adkvfrdk;óu;u wyfr�;}uD;jzpf+yD; usaemfu ol@&J@ppfOD;pD;tjzpfrsKd; aqmif&GufcJh&wm jzpfygonf? olonf xdkpOfu bDtdkifatwyf&J@ppfaoemywdcsKyfvnf; jzpfygonf? usaemfonf xdkESpf (50) ausmfumvu touf (23) ESpft&G,f ausmif;om;rsKd;cspf awmfvSefa&;ppfom;wOD;r#om jzpfygonf? ppfom;tjzpf trdef@emcHa&;om t"duxm;cJh&ygonf?

odk@aomf usaemfhwm0efruif;cJhyg? xdkpOfu usaemfom EdkifiHa&;tod wpHkw&mom&Sdygu xdkudpPudk tawmfa&SmifEdkifrnfjzpfonf?ckcHwJh&Gmom;awGudk owfjzwfwJhtxdra&mufapbJ Adkvfrdk;óu; auseyfatmif &GmtcsKd@ rD;±_d@jywmvkyfypfv#if +yD;Edkifrnf jzpfonf?

Tum; u&iftrsKd;om;rsm; jrpf0u|ef;ay:wGif owfjzwfcH&onfhudpP jzpfygonf? usaemfxdkpOfu wyfrawmfAdkvfr�; &mxl;ESifh jzpfygonf?Tae&mwGif xdkumvtjzpftysuf wckudk owd&vmI ajymjycsifygao;onf?AdkvfaZ,su oluGefjrLepfygwD0if rjzpfrDu udpPwckudk ajymjyonfrSm oloabFmESifh wae&mc&D;xGuf&m rsufESmcsif;qdkifrS vmaeaom

oabFmwpD;ay:wGif *syefppfAdkvfwOD;udk awG@&mwGif xdkppfAdkvfudkºum;jyonfh taeESifh rdrdoabFmay:&Sd t+idrfhrif;orD;udkqGJ+yD; cg;udkzufjyvdkufonf?oabFmcsif;jzwfrdawmhrS ol*syefppfAdkvf[kxifolrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; jzpfaeojzifh olacsmufusoGm;a=umif; usaemfhudk ajymjyzl;ygonf?

AdkvfaZ,srSm uGefjrLepfygwD r0ifcifu Todk@aysmfaysmfyg;yg; aexdkifvmcJholjzpfonf? aemuf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD0if jzpfvm+yD;aemufol@b0 t}uD;tus,fajymif;vJ aumif;rGefoGm;onf? ArmjynfuGeffjrLepfygwD acgif;aqmifwa,muftjzpf ygwD.!ïef=um;csuft& 1948 ckESpfwGifawmcdk+yD;aemuf tpdk;&ppfwyfrsm;ESifh wdkufyGJjzpf&mwGif 1968 ckESpf {+yDv 16 &ufae@wGif ArmjynfawmwGif;wae&mwGif a=uuGJpGm usqHk;oGm;&aom jynfolwdk@. acgif;aqmifwOD; jzpfygonf?

usaemfwdk@ 1943 ckESpfavmufu ysOf;rem;òr@wGif aexdkifae=upOf Adkvfjrifhatmif}uD;vnf; av,mOfypfpuftajrmuf wyf&if;rª;tjzpf&Sdae&m wae@wGif AdkvfjrifhatmifxHodk@ ol@rdcif}uD;vmI vnfywfaeonf[k usaemf=um;&onf? Adkvfjrifhatmmifu ,cifu ol@rdcifta=umif;vnf; usaemfhtm;ajymxm;I ol@rdcifta=umif; usaemfodae&m xdkom;trdudk usaemfu npmxrif;pm;yGJ au|;vdkojzifh usaemfhudk

3

wav#mufvHk; apmifha&Smufðypk au|;arG;aeaom udkygudk xrif;weyf aumif;pGmau|;&ef !ïef=um;+yD; Adkvfjrifhatmifwdk@ om;trdudk usaemfuxrif;pm;zdwfum npmau|;arG;ygonf?

xrif;pm;yGJwGif usaemfu Adkvfjrifhatmifrdcifudk usaemfESifh AdkvfjrifhatmifrSm tvGef&if;ESD;aom rdwfaqG}uD;awG jzpfa=umif; ajymjyonf?rdcif}uD;uvnf; olodaea=umif; ajymjyonf? xrif;pm;yGJwGif tm;vHk;aysmfaysmfyg;yg; pm;aomuf =uonf? olwdk@om;trd tawmfcspfcif=uyHk&onf? AdkvfjrifhatmifrdcifrSm aus;vufoljzpfaomfvnf; tom;t&nfjzL+yD; 00òz;òz;ESifh t&yftarmif;vnf; aumif;onf? pum;ajym&mwGifvnf; rGefrGef&nf&nf&Sdonf?

1945 ckESpfwGif[k ,lq&onf? usaemfwdk@rdwfaqG &Jabmf}uD;AdkvfjrifhatmiftwGuf tvGefa=uuGJzG,f&mudpP jzpfcJh&onf? jzpf&yHkrSmAdkvfjrifhatmif}uD;onf oli,fpOfb0u ynma&; rvkdufpm;EdkifcJhojzifh wcgw&H odrfi,fpdwf0if+yD; pdwfraumif;jzpfyHk&onf? xdk@a=umifh olt&ufenf;enf;rl;onfhtcg wpHkw&m temtqmawG@&v#if pdwfqdk;+yD; qlqlylylvkyfwwf&m &JabmfawG pdwfnpf&onf? Adkvfva&mif}uD;&Sdv#ifAdkvfva&mif}uD;u Adkvfjrifhatmifudk acsmharmh+yD; ajyjypfap&onf?

wcgwGif Adkvfjrifhatmif}uD; TuJhodk@ pdwfqdk;+yD; qlqlylyl vkyfrdonf? xdkudpP AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; odaomtcg AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;uxdkudpPrsdK; Adkvfjrifhatmif}uD;rS yaysmufoGm;atmif &nf&G,f+yD; Adkvfjrifhatmif}uD;tm;ac:um jypfwifqlylavonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;uTodk@qlylzl;onf r&SdcJhzl;ojzifh tm;vHk;u0dkif;+yD; xdkudpP od=uonf?

Adkvfjrifhatmif}uD;onf olrsm;pGm=unf!dkav;pm;aom AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u ol@udk yxrqHk;ac:,l+yD; jypfwifqlylonfudkrsm;pGmem=unf; rsm;pGm&SufoGm;yHk &onf? rsuf&nfawGESifh iHk@cH+yD; AdkvfcsKyftcef;rS xGufvmonf?

r=umrD Adkvfjrifhatmif}uD;tcef;rS aoewfoH=um;&I usaemfwdk@ ajy;0ifoGm;aomtcg Adkvfjrifhatmif}uD;rSm OD;acgif;rS aoG;awGxGufae+yD;tm;v#m;arSmuf aoqHk;aeonfudk usaemfwdk@ 0rf;enf;a=uuGJzG,f awG@&awmhonf? Adkvfjrifhatmif}uD;onf ol@ajcmufvHk;jyL;aoewf}uD;jzifhol@em;xifawh+yD; ol@udk,fol ypfowfvdkufyHk&onf? usaemfwdk@tm;vHk; rsuf&nfawGESifh ,lñuH;r& 0rf;enf;a=uuGJ&ygawmhonf?

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;vnf; tvGefa=uuGJpGmESifh tjcm;buf vSnfhxGufoGm;ygonf? xdkrSp+yD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf wOD;wa,mufudkr#ac:,l+yD; jypfwifajymqdkjcif;rsm; vkyfonf[k r=um;&awmhacs?

xdkpOfu usaemfwdk@&Jabmftm;vHk;rSm Adkvfjrifhatmif}uD;twGuf 0rf;enf;a=uuGJ pdwfxdcdkuf=u&ayonf? &Jabmftm;vHk;rSmAdkvfjrifhatmif}uD; wdkufyGJwGifr[kwfbJ ,ckvdk rawmfwq usqHk;&jcif;udk rsm;pGmESajrm0rf;enf;=uonf?

usaemfhpdwfwGif Adkvfjrifhatmif.rdcif}uD;u ol@om;uG,fvGef&aomudpPudk b,fvdk&ifqdkifavrvJ[kawG;+yD; pdwfylaerdonf?ol@rdcif}uD;ESifh usaemfrSm ol@psmye+yD;onfhaemuf aemufxyfwcgr# rawG@&awmhacs? Adkvfjrifhatmif}uD;rSm usaemfhZmwd om,m0wD/ oHk;q,fòr@/qdkif;pk&Gm&Sd usaemfhrdbrsm;tdrfodk@ usaemfwcgac:oGm;I a&mufcJhzl;olvnf; jzpfygonf?

1943 ckESpfavmufwGif xifonf? rdrdwdk@ ArmhwyfrawmfwGif ajcvsifwyf&if; (3) &if;om &Sdonf? yxrwyf&if;udk Adkvfae0if;uysOf;rem;Adkvfudwfausmif;Y udkifygonf? 'kwd,wyf&if;udk Adkvf&efEdkifu ysOf;rem;rSmyif udkifygonf? wwd,wyf&if;udk ysOf;rem; - opfawmausmif;wGif AdkvfaZ,su udkifygonf?

xdkESpfwGif aemufxyfajcvsifwyf&if;opf (4)/ (5) ESifh (6) - wyf&if;(3) &if; wdk;csJ@zGJ@pnf;onf? ajcvsifwyf&if; (4) udk usaemfAdkvfrª;ausmfaZmudkvnf;aumif;/ ajcvsifwyf&if; (5) udk Adkvfrª;atmifudkvnf;aumif;/ ajcvsifwyf&if; (6) udk Adkvfrª;&efatmifudkvnf;aumif;wyf&if;rª;rsm; cef@xm;+yD; udkifapygonf? ysOf;rem;wGifyif jzpfygonf?

tm;vHk;yif rdrdwdk@udkif&aom wyf&if;udk wyf&if;aumif;awGjzpfatmif óu;pm;=uygonf?usaemfudkif&aom wyf&if;(4) opfudk usaemfudk,fwdkif ppfoifwef;rsm; tptqHk; oif=um;ay;ygonf? wyf&if;rSm pkpkaygif;vl t=uyfESifh

t&m&Sdrsm;tyg (800 &Spf&m) ausmfavmuf&Sdrnf xifygonf?wae@wm ppfynmoif=um;aom tcsdefZ,m;t=urf;rSm eHeufydkif;tcsdefwGif yxr usaemfudk,fwdkifu wyf&if; (4) &Sd t=uyf -

t&mcHAdkvfESifh t&m&SdAdkvfawG pkpkaygif; &Spfq,f (80) r#avmufudk wae@oif&rnfh ppfavhusifhcef;rsm;udk usaemfudk,fwdkif pkaqmif;avhvmxm;+yD;oif=um;avhusifhr_udk jyooif=um;ygonf? �rSm oifwef;tm;vHk;. t"duoifwef; jzpfygonf?

�ae@ eHeufydkif;wGifyif 'kwd,oifwef;wckrSm usaemfyxrwae@u oif=um;xm;aom t=uyft&m&SdwcsdK@u wyf&if;&Sd ppfom;rsm;udkppfynmoif=um;ay;ygonf?

�yxrae@ - ae@vnfESifh naeydkif;wGif ,if;yxrae@ eHeufydkif;wGif usaemf.oif=um;ay;r_udk cH,l&aom wyf&if; (4) t=uyfESifht&m&Sdrsm;u wyf&if;&Sd ppfom;rsm;udk csufcsif;yif eHeufydkif;u usaemfoif=um;ay;aom ppfynmudk jyefIoif=um;ay;&ygonf?

�yxrae@ - ae@vnfydkif;ESifh naeydkif;wGif 'kwd,vkyfief;rSm usaemfudk,fwdkifrS aemufae@eHeuf wyf&if;(4) t=uyf t&m&Sdrsm;udkoif=um;rnfh ppfynmrsm;udk avhvmjyifqifjcif;ESifh vdktyfcsufwdk@udkvnf;aumif;/ usaemfxyfrHodvkdaom tcsufwdk@udk wyf&if; (4) &Sd *syeft}uHay;t&m&SdxHrS ar;jref;avhvmjcif; ðyvkyf&ygonf?

4

usaemfhwyf&if;(4) rS *syeft}uHay;ppft&m&SdrSm *syefppfwyfrS vufzwifeifAdkvf jzpfygonf? olonf *syefppfwyf. t+rJwrf;wyfom;r[kwf/ ppftwGif; ta&;ay:oifwef;qif; ppfAdkvfjzpfaomfvnf; ppfynmudk *±kpdkufyHk&ygonf? usaemfar;or# ar;cGef;rsm;udk ol.om;a&vG,ftdwfxJrS *syefppfwyf ppfynmvufpGJpmtkyf 2 tkyf 3 tkyfudkzGifh+yD; zwfjy&Sif;jyygonf?

usaemfwdk@. pum;jyefrSm wyf&if;(4) odk@ a&mufvmol t&m&Sdrsm;wGif Adkvfavmif;t&m&Sd 2 OD; 3 OD; yg0if&m xdkAdkvfavmif; tm;vHk;wdk@onf *syefpum; tawmfwwfu|rf;olrsm; jzpf=uonf? xdktxJrS pum;twwfqHk; Adkvfpdk;vd_if[k usaemfrSwfrdaeaomolu pum;jyefvkyfay;ygonf? xdkAdkvfpdk;vd_ifrSm aemufydkif; usaemfhtwGif;a&;rª; jzpfcJhygonf?

xdkodk@ usaemfu ppfynmrsm;udk usaemfudk,fwdkif txyfxyfavhvm+yD;rS wyf&if; (4) rS t&m&Sd/ t=uyfESifh wyfom;rsm;udk zdzdpD;pD;oif=um;jyoay;ygonf? aemufxdkumvwGif aumif;rGefcsufwckrSm ArmhwyfrawmfrS t&m&Sd/ t=uyfwyfom;wdkif;wdk@onf ppfynmudktm;wufoa&m ol@xufig vdkufpm;avhvmaeaom umvjzpfI usaemfhwyf&if; (4) wwyfvHk;rSm ppfynmavhvm wwfu|rf;r_jzifh pdwftm;xufoefwufºuaeygawmhonf?

xdkodk@oif=um;aepOf (3) vavmuft=umwGif wyfrawmftxufrS ArmhwyfrawmfAdkvfoifwef; zGifhrnfjzpfI ajcvsifwyf&if;wdkif;rSoifhawmfaumif;rGefaom t=uyfwyfom; 20 pDr# a&G;jc,f+yD; ay;ydk@cdkif;ygonf?

usaemfonf wyf&if; (4) rS ppfavhusifhcef;wGif xl;c|efaom wyf=uyfwyfom; (30) ausmfavmufudk a&G;ap+yD;/ xdktxJrS Adkvfoifwef;ydk@zdk@vl 20 udk Adkvfoifwef;a&G;jc,fa&;aumfrwDudk usaemfudk,fwdkifOD;pD;zGJ@+yD; a&G;jc,fygonf?

xdka&G;jc,fa&;aumfrwDu xdkAdkvfavmif;rsm;. ,Ofaus;r_/ ynma&;a&csdef/ aemufEdkifiHa&;todESifh rsdK;cspfpdwf/ awmfvSefa&;pdwf"mwfwdk@udk od&Sd&ef E_wfar;cGef;rsm; ar;jref;ppfaq;+yD; usepGma&G;jc,fygonf?

xdktifwmAsL; ar;jref;ppfaq;yGJwGif usaemf,ckwdkif rSwfrdaeaom udpPwck &Sdygonf?ppfom;wa,mufudk ar;jref;aepOf aumfrwD0ifwOD;u xdkol. ,Ofaus;r_a&csdefudk odEdkif&ef Armjynf �rlvwef;� rsm;wGif

oif=um;&aom urBmhwdkuf}uD; (5) wdkufta=umif;ar;&ef/ ol@tm; �urBmay:wGif wdkuf}uD; b,fESwdkuf &SdovJ� [kar;&m xdkppfom;rSmðAef;ueJ ukvm;xdkifrS rwfwyf&yfvdkuf+yD; pdwfqdk;rmefqdk;jzifh - �'DysOf;rem;òr@ay:rSmawmif wdkuf}uD; b,favmuf&Sdw,fqdkwm rodEdkifbJ/urBmay:rSm wdkuf}uD;b,favmuf &Sdw,fqdkwm b,folodEdkifrvJ� vdk@ jyefajymygonf?

a&G;jc,fa&;aumfrwD0ifrsm;u xdkppfom;rSm rlvwef;ynmyif roif=um;cJh&I vlaewdkufrsm;ESihf txifrSm;+yD;/ jyef&efawG@aeonfudk&dyfrdI ol&SufroGm;ap&ef wjcm;ar;cGef;rsm; qufar;&ygonf? odk@jzifh Adkvfavmif;rsm;a&G;+yD; txufodk@ ydk@vdkkufygawmhonf?

aemufr=umcif owif;=um;&ygonf? &efukefwGif wyftoD;oD;u ydk@vdkufaom Adkvfavmif;rsm;udk ppfaq;&m usaemf.wyf&if; (4)rS Adkvfavmif;rsm;u ppfaq;aombmom&yf (13) ckwGif bmom&yf (11) ckY yxrpGJ+yD; bmom&yf (2) ckwGif 'kwd,pGJum tm;vHk;wGif yxrpGJa=umif;ESifh usaemfhwyf&if; (4) .owif; ysH@ESH@ausmf=um;vmygawmhonf? usaemfwdk@tm;vHk; 0rf;om=uygonf? usaemfwdk@óu;pm;csuf aumif;rGefatmifjrifa=umif; od&ygawmhonf?

TwGif (3) v r#om ppfoifwef;ay;&aom wyf&if;opfu ESpftcsdK@=um+ydDjzpfaom wyf&if;a[mif;rsm;tay:wGif wuf+yD;yxrpGJojzifh/*syeft&m&SdtcsdK@vJ awmfawmftHhtm;oifh=uonf? xdk@a=umifh *syefppft&m&SdwOD; usaemfhxHvm+yD; 'gavmufatmifjrifwm[m usaemfb,fvdkrsm;ppfynmoif=um;ay;ygovJ[k vm+yD;ar;jref;pHkprf;ygonf?

usaemfu oif=um;rnfhppfynmudk usaemfudk,fwdkif ususeeavhvm+yD;/ usaemfudk,fwdkif tcsdefZ,m;qGJ+yD;/ txufwGif azmfjyxm;aom tcsdefZ,m;twdkif; usaemfudk,fwdkifOD;pD;+yD; oif=um;ay;a=umif; ajymjyonf?

usaemfu usaemfhwyf&if; (4) rS ppfom;rsm;rSm txufArmjynfom;awG jzpf=uonf? a,bk,stm;jzifh txufArmjynfom;rsm;onftxuftrdef@udk emcHwwf+yD;/ ydkI pnf;urf;vdkufemwwf=uolawG rsm;=uonf[k ajymjyygonf?

t"duta=umif;rSm usaemf. ppfynmoif=um;ay;yHk enf;pepfa=umifhvnf; jzpfyHk&onf[kajym+yD; usaemf. ppfynmoifyHkenf;udkol@udk &Sif;jyygonf?

usaemfajymjywmu usaemfawmfvSefa&;ppfom; rjzpfrDu &efukefòr@ �[kdif;,m;*&dwf� ac: txufwef; q&mjzpfoifausmif;wufchJ&onf? TwGif q&mu wynfhrsm;udk ynmoif=um;ay;yHk enf;pepfudk oif=um;cJh&ygonf? �rSm tajccH tusqHk; 3 - 4 csufudkusaemf enf;,lygonff?

�wdk@rSm yxrtm;jzifh/ ynmoif=um;&mwGif q&mu wynfhrsm;udk oifcef;pm. tajzudk wdkuf±dkufajymrjybJ/ wynfhrsm;udkolwdk@od+yD;om; ta=umif;t&mrsm;rS wjznf;jznf; olwdk@pdwfwGif rod - rxif&Sm;ao;aom ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk ar;cGef;rsm; pepfwustqifhqifhar;jcif;jzifh azmfxkwfoGm;+yD;/ tajzudk olwdk@[molwdk@ azmfxkwfvmEdkifatmif ar;jref;ajzqdk oGm;apjcif;jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifhxdkoifcef;pmudk wynfhrsm;udk,fwdkif xkd;xGif;^m%fjzifh odjrifvm+yD;/ ydkrdkI udk,fydkif m%f yGifhvif;xGef;um;vmapygonf?

�rSm vlwdkif;onf tajccHtodtjrifynmrsm; &Sdxm;onf? �udk pepfwus azmfxkwfwwfzdk@om vdkonfqdkaom *&dynm&Sifqdkua&;wD;. urBmausmf,lqcsuf jzpfonf? �rSm wynfhrsm; od&mu rod&modk@ wjznf;jznf; ar;jref;oGm;apjcif;jzifh azmfxkwf+yD;/ olwdk@ynm^m%f xGef;um;vmapjcif; jzpfonf?

5

'kwd,rSm rdrdoif=um;rnfhoifcef;pm. ta=umif;&if;Zmpfjrpfudk azmfjy+yD;/ wwd,rSm �wdk@udk wpkwðyHvHk; roif=um;bJ/ t&if;cHta=umif;&if;up+yD; wppDwckcsif;pD tqifhcGJI wjznf;jznf;oif=um;oGm;jcif; ponfwdk@udk ajymjyygonf?

odk@jzifh wynfhrsm;. tod m%fudk olwdk@OD;aESmufrS qGJxkwf,l+yD;/ wpwp olwdk@tod m%fxGef;um; od&Sdvm apaomenf; jzpfonf[kajymjyygonf?

Oyrm - ppfwyfwGif; �owd � [laom ppfyHkpHudk oif=um;rnfqdkv#if yxr ppfwyfrSm ppfrdef@wckudkvdkuf+yD; wòyifwnf;/ wnDwnf;vkyfEdkifzdk@ rlvyxrppfyHkpHw&yf &Sdzdk@vdkonf? ,if;yxr yHkpHuae+yD; ppfrdef@bmudkyJay;ay; vdkufvkyfEdkif&rnfhyHkpH jzpfzdk@vdkonf?

,if;rlvyHkpHonf aemufxyfbmrdef@ay;ay; vdkufvkyfEdkifaomyHkpH jzpf&rnf? �rSm owdyHkpHyJ jzpf&rnf? �yHkpHrS aemufxyfppfrdef@�aemufvSnfh�[kaomfvnf;aumif;/ �ypf&ef0yf� [kaomfvnf;aumif;/ �csDwuf�[kaomfvnf;aumif; b,ftrdef@vmvm tvG,fwulvkyfEdkif&rnf jzpfonf?

aemufxyf bmppfrdef@vmvm vkyfEdkifzdk@twGuf �owd � yHkpH[m �xdkif� aeonfhyHk rjzpfEdkif? ajrjyifay:wGif obm0uspGm rwfwyf&yfaeaomyHkom jzpf&rnf? odk@rSom aemufxyfbmtrdef@vmvm vkyfEdkifrnfjzpfonf?

xkd@a=umifh �owd � [laomppfyHkpHonf aemufxyf bmtrdef@vmvm vkyfEdkif&rnfh ajray:wGif obm0uspGm rwfwyf&yfaeaomyHkpHjzpf&rnf? ppfwyfwGif ppfrdef@wpHkw&m ay;zdk@twGuf wòyifeufvdkuf+yD; vkyfvmEdkifatmif óuwif+yD; toifhtaetxm;jzpf&ef ay;aomtrdef@jzpf+yD;/aemufxyfbmtrdef@rqdk vkyfEdkif&ef ajray:wGif obm0uspGm&yfaezdk@ ay;aomtrdef@ jzpfonf[k &Sif;jy&rnf?

aemufxyf bmtrdef@ay;ay; wnDwnf; vkyfEdkifzdk@twGuf ajray:wGif obm0uspGm &yfaezdk@twGuf owdyHkpHonf vkyf&rnfjzpf&ef[laom �owd� ppfyHkpH. rlvta=umif;&if;rsm;udk ppfom;rsm;udk &Sif;jy+yD;aemuf -

ppfom;wOD;udk �owd� yHkpHvkyfap+yD;/ ppfom;rsm;a&S@wGif &yfwnfap+yD; jyo&rnf?aemuf xdk �owd� &yfaeaomppfyHkpHrS �aemufvSnfh�/ �ypf&ef0yf�/ �csDwuf� paom bmppfyHkpHrqdk vkyfEdkifyHkudkvJ &Sif;jy&rnf?aemuf �owd� yHkpHudk ppfom;rsm; rdrdudk,fwdkifvGwfvyfpGm vdkuf+yD;vkyfap&rnf?TwGif ppfom;rsm;udk �owd� yHkpHudk wqifhpD wck+yD;wck oif=um;oGm;&rnf?yxrrSm/ �owd� yHkpHwGif ajcaxmuf 2 bufonf ajray:wGif obm0uspGm wnfhrwfpGm &yfwnfae&ef ta&;}uD;onf? xkdtwGuf

ajcz0g; 2 buf ajray:&yfwnfyHkrSm obm0us&rnf? odyfvJ uGJrae&? aemuf odyfvJyl;rae&? obm0uspGm 40 'D*&Dr# cGJ+yD;&yfaezdk@ta&;}uD;onfqdk+yD; �wdk@udk,fwdkif vdkufvkyfap&rnf?

aemuf ajccGJyHkrSef/ ajcaxmuf&yfyHkrSef+yD;aemuf 'kwd,tqifhwGif xkdajcaxmuf 2 buftay:wGif vl.cE<mudk,f wnhfrwfajzmifhwef;pGmusae&rnfudk ajymjy+yD; vdkufvkyfap&rnf?

aemuf wwd,tqifhwGif vl.udk,fxnf ajzmifhwef;wnhfrwfaezdk@ vl.&ifbwfudkzGifh+yD; aumhaeap&rnf?aemuf pwkw�wGif vl.OD;acgif;onf a&S@wnfhwnfhwl±ludk OD;wnf+yD; =unfhae&rnf?aemuf yOPrwGif vl.Zuf - vnfyif;udkqef@xkwf+yD; a&S@wnfhwnfhwl±ludk =unfhae&rnf?aemuf qXrwGif vl.ar;aphudk atmufodk@tenf;i,f qGJqef@xm;&rnf jzpfonf? aemufvuf 2 bufudk vl.aygifwHay:qef@csxm;+yD;

vufz0g;awGu aygifay:zdtyfxm;&rnf?Todk@jzifh ppfom;&Jabmfrsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm wOD;pDvkdufI �owd� yHkpHudk rdrdwdk@bmom rdrdwdk@vdkuf+yD; oD;jcm;pDvkyfap&rnf?�wdk@ yHkpHusvmrS tm;vHk;wef;pD+yD; owdtrdef@ay;yHkpHudk wnDwnf;vkyfap&rnf?odk@jzifh &Jabmfrsm; �owd� ppfyHkpHudk wnDwnf;vkyfwwf/ yHkpHusvm+yD;aemuf tjcm;b,fppftrdef@ay;ay; wnDw!Gwfwnf;

vkyfEdkif=urnf jzpfygonf?Todk@ usaemfu ppfynmoifenf;udk *syeft&m&Sdtm; ajymjy&m *syeft&m&Sdu rsm;pGmpdwf0ifpm;+yD; auseyfpGmjzifh/ usaemfhtwGuf

olwdk@*syefppfynmtajccHpmtkyf 2 tkyf &Sdonfudk &SmazG+yD; ay;ygrnf[k 0rf;ajrmufpGmajymoGm;onf?aemuf pmtkyf&Smr& xifonf? usaemfhtm; ray;jzpfay?

(17)(17)(17)(17)(17)

tjzpftysufudpPwcka&;zdk@ arhusef&pfojzifh ,ckxyf+yD;a&;&ygonf? 1942 ckESpfqef;avmufu usaemfhawmfvSefa&;ppfwyft*Fvdyfudkwdkufzdk@ xdkif; - jrefrme,fpyfudk jzwfausmf+yD;/ jrefrmjynf0if&mwGif jrefrme,fpyf &Gmw&Gmta&mufwGif ,if;&Gmol}uD;ESifh &Gmom;rsm;uusaemfhwyfudk óuqdkvufcH+yD; au|;arG;ðypk=uygonf? aemuf usaemfhppfwyf xkd&GmrSa&S@odk@ xGufcgeD;wGif &Gmol}uD;u usaemfhxHvm+yD;aemifusaemfwdk@òr@awmf&Sd usaemfheef;awmfodk@ (ol) xdk&Gmol}uD;wdk@vm+yD;/ 0ifa&mufcGifhawmif;ygv#if 0ifa&mufcGifhðyonfh usaemfhtrdef@pmwapmifudkol@ (&Gmol}uD;) udk ay;xm;cJh&ef axmufcHpm twif;awmif;qdkygawmhonf? usaemfvnf; xkdaxmufcHpmrsdK; ray;csifojzifh/ usaemfhwGif

6

pma&;&efpm&GufawG ygrvmvdk@ ray;Edkifyg[k awmif;yefygonf? TwGif xdk&Gmol}uD;u ol,lvmaom 2 jym;wef Avm pmtkyft=urf;uav;ESifhcJwHwdkwacsmif; xkwfay;ygonf?

TwGif usaemfhrSm axmufcHpmra&;bJ raeEdkifaom tajctaeqdkufvmygojzifh usaemfhrSwfpk Avmpm&GufrS pm&Gufw&Gufqkwfjzwf,l+yD; atmufygoabmygaom axmufcHpmudk a&;ay;vdkufonfudk rSwfrdaeygonf?

�u|EkfyfAdkvfausmfaZm OD;pD;aom t*Fvdyfudk awmfvSefaom awmfvSefa&;ppfwyfonf 1942 ckESpfu ArmjynfwGif;&Sd t*Fvdyfwdk@udkawmfvSefwdkufcdkuf&ef ,dk;',m; - jrefrme,fpyfudk jzwfausmf+yD; ArmjynftwGif; 0ifa&mufcsDwuf&mwGif ArmjynfwGif; e,fpyf (&Gm-trnf)odk@a&muf&SdpOf (&Gmol}uD; trnf) &Gmol}uD;acgif;aqmif+yD; u|EkfyfESifhwuG u|Ekfyf.ppfwyfudk aumif;pGmau|;arG;ðypk apmifha&SmufcJhonfudku|EkfyfESifhwuG jrefrmhawmfvSefa&; wyfrawmfu txl;aus;Zl; wif&Sdygonf?�

�odk@jzpfygI � æ æ &Gmol}uD;OD; æ æ onf &efukefòr@odk@ a&muf&Sdvm+yD; u|Ekfyf.eef;awmfodk@ 0ifa&mufcGifh awmif;cJhygv#if0ifcGifhay;vdkuf=uyg&ef u|Efkyfu !ïef=um;cGifhðyvdkufygonf?� [laom oabmygonfh u|Ekfyf.axmufcHpmudk rv$JombJ a&;ay;cJh&ygonf?usaemf vufrSwfxdk;ay;cJhygonf?

xdkodk@ usaemfa&;ay;aom axmufcHpmudk �&Gmol}uD;ESifh ol.vlpk &&SdoGm;aomtcg rsm;pGm0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpf+yD; aus;Zl;wifa=umif; 0rf;oma=umif;ajymI acgif;!Gwftav;ðy E_wfquf=uygawmhonf?

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh Adkvfvusfmwdk@u usaemfhwyf&if; (4) . ppfynm tajctaeaumif;yHkudk od&Sdvm=u+yD; ArmhwyfrawmfrS wyf&if;(b,fw,fvD,H) wdkif; wyf&if; (4) vdk ppfynm ppfpnf;urf; tajctaersm; aumif;rGefvm&ef pDpOfygonf?

pDpOfyHkrSm wyfrawmfwGif �pHjy� wyf&if;w&if; wnfaxmif+yD; usaemfhudk udkifapygonf? xdkpHjywyf&if;odk@ wyfrawmf&Sd wyf&if;wdkif;uaumif;rGefaom t&m&Sdt=uyf (20) avmufr#pD ay;ydk@+yD; ppfynm (6) vr# oif=um;&ef/ +yD;v#if xdkkolrsm; rdrdwdk@wyf&if;jyef+yD; rdrdwyf&if;wGifwyftopfwnfaqmuf=u&ef jzpfygonf?

xdkpOfu ppfynmaumif;pGm wwfajrmufvdkolrsm; pHjywyf&if;odk@ wufa&muf ynmoif=uvdkygonf?usaemfonf usaemfhvufaxmuf Adkvfatmifrif;udk ac:+yD; usaemfwdk@ (2) a,mufu pHjywyf&if;wGif ppfynmrsm; ydk@csygawmhonf?xdkpOfu ArmhwyfrawmfrS ume,farmifarmif (aemif-Adkvfr�;csKyf) vJ olppfynmtajccH&atmif pHjywyf&if;wGifvm+yD; ppfoifwef;

wufygonf?pHjywyf&if;wGif eHeufydkif;/ naeydkif;ESifh nydkif;wGifvnf; noifcef;pm (odk@r[kwf) nwdkufyGJ avhusifh oif=um;jcif; wdk@jzifh usaemfhrSmtvGef

yifyef;EGrf;e,fvSygonf? odk@aomf wyfrawmfwckvHk; aumif;zdk@ta&; jzpfojzifh wwfEdkifor# óu;pm;+yD; oif=um;ygonf?pHjywyf&if;wGif usaemfppfynm oif=um;ydk@csae&if; wjznf;jznf;odvm&onfrSm wyf&if;toD;oD;u rdrdwdk@wyf&if;udk wyfopf

wnfaqmufzdk@ vlaumif;rsm;udk pHjywyf&if;odk@ a&G;jc,fay;ydk@&rnfhtpm; trsm;rSm rdrdwyf&if;wGif ajym&cuf qdk&cufaom vlqdk;vlnHhrsm;udkomvlaumif;jzpfvmap&ef &nf&G,f+yD; ay;ydk@olrsm;vnf; ygvmojzifh usaemf rsm;pGmpdwfxdcdkuf&onf? xdktrsm;tm;jzifh nHhaomolrsm;jzifhwyfopfzGJ@zdk@ avhusifay;&efrSm usaemfhtwGuf tvGefcufcJyifyef;aomtvkkyf jzpfaeygonf?

wyf&if;r�;rsm;rSm rdrdwyf&if; aemufwyfopfwnfaqmufa&; &nfrSef;csufxuf avmavmq,f rdrdvufatmuf ajym&cuf qdk&cufvlrsm;udk vlaumif;awGjzpfvma&; &nf&G,f+yD; ydk@=uygonf? vlaumif;rsm;vnf; ygawmhygygonf? xdktxJwGif ppfynmaumif;pGm roif=um;zl;ao;aom ynmwwfwcsKd@vnf; ygvmygonf?

usaemfvnf; awG@ñuH&aom tcuftcJa=umifh pdwfysufpdwfnpfaevdk@rjzpf wwfEdkifor# óu;pm;&awmhrnf[k qHk;jzwf+yD; rsm;pGmtyifyef;cHóu;pm;+yD; oif=um;ydk@csygonf? vlqdk;rsm;udkvnf; wyfrawmfxJ0if+yD; vlqdk;vkyfaevdk@ roifha=umif; wyfrawmf[m jynfolxJrSmpHjyawGjzpfatmif rsKd;cspfol&Jaumif;awGjzpfatmif vkyfjy=u&rnfjzpfa=umif; ponfwdk@udk EdkifiHa&;w&m;rsm;a[majym+yD; oif=um;&onf? xdkodk@usaemfwdk@ óu;pm;ojzifh txdkuftavsmuf tusKd;&Sdvmonf?

pHjywyf&if;wGif rlvvlqdk;rsm;xJrSvnf;aumif;/ rlvppfynmaumif;pGm roif=um;&aom olrsm;xJrSvnf;aumif; pHjywyf&if;wGifxl;c|efolrsm; ay:xGufvmygonf? xdktxJrS usaemf yk*~dKvfESpfOD;udk rSwfrdaeygonf? wOD;rSm rlvu vlqdk;wOD; jzpfcJhaom AdkvfatmifaZ,sjzpfonf? AdkvfatmifaZ,srSm vlaumif;wOD; jzpfvm+yD; wyfrawmf. wyfr�;aumif;}uD;wa,muf jzpfvmawmhonf?

,Ofaus;r_tajccH aumif;rGefaomfvnf; ppfynmtajccH rwwfajrmufojzifh wyfr�;aumif;jzpfvmzdk@ cufcJolrsm;rSm trsm;rSmvnf;ppfynmwwf+yD; wyfr�;aumif;awG jzpfvm=uonf? xdktxJrS usaemfrSwfrdolwOD;rSm AdkvfvGef;wif jzpfonf? AdkvfvGef;wifonf aemifwyfrawmfwyfr�;aumif;}uD;wOD; jzpfvmawmhonf?

pHjywyf&if;rS wyfr�;aumif;awG tawmfrsm;rsm; xkwfvkyfEdkifcJhaomfvnf; pHjywyf&if;rSm rlv&nfrSef;oavmuf taumiftxnfrazmfEdkifcJhay?

Todk@jzifh pHjyavhusifha&; wyf&if;oifwef;rsm; +yD;qHk;ygawmhonf? +yD;v#if pHjywyf&if;udk zsufodrf;ygawmhrnf?usaemfhtm;vnf; pHjywyf&if;+yD;v#if r*Fvm'HkAdkvfoifwef;ausmif;tkyftjzpf oGm;&rnf[k owif;xGufvmygonf?

7

xdktwGif; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdk@uvnf; aemif*syefawmfvSefa&;twGuf Armhwyfrawmfwdk;csJ@&ef pDpOfóu;pm;ae&m aemufxyfajcvsifwyf&if;opf (3) &if;zGJ@zdk@ *syefrsm;ESifh oabmwlnDr_ &vmygonf? *syefrsm;u wyf&if;opfawGudk vufeufwyfqifay;&rnf jzpfonf?AdkvfcsKyfwdk@u t*Fvdyfwdkufa&;[k *syefrsm;udk t,HkoGif;cJhygonf?

aemufxyf wyf&if;opf (3) &if;udk r*Fvm'HkwGif w&if;/ yJcl;wGif w&if;/ ysOf;rem;wGif w&if;wdk@ jzpfygonf? xdk@tjyif &efukefòr@wGifu&ifwyfcJGtcsKd@&Sd&m �udkvnf; u&ifwyf&if;tjynfh w&if;zGJ@pnf;&ef pDpOfygonf?

xdkwyf&if;opf (4) &if;udk ppfynmrsm;oif=um;a&;udk tkyfcsKyfuGyfuJ&ef usaemfhtm; wm0efay;ygonf? usaemfonf xdkwyf&if;rsm;&Sd&ma'oodk@oGm;+yD; wyf&if;r�;rsm;ESifh wyfom;rsm;udk ppfynmoif=um;a&;twGuf aqG;aEG;pDpOf&ygawmhonf?

usaemfonf xdkwyf&if;rsm;twGuf ppfynmoifwef; tywfpOfoifwef; tcsdefZ,m;rsm;udk tcsdefrD a&;qGJay;jcif;ESifh tcsKd@ppfynmrsm;udk oifenf;rSwfcsufrsm; a&;ay;jcif; rSwfpkpmwrf;rsm;a&;+yD; ay;ydk@jcif;rsm; ðyvkkyfay;cJhygonf? �wyf&if;rsm;udkvnf; r=umc%oGm;+yD; oif=um;ydk@csjcif;udk aqG;aEG;n�dEd_if;jcif;rsm; ppfaq;jcif;rsm;vnf; vkyf&ayonf? odk@jzifh wyf&if;opfrsm; ppfynmoif=um;r_ tajctaerSmtawmfacsmarG@ vmygawmhonf? aemuf oifwef;rsm;vnf; +yD;qHk;cgeD; jzpfvmygawmhonf?

xdktwGif; 1944 ckESpftwGif; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u usaemfhudkac:+yD; zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;twGuf ocifpdk;ESifh olaqG;aEG;n�dE_dif;vkyfudkif&ef ocifpdk;udk usaemfu jrpf0u|ef;ay: a';'&Ja'orS yJcl;&Sdusaemfhtdrfodk@ ac:,lvm&efESifh tao;pdwftpDtpOfudk ocifoef;xGef;ESifhawG@qHkpDpOf&ef !ïef=um;ygonf?

usaemfonf zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&; eD;uyfvm+yDudk odvm&ojzifh rsm;pGmpdwftm;wufºu vmygonf? 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omocifoef;xGef;xH oGm;ygonf? ocifoef;xGef;u usaemfhudk ocifpdk;ESifh awG@&efpDpOfay;rnfh a';'&Jòr@rS uGefjrLepfygwD0ifvl}uD; ocifjroGiftdrfodk@vrf;!ïefvdkufygonf? pmwapmifvJ ay;vdkufygonf?

usaemfonf ocifpdk;ac:,lzdk@ tapmifhta&SmuftwGuf vl 3/ 4 a,mufudk ppfwyfxJu vludkra&G;jc,fbJ ydkIE_wfvHk&ef usaemfwdk@bDtdkifat wyfzsufpOfu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh Adkvfvusfmwdk@ rSm=um;csuftwdkif; vlwcsKd@udk bD'DatwyfxJ qufrxnfhbJ tjyifwGif*syefawmfvSefa&;twGuf v#Kd@0SufcsefchJaom yJcl;udk}uD;jrifh (�rSm tif*sifeD,m ausmif;om; jzpf+yD; bDtdkifat umvu ykodrfc±dkifwm0efcHwyfr�;}uD;jzpfcJh+yD; aemifArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkaumfrwD0if vl}uD;wOD; jzpfvmol) 2? 'v AdkvfxGef;pdef ¡òr@rausmif;om;a[mif;bDtdkifattwGif; usaemf.twGif;a&;r�; aemifArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD acgif;aqmifwOD; (uG,fvGef)¢ 3? udk}uD;jrifh.oli,fcsif; udkaz!Gef@(tif*sifeD,mausmif;om;/ oxHkc±dkif awmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmifjzpfcJhol) 4? usaemf emrnfrrSwfrd/ udk}uD;jrifhpnf;±Hk;xm;ol bDtdkifat wyfrª;a[mif;wOD; jzpfcJh[ef&Sdol - aygif; (4) OD; jzpfygonf?

usaemfwdk@tzGJ@ jrpf0u|ef;ay: a';'&Jòr@udkoGm;=u+yD; ocifjroGif. pDpOfr_jzifh ocifpdk;&Sd&m a';'&Jòr@rS a&a=umif;armfawmfjzifh 5 em&Dcef@oGm;&onfh �*Guav;&Gm� odk@ armfawmfjzifh oGm;=uygonf?

usaemfwdk@ *Guav;&Gm ajrwdkif;pma&;jzpfoltdrfodk@ a&mufygonf? ajrwdkif;pma&;emrnfudk arhawhawh jzpfaeygonf? udkpHwif[kxifygonf? ZeD;jzpfolrSm a':aiGpH jzpfygonf? tdrfrSmawmifhwif;jcif;r&Sd ESpfxyfoGyfrdk; wvdkif;tdrfuav; jzpfonf?

xdktdrfwGif ocifpdk;u usaemfwdk@tzGJ@udk 0rf;ajrmufpGm óuqdkygonf? usaemfu usaemfhtzGJ@wGifygvmolrsm; Armhwyfrawmfwyf=uyf,leDazmif;rsm; 0wfxm;aomfvnf; vuf&SdwyfxJu wyf=uyfawGr[kwfbJ bDtdkifatwyf wyfr�;a[mif;rsm;jzpf+yD; wyftjyifwGifcsefxm;um *syefawmfvSefa&; vkyfaeolawGjzpfa=umif; rdwfqufay;ygonf?

TwGif ocifpdk;u ajymjyonfrSm olcsufcsif; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;xH rvdkufEdkifao;a=umif; *Guav;&GmwGif 1 vr# EdkifiHa&;oifwef;ay;p&mudpPawG&Sdaea=umif; xdkudpPudkvnf; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;xH ta=umif;=um;+yD;I oabmwlcsuf&+yDjzpfa=umif; usaemfwdk@udkvnf; tm;vHk;'DEdkifiHa&;oifwef;rSm wufa&mufapvdka=umif; xdkta=umif;udkvnf; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;xH ta=umif;=um;+yD;jzpfa=umif; ajymygonf?

usaemfwdk@vnf; ocifpdk;udk bmrSrjiif;awmhbJ ol@xHrS EdkifiHa&;oifwef;wufzdk@ vkyf&ygonf? oifwef;rprD usaemfu &Gmtajctaeudkar;+yD; vHkðcHa&;pDrHudef;wckudk a&;qGJygonf? �rSm usaemfrSwfrdoavmuf oifwef;twGif; oabFmwpif;pif;vmonfudk ta0;}uD;uvSrf;jrifEdkifaom usaemfwdk@ tdrfteD;wae&mwGif tapmifhwa,mufxm;+yD; oabFmjrifv#if usaemfwdk@xH tjrefta=umif;=um;&ef xdkpOfoifwef;wufaeolrsm;u usaemfwdk@udkom xm;&pfcJh+yD; &GmxJodk@ tjrefa&Smifwdrf;oGm;=u&efESifh tu,fI *syefrsm;u tdrfay:wuf+yD;aemufqHk;usaemfwdk@udk zrf;qD;zdk@txdjzpfvmaomf usaemf/ udk}uD;jrifh/ udkaz!Gefwdk@ oHk;a,mufu *syefrsm;udk ckcHypfcwfwdkufcdkufrnf? usefolrsm;utdrfyxrxyf acgifrdk;oGyfjym;ay:rS odyfrjrifhvSaom ajray:ckefcs+yD; xGufajy;=u&ef jzpfonf?

xdkpDrHudef;udk ocifpdk;tm;jyo&m rsm;pGmauseyfojzifh tm;vHk;udkod&Sdxm;&ef jyovdkufygonf?oifwef;wGif usaemfrSwfrdoavmuf tEkyÉdavmrusrf;/ rmhufpf0g'usrf;i,fudk pwifydk@cs&m 2 &ufr#=umvmaom tcg ocifpdk;rSm

rsm;pGmusrf;a=u+yD; tajymta[m aumif;ojzifh usaemfwdk@r=um;zl;aom pum;rsm;a=umifh rsm;pGmtHh=o+yD; txl;pdwfygvufyg vdkufemrSwfom;Iaeygawmhonf? usaemfwdk@onf oifwef;wGifepfrGrf;+yD; b0opfwckodk@ a&mufaeonf xif&ygonf? usaemfwdk@ ocifpdk;oifwef;wGifajrmygoGm;ygawmhonf?

8

oifwef;wufolrsm;xJwGif usaemfwdk@ tkyfpkrS 4/ 5 a,mufESifh ocifpdk;xH a&mufaeaom vl 5/ 6 a,mufavmuf &Sdrnfxifygonf?trsKd;orD; 2 OD; yg0ifygonf? wOD;rSm aemifjrefrmjynfwGif tvHeD a':apmjr[k emrnf}uD;ol rapmjrESifh aemufwa,mufrSm tom;cyfjzLjzLt&yfjrifhjrifhESifh ±kyf&nfom;em;+yD; usaemfemrnfarhaeolwOD; jzpfygonf? aemifArmjynf EdkifiHa&;wGif xifxif&Sm;&Sm; yg0ifonf[k rod&awmhyg?

wae@wGif oifwef;acwW&yfem;xm;pOf oifwef;om;rsm;vnf; &GmtwGif;xGufoGm;=upOf usaemfwdk@tdrfuav;rSm �'kwf� ueJqdk+yD;wckckESifh aqmifhrdovdk wkefcgoGm;ygonf? oabFmpufoHvnf; =um;vdkuf&ojzifh oabFmwpif; tdrfab;wGif qdkufuyf+yD[k odvdkuf&ygawmhonf?usaemfwdk@ em;pGif@vdkufpOf vloHrsm;=um;&+yD; *syefpum;oHrsm;vnf; =um;vdkuf&ojzifh usaemfwdk@onf toifhaxmifxm;aom aoewfrsm;udkajy;qGJvdkuf+yD; avSum;xdyfodk@ cyfazmhazmheif;oGm;um tvsm;arSmuf ae&m,lvdkuf=uonf? (xdktcsdefu usaemfwdk@tdrftay: xyfcdk;uav;wGif&SdaepOf jzpfygonf?) usaemfwdk@ avSum;aygufrS acsmif;=unfhaepOf *syeft&m&Sd jzpf[ef&Sdolwa,mufESifh *syefwyf=uyfwa,muftjyifjrefrmt&m&Sdxif&olESpfa,muf oabFmay:rS tdrfxJodk@ 0ifvm=uygonf?

udk}uD;jrifhu avSum;xdyfwGif awmfrD*ef;ESifh arSmufvsufvnf;aumif;/ udkaznGef@u rsufESmcsif;qdkif avSum;tdrfay:wGif aqmifha=umifhxdkif+yD; awmfrD*ef;wvufudk udkifxm;ygonf? usaemfu udk}uD;jrifhaemufem;u umbdkifaoewfjzifh 0yfvsuf&Sdae=uygonf? ocifpdk;rSmoifwef;ay;onfhae&mwGifyif xdkifaeygonf? usaemfwdk@ acsmif;=unfhaepOfrSmyJ a':aiGpHrSm {nfhonfrsm;udk ae&mxdkifcif;ay;vsuf {nfhcHóuqdkjcif;ðyaeygonf?

tHh=oauseyfbG,faumif;onfrSm a':aiGpHonf ol@tdrftay:xyfwGif usaemfwdk@ESifh ocifpdk;udk v#Kd@0Sufxdef;odrf;xm;&aomfvnf;rsufESmxm;wpHkw&m &GH@a=umufpdk;&drfaer_r&Sd yuwdwnf=unfat;csrf;pGmESifh {nfhonfrsm;udk ðypkaejcif;udk awG@&vdk@ jzpfygonf? udkpHwifawmhb,fvdkaeonf rjrifawG@&yg? usaemfwdk@rSm *syeftdrftay:xyf wufvmrvm; wxdwfxdwf pdwfylyefaeygonf?

*syefwdk@u &Gmom;rsm;udk tac:cdkif;I udkpHwifwdk@xGuf+yD; ac:ygonf? &Gmom;rsm;rSm tay:xyfwGif usaemfwdk@ ocifpdk;wdk@ &Sdaea=umif;od=uygonf?

*syefppfAdkvfu &Gmom;rsm;udk pwif+yD; pum;ajymygonf? edyGeftpdk;&ESifh wyfrawmf (*syeftpdk;&ESifhwyf) wdk@u taemufEdkifiHtkyfpdk;olwdk@udk tm&SwdkufrS armif;xkwfcJhonf? ArmjynfwGifvnf; tkyfpdk;cJhol t*Fvdyfrsm;udk Armjynfolrsm;ESifh twlarmif;xkwfcJh&m t*Fvdyfwdk@xGufajy;&+yD jzpfa=umif; tm&Swdkufae&mwumwGif edyGefwyfrawmfu atmifEdkifvsuf&SdjyD; at;csrf;aea=umif; ta&S@tm&SomwlnDr#pepfjzifh*syeftultnDjzifh jrefrmjynf ºu,f0vmrSm jzpfa=umif; ponfwdk@udk ajyma[mygonf?

usaemfwdk@rSm *syeftdrfay: wufvmrvm;om tvGefpdwffylyefpGmjzifh +idrfoufpGm apmifhae=uonf?xkdpOfu usaemfwdk@tEW&m,fwckESifhvnf; ñuHawG@cJh&onfukd usaemf aemifESpfaygif;rsm;pGm=umrS odcJh&onf? xdkpOfurodcJh&yg?xdktjzpftysufrSm - usaemfwyfrawmfrS 1956 ckESpfxGuf&+yD; prf;acsmif;&yfuGufu tdrfwGifaexdkifaepOf òr@ay:jyefa&mufvmaom

&JeDausmf0if; usaemfhtdrfudkvma&muf+yD; ola&;om;aeaom aqmif;yg;rS tcsKd@tcsuftvufawGudk usaemfxHvm+yD; ar;jref;ygonf?ar;jref;+yD;aemuf pum;pjrnfqufajym&m *syefacwf �*Guav;� &Gmta=umif; a&mufoGm;ygonf?

&JeDausmf0if;onf *syefacwfwGif *Guav;&Gm&Sd ocifpdk;xH r=umc%vma&muf vnfywfwwf&m 1944 ckESpf usaemfwdk@udk ocifpdk;uEdkifiHa&;oifwef;ydk@csaepOf *Guav;&Gmodk@ a&mufvm&m udkpHwifwdk@tdrfvmvnfywfaepOf txufazmfjyyg a':aiGpHtdrf *syefoabFmqdkufonfhtjzpfESifh ñuHaeygawmhonf? xdkpOfol@rsufpda&S@wGif tdrfay:xyfwufonfh avSum;&if;wGif usaemfpD;aeus jrif;pD;bdeyf&Snf}uD;w&Hc|wfxm;wmudk oljrifawG@+yD; csufcsif;teD;&Sd awmif;wvHk;xJxnhfum tay:uykqdk;wxnfzHk; xdktdrfay:uaexrf;,lcsvm&+yD; &GmxJodk@a&Smifvm&a=umif; ajymjyygonf? usaemfwdk@udk u,fwifvdkufwm jzpfygonf? xdkbdeyf&Snf}uD;udkom *syefrsm;awG@oGm;ygu ppfAdkvfwa,mufa&mufaeonfudk odoGm;Edkif+yD; tdrftay:udk wuf=unfhEdkifygonf?

usaemfvnf; 'DawmhrS tEW&m,fwckrS oDoDav;vGwfvm&onfudk od&I &JeDausmf0if;udk aus;Zl;wifa=umif; ajym&ygonf?a':aiGpHu xdk*syeftzGJ@udk ae@vnfpm au|;arG;{nfhcHygonf? onfhaemuf ae@vnfwGif *syefrsm;olwdk@ armfawmfjzifh wjcm;udk xGufoGm;

ygawmhonf? onfawmhrS usaemfwdk@oufjyif;csEdkif+yD; tEW&m,frS vGwfajrmufygawmhonf?usaemf 1950 ckESpfausmfp Adkvfr�;csKyftjzpf wyfrawmfajrmufydkif;wdkif; ppfXmecsKyfr�;jzpfaepOf tvHeDygwDrS zrf;qD;&rdaom pm&Guf

pmwrf;rsm;udk zwf±_rd&m ocifpdk;a&;aom aqmif;yg;wapmifwGif ocifpdk;u ol@b0touftEW&m,fESifh ñuH&aom tjzpftysuf (3) ck &SdcJhonf[ka&;om;xm;&m wckwGif xdk 1944 ckESpf �*Guav;&Gm� wGif usaemfwdk@ESifh twlawG@ñuH&aom tEW&m,fudk wcktjzpfazmfjyxm;onfudkawG@&ayonf?

ocifpdk;b0rSm *syefacwfuvnf; ajratmufykef;v#Kd;+yD;ae& aemuf 1948 ckESpf vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;awmhvnf; ajratmufjzpfae&ojzifhusaemfonf rsm;pGmpdwfraumif; jzpfcJhrdygonf?

*syefrsm;xGufoGm;+yD;aemuf ocifpdk;u vuf&SdtdrfwGifquf+yD; uGefjrLepfoifwef;ay;&ef roifhawmfawmh[k ,lq+yD; xdk&GmteD;uwjcm;&Gmw&GmrS bkef;}uD;ausmif;wausmif;udk ajymif;a&$@+yD; oifwef;qufay;ygonf? oifwef;wGif uGefjrLepf0g'ta=umif;rsm;omru zufqpfqef@usifa&;0g' oifwef;rsm;yg ay;ygonf? usaemfwdk@vnf; pdwf0ifwpm;avhvm =uygonf?

9

EdkfifiHa&;oifwef;&uf wvausmfausmfr# &SdvmawmhrS EdkifiHa&;oifwef; +yD;qHk;ygawmhonf? usaemfwdk@vnf; vl@b0topfudk a&mufvm&ovdk cHpm;&+yD; rsm;pGm0rf;omwufºu &$ifvef;aeygawmhonf?

vlwdk@. b0rSm w&dp>mefb0rS qif;oufvmcJh&m ,cktcg vl@b0 (3) qifhodk@ a&mufcJh+yD;jzpf? yxrtqifh vl@b0rSm �aus;u|efpepf�b0jzpfonf? xdkb0wGifvlrsm;pkjzpfaom vlom;aus;u|efwdk@rSm vlenf;pk aus;ydkifu|efydkif&Sifwdk@u oufOD;qHydkif aoG;pkyfjc,fvS,f tkyfcsKyfpdk;rdk;xm;jcif;udk cHcJh&+yD; tvGefqif;&Jaom acwfjzpfayonf?

aemufvlom;wdk@onf b0qdk;oGrf;vSaom aus;u|efpepfudk awmfvSefwdkufcdkuf=u&m 'kwd,tqifhjzpfaom �bk&ifacwf� �ya'o&mZfajr&Sifacwf� odk@ a&mufvmayonf?

ya'o&mZf ajr&SifacwfrSm aus;u|efpepfxufoufom aumif;rGefaomfvnf; qdk;oGrf;aom ighrif;ighcsif; tm%m&SifpepfyJ jzpfaeao;Ivlom;wdk@onf rdrdwdk@b0 aumif;rGefa&;twGuf qufvufwdkufyGJ0if=u&m ,ckaemufqHk; �'Drdkua&pDt&if;&Sifpepf� acwfodk@ urBmhwdkif;jynftrsm;pk}uD; a&muf&Sdvm+yD jzpfonf?

,cka&muf&Sdaeaom 'Drdkua&pDt&if;&SifpepfrSm yxr aus;u|efpepf/ ya'o&mZfajr&Sifpepfwdk@ESifh pmv#ifrsm;pGm aumif;rGefwdk;wufvmaomfvnf; �pepfrSmvnf; vlom;tcsif;csif; wOD;vnfyif;wOD;eif;+yD; &ufpufpGmaoG;pkyf+yD; tusKd;tjrwf&Sm}uH&jcif;/ vltcsif;csif;qif;&Jcsrf;om uGm[r_}uD;rm;+yD; urBm}uD;qif;&Jaeao;jcif; wdk@a=umifh xdkt&if;&Sif0g'rSmvnf; vlom;wdk@.,Ofaus;r_ESifh rudkufnD[k ,lqvm=uayonf?

xdktwGif; 19 &mpkwGif *smrefvlrsKd; umvf;rmhufpfqdkkkk k kolay:vm+yD; xdkyk*~dKvfu vlom;tcsif;csif; aoG;pkyfr_uif;aom omwlnDr#csrf;omºu,f0vmEdkifaom uGefjrLepf0g' vl@avmupepfudk wDxGifzefwD;a&;om;r_rsm; ay:aygufvmojzifh Tvl@urBmwGif uGefjrLepf0g'pepf[kay:aygufvmcJh&ayonf?

xdk@a=umifh Oa&mywGif qif;&JaomqdkAD,uf±k&Sm;EdkifiHawmf}uD;onf 1917 ckESpfwGif atmufwdkbm uGefjrLepfawmfvSefa&;}uD;w&yfqifE$Jatmifjrif+yD; qif;&JvSaom ±k&Sm;EdkifiHb0rS tESpf (70) twGif; qdk&S,fvpf qdkAD,uf,leD,H EdkifiHawmfopftjzpf tawmfacwfrDºu,f0aomuGefjrLepfEdkifiH wEdkifiHudk xlaxmifcJh=uayonf? odk@&mwGif ±k&Sm;uGefjrLepfygwD twGif; jy\emtrsm;tjym; ay:ayguf+yD;aemuf qdkAD,uf,leD,H}uD;òyuGJoGm;um ±k&Sm;EdkifiHrSmvnf; qdk&S,fvpfEdkifiH b0rS omreft&if;&SifEdkifiHb0odk@ jyefav#musoGm;avonf?

odk@aomf 1945 ckESpf 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;t+yD;wGif urBmhvlOD;a&trsm;qHk; urBmhvlOD;a&. ig;yHkwyHk&Sd+yD; vlOD;a&oef; waxmifoHk;&mausmf&Sdaom w±kwfjynf}uD;wGif w±kwfjynfuGefjrLepfygwD tm%m&vm+yD;aemuf aoG;pkyfr_uif;aom/ omwlnDr# csrf;omºu,f0aom qdk&S,fvpfw±kwfjynf}uD; jzpfvm&ef w±kwfjynfopfudk pwifwnfaxmifcJhavonf? ,ck tESpf (50) twGif; tvGefqif;&J+yD; acwfaemufusaomw±kwfjynf}uD;rSm tawmftoifh om,m0ajymvm+yD; r=umao;cifuyif vlygaom �tmumo,mOf� ukdyif atmifjrifpGm v$wfwifEdkifcJh+yD;odyHynmwGif urBmhwwd,EdkifiH}uD; jzpfvmayonf?

w±kwfjynf}uD;onf aemifr=umrDESpfrsm; twGif;rSmyif urBmwGiftcsrf;omqHk; 'Drdkua&pDt&SdqHk;ESifh tat;csrf;qHk; EdkifiHawmfopf}uD;jzpfvmawmhrnfrSm rvGJacs?

Todkjzifh aemifurBm}uD;rSm vlom;w@dkonf w±kwfjynfu vrf;!ïefcJhaom omwlnDr#csrf;omºu,f0+yD; 'Drdkua&pDxGef;um;aom/+idrf;csrf;aom/ qdk&S,fvpfpepf0g' EdkifiHawmfrsm;tjzpfodk@ wjznf;jznf; ul;ajymif;vdkufem=ujcif;jzifh urBm}uD;onf qdk&S,fvpf - uGefjrLepfurBmopf}uD; jzpfvmEdkifa&;udk OD;wnfaeayonf?

usaemfwdk@. vl@urBm}uD;rSm tvGefqif;&JiwfjywfvSaom aus;u|efacwf/ aemufya'o&mZfajr&Sifacwf/ aemuft&if;&Sifacwfwdk@udkausmfjzwf+yD; +idrf;csrf;aom/ 'Drdkua&pDjynfh0aom/ qdk&S,fvpf - uGefjrLepfacwf}uD;udk a&mufvmEdkif=uayrnf?

odk@aomf urBmht&if;&Sif}uD;rsm;uvnf; urBm}uD; qdk&S,fvpf uGefjrLepf urBmjzpfrvmatmif tpGrf;ukef ckcHwdkufcdkuf=uOD;rnfjzpf&mTyÉdyuQonf urBmhyÉdyuQ}uD;tjzpf usaemfwdk@ &ifqdkifoGm;=u&rnf jzpfayonf?

odk@&mwGif urBmhawmfvSefa&; vrf;a=umif;rSefudk rnfonfhtiftm;ur# a&&SnfwmqD;rxm;EdkifbJ awmfvSefa&;. ed,mrw&m;t&aemufqHk; uGefjrLepfwdk@u atmifyGJcH=u&rnf jzpfayonf?

Tonfwdk@rSm usaemfwdk@ ocifpdk;. 1944 ckESpf uGefjrLepfoifwef; +yD;qHk;+yD;aemuf uGefjrLepf0g'ESifhywfoufI usaemfwdk@. vl@b0tem*wfudk vSrf;Iar#mfjrif±_jrifcsufESifh ,ae@awG@jrif&csufrsm; jzpfygonf?

TEdkifiHa&;oifwef;. t"dutcsufrSm usaemfwdk@. vl@b0tjrifudk t}uD;tus,f ajymif;vJoGm;apjcif; jzpfygonf?Twef;wlaom/ csrf;om0ajymaom/ 'Drdkua&pDusaom/ +idrf;csrf;aom/ uGefjrLepfb0omv#if urBmhvlom;wdk@. awmfvSefaom

,Ofaus;r_ESifh udkufnDayonf? Tonfom ,Ofaus;aom vlom;wdk@. b0jzpfayonf[k usaemfwdk@ uGefjrLepfb0udk em;vnfvm=uygonf?xdk@a=umifh TurBm}uD;udk uGefjrLepfurBm}uD; jzpfatmif awmfvSefajymif;vJa&;twGuf óu;pm;&mwGif usaemfwdk@ yg0if=urnf?

usaemfwdk@onf jrefrmjynfom;rsm;jzpfI yxrqHk;uGefjrLepfArmjynfjzpfatmif awmfvSefa&;vkyf&mwGif rdrdwdk@ yg0ifvkyfaqmif=urnf? vl@b0wGifuGefjrLepfjzpf&jcif;onf trGefjrwfqHk;aom b0}uD;jzpfayonf[k ,lqvm=ujcif; jzpfygonf?

Todk@jzifh usaemfwdk@onf �ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD0if� rsm; jzpfvmygawmhonf?

10

(18)(18)(18)(18)(18)

usaemfwdk@onf ocifpdk;. EdkifiHa&;oifwef; +yD;onfhaemuf ocifpdk;tm; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh awG@qHk&ef yJcl;òr@ usaemfhtdrfokd@ac:aqmifoGm;&ef pDpOf=uonf?

ocifpdk;rSm Armhwyfrawmf wyf=uyfrsm;vdk 0wfqifxm;aom udk}uD;jrifhwdk@ESifhtwl Armhwyfrawmft&mcHAdkvf t0wftpm;0wfqifap+yD; usaemfhaemufvdkkuftzGJ@tjzpf vdkufygaponf? usaemfrSm xdktcsdefu Armhwyfrawmf Adkvfr�; jzpfaeonf?

ocifpdk;rSm cyfxGm;xGm;óuif;óuif; jzpfonf? xdktcsdefu Armhwyfrawmf t&mcHAdkvfrsm;rSm cyfxGm;xGm;óuif;óuif;rsm; jzpf=uojzifhocifpdk;. ±kyfzsufr_rSm tH0ifcGifus jzpfaeayonf?

usaemfwdk@ vrf;c&D;wGif tpdk;&drf&qHk;ae&mrSm �wGHaw;wl;ajrmif;� *dwf0 jzpfygonf? &efukefòr@}uD;rS Armjynf {&m0wD jrpf0u|ef;ay:a'oodk@ t0iftxGufrSm �*dwf0rS jzwfoef;&ojzifh *syefppfwyfu xdkae&mrSm *dwf0xm;+yD; *syefuif;apmifh csxm;I t0iftxGuf vltm;vHk;udkppfaq;=unfh±_onf? rouFmv#if zrf;qD;xm;ygonf?

xdk*dwf0a&mufaomtcg usaemfuxGuf+yD; *dwfapmifh*syefppfwyf wyf=uyfudk ig[m yJcl;òr@u Armhwyfrawmfwyf&if;r�; Adkvfr�;jzpfa=umif; ajymjy&m �wdk@onf av;pm;or_jzifh usaemfwdk@udk jzwfoef;cGifh ðyonf?

usaemfwdk@ &efukefa&mufaomtcg ocifpdk;wdk@udk wae&mrSmxm;+yD; usaemfu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; tdrfodk@oGm;+yD; ocifpdk;wdk@a&muf+yDusaemf'Dae@yJ bwfpfum;jzifh yJcl;òr@ usaemfhtdrfudk ac:oGm;rnf[k ajymygonf?

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u 0rf;ajrmufpGmjzifh yJcl;òr@ usaemfhtdrfodk@ ac:oGm;yg? ol (1) &uf (2) &uftwGif; yJcl;òr@udk vmtem;,l vnfywf&efpDpOf+yD; xdkwnf;tdrfrS usaemfhtdrfudk ae@pOfwaeukef vm+yD; aqG;aEG;rnf[k ajymygonf?

usaemfESifh ocifpdk;wdk@ yJcl;òr@usaemfhtdrfodk@ a&muf+yD; (1) &uf (2) &uf=um+yD;aemuf yxrtpDtpOftwdkif; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onfZeD;a':cif=unfESifhtwl yJcl;òr@&Sdolwdk@ todrdwfaqG tdrfwtdrfodk@ tvnftywf tem;,lonfhtaejzifh a&mufvm+yD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wOD;wnf; ol@um;jzifh ae@wdkif;usaemfhtdrfodk@ ocifpdk;ESifh aqG;aEG;&ef eHeuf (8) em&DrS nae (6) em&Dxd vma&mufaqG;aEG;ygonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf npmxrif;udk usaemfhtdrfrSm pm;oGm;ovm; olwnf;cdktdrf jyefpm;ovm; usaemfrrSwfrdacs?

olwdk@aqG;aEG;yGJta=umif; ocifpdk;ajymjyIod&onfrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf aqG;aEG;yGJwGif wwfwwfºuºu &Sda=umif;/ olwdk@onfzufqpfawmfvSefzdk@ESifh xdkawmfvSefa&;twGuf zufqpfwdkufzsufa&; jynfol@vGwfvyfa&;tzGJ@ (z³w³y³v aemif z q y v tzGJ@) udkzGJ@pnf;=u+yD;jzpfa=umif; tm;&0rf;ompGm ajymjyygonf?

xdkaqG;aEG;yGJtwGif; wnwGif ocifpdk;u usaemfhudk cifAsm;'DvdkyJ vlysKd}uD;vkyfaeawmhrSmvm;/ tdrfaxmif rðyawmhbl;vm;[k ar;ygonf?usaemfu usaemfhi,f&nf;pm; usaemfhZmwd oHk;q,fòr@wGif &Sdygonf? usaemfwkd@ ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;&+yD;rS vufxuf=uzdk@ ajymxm;ygonf?usaemfwdk@ *syefawmfvSefa&;udk vGwfvGwfvyfvyf vkyfoGm;vdkI jzpfygonf[k ajymygonf?

'Dawmh ocifpdk;u [m cifAsm;[m vufxyfzdk@ pOf;pm;wm omrefvlawGvdk pOf;pm;wmyJ/ omrefvlawGu vufxyfzdk@ pOf;pm;wJhtcgolwdk@wnfwnf+idrf+idrf aumif;aumif;rGefrGef aexdkifEdkifr,fh tcsdefudk a&G;jc,fapmifhqdkif; wwf=uw,f? usaemfwdk@ cifAsm;wdk@[m omrefvlawGr[kwfbl; awmfvSefa&;orm;awG jzpfw,f? awmfvSefa&;orm;awGqdkwm[m olwdk@rSm wnfwnf+idrf+idrf at;at;csrf;csrf; aexdkifEdkifwJhumv&,fvdk@ r&SdEdkifbl;? t+rJwrf; awmfvSefa&;twGuf v_yf&Sm;ae&wm jzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh awmfvSefa&;orm;awG[m vufxyfzdk@oifhwJht&G,frSm tawmftwefoifhawmfwJh tajctae&Sd&if vufxyf=u&wmyJ[k ajymygonf? TwGif usaemfhpdwfukd awmfawmfv_yf&Sm;oGm;apygonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; wcgu ajymzl;onfudkvnf; rSwfrdaeygonf? AdkvfcsKyfajymwmu tdrfaxmifðy+yD;aemufrS awmfvSefa&;wdk@bmwdk@ jzpfvm&ifvnf; rdrdZeD;udk awmfvSefa&;e,fxJ ac:oGm;&rSmyJ[k ajymzl;xm;onf? xdkpOfuawmh usaemfhpdwfwGif AdkvfcsKyfu oltdrfaxmifðy+yD;aomfvnf; awmfvSefa&;wdk@ EdkifiHa&;wdk@rSm rysufuGufap&ygbl;[k usaemfwdk@od&ef ajymonf[k xifjrifcJhygonf?

xdkudpPrSm usaemfhpdwfudk rsm;pGmv_yf&Sm;vmygawmhonf? usaemfhvufxyfa&;udk vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;rS[k tcsdeft&Snf}uD; rqGJawmhbJ,ckumvrSmyif usaemfvufxyfcsifv#if vufxyfEdkif+yD[k ,lqvmygawmhonf?

usaemfhyJcl;òr@ tdrfwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ocifpdk;wdk@ awG@qHkaqG;aEG;aer_udk usaemfwdk@udk xrif;csufðywf au|;arG;aeaom usaemfhudk,f&H &Jabmfudkyg[laom ukvm;ujym;uav;om odayonf? xdk udkygrSm tvGefyg;eyf vdrfrm+yD; usaemfhtay: tvGefopPm&Sdaom &Jabmfuav;jzpfonf? udkygrSm ocifpdk;udkawmh b,folrSef; rodacs?

ocifpdk;u udkygtay: tvGefpdwf0ifpm;aeonf[k ,lq&I udkygta=umif; ocifpdk;udk enf;enf;ajymjy&onf?usaemfajymjyonfrSm Armhwyfrawmfudk 1942 ckESpf Zlvdkif 27 &ufae@wGif ArmhvGwfvyfa&; wyfrawmf (bDtdkifat) rS

ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmf (bD'Dat) tjzpf ajymif;zGJ@aomtcg ,cifu &efukefwGif usaemf. q&mjzpfoifwef;ausmif;aebuf oli,fcsif;jzpf+yD;aemuf usaemfwdk@. ajratmufawmfvSefa&; tzGJ@0ifjzpfvmol ukvm;ujym; udkatmif}uD;qdkolu ,ckukvm;ujym;uav; udkygudkusaemfhxHac:vm+yD; tyfygonf? udkygrSm usaemhxuf (7) ESpfcef@r# i,frnfxifygonf?

11

udkatmif}uD;u tyfIajymonfrSm udkyg. rdbESpfyg;pvHk; uG,fvGef=u+yD ol@udkcifAsm;teD;wGif udk,f&Htjzpfxm;v#if tvGefopPm&SdpGmapmifha&SmufðykpkoGm;ygvdrfhrnf[lI jzpfygonf?

udkygudk usaemfhtdrfwGif xm;ygonf? olu xrif;[if;csufwwfojzifh usaemfhudk xrif;[if;csuf+yD; au|;arG; ðypkygonf? aemufudkygonf udkatmif}uD;ajymovdk tdrf&Sifraumif;wa,mufvdk usaemhfudk *±kpdkufðypk+yD; ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&aomol jzpfvmygonf?

usaemfhvcrsm;udkvnf; wcgw&H �udkygudkyif xkwfcdkif;&+yD; usaemfhaiGa=u;tm;vHk;udkvnf; �udkyJ tyfxm;+yD; usaemfol@xHuawmif;oHk;ygonf?

wjznf;jznf;ESifh �udkygudk usaemfhwyfrS wyfr�;/ wyfom;rsm;u usaemfhudk ðypkapmifha&Smufaeaom usaemf. ,Hk=unf&aom udk,f&H&Jabmfuav;jzpfa=umif; od&Sdvm=u+yD; tm;vHk;uvnf; 0dkif;+yD;ol@udk av;pm;cspfcifvm=uygonf? olvnf; 'DvdkESifh usaemfwdkk@ESifh aysmf&$ifpGmðypkaexdkifygonf? usaemfvnf; ol@ynma&;udk *±krðyEdkifyg? olpmwwfojzifh rif; ighpmtkyfpifu EdkifiHa&;pmtkyfawGxJu óuuf&mpmtkyfawGudk,l+yD;tm;csdefrSm zwfyg? rodwm ighvmar;[kom ajymxm;&ygonf? olvnf;tm;csdefrSm pmzwfaewm awG@&ygonf? txl;ojzifh ntcsdefrsm;wGifjzpfonf? ol'DvdkESifh aysmf&$ifpGmaexdkifaea=umif;/ pm&dwWvnf; aumif;rGefa=umif;wdk@udk ocifpdk;tm; usaemfajymjyygonf? olESifhywfoufItjzpftysuf wckudkvnf; ajymjyygao;onf? wcgu usaemfhwGif ypPnf;wckvdkI &SmazGae&m aemufqHk; udkyghtcef;a&mufoGm;+yD; &SmazG&mol@acgif;tHk;atmufwGif ol@'dkif,m&D pmtkyfuav; awG@&Sdvdk@ olbmawGrsm;a&;xm;ovJ odvdkI vSefavSm=unfh&m ,ae@ Adkvfr�;b,folESifhawG@onf ponfjzifh usaemf@ta=umif;awGom a&;xm;onf? wae&mwGif ,ae@Adkvfr�;yef;uef0ufavmuf pm;onf? =uufom;wzJh ukefonf?wae&mwGif ig;waumifukefonf[k a&;xm;onf? usaemfrusef;rmpOfu a&;om;yHk&onfh ta=umif;vJ ajymjy&onf? ocifpdk;vJauseyfoabmusyHk &ygonf?

usaemfhtdrfwGif ocifpdk;ESifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdk@ aqG;aEG;aepOf wae@rSm usaemfhemrnfatmfac:+yD; Adkvf&efatmif}uD; a&mufvmygonf?usaemfajy;xGuf+yD; E_wfqufygonf? bmvkyf&rSef;rod jzpfaeygonf? Adkvf&efatmifu usaemfESifhawG@&ef olusaemfh±Hk;odk@ oGm;&m±Hk;u

vlawGu usaemfenf;enf;aeraumif;vdk@ tdrfwGifcwWem;aeonfqdkvdk@ rusef;rmbl;xif+yD; vmar;wmyg[k qdkonf?usaemfu AdkvfcsKyfwdk@ ocifpdk;wdk@ awG@qHkaea=umif;udk Adkvf&efatmif}uD;udk zHk;uG,fxm;I roifhawmf[k csufcsif;,lq+yD; ol@udkvufjy+yD;

wae&mac:oGm;um AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ocifpdk;wdk@ zwfqpfawmfvSefa&;twGuf v#Kd@0SufaqG;aEG;aea=umif;udk ajymjy&ygonf? 'DawmhrSAdkvf&efatmifem;vnf+yD; usaemfESifh pum;tenf;i,f ajymqdk+yD; jyefoGm;ygonf?

ae@vnf xrif;pm;awmhrS AdkvfcsKyfwdk@ ocifpdk;wdk@udk apmapmu Adkvf&efatmifvmwJhta=umif;ESifh usaemfu AdkvfcsKyfwdk@ ocifpdk;wdk@aqG;aEG;aewJh ta=umif;ajymawmh olacwWae+yD; jyefoGm;a=umif; ajym&ygonf? ocifpdk;u Adkvf&efatmifudk awG@csifaeyHk &ygonf? odk@aomfocifpdk;ta=umif; txl;v#Kd@0Suf&ojzifh Adkvf&efatmifESifhawG@&ef pDpOfray; Edkifawmhyg?

bDtdkifat umv tjzpftysufrsm;wGif wckarhusef&pfojzifh xyfa&;&ygOD;rnf? �tjzpftysufrSm - bDtdkifat umvu òr@wòr@wGifusaemfhudk t+idrfhyGJwyGJu zdwfac:ojzifh 0if=unfh&ygonf? t+idrfhrif;orD;u y&dowfudkausmay;+yD; xdkifaepOf vl&$ifawmfwOD;u t+idrfhrif;orD;.ausmudk bDtdkifat (BIA) [k a&;xm;aom pm&Gufw&Guf vmuyfvdkufygonf? t+idrfhrif;orD;udk odrf;ydkufvdkufonfhoabm jzpfygonf?(xdkacwf xdkumvu �ypPnf;� rsm;udk odrf;ydkufonfhtcg bDtdkifat uyfonf[laom a0g[m&awmif &SdcJhygonf?) yGJ=unfhy&dowfxJwGifbDtdkifatwyfrS &mxl;t}uD;qHk;olrSm usaemfyif jzpf[ef&Sdonf? usaemfhteD;rS vltrsm; usaemfhudkrsm;pGm tm;emoGm;yHk&onf? usaemfvnf;tvGefxlyloGm;ygawmhonf? usaemfwdk@ jynfolawGrSm olwdk@. rauseyfcsufrsm;udk Todk@yif azmfjywwfayonf?

usaemfhyJcl;tdrfteD;wGif tdrfESpfvHk; &Sdygonf? wvHk;rSm pHjywyf&if;±Hk;tkyf Adkvf}uD;AdkvfvSarmif.tdrfESifh wvHk;rSm pHjywyf&if;jrefrmpmjyq&mOD;wifarmifwdk@ tdrfjzpfygonf? tm;vHk; tvkyfrsm;=uolawGjzpfvdk@ wtdrfESifhwtdrf ta=umif; r&SdbJ 0ifxGufvnfywfjcif;odyfr&Sd=uyg? usaemfhtdrfudk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. um;0ifxGufjcif; vkyfaeonfudk od=u aomfvnf; xHk;pHtwdkif; ar;jref;ajymqdkjcif; r&Sd=uyg?

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ocifpdk;wdk@ aqG;aEG;yGJrSm oHk;&ufr#=umonf xifygonf? xdktwGif; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ygvmaomZeD;a':cif=unfrSmvnf; Edk@pm;EGm;rwaumif0,f&ef pDpOfaea=umif; =um;od&ygonf?

aqG;aEG;yGJ oHk;&ufr#=um+yD; +yD;oGm;yg+yD? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdk@vnf; aemufae@ &efukefudk jyef=uyg+yD? usaemfrSm ocifpdk;udk a';'&Jòr@odk@jyefydk@&ef 0wW&m; &Sdaeygonf?

ocifpdk;u usaemfhudkajymonfrSm ol'DrSmvkyfp&m&SdwmawG &uftcsKd@vkyf&tHk;rnf? xdkudpPawG+yD;rS a';'&Jjyefrnf[k ajymygonf?ocifpdk;rSm usaemfwdk@ESifh ae&pOftwGif; ol@vHkðcHa&;twGuf rsm;pGmpdwfcsrf;omyHk &ygonf?

xdktwGif; usaemfhXmecsKyf axmufvSrf;a&;r�;u owif;ay;ydk@onfrSm wae@nu t*Fvdyfav,mOfysH yJcl;òr@teD; vmoGm;onfrSmtdENd,odk@ a&mufaeaom wufbkef;}uD;ocifodef;az avxD;eJ@qif;ae&pfonf? ,ae@up+yD; yJcl;òr@0if òr@xGuf*dwfawG *syefppfwyfcs&yf+yD;vl0ifvlxGuf apmifh=unfhrnf? yJcl;òr@wGif;&Sd tdrfwdkif;udkvnf; ocifodef;azudk &SmazGawmhrnf[lI jzpfygonf?

usaemfvnf; xdkowif;udk csufcsif; ocifpdk;udk ajymjyonf? ocifpdk;udk òr@0ifòr@xGuf *dwfawGrSm *syefuif;apmifh rcsrD jyefydk@&eftwGuf&efukefbuf jyefydk@Edkifzdk@ ta&;}uD;a=umif; tm;vHk;oabmayguf=u+yD; ocifpdk;udk csufcsif;yif jyefydk@&ef pDpOf=uygonf?

12

usaemfhtdrfwGif ocifpdk;a&mufuwnf;u ta&;ay:oHk;&ef vlpD;um;wpD; "mwfqDtjynfhESifh t&efoifhxm;ygonf? udk}uD;jrifhESifhudkxGef;pdefwdk@ ESpfa,mufudkvnf; olwdk@tdrfwGif t+rJtoifhapmifhae&ef rSm=um;xm;&m udk}uD;jrifhESifh udkxGef;pdefwdk@udk tjrefvlv$wfac:cdkif;+yD;usaemfygoHk;a,mufESifh ocifpdk;udkvdkufydk@&ef xdkum;jzifh usaemfwdk@ &efukefbufudk csufcsif;xGuf=uygonf?

ocifpdk;wdk@tm;vHk;rSm vmwkef;utwdkif; Armhwyfrawmft0wftpm; 0wfqifxm;=uygonf? um;rxGufrD vHkðcHa&;tpDtpOfudkusaemfu csufcsif;awG;ac:+yD; tm;vHk;udk ajymjy&onf? vrf;c&D;rSm um;udk&yf+yD; *syefu ppfaq;+yD; ocifpdk;udk zrf;qD;zdk@txd jzpfvmv#ifusaemfwa,mufom rdrdudkifaqmifxm;aom"m;jzifh *syefrsm;udk xdk;ckwfae&pfrnf? udk}uD;jrifh/ udkxGef;pdefwdk@u ocifpdk;udk xdkum;ESifhyifqufac:oGm;=u&ef vrf;wGifvSnf;ul;òr@a&mufv#if um;.yHko¿mef ajymif;vJ&ef um;wpD; tjreftopfvJ+yD; &efukefbuf qufxGuf&efwdk@udkrSm=um;ygonf?

usaemfwdk@um;ay: a&mufaomtcg usaemfvnf; tarmajy+yD; acwWidkufceJjzpfoGm;&m usaemfhab;wGif xdkifaeaom udk}uD;jrifhuwawmifqpfESifh wdk@awmhrS rsufvHk;zGifh=unfhrd&m yJcl;òr@jyif yJcl;jrpfwzufurf; òr@t0ifuif;*dwfwGif *syefuif;apmifha&mufae+yD; c&D;oGm;vltcsKd@udkppfar;aeyHkudk vSrf;+yD;jrif&ygonf? usaemfvnf; 'dwfceJjzpfoGm;ygonf? aemufcsufcsif;owd&+yD; pDpOfxm;wJh vHkðcHa&;tpDtpOftwdkif; vkkyf=u[kcyfwdk;wdk; ajymvdkkufygonf?

r=umrD usaemfwdk@um; yJcl;jrpfwHwm;udkausmf+yD; òr@t0if *syefuif;*dwfa&S@udk a&mufygonf? *syefwyf=uyfu um;udk&yfcdkif;ojzifhum;&yf+yD; usaemfum;ay:uqif;um usaemfonf yJcl;òr@&Sd Armhwyfrawmf wyf&if;r�; jzpfonf? &efukefppf±Hk;udk oGm;&efvmjcif; jzpfonf[k*syefpum; rjynfhrpHkESifh ajymjyvdkufygonf? *syefu um;ay:uvlawGudk qif;ap+yD; um;xJudk iHk@+yD;=unfhygonf? usaemfwdk@ &ifwxdwfxdwfjzpfae=uygonf? tm;vHk;ppfom;csnf; jzpfaeI xifygonf? *syefu auseyf+yD; oGm;cGifhðyvdkufygonf?

usaemfwdk@ &efukefa&mufaomtcg rlvutpDtpOf &Sdonfhtwdkif; &efukefta&S@ydkif; Adkvfva&mif}uD;tdrfwGif wnf;cdkygonf?Adkvfva&mif}uD; r&Sdyg? Adkvfva&mif}uD;. udk,f&H&Jabmfrsm;u usaemfwdk@udk csufðywf au|;arG;ygonf?

aemufae@wGif rlvtpDtpOf&Sdonfhtwdkif; ocifpdk;udk ocifEktdrfodk@ ocifEkESifh awG@qHk&efvdkufydk@&ygonf? aemufae@ ocifpdk;udkocifEktdrfrS usaemfjyefac: cJh&ygonf?

usaemfwdk@ &efukefwnf;cdktdrf a&mufaomtcg ocifpdk;u rausreyfESifh usaemfhudk ajymjyonfrSm ocifEku ol@udk avSum;tdrfxJwGifxnfhxm;a=umif;/ aemufocifEkrSm ol@bk&m;&Sdcdk;csdefESifh ol@{nfhonfrsm;vmcsdefwdk@a=umifh olESifh aumif;aumif;pum;ajymcsdef odyfr&cJha=umif;ajymjyygonf?

aemufae@ usaemf/ udk}uD;jrifhESifh udkxGef;pdefwdk@ oHk;a,muf ocifpdk;udk &efukefrS a';'&Jòr@ ocifjroGifwdk@xHodk@ acsmarmpGm jyefydk@EdkifcJhygonf?usaemfwdk@ jyefcgeD; E_wfquf=u&m &uftcsKd@twlaexdkifcJh&ojzifh usaemfwdk@ pdwfv_yf&Sm;rd=uygonf?usaemfhpdwfwGif ArmhawmfvSefa&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGif; usaemfwdk@ESifhocifpdk; r=uc%awG@qHk=uvdrfhOD;rnf[k xifjrifcJhygonf?odk@&mwGif usaemfESifh ocifpdk;awG@qHkjcif;onf Tt}udrf (1944 ckESpf) onf aemufqHk;t}udrf jzpfygawmhonf? aemifwcgrS

rawG@qHkawmhyg? ocifpdk;rSm uG,fvGefoGm;+yDjzpf+yD; usaemfrSmvnf; 1990 ckESpfrSpI w±kwfjynfodk@ a&mufaeygawmhonf?usaemfwdk@ a';'&JwGif ocifpdk;udkydk@+yD; &efukefjyefaomtcg �wGHaw;awm}uD;wef;�a'oudk 0ifvnfywf+yD;rS jyef=uygonf? ajryHkay:wGif

wGHaw;awm}uD;wef; a'oonf awm awmfawmfxlxyfojzifh usaemfwdk@ &efukefwGif *syefwdk@ESifh tqifrajyv#if acwWawmcdkykef;atmif;&efoifhawmfonfhae&mjzpfrnf xifygonf? ,if;udk=unfh±_avhvm&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh awm}uD;wef;a'oudk0ifjcif; jzpfygonf? ocifjroGifxHrSawm}uD;wef;&Sd tdrfwtdrfodk@ rdwfqufpmwapmif ,lvm+yD; usaemfwdk@ wnwnf;cdkum awm}uD;wef; tajctaeudk avhvmygonf?

�awm}uD;wef;� rSm wGHaw;awmwef;wGif òr@uav;wòr@ jzpfaeonf? &efukefòr@rS av,mOfAHk;'%f/ ppfab;'%f a=umufolrsm;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;vm+yD; ppfab;'%f a&Smifae=uI jzpfygonf? xdk@aemuf usaemfwdk@ &efukefodk@ jyefcJh=uonf? xdkumvrSm 1944 ckESpf ukefcgeD;umvjzpfonf?

usaemf &efukefodk@jyefa&mufaomtcg AdkvfcsKyfatmifqif;xHoGm;I ocifpdk;udk a';'&Jodk@ ydk@ay;cJh+yDjzpfa=umif; owif;ydk@ygonf?AdkvfcsKyfu rsufESmraumif;pGmjzifh yJcl;&SdusaemfhtdrfrS udkygudk *syefrsm; ,ckwavmwGif zrf;oGm;+yDjzpfa=umif; ajymygonf? usaemfvnf;

rsm;pGmpdk;&drfoGm;ygonf? odk@aomf AdkvfcsKyfrsufESm raumif;jzpfaeI usaemfu pdwfylyefr_ oufomatmif AdkvfcsKyfbmrS 'DavmufrylygeJ@ udkyg[musaemfhtdrfrSm awmfvSefa&;orm;uav;jzpfae+yD ol[m AdkvfcsKyfwdk@ usaemfhwdk@ESifh awmfvSefa&;udk xdcdkufatmifvkyfrSm r[kwfyg? a&Smifv$JrSmomjzpfw,f[k ajymygonf?

AdkvfcsKyfu usaemfhudkvJ zrf;cH&rSmpdk;vdk@ yJcl;udk jyefroGm;bJ &efukefppf0ef}uD;±Hk;wGif avhusifha&;Xmer�;tjzpfae&ef olpDpOfxm;+yDjzpfa=umif; ajymygonf?

AdkvfcsKyfrSm rdrdtwGuf tm;vHk;pDpOfxm;+yD;jzpfaeI usaemf yJcl;jyefroGm;bJ ppf0ef}uD;±Hk;rSmyif aeygonf? axmufyHha&;Xmeu usaemfhudkOD;0dpm&vrf;&Sd 0if;+cHESifh wxyfwdkufuav;&Sdaomtdrfudk ay;ygonf? +cHxJwGif tapcHwef;vsm; wdkufcef;aumif;av;rsm;vnf; &Sdygonf?xdkwxyfwdkufuav;rSmvnf; tawmfaumif;rGefygonf? xdktapcHwdkufcef;rsm;wGif usaemfhudk,f&H&Jabmf udkxGef;&ifqdkaom&Jabmfudk xm;ygonf?

13

usaemfppf0ef}uD;±Hk;wGif ±Hk;wufae&aomfvnf; udkyghudpPudk ylyefaerdygonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk rpdk;&drf&ef ajymcJhaomfvnf;usaemfuawmh pdk;&drfaeygonf? odyf!�if;yef;ESdyfpufv#if udkygu zGifhajymvdkufrSm pdk;&drfaeygonf?

odk@aomf r=umcifrSmyif udkygvGwfvm+yDqdkaom owif;udk =um;&ygonf? *syefrsm;u AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; - AdkvfausmfaZmtdrfwGifb,folESifhawG@ovJ[k ar;onf? udkygu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m usaemfhAdkvfrª;tcef;xJwGif Adkvfrª;ESifhom ESpfa,mufom; pum;ajym=uonf[kwav#mufvHk; worwfwnf; ajymonf? tenf;i,f !�if;yef;+yD; xyfppfaq;vnf; ,ciftwdkif;yif ajymaeojzifh v$wfvdkufa=umif; od&ygonf?

udkygrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh usaemfwdk@udkom u,fwifvdkuf±Hkru zufqpfawmfvSefa&;}uD;udkyg vHk;0rxdcdkufatmif u,fwifvdkuf&musojzifh udkygudk usaemfwdk@ tvGefaus;Zl;wif&ygawmhonf? udkygudk usaemfwdk@omru wdkif;jynfuyg aus;Zl;wifoifhayonf?

udkygrSm axmifuvGwf+yD;aomtcg usaemfhxH jyefrvmawmhbJ olvJtawmfEdk;=um;ae+yDjzpfI tjyifxGuf+yD; EdkifiHa&;vkyfygawmhonf?udkygrSm jynfol@&JabmftzGJ@0if+yD; EdkifiHa&;aqmif&Guf&m/ r=umrDyif AdkvfeEN[laomtrnfjzifh xif&Sm;aom jynfol@&Jabmfacgif;aqmif

vl}uD;wOD; jzpfvmygawmhonf? olonf pm&dwWvnf; aumif;rGefoljzpfojzifh acgif;aqmifwOD; jzpfvmygonf?udkygonf usaemfwyfrawmfu xGuf&+yD; prf;acsmif;tdrfuav;wGif aexdkifaepOfu usaemfhtdrfodk@ 1 }udrf 2 }udrf vma&muf

vnfywfcJhygao;onf? ol@udk usaemfu vl}uD;wa,muftjzpf aumif;pGm{nfhcHcJ hygonf? 1976 ckESpf usaemfwdk@ rdom;pk ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&Sd&modk@ awmcdkvm+yD;aemuf olESifhtqufjywfoGm;ygawmhonf? ,cktcg oluG,fvGefoGm;cJh+yD jzpfa=umif; od&ygonf? olonfwdkif;jynfacgif;aqmifaumif;wa,muf jzpfcJhygonf?

1919191919

usaemfonf ocifpdk;udk 1944 ckESpf ukefcgeD; a';'&Judk vdkufydk@+yD;onfhaemuf usaemfhvlr_a&;b0vnf; tajymif;tvJvkyf&efpdwful;vmygawmhonf? usaemf ,cifu usaemfhtdrfaxmifa&;udpPudk ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;&+yD;rS tdrfaxmifðyvufxyfrnf[k qHk;jzwfxm;&mocifpdk;ESifhusaemf tdrfaxmifa&;aqG;aEG;&mrS xdkr#txd raocsmra&&m apmifhqdkif;raebJ/ ,ck*syefacwf - bD'Dat wyfrawmfumvwGifyifvufxyfvdkuf&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufygonf? usaemfh toufvnf; 25 - 26 &Sdaeay+yD jzpfonf?

xdk@a=umifh usaemfyxrqHk; usaemfhawmfvSefa&;&Jabmfrsm;jzpfaom udk}uD;jrifhESifhudkxGef;pdefwdk@tm; ajymjyygonf? oHk;q,fòr@wGifusaemfhi,f&D;pm; &SdonfqdkI olwdk@u tHh=o=uygonf? usaemfhZeD;avmif;rSm om,m0wDta&;ydkif ±Hk;tkyfpma&;}uD;. wOD;wnf;aom orD;tjzpfcsrf;csrf;omom aexdkifvmcJh&mrS uGefjrLepfawmfvSefa&;orm;wOD;. ZeD;tjzpf aemiftcg qif;qif;&J&JaexdkifEdkifyghrvm;[kvnf; olwdk@pdwfyl=uyHk&onf? xdk@jyif usaemfhZeD;rSm ynmwwfwOD; r[kwfI EdkifiHa&;wGif usaemfhtwGuf tultnD&yghrvm;[kvnf; pdwfyl=uyHk&ygonf?udkxGef;pdefrSm vlysdKjzpf+yD; udk}uD;jrifhom tdrfaxmif&Sdonf? udk}uD;jrifhZeD;rSm pD;yGm;a&;acsmifvnfaomfvnf; ynmwwftrsdK;orD; r[kwfay?odk@aomf olwdk@ ZeD;armifESHrSm i,f&D;pm;rsm;jzpf=u+yD; wOD;ESifhwOD; tawmfcspfcifjrwfEdk;=uonf? usaemfhZeD;avmif;rSmvnf; usaemfESifhi,f&D;pm;rsm; jzpfaeonfudkawmh olwdk@u oabmus=uonf/ udk}uD;jrifhudk,fwdkifvnf; usaemfhZeD;avmif; aexdkif&m oHk;q,fòr@odk@ oGm;a&muf+yD;avhvm=unfh±_ay;ygonf?

usaemfwdk@ vufxyf&efudpP usaemfhZeD;avmif;. rdzrsm;udk awmif;&rf;aphpyfa&;udk pOf;pm;ygonf? usaemfh ZeD;avmif;. rdcifjzpfola':wifrSm pdwfoabmxm; El;nHhaumif;rGefaomtrsdK;orD;}uD; jzpfonf? usaemfhtaz. ta':awmfpyf+yD; tazhtay:vnf; av;pm;cspfcifonf?usaemfudkvnf; cifrifyHk&onf? usaemfESifh ol@orD;udk oabmwlEdkifyHk &onf? zcifjzpfolOD;btHk;rSm usaemfwdk@ESifh a':wifavmuf ru|rf;aomfvnf;orD;udk tvGefcspfoljzpfojzifhvnf;aumif;/ usaemfhwGif bmtjypfrSr&SdIvnf;aumif; orD;qENtwdkif; oabmwlrnf xif&ygonf?

xdk@a=umifh usaemfhvufxyfa&;twdkif; awmif;qdkem;azmufay;rnfholudk pOf;pm;&m usaemfhtaz.nDt&if; OD;av;cef@udk a&G;jc,fvdkufygonf?

OD;av;cef@rSm usaemfhudk i,fpOfuwnf;up+yD; tvGefcspfcifygonf? rd k;&moDwGif; ol@v,f,mvkyfief;+yD;aomtcg naexrif;pm;+yD;csdefrsm;Y OD;av;onf usaemfwdk@tdrfodk@vm+yD; usaemfhudk oHk;q,fòr@odk@ac:oGm;um w±kwfpdef0if;&SyfqdkifwGif rHk@ESifhaumfzDrsm;wdkufau|;+yD; ±kyf&Sifjywwfygonf? ±kyf&Sifjy+yD;aemuf �&Gmr� &Sd ol@tdrfwGif usaemfhudk wnodyf+yD;rS eHeufpm au|;arG;um 5 zmvHkcef@a0;aomusaemfhtdrfudk jyefv$wfwwfonf? aemuf OD;av;cef@rSm usaemfhZeD;avmif; tdrfodk@vnf; oGm;vm0ifxGufaeolvnf; jzpfayonf? xdk@jyifOD;av;cef@rSm usaemfwdk@ESpfOD; arwWm&Sdaeonfudkvnf;od+yD; rsm;pGm vdkvm;olvnf; jzpfygonf/

xdk@a=umifh OD;av;cef@udk usaemfhZeD;avmif;. rdzrsm;xHodk@ orD;udk awmif;&rf;aphpyfay;&ef yef=um;zdk@ apv$wf &ygonf?OD;av;cef@uvnf; olwdk@awG rif;ESifhoabmwl=urSmygyJ? tqifajyygvdrfhr,f[k ajymygonf?xdk@aemuf OD;av;cef@onf usaemfhZeD;avmif;. rdbrsm;xHoGm;I/ uav;csif; arwW&Sdae+yDjzpf&m uav;awGudk vufxyfxdrf;jref;cGifhðy&ef

awmif;&rf;em;azmufygawmhonf?,if;wGif rxifrSwfaomudpP ñuH&ygawmhonf? usaemfhZeD;avmif;.zcif OD;btkH;u jyefajymonfrSm �olwdk@vufxyfa&;udkawmh

wdk@uoabmwlygw,f? 'gayrJh 'Dppf}uD;+yD;rS vufxyfapcsifw,f? ppf+yD;wJhaemuf armifa&$ (usaemfhi,femrnf) b,fb0yJjzpfjzpf oabmwlrSmyJ?

14

igu qD;+yD;ykqdk;qifay;& ay;&yJ? vufxyfay;rSmyJ? ppf}uD;twGif;awmh oabmrwlEdkifbl;? ighorD;av; b,fawmhrkqdk;r jzpfrvJqdkwm ae@wdkif;ylyefae&wJhb0awmh igra&mufcsifbl;� vdk@ qdkygawmhonf?

OD;}uD;OD;btHk;rSm orD;udktvGefcspfol jzpfonf? orD;udk ppftwGif; ppfom;wa,mufESifh vufxyfay;+yD; xdkppfom;aemufxnfhvdkuf&rSmudk ylyefjcif;jzpf[ef &Sdaeayonf?

OD;av;cef@vnf; pdwfysuf+yD; jyefvmum tusdK;ta=umif;awG ajymjyygonf? usaemfvnf; pdwfysuf+yD; bmqufvkyf &rnfrod/tcsdef&Snfvsm;pGm apmifh&rnfhoabm jzpfaeygawmhonf?

2020202020

usaemfonf &efukefòr@ OD;0dpm&vrf;wGif eHeufwdkif; apmapmx+yD; 2 rd kifausmfr# vrf;av#mufaeusjzpf&m/ ,ckwavmvrf;rav#mufjzpfwm wywfausmfavmuf&S doGm;+yD;/ ,ae@rS xvrf;av#mufrdygonf? vrf;av#mufrStjyef tdrfa&mufcgeD;wGifOD;av;cef@wa,muf vrf;twdkif;rdrdqD av#mufvmwmawG@&I bmrsm;jzpfjyef+yDvJ[k pdwfyloGm;rdygonf? awGqHkrdawmhOD;av;u ajymonfrSmusaemfhZeD;avmif;pdefpdef ol@tdrfrSxGufvm+yD; ightdrfa&mufvmum rif;qDudkvkdufydk@ay;zdk@ajymvdk@ igac:vm+yD? tckrif;a':av;apmtdrfwGifxm;cJhonf? rif;udkajymjyzdk@ igvmwmyJ[k qdkygonf?

usaemfu OD;av;cef@udk jyefESifhyg? usaemft0wftpm;vJ+yD; csufcsif;um;ESifh vmcJhygr,f? usaemfwdk@rSm olrudkapmifha&Smuf&r,fh0wW&m;&Sdygw,f? usaemf0wW&m;twdkif; vkyfrSmyg[kajym+yD; OD;av;udk jyefv$wfvdkufygonf?

usaemftdrftjrefjyef t0wftpm;vJ+yD;um;jzifh usaemfhta':tdrfudkvdkufoGm;um olreSifhawG@qHkygonf? usaemfhZeD;avmif;pdefpdefuajymjyonfrSm usr[marmifvufxyfEdkifr,fh&ufudk t=um}uD;apmifhaecJh&yg+yD? tckarmifuvufxyfEdkif+yD ajymjyefawmhvJ tazuraorcsmra&r&meJ@ ppf+yD;rS vufxyfay;r,fvdk@ajymjyefw,f? tckawmhusru armifac:wJhtwdkif;armifaemuf vdkufcJh+yDvdk@rsuf&nfrsm;ESifh usaemfhudkajymjyygonf?

usaemfu - rif;bmrSryleJ@/ rif;udkigapmifha&SmufrSmyg? wdk@r=umcif'D&efukefrSmyJ vufxyf=uwmaygh? tckawmh a':av;tdrfrSmyJacwWaecJhyg[k ajymcJh+yD; a':av; - OD;av;wdk@ESifh acwWawG@qHktyfESHum usaemfhtdrfudkjyefcJhygonf?

usaemfwdk@vufxyfzdk@twGuf usaemfaiG&Smzdk@vdkygonf? usaemfhwGif ,cifbDtdkifatacwfuwnf;u usaemfpD;aeaom armfawmfqdkifu,fwpD; tawmftoifhaumif;rGefpGm &Sdygonf? ,ckusaemfppf0ef}uD;±Hk; avhusifha&;XmecsKyfrª;}uD;jzpfvmI ppf0ef}uD;±Hk;uusaemfpD;zdk@ udk,fydkifum;wpD;/ '±dkifbm&JabmfESifhwuGay;xm;ojzifh xdkarmfawmfqdkifu,fudk usaemfwae&mwGif odrf;xm;ygonf?

xdkarmfawmfqdkifu,fudk ppf0ef}uD;±Hk; axmufyHha&;Xmeodk@ usaemfa&mif;cs&efpDpOfygonf? ppf0ef}uD;±Hk;axmufyHha&;rª;Adkvfrª;Adkvf0if;xHoGm;awG@+yD; usaemfvufxyfzdk@aiGvdkojzifh usaemfharmfawmfqdkifu,fudk a&mif;vdka=umif;ajymjy&m oabmwl=u+yD; usaemfharmfawmfqdkifu,fzdk;jrefrmaiGusyfig;aomif; Adkvfrª;0if;uay;ygonf? xdkpOfujrefrmaiGwefzdk;vnf; toifhtwifh&SdaeI vufxyfpm;&dwftwGuf aumif;pGmvHkavmufEdkifygonf?

usaemfcsufcsif;yif xkdaiGig;aomif;udk,l+yD; usaemfwdk@udkvufxyfay;zdk@ OD;av; - a':av;wdk@udkajym+yD; xkdaiGrsm;udk tyfay;vdkufygonf?aemuf usaemfonfAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh AdkvfvufsmxHoGm;+yD; usaemfhZeD;avmif;vdkufvmaomtajctaeudk ajymjyum r=umcif

&efukefwGifyif vufxyfawmhrnfhta=umif; ajymjyygonf?aemuf AdkvfvufsmESifh vufxyfrnfhtpDtpOfrsm; aqG;aEG;wdkifyif=uygonf? AdkvfvufsmrSmaumif;pGmrusef;rmI &efukefaq;±Hk}uD;wGif

wufa&muf ukoaeaomumv jzpfygonf?1945 ckESpf/ ZEM0g&Dv 15 &ufae@wGif usaemfwdk@vufxyf=uygonf? vufxyfyGJudkAdkvfvufsmpDpOfay;onfhtwdkif; acgif;aqmif}uD;

om,m0wDocifjrtdrfwGif ðyvkyfygonf? vufxyfay;olrsm;rSm xdktcsdefuEdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;jzpf[ef&Sdaom ocifEkwdk@ jzpfygonf? q&m}uD;ocifudk,fawmfrd_if;u r*Fvm=obmpum; ajym=um;csD;jr�ifhygonf?

vufxyfyGJrSm cyfusOf;usOf;jzpfaomfvnf; odkufodkufòrufòruf jzpfygonf? [email protected];aqmifvl}uD;rsm;/ rdwfaqGrsm;/ &Jabmfrsm;wufa&muf=uygonf?

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh a':cif=unfZeD;armifESHvnf; wufa&mufvmygonf? AdkvfcsKyfwdk@usaemfwdk@ESpfa,mufxH vm+yD;vufqGJE_wfqufum AdkvfcsKyfuaemufajymifpum;rsm; qdkygonf? bmrSef;usaemfrrSwfrdawmhyg? vufxyfyGJodk@ aq;±Hkwufaeaom AdkvfvufsmwOD;wnf;om rvmjzpfyg? usaemfhZmwdoHk;q,frS usaemfhrdbrsm;ESifh aqGrsdK;tcsdK@vnf;vm=uygonf? pdefpdef.ta': a':=unfvnf; oHk;q,fòr@rSvm+yD;wufa&mufygonf? r*FvmyGJrSmtm;vHk;acsmacsmarmarmESifh +yD;qHk;oGm;ygonf?

usaemfhvlysdK&Jabmf}uD;rsm;jzpfaom Adkvf&efatmif/ Adkvf&JxGËf/ Adkvfjrifhatmifwdk@rSmvnf; rsm;pGmaysmf&$if=u+yD; usaemfhudk0dkif;umpaemufajymifaeygawmhonf?

15

vufxyfyGJ+yD;aemuf usaemfwdk@tm;vHk;waysmfwyg;}uD; usaemf.OD;0dZm&vrf;tdrfodk@ jyefvm=uygonf? tvGefaysmf&$ifaeaomAdkvfjrifhatmif}uD;u wdk@odyfaysmfw,f/ 'Dn'DrSmyJ=uufom;[if; csufpm;=ur,f[kajymqdkum pDpOf=uyg awmhonf? (xdkpOfu Adkvfjrifhatmif}uD;ruG,fvGefao;yg)

usaemfwdk@u =uuf0,f&efpDpOf&m Adkvfjrifhatmif}uD;u 'Dvdkn[if;qdkwm0,fwJh=uufeJ@ csufpm;wmr[kwfbl;/ ckd;&wJh=uufeJ@csufpm;rSt&om&SdwmAs[k oli,fpOfb0utwdkif; aysmf&$ifpGmajymvmygonf?

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16

(21)(21)(21)(21)(21)zufqpfqef@usifa&; tydkif; (1)zufqpfqef@usifa&; tydkif; (1)zufqpfqef@usifa&; tydkif; (1)zufqpfqef@usifa&; tydkif; (1)zufqpfqef@usifa&; tydkif; (1)

zufqpf0g'udk *smr%D/ tDwvD/ *syefwdk@ (3) EdkifiHaygif;xlaxmifcJh=u+yD; 1941 ckESpfwGif *smr%Dzufqpfwdk@u Oa&mytaemufydkif;wydkif;vHk; jyifopfjynf}uD;tyg odrf;ydkufcJh=uonf? +Adwdefu|ef;om yifv,fjcm;aeI rodrf;ydkufEdkifbJ ava=umif;uom t}uD;tus,f wdkufcdkufcJhonf? �*smr%Dzufqpfwdk@[m qdkAD,uf±k&Sm;jynf}uD;udkquf+yD; 1941 ck/ ZGefvup0ifwdkuf&mwGif oHk;ESpftwGif;qdkAD,uf±k&Sm;rS pwmvifacgif;aqmif+yD; ckcHvdk@ *smrefawG tawmftxdemonf? 1943 ckESpfwGiftjyif;qHk; jzpfonf? qdkAD,uf±k&Sm;awGuwjznf;jznf;cHppfrS xdk;ppfodk@pwifajymif;+yD;wdkuf&m *smrefzufqpfawGudk ±k&Sm;rSarmif;xkwfvdkufEdkif+yD; Oa&mytwGif;ydkif;txd aemufuxyfcsyfvdkufum wdkufonf? xdktcsdefwGif tar&dueft*Fvdyfr[mrdwfwyfzGJ@}uD;u 1944 ckESpf/ ZGefv (6) &ufwGif jyifopf aemfref'Durf;ajcodk@wuf+yD; *smrefwdk@udkwdkufyGJ}uD; qifE$Jygawmhonf? odk@jzifh±k&Sm;ygaygif;um zufqpfwdkudkwdkuf&m Oa&mywGif*smrefzufqpfESifh tDwvDzufqpfwdk@ ta&;edrfh+yD;vufeufcs&awmhonf?

aemuftm&SwdkufwGifvnf; *syefzufqpfwdk@ujrefrmtyg wdkif;jynftrsm;udkwdkufcdkufodrf;ydkufxm;&m r[mrdwfawGu jyefwdkufvmonf? qdkAD,uf±k&Sm;uvnf; wdkufyGJ+yD;oGm;aom Oa&myu ol@wyfawGudktm&Swdkufbufodk@ a&$@,lvm+yD; *syefzufqpfwdk@udkOD;wnf+yD;wdkufcdkuf&m aemufqHk;*syefjynfray:urf;wuf+yD; wdkufawmhrnfhtajctaeodk@ qdkufaeayonf? xdktwGif;tar&duefu *syefjynf[D±dk&SD;rm;ESifhem*gpuD;òr@awGudk 1945 ck =o*kwfv 6 &ufESifh 9 &ufae@rSm tEkjrLAHk;rsm;udkyxrqHk;csvdkufonf? *syefwdk@vnf; 1945 ckESpf =o*kwfv 15&ufwGif vufeufcsvdkufojzifh 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;+yD;qHk;jcif;odk@ a&mufavonf?

(22)(22)(22)(22)(22)zufqpfqef@usifa&; tydkif; (2)zufqpfqef@usifa&; tydkif; (2)zufqpfqef@usifa&; tydkif; (2)zufqpfqef@usifa&; tydkif; (2)zufqpfqef@usifa&; tydkif; (2)

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Armjynfzufqpfqef@usifa&;pwifolwdk@rSm &cdkifwdkif;ujzpf+yD; 1944 ckESpfukefavmufrSpwifcJh&matmifjrifr_&cJh=uygonf? 1945 ckESpfZEM0g&DyxrywfrSpI &cdkifwdkif;wGifOD;ynmoD[/ OD;pdENmESifh udk!dkxGef;/ Adkvf=umvSatmifwdk@OD;aqmifI r[mrdwfppfwyfrsm;ESifh wGJzufum zufqpf*syefwdk@tm; vufeufudkifI awmfvSefwdkufcdkufcJh=uonf?

wjynfvHk;zufqpfawmfvSefa&;twGuf zufqpfwdkufzsufa&;tzGJ@csKyf (aemif zqyv) acgif;aqmifrsm;onf 1945 ckESpf rwfv (1)&ufae@rS (3) &ufae@txd (3) &ufwdkifwdkif &efukefòr@ywfvrf; (,ck ewfarmufvrf;) &Sd AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; tdrfwGif zufqpfawmfvSefa&;twGufpka0;wdkifyif=uavonf?

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*syefwdk@tm; vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&; wjynfvHk;pwifðyvkkyf&ef ponfwdk@udkqHk;jzwfcJh=uonf?zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;udk zufqpfwdkufzsufa&;jynfol@vGwfvyfa&;tzGJ@csKyftaejzifh atmifjrif+yD;qHk;onftxd OD;aqmifoGm;&ef

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17

(c) jynfol@ta&;awmfyHkygwD (qdk&S,fvpfygwD) udk,fpm;vS,f 3 OD;/ (4) OD;AaqG (5) OD;ausmf+idrf; (6) ocifcspf (rSwfcsuf? ? ocifcspfrSm aemifuGefjrLepfygwDodk@ ajymif;onf?)(*) uGefjrLepfygwDrS udk,fpm;vS,f 3 OD;/ (7) ocifpdk; (8) ocifoef;xGef; (9) ocifwifjr? aygif; (9) OD; jzpfygonf?xdkOD;pD;tzGJ@0ifrsm;xJrS tm%mydkifacgif;aqmif (3) OD; xyf+yD;a&G;=uygonf?

EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif æ æ ocifpdk;ppfa&;acgif;aqmif æ æ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;acgif;aqmif æ æ ocifoef;xGef;

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(23)(23)(23)(23)(23)

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vdkkufonf?wdkif; ppfa&;acgif;aqmif EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif(1) AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ocifA[def;

18

(2) Adkvfr�;}uD;ae0if; ocifpdk;(3) Adkvfr�;}uD;apm=um'dk; r&Sd(4) Adkvfr�;ausmfaZm ocifcspf(5) Adkvf}uD;wifxGef; ocifAodef;wif(6) Adkvfr�;&JxGËf OD;ausmf+idrf;(7) Adkvfr�;atmif ocifwifjrAdkvfr�;}uD;vusfmu wdkif; (2) ESifh wdkif; (3) udk qufoG,fa&;wm0ef,l&ef txl;a'orsm;jzpfaomwdkif; (3) wdkif; wGifvnf; atmufyg

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ydk@ay;rnfhwyfzGJ@ 136 qufoG,fa&;wm0efcHar*smu±l;ESifh yl;aygif;Iaqmif&Guf&ef jzpfygonf?rSwfcsuf (1) ocifA[def;udkwdkif; (1) EdkifiHa&;r�;tjzpf &mxm;cJhaomfvnf;wdkif; (1) ppfa&;acgif;aqmiftjzpf Adkvfr�;armifarmif (ume,f

armifarmif - aemif Adkvfr�;csKyf) udk wm0efay;vdkufaomtcg ocifA[def;udkwdkif; (1) odk@ rac:,lawmhbJawmifile,fwGifyif wm0efay;vdkufonf?(2) wdkif; (6) wm0efusaomOD;ausmf+idrf;udkwdkif; (6) odk@rydk@awmhbJ&efukefwGifudk AaqGESifhwGJbufwm0efay;onf? wdkif; (6) EdkifiHa&;

r�;tjzpf ocifwifxGef; (aemif - awmcdk uGefjrLepfygwDrS) udk wm0efay;onf?(ocifwifjr. wdkif;}uD; 10 wkdif; - ESm - 44 )(3) qdk&S,fvpfygwDacgif;aqmif OD;ausmf+idrf;rSmzufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;wGif b,fppfwdkif;b,fae&mudkrS wm0efr,lcJh/ yxrwdkif;

(4) EdkifiHa&;rª;wm0ef&mxm;&mudkvnf;roGm;/ aemuf wdkif; 6 EdkifiHa&;rª;wm0efudkvnf;oGm;r,lbJ/ wae&mvHkðcH&mwGif rdrdbmomykef;ckdae+yD;&efukefrS *syefwyfrsm;qkwfcGm+yD;awmhrS &efukefwdkif;udkAaqGxHoGm;I yl;aygif;aecJhol jzpfonf?

(4) 1952 ckESpfwGif qdk&S,fvpfygwDacgif;aqmif0ef}uD;tjzpf OD;ausmf+idrf;onftaemufEdkifiHtcsdK@odk@ vSnhfvnfavhvm=unfh±_a&;tzGJ@acgif;aqmiftjzpf oGm;a&muf&mwGifusaemfvnf; xdktzGJ@wGifyg0ifvdkufygoGm;&m t*Fvefvef'efòr@wGifusaemfwdk@vlcsif;vnf; &if;ESD;aeI/usaemfu zufqpfawmfvSefa&;wGifusaemfOD;pD;aom wdkif; (4) wGifcifAsm;yxrEdkifiHa&;rª;wm0efus&modk@ rvmbJbma=umifh ocifcspfudk v$wf&ovJ[kar;&m OD;ausmf+idrf;ucyfajymifajymifyif cifAsm;}uD;udka=umufvdk@rvmwm[kajymonf? t"dym,frSmusaemfwdk@u *syefudkzdwdkuf&if *syefuusaemfwdk@udk jyefwdkufrnf? xdk'%fudk olrcHEdkifvdk@rvmonfhoabm zpfonf? OD;ausmf+idrf;rSmtemrcHvdkaom EdkifiHa&;tacsmiform;}uD; jzpfonfudkodEdkifayonf?

Armjynfzufqpf*syefudk awmfvSef&ef &ufowfrSwfjcif;Armjynfzufqpf*syefudk awmfvSef&ef &ufowfrSwfjcif;Armjynfzufqpf*syefudk awmfvSef&ef &ufowfrSwfjcif;Armjynfzufqpf*syefudk awmfvSef&ef &ufowfrSwfjcif;Armjynfzufqpf*syefudk awmfvSef&ef &ufowfrSwfjcif;

zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;udk &ufowfrSwf&ef awmfvSefa&;aumifpDuAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk wm0efay;xm;&m AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ut&yf&yftajctaersm;udk avhvmaxmufxm;+yD;yxrawmfvSef&ef &ufudk 1945 ckESpf rwfv (25) &uf/ n (6) em&D[k owfrSwfvdkufonf?rdrdwdk@wyfrsm; xdk&uftwGif;awmfvSef&eftoifhjzpfae&ef jzpfonf? odk@&mwGifAdkvfcsKyfonf xdktwGif;*syefbufrS tajctaeajymif;vJr_wcka=umifhawmfvSef&ef&ufudk 1945 ckESpf {+yDv 2 &ufae@ n (7) em&DwGif pwifawmfvSef&ef &ufudka&$@vdkufonf?

xdktwGif; Armhwyfrawmf wyfr�;trsm;u *syefawmfvSefawmhrnf jzpfojzifh rdrdtdrfaxmifom;orD;ZeD;wdk@udk &efukefòr@odk@ ydk@=uwmawG&Sdvmonf?

xdkta=umif; trsKd;rsKd;a=umifh &efukefòr@ESifh yJcl;òr@vlxktwGif; Armhwyfrawmfu *syefwdk@udk awmfvSefwdkufcdkufawmhrnfh owif;tptersm; ysH@ESH@vmonf? xdkowif;wdkif; (4) ppfaumfrwDuod&Sdvmaomtcg wdkif; (4) ppfaumfrwDrsm;jzpf=uaom usaemf/ ocifcspf/ Adkvfodef;wef/AdkvfAwif/ Adkvfatmif&$ (,ck NLD) wdk@ csufcsif;tpnf;ta0;xdkifI b,fvdkvkyf=urvJ wdkifyif=uonf?

tpnf;ta0;wGif tm;vHk;uawmfvSefrnfh&uf {+yDv (2) &ufae@rwdkifrD *syefudkawmfvSefrnfhowif;ayguf=um; Edkifonf[k,lqvm=uonf?

owif;aygufv#if *syefuvufOD;r_,l+yD; Armhwyfrawmfppfacgif;aqmifrsm;udk csufcsif;zrf;qD;jcif;ESifh ArmhwyfrawmftcsKd@udk0dkif;+yD;vufeufðzwfjcif;rsm; vkyfEdkifonf? *syefzufqpfawmfvSefa&;}uD;udk rsm;pGmxdcdkufoGm;Edkifonf? z±dkz&J jzpfoGm;Edkifonf?

19

*syef.aoe*FAsL[mt&efwyfzGJ@rSm &efukefteD; �tif;wdkif� ponfwGif csxm;&m &efukef yJcl;a'ow0dkufrS Armhwyfrawmfrsm; t&ifqHk;zrf;qD;jcif;/ vufeufðzwfjcif;cH&rnf jzpfonf? *syefuvufOD;r_&v#if awmfvSefa&;}uD;xdcdkufEdkifonf[k ,lq=uonf?

xdk@a=umifhawmfvSef&ufudk {+yDv 2 &ufxufapm+yD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;xHESifh wyfzGJ@toD;oD;odk@ owif;tapmqHk; ta&mufydk@Edkifrnfh&ufwGif pwifawmfvSef&ef,lqvm=uygonf?

xdktapmqHk;jzpfEdkifrnfh&ufrSm 1945 ckESpf/ rwfv (27) &ufjzpfEdkifI xdkrwfv (27) &ufae@ n (7) em&DwGif pwifawmfvSef&efqHk;jzwfonf?

usaemfrSmaemifAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. tjypfwifcH&rnfudkpdk;&G@HaeI tifwifwifjzpfae&m aemufqHk;tpnf;ta0; wufoltm;vHk;ESifhoabmwlvdkuf&ygonf?

usaemfonfcsufcsif;yif xdkodk@&ufa&$@onfhudpPudk AdkvfcsKyfESifhwyfzGJ@toD;oD;odk@ ta=umif;=um;&ef qufom;rsm;ESifh usaemfhpmudkydk@ay;&ef pDpOf&awmhonf?

odk@jzifhjrefrmjynfolwdk@. ordkif;wGifaomzufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;}uD;rSm 1945 ckESpf/ rwfv (27) &uf n (7) em&DwGif wjynfvHk;rdrdwdk@u vufOD;r_&SdpGmatmifjrifpGm pwifEdkif=uawmh.?

(24)(24)(24)(24)(24)

usaemfonf xdkrwfv (27) &uf nOD; (7) em&DwGif yJcl;a'o&Sd ppfa&;jyuGif;wGif wyftm;vHk;wyfxGuf&ef toifhwef;pDpka0;ap+yD;,cktcsdefupI Armjynfolrsm;ESifh Armhwyfrawmfw&yfvHk;u zufqpf*syefwdk@udkpwifawmfvSef wdkufcdkuf=u+yD[k a=unm+yD;AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;.*syefwyftay: ppfa=unmpmwrf;udkzwfjyum pum;tenf;i,fajym+yD; wyftoD;oD;uawmfvSef&efóuwif pDpOfxm;aom ae&ma'o toD;oD;odk@ vlpkcGJIcsDwufoGm;=uygawmhonf?

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;pawmhrnfqdkaomtcg zufqpfawmfvSefa&;EdkifiHa&;oabm w&m;rsm;udk txl;ojzifhArmhwyfrawmf wyfr�;/ wyf=uyfrsm; em;vnfod&Sdvmap&ef ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDrSau'grsm;udk wyfrawmfwyftoD;oD;odk@ 0ifap+yD;EdkifiHa&;oifwef;rsm; ay;apcJhonf? xdk@a=umifhwyfrawmfESifh uGefjrLepfygwDwdk@qufqHa&;vnf; rsm;pGmwdk;wufaumif;rGefvmonf? xdk@tjyifbDtdkifatumvwGif pnf;urf;avsmh&J emrnfysufpðyaeaom Armhwyfrawmfvnf;pnf;urf;ao0yf+yD; cdkifrmawmifhwif;vmygawmhonf? xdk@a=umifh zufqpfawmfvSefa&;}uD; pwifvmaomtcgArmhwyfrawmfonf &J&ifhajymifajrmufpGma&S@wef;rS wdkufcdkuf=uayonf?

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf zufqpf*syefawmfvSefcgeD;wGif oludk,fwdkifzufqpfawmfvSefa&; oabmw&m;trdef@pmwrf;rsm;vnf; xkwfjyefcJhonf?

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf zufqpf*syefwdk@udkawmfvSefwdkufcdkuf&ef ArmhwyfrawmfwyftoD;oD;udk awmfvSefwdkufcdkufrnfh ppfwdkif;toD;oD;odk@ óuwifwyfjzef@&mwGif t*Fvdyfwyfrsm;0ifvmv#if ArmhwyfrawmfrSckcHwdkufcdkuf&ef[k *syefrsm;udkvSnfhjzm;ajymqdk wdkifyif+yD;wyftoD;oD;udk t*Fvdyfwdkufrnfh[efESifh wyfjzef@&onf? *syefrsm;u,Hk=unf+yD; rsm;pGmauseyf=uonf? AdkvfcsKyfonfxdkwyfjzef@trdef@wkrsm;vnf;xkwfjyefcJh&onf?

usaemfonfzufqpfawmfvSefa&;twGif; usaemfhZeD;udkOD;av;cef@xH tyfESHxm;&mOD;av;cef@u olrudkoHk;q,fòr@teD;&Gmw&Gm&Sdol@oli,fcsif;tdrfwGifoGm;I 0Sufxm;avonf?

usaemfonf 1945 ckESpf/ rwfv 27 &ufae@nOD; yJcl;a'o&Sd rdrdwyfzGJ@toD;oD;pka0;ap+yD;rdrdwdk@onf ,ae@rSpIzufqpf*syefudkwwdkif;jynfvHk;wGif qef@usifwdkufcdkuf=u+yD[laom AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. *syefppfa=unmcsufudk zwfjyajymqdk+yD;aemuf zufqpfawmfvSefa&;twGif; yxr wdkif; (4) ppfXmecsKyf tajcpdkufrnfh yJcl;c±dkif ta&S@ajrmuf&Sd �jrpfusKd;� a'oodk@rdrdwdk@wyfrsm;ESifhtwl csufcsif;yifxGufcGmcsDwufygawmhonf?

rdrdwdk@wyfzGJ@rsm; rdrdwdk@awmfvSefa&;wm0efus&m a'otoD;oD;odk@csDwuf=uyg+yD? usaemfrSmxdknudkwefcl;vjynfhn[k aumif;pGmrSwfrdaeygonf? va&mifatmufwGifjrif;ay:wGifxdkifvdkufoGm;&if; pdwfwGifrsm;pGmayghyg;&$ifjrL;aysmf&$ifaeygonf? usaemfwdk@onf,ckwavm zufqpf*syef wdkufcdkufrnfh owif;ayguf=um;+yD; *syefbufóuwifvufOD;r_&,lum ta&;,laqmif&Gufvdkufv#if zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;}uD; xdcdkufumz±kdz&JjzpfoGm;rSmudk tvGefpdk;&drfylyefa=umifh=uae=u&mrS ,ckusaemfwdk@uvHk;0vufOD;r_&+yD; zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;}uD;udk tpDpOf&SdpGmususeeaqmif&GufEdkif=u+yDjzpfI ESpftcsKd@óuwifpDpOfcJh&aom ta&;awmfyHk}uD;twGuf rsm;pGm=unfEl;0rf;om&awmhonf?

eHeufrdk;vif;aomtcg usaemfwdk@wdkif; (4) XmecsKyfwyfzGJ@rSm yJcl;c±dkifa0gòr@uav;odk@a&mufygonf? apmifhóuaeaom a0ga'o ajratmufwm0efcH &Jabmfwif&D (xdkkkpOfu yJcl; ae0if;) udk awG@&ygonf?

&Jabmfwif&DrSm aemiftcgArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD aygvpfjAL±dk vl}uD;wOD;jzpfvm+yD; ,cktcgwGifw±kwfjynf ppfc|rfjynfe,f csifwl;òr@wGiftem;,laexdkifvsuf &Sdygonf?

20

udkwif&D.ajymjycsuft&a0gòr@ ol}uD;tdrfwGif *syef (2) a,muf a&mufaea=umif;ESifha0gblwm±kHwGif *syef (3) a,muf a&muf&Sdaea=umif; a0gwGif*syefxdkr#om&Sda=umif; ajymjyygonf? xdk*syefrsm;udkwdkufcdkuf&ef pDpOf&ygawmhonf?

wdkif; (4) ppfXmecsKyf±Hk;tzGJ@wGif vl (20) ausmfr# vdkufygvm&mxdkrSwdkufcdkufa&;ESifh oifhawmfrnfh&JabmftcsKd@udka&G;jc,f+yD; ol}uD;tdrfrS*syef (2) a,mufudk oGm;a&mufowfjzwfwdkufcdkuf&ef &Jabmf (3) a,mufudk a&G;+yD;v$wfvdkufygonf? aemufxyf&Jabmf (4) a,mufudka&G;+yD;usaemfudk,fwdkifOD;aqmifum blwm±Hk&Sd*syef (3) a,mufudk owfjzwf&efoGm;ygawmhonf?

a0gòr@blwm±Hktem;a&mufaomtcg rar#mfvifhbJ*syefppfom; 4 - 5 a,mufu blwm±Hkyvufazmif;ay:wGif ypPnf;awG csvdkufpDvdkufvkyfaewm awG@&ygonf? usaemfonfwkdufyGJqufwdkuf&ef qHk;jzwfvdkuf+yD; usaemfESifhygvmol&Jabmf (4) a,mufrS acgif;aqmiftjzpf owfrSwfxm;aomoludk tem;odk@ac:vdkuf+yD;usaemfu yvufazmif;ay:u 4/ 5 a,mufudk iguuyf+yD;ypPwdkeJ@ypf+yD; "m;eJ@vJckwfowfr,frif;wdk@ublwm±Hku *syef (3) a,mufudkoGm;owf=u[k trdef@ay;vdkufygonf?

odk@aomf csufcsif;vdkyif xkd&JabmfusaemfhbufjyefvSnfhvmum usaemfhudkwae&modk@ar;xdk;jyygonf? usaemfoljy&modk@=unfhvdkuf&mbwfpfum; (3) pD;avmuf blwm±Hktem;&yfxm;&m xdkbwfpfum;ay:wGif*syefwyfcGJwcGJpmavmuf xdkifaeonfudkawG@&onf? xdktwGif; ol}uD;tdrfbufrS aoewfoHawGay:xGufvmonf? usaemfwdk@&JabmfawGol}uD;tdrfu *syef (2) a,mufudkowfjzwfae[ef&Sdygonf?

xdktwGif;*syeft&m&SdwOD;onf xdkifaeaomum;ay:rS qif;vmumt&m&Sdt0wftpm;ESifhyif &Sdaeao;aomusaemfhxH tjrefcsOf;uyfvm+yD; aoewfoH=um;&mae&modk@ vuf!_d;!ïef+yD;bmjzpfwmvJ[kar;ygonf? usaemfu±kwfw&ufyif �óu,if� (ppfavhusifhaewm[kt"dy`m,f&onfh *syefpum;) [k ajymvdkufawmhrS jyefwufoGm;onf?

usaemfonf*syefursm;aeI a0gòr@vkyf}uHr_udkqufvkyf&efroifh tjrefqkwfcGmrSjzpfrnf[k pOf;pm;rdonf? *syefwyfcGJwcGJvGefcJhwJhnua0gudka&mufaewm udkwif&DrodIjzpfrnf[k,lq+yD; rlvwyfpk&m ae&modk@ tjrefjyefqkwf+yD;usaemf. wdkif; (4) ppfXmecsKyfudk rlv&nf&G,faomjrpfusKd;a'oodk@ tjrefqkwfcGmvm&ygawmhonf? usaemfonfzufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&; yGJOD;xGufwGifwdkif; (4) ppfXmecsKyfu wdkufyGJuav;wyGJazmf&ef&nf&G,fcsufrSm txrajrmufcJhay?

Tonfwdk@rSm 1945 ckepf rwfv 27 &ufae@ ArmjynfzufqpfawmfvSefa&; pwif&mwGif ppfwdkif; (4) . tjzpftysuftcsKd@yifwnf;?1945 ckESpf rwfv 27 &ufae@wGif pwifaomArmjynfzufqpf*syefqef@usifawmfvSefaom ta&;awmfyHkwGifppfwdkif; (4) rS awmfvSef

wdkufcdkufcJhyHkrsm;udk a&;om;&ygawmhrnf?

(25)(25)(25)(25)(25)

1945 ckESpf =o*kwfv (19) &ufae@wGifArmhvGwfvyfa&;ordkif;. rSwfwdkifwwdkifjzpfaom &efukefòr@ aeol&defjynfol@tpnf;ta0;}uD;wGifrsKd;cspfwyfrawmfwdkif; (4) wdkif;r�;usaemfAdkvfr�;ausmfaZmu wwdkif;jynfvHk;vGwfvyfa&; wdkufyGJ}uD;twGufEdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;/ yk*~dKvfrsm; nD!Gwfpnf;vHk;=u&ef tqdkudkwifoGif;cJhygonf?

�usaemfh.tqdkrdef@cGef;wGif 1945 ckESpf usaemfwdkArmjynfolrsm;. zufqpfawmfvSefa&;ta&;awmfyHktwGif; usaemfwdk@OD;pD;aomppfwdkif; (4) rS zufqpf*syefwdk@udkawmfvSefwdkufcdkufcJhyHkrsm;udk tawmftwefjynfhpHkpGm zmfjyxm;ygonf? xdktqdkrdef@cGef;aumfyDusaemfxHwGif&Sdae&mxdktxJrS tusOf;xkwfEkwf+yD;ppfwdkif; (4) twGif; 1945 ckESpfu zufqpf*syefudkwdkufcdkufcJhyHktcsKd@udk azmfjyygrnf?

�1945 ckESpf/ rwfv (7) &ufae@ &efukefòr@ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tdrfrSm awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpnf;ta0;usif;yygw,f? 'DaumifpDuusaemfhudkwdkif; (4) udk wm0efay;ygw,f? yJcl;a'o&Sd wyfawGudkpk±Hk;zGJ@pnf;+yD; yJcl;c±dkif/ oxHkc±dkif/ zmyGefc±dkif/ awmifilawmifydkif;e,f a'oawGrSmzufqpf*syefudk awmfvSefwdkufcdkufzdk@&ufcsdef;ESifhwuG trdef@ay;vdkufygw,f? tJ'DaumifpDuyJatmufArmjynftwGuf awmfvSef&efwdkif; (7)wdkif; cGJay;ygw,f?�

�wdkif; (1) u om,m0wDESifh jynf? wdkif; (2) u jrpf0u|ef;ay:a&S@ydkif;? wdkif; (3) jrpf0u|ef;ay:taemufydkif;? wdkif; (5) u weomF&Dwdkif;?wdkif; (6) u ysOf;rem;/ rdwD�vmESifh &Srf;jynfe,f? wdkif; (7) u tmvH/ o&uf/ a&eHajr jzpfw,f?�

�aemuf txufArmjynfwdkif;udkawmh Adkvfrª;Axl;udkwm0efay;ygw,f?��wdkif; (4) u txufazmfjyygtwdkif;jzpf+yD; usaemfESifhtwlEdkifiHa&;r�;ESifh vlxkpnf;±Hk;a&;wm0efcHtjzpf ocifcspfudkwGJzufwm0ef

ay;vdkufygw,f?�xdkpOfuocifcspfrSm OD;AaqG - OD;ausmf+idrf;wdk@. aemifqdk&S,fvpfygwDjzpfvmrnfh jynfol@ta&;awmfyHkygwDrS jzpfygonf? ocifcspfonf

aemifArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDodk@ ajymif;+yD;aemufygwD. twGif;a&;r�;tjzpfxrf;aqmif&if; tpdk;&ESifhwdkkufyGJwyGJwGif 1975 ckESpf yJcl;±dk;rY usqHk;oGm;&aom xif&Sm;aomawmfvSefa&;trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif}uD;wOD; jzpfygonf?

�usaemfESifhocifcspfwdk@ (2) a,muf trdef@&&csif; yJcl;udkajy;+yD;usaemfuppfwyfawGudk wdkufzdk@jyifqifocifcspfuzufqpfwdkufzsufa&;tzGJ@acgif;aqmifawGESifh awmfvSefa&;rSmwyfrawmfESifh b,fvdkyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr,fqdkwmudk &Sif;jypdkif;jyif;=uw,f?�

21

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22

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23

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26

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27

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28

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xkcGJa&mif;csap&efESifh AdkvfxGef;pdefu a&mif;cs&aom aiGtcsdK@ESifh &JabmfawGpm;zdk@ iyd/ ukvm;yJrsm; 0,fjyefvm&efESifh usefaiGrsm;udk ppfwdkif; (4)axmufyHha&;Xmeodk@ ay;tyf&efyif jzpfygonf?

xkdt}uHudk ppfwdkif; (4) aumfrwDvl}uD;rsm;tm;vHk; tm;&0rf;ompGm oabmwl=u+yD; AdkvfxGef;pdefudk &efukefòr@odk@ pdefrsm;xkcGJ&efapv$wfvdkufygonf?

AdkvfxGef;pdefrSm 4 - 5 &ufeJ@ jyefra&mufvmbJ wywfausmf=umrS acgif;pkwfzGm;eJ@ jyefa&mufvmygonf?wdkif;aumfrwDvl}uD;rsm;tm;vHk; AdkvfxGef;pdefudk0dkif;+yD; tusdK;ta=umif; ar;=uygonf? AdkvfxGef;pdef ajymjyonfrSm usaemfwdk@&J@ pdefawGudk

pdefqdkif}uD;wqdkifu ukvm;}uD;wOD;udk oGm;a&mif;w,f? ukvm;}uD;u pdefawGudk aoaocsmcsmudkif=unfh aemufrSefbDvl;eJ@=unfh+yD;rS &,farm+yD;'gawG pdefr[kwfbl;? bmwefzdk;rSr&SdwJh ovif;wHk;awGvdk@ajym+yD; jyefay;w,f? aemufwqdkifoGm;jyvJ 'DvdkyJajymw,f? 'ga=umifh usaemfpdwfysuf+yD;jyefvmygw,f[k ajymjyygonf?

wdkif;aumfrwDvl}uD;tm;vHk; pdwfysuf0rf;enf;oGm;=u&ygawmhonf?aemif ESpftawmf=um+yD;aemuf usaemf Armjynfawmifydkif; ppfXmecsKyfrª;jzpfvm+yD; usaemfhwGif tqkwfwDbDa&m*g pjzpfvmaomtcg

wyfrawmfaq;rª;csKyf Adkvfrª;}uD;armifarmif}uD;u rdw�Dvmodk@ aq;cGifhESifhoGm;em;&ef apv$wfcJhygonf? xdkpOf rdw�DvmrSm xdk*syefawmfvSefa&;umvu pdefrsm;ay;oGm;cJhzl;onfh &JabmfrSm ouFef;0wfeJ@a&mufvm+yD; usaemfeJ@awG@qHkygonf? oljrif;+cHrSm &[ef;b0eJ@aea=umif; ajymoGm;ygonf? ol@=unfh&onfrSm cyfa=umifa=umif ±l;wl;wl;jzpfaeyHk &onf? usaemfvnf; ol@b0udk rsm;pGm=uifemoem;rdonf?

pwkw�ta=umif;t&mpwkw�ta=umif;t&mpwkw�ta=umif;t&mpwkw�ta=umif;t&mpwkw�ta=umif;t&mzufqpfawmfvSefa&;t+yD;wGif xifygonf? usaemf&efukefòr@udk jyefa&mufvmygonf? xdkpOf ±Hk;w±Hk;a&S@vrf;ray:wGif Adkvfr�;csKyf

apm=um'dk;udk vSrf;jrifvdkufrdygonf? Adkvf=um'dk;uvnf; usaemfvrf;ay: &yfaewmvSrf;jrifvdkuf+yD; usaemfxH uysmu,m av#mufvmygonf?awG@wmeJ@ usaemf@vufudkqGJE_wfquf+yD; cifAsm;AdkvfausmfaZmaemf - raoao;bl;aemf[k ajymygonf? usaemfu [kwfa=umif;ajymawmholusaemfhudk zufvSJwuif;vkyf+yD;/ 0rf;omvdkufwmAsm[k tm;&yg;&ajymygonf? ol.ðyrlyHkwdk@rSm enf;enf;xl;qef;aeI usaemftHhtm;oifhaeygonf?

'DawmhrS Adkvfr�;csKyf=um'dk;u 'DvdkAs[k tjzpftysufudk ajymjyygonf? awmfvSefa&;umv tapmydkif;u *syefppfAdkvfwa,mufjrefrmtvHwckudkif+yD; ol@tcef;xJ0ifvmum - 'gb,fol@tvHvJ[k tvHudkjy+yD; ar;ygonf? Adkvf=um'dk;rajymwwfjzpfaepOf [dk*syefuyif�'DtvH[m AdkvfausmfaZm tvHaygh/ usaemfwdk@&cJhwm æ�[kajym+yD; qufajymwmuawmh �'gayrJh AdkvfausmfaZmuawmh owWdajymifygayw,f?�[kajym+yD; xdk*syef xGufoGm;ygonf? (rSwfcsuf? *syefppfwyf. xHk;pHrSm rdrd.tvHudk rdrdusqHk;rSom &efol@vufxJ ta&mufcH&onf?)

xdk@a=umifh Adkvf=um'dk;.pdwfwGif AdkvfausmfaZmudk olwdk@owfypfvdkuf=u+yD[k ,lqaerdcJhojzifh ,ckvdk touf&Sifv#uf jyefawG@&aomtcg 0rf;omtm;&jzpfrdjcif; jzpfygonf?

yÌrta=umif;t&myÌrta=umif;t&myÌrta=umif;t&myÌrta=umif;t&myÌrta=umif;t&musaemftxufyg tjzpftysufrsm;udka&;&if; aemufta=umif;t&mwckudk xyf+yD;rSwfrd owd&vmI xyf+yD;a&;vdkuf&ygonf?xdkta=umif;rSm zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;+yD;ump 1945 ckESpfukefcgeD;umv[k xifygonf? zufqpf*syef awmfvSefa&;twGif;u

ocifoef;xGef;wdk@. zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&; XmecsKyfvHkðcHa&;ESifh umuG,fa&;twGuf tultnD awmif;ojzifh usaemfhwyfrS wyfpki,fwpkudkay;ydk@xm;ygonf?

29

xdkwyfpkr�;rSm Adkvfwdk;vGifqdkol 'kwd,Adkvfuav; jzpfygonf? aemifArmhwyfrawmfwGif Adkvfr�;}uD;txdjzpfvmonf xifygonf?�onf tvGefzswfvwfoGufvuf+yD; t+rJwufwufºuºu&Sdaewwfol xm;0,fom;rsdK;cspfyk*~dKvfwOD; jzpfygonf?

�Adkvfwdk;vGifonf 1945 ckESpfukefcgeD;wae@ usaemfhxHa&mufvm+yD; rsuf&nfrsm;0Jum ajymjyvmwmuawmh - ol@wyfpkocifoef;xGef;wdk@XmecsKyfu jyefvmcsifyg+yD[lIyif jzpfonf? usaemfu tusdK;ta=umif;ar;=unfhawmh olajymjywmu - ocifoef;xGef;[mAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ta=umif; raumif;wmawG/ qdk;0g;wmawGudk/ AdkvfcsKyftwif;awGudk wjcm;vlESpfa,mufudk ajymjyaewm olwzufcef;utukef=um;&onf? 'Dvl}uD;tay: usaemfpdwfysufae+yD? xdk@a=umifh usaemfjyefvmyg&ap[k qdkvmygonf? usaemfvnf; xdkta=umif; =um;vdkuf&ojzifh ocifoef;xGef;tay: pdwfysufoGm;rdonf?

odk@aomf usaemfwdk@hbufrS ±kyfrysuf&ef Adkvfwdk;vGifudk em;cszdk@vdkrnf[k usaemfcsufcsif; ,lqrd+yD; Adkvfwdk;vGifudk usaemfem;csygonf?ocifoef;xGef;wdk@ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wkd@[m ArmjynfawmfvSefa&;udk [dka&S;wkef;uwnf;u twlaqmif&Gufvm=uwJh vla[mif;

acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;jzpfa=umif;/ vlqdkwm udk,feJ@roifhjrwf&if wa,mufta=umif;wa,muf raumif;bl;xifwmawGudk rdrdwdk@tcsif;csif;twGif;ajymwwf=ua=umif;/ aumif;awmhraumif;ayr,hf odyfvJta&;r}uD;vSa=umif; - olwdk@tpuwnf;u 'DvdkyJ wGJvkyfvmcJhwmjzpfa=umif; ajymjyem;csygonf?

usaemfuquf+yD; ajymonfrSm - 'Dvl}uD;awG ArmhawmfvSefa&;wm0ef rausyGef&if olwdk@xdkufeJ@olwdk@ cH=u&rSmyJ? rdrdwdk@tzdk@uawmhrdrdwm0efrdrd ausyGefzdk@ta&;}uD;w,f? 'gha=umifh jyefrvmbJ qufaeyg? aemufxyf AdkvfcsKyfta=umif;awG bmqufajymovJ vJ em;pGifhaeyg[kazsmif;zsem;cs ajymqdk&m tawmf=umawmh Adkvfwdk;vGifrSm pdwfrcsrf;rompGmESifh jyefoGm;ygawmhonf?

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odk@&mwGif ArmjynfzufqpfawmfvSefa&;t+yD; t*Fvdyfwdk@xHrS vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyJG0ifaepOf atmifyJG&cgeD;wGif ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDacgif;aqmif ocifpdk;u trsm;jynfolvlxkudk a[majym&mwGif/ AdkvfcsKyftay: yk*~dKvfa&;t& qdk;qdk;0g;0g; xdk;ESufwdkufcdkufr_rsm;jzifh t}uD;tus,f±_wfcsa0zefajymqdkcJhonf[k usaemfwdk@od&ygonf?

usaemfwdk@trsdK;om;acgif;aqmif}uD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tay: trsm;jynfolwdk@a&S@wGif yk*~dKvfa&;±_wfcsjypfwifr_ tykyfcsr_rsm;rðyvkyfoifhay? Todk@ðyvkyfojzifh ocifpdk;rSm }uD;rm;vSaom EdkifiHa&;jypfr_usL;vGefol jzpfoGm;ayonf? jynfolrsm;tay:vnf; rav;rpm;&ma&mufayonf? xdk@tjyif TuJhodk@aom ocifpdk;. ajymqdkr_rsm;a=umifh AdkvfcsKyfESifh uGefjrLepfygwDvnf; a0;oGm;&jcif; jzpfyHk&onf?

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;rSm omrefacgif;aqmifr[kwfay? ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&; ta&;awmfyHkwGif/ Armjynfordkif;wGif e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyJGtwGuf ArmhtrsdK;om; vufeufudkfifppfwyf&Sdzdk@ vdktyfvm+yD[k ordkif;uawmif;qdkvmaomtcg/ 6 vufr"m;awmifudkifaqmifcGifhr&aom jrefrmtrsdK;om;wdk@tzdk@ ppfwyfaxmif&ef rpOf;pm;Edkifatmif cufcJ aeayonf?

xdkpOf xdkodk@ordkif;.vdktyfcsufudk jznfhqnf;&eftwGuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf b0udkpGef@+yD; &JabmfoHk;usdyfudk OD;aqmifum*syefjynfoGm;I ppfynmawGoifcJhonf? xdk@aemuf �xdkif;�e,fpyfuae+yD; acwfopfArmhwyfrawmf ppfwyfudk xlaxmifzJG@pnf;cJhonf?

xdk@aemuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf olxlaxmifcJhaom Armhwyfrawmfudk ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDESifh yl;aygif;+yD; Armjynfzufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;}uD;udk atmifjrifpGmqifE$JcJhol jzpfonf?

xdk@tjyif AdkvfcsKyfonf +Adwdo#wdk@xHrS vGwfvyfa&;&zdk@ quf+yD;wdkufyJG0ifaepOf ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;wHcg;0 a&mufcgeD;rS e,fcsJ@+Adwdo#wdk@ vufcsufjzifh usqHk;uG,fvGefoGm;&aom trsdK;om;acgif;aqmif}uD;vnf; jzpfayonf?

AdkvfcsKyfonf uGefjrLepfygwD/ uGefjrLepf0g'udkvnf; qef@usifolr[kwfay? +Adwdo#wdk@u AdkvfcsKyfudk vkyf}uHowfjzwf&aom ta=umif;&if;rSmyif AdkvfcsKyfonf aemifuGefjrLepfwdk@ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&GufEdkifonf[k ,lqI vkyf}uH&jcif; jzpfayonf?

AdkvfcsKyfonf uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;orm; r[kwf±Hkomru 1939 ckESpfu ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDudk pwifwnfaxmifcJhaomyk*~dKvf}uD;vnf; jzpfayonf?

xdk@a=umifh trsdK;om;acgif;aqmif}uD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk jynfoltrsm;. a&S@arSmufwGif a0zef±_wfcsr_rðyoifhay?vlqdkonfrSm rnfr#yif}uD;jrwfaom yk*~dKvfyifjzpfygap/ trSm;t,Gif; csdK@,Gif;csufrsm;rS vHk;0uif;pifolqdkonfrSm r&SdEdkifay?,ckusaemfonf zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;}uD;ta=umif;ESifh �ESifhqufEG,faeaom ta=umif;t&mtcsdK@udk a&;om;cJhygonf?zufqpfawmfvSefa&;wGif aemufqHk;a&;p&mwck usaemfrSwfrdaewmuawmh - zufqpfawmfvSefa&;wGif usaemfwdk@&efoludk

zdwdkufaepOfumvu usaemf@tay:vnf; vlxku auseyf=u+yD;/ usaemfESifhywfouf+yD; olwdk@pdwfóuuf owif;awG xif&mjrif&majym=u/

30

v$ifh=uonf? �rSm - a[h AdkvfausmfaZmqdkwm omrefvlr[kwfbl;? wefcdk;&Sdoljzpfw,f? AdkvfausmfaZm[m wdkifudkuG,fvdkuf&if vlawmifaysmufoGm;Edkifw,fæ ponfjzifh ajymqdkcJh=uygonf?

Todk@jzifh Armjynfolwdk@onf zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;}uD;udk atmifjrifpGmqifE$JcJh=uonf?*syefwdk@u =o*kwfv (10) &ufwGif ppfajy+idrf;&efawmif;qdk+yD; (14) &ufwGifvufeufcsonf? w&m;0if vufeufcsr_udk *syefwGif

1945 ckESpf pufwifbm (2) &ufae@wGif ðyvkyfcJhonf? odk@jzifh 'kwd,urBmppf}uD; +yD;oGm;cJhav+yD?jrefrmjynfolwdkf@. zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&; wdkufyGJrSm vtenf;i,ftwGif; *syefESpfaomif;ausmf usqHk;+yD;aemuf atmifyJG}uD;

&cJhayonf?�zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&; atmifyJG}uD;onf Armjynfolwdk@. vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyJGatmifyJGtwGuf tqHk;tjzwfay;onfh Armh

ordkif;0if atmifyJGtwGuf tqHk;tjzwfay;onfh Armhordkif;0ifatmifyJG}uD; jzpfcJhayawmhonf?usaemfzufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;twGif; tjzpftysufwcsdK@ owdxyf&vmojzifh xyfa&;&ygtHk;rnf?usaemf&efukefrSm&SdaepOfu zufqpfawmfvSefa&;ta=umif; usaemfhom;orD;tdrfom;rsm;udk ajymjy&m t+yD;wGif ed*kH;csKyfcsufwckudk

±kwfw&ufjrifvm+yD; ajymrdonfrSm - wdk@zufqpfawmfvSefa&;}uD; 'Davmufjrefjref+yD;roGm;bJ aemufxyf 4 - 5 - 6 vqufwdkuf&&ifqdk&S,fvpfpwJh tacsmiform;awG xGufajy;wdrf;a&Smif=urSmrdk@ wdk@ArmjynfrSm tacsmiform;awG tawmfenf;oGm;rSmyJ? ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;vJtawmfaumif;oGm;rSm - [k ajymrdonfudk owd&vmojzifh xyfa&;vdkuf&yg onf?

usaemfbmha=umifh xdkuJhodk@xifjrif&oenf;? ta=umif;rsm; &Sdygonf? xdktxJwGif usaemfpJGvrf;rSwfrdaeaom ta=umif;wck &Sdygonf?1945 ckESpf usaemfwdk@. zufqpfawmfvSefa&;wdkufyJGtwGif; awmfvSefa&;+yD;cgeD;avmufwGif (aemufydkif; qdk&S,fvpf ygwDt}uD;tuJwOD;

jzpfvm+yD; tawmftoifhvnf; ±dk;om;um yGifhyGifhvif;vif; ajymwwfonfh) Armhwyfrawmf Adkvf}uD;wOD;u usaemf=um;EdkifavmufwJh ae&muae+yD; wjcm;vlwa,mufudk ajymaewmuawmh - zufqpfawmfvSefa&;rSm ighwdk@udkcdkif;wmawG =unfh±_pOfpm;+yD;rS cdkif;oifhygw,f? igwdk@[molwdk@vdk &mE_ef;jynfh rsdK;cspf}uD;awGr[kwfbl;qdkwm olwdk@em;vnfzdk@ aumif;ygw,f[k +iD;wGm;ajymqdkzl;ygonf? xdkta=umif;rsm; &SdcJhaoma=umifhusaemftxufygrSwfcsufudk csrdjcif;jzpfygonf?

aemuf usaemfrSwfrdaewmwckvnf; &Sdygao;onf? �rSm zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;udk AdkvfcsKyfowfrSwfaom {+yDv (2) &ufae@rSusaemfwdk@wdkif; (4) tcuftcJa=umifh rwfv (27) &ufae@udk awmfvSefa&;ae@tjzpf usaemfu a&$@ajymif;pDpOf&ojzifh AdkvfcsKyfuusaemfhtay:tjypfwifrnfvm;[k pdk;&drfaerdygonf? odk@&mwGif zufqpfawmfvSefa&; +yD;ump &efukefòr@wGif AdkvfcsKyfESifhusaemfawG@aomtcg AdkvfcsKyfu�awmfvSefa&;&uf[m tm;vHk;[efus=u+yD; tm;vHk;tHudkuf jzpfoGm;wmyJ� [kajymygonf? �tHudkufjzpfoGm;wmyJ� qdkonfhpum;udk usaemf,ckxd =um;a,mifaeygonf? usaemfhrSm xdkpum; AdkvfcsKyfxHrS=um;&ojzifh tvGef0rf;omoGm;ygonf? xdktjzpfudk usaemf,cktxdrSwfrdaeygonf?

txufygta=umif;t&mwdk@rSm 1945 ckESpf Armjynf zufqpf*syefqef@usifa&; awmfvSefa&;}uD;wGif t"dutm;jzifh usaemfyg0ifv_yf&Sm;cJhyHkwdk@udk usaemfrSwfrdowd&oavmuf jyefvnfa&;om;csufrsm; jzpfygonf?

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1

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zwyv tzGJ@csKyfrS OuUXAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;trª;ðyaom OD;pD;tzGJ@0if rsdK;cspfArmhwyfrawmfrS wyfrª;rsm;tm;vHk; pHkpHknDnD wufa&muf=uygonf? tpnf;ta0;obmywdrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;jzpf+yD; twGif;a&;rª;rSm ocifoef;xGef;jzpfum tcrf;tem;rª;rSm ocifcspf jzpfygonf?AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u obmywdrdef@cGef; ajym=um;ygonf? AdkvfcsKyfu zwyv zGJ@pnf;&onfh ta=umif;t&mrsm;/ wyfrawmfESifh ajymufusm;wyfrsm;. zufqpfawmfvSefa&; wdkufyGJrsm;/ a&S@av#mufvkyf&rnfh vGwfvyfa&;vkyfief;pOfrsm; ponfrsm;udk y&dowfvufckyfoHrsm; =um;rSajym=um;oGm;ygonf? xdk@aemuf tqdktrsm;tjym; wifoGif;+yD; axmufcHaqG;aEG;olrsm;uvnf; axmufcHajymqdkoGm;=uygonf?

xdktpnf;ta0;}uD;wGif usaemfu rsdK;cspfArmhwyfrawmfudk,fpm; wdkif; (4) wdkif;rª; Adkvfrª;ausmfaZmtaejzifh tqdktrSwf (3) jzpfaomwEdkifiHvHk; nD!Gwfa&;tqdkudk wifoGif;cJhygonf?

�nD!Gwfa&;tqdkwGif usaemfwifjycJhaom ta=umif;t&mwcsdK@rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf?�usaemfwdk@tm;vHk;&J@ a&S@&nf&G,fcsuf[m bmvJ? vGwfvyfa&;yJ? tJ'DvGwfvyfa&;pcef;udk ra&mufcif 'Dppftajctaet& yxru

wu,ftm%m&Sd trsdK;om;,m,Dtpdk;&/ 'kwd,u t&G,fa&mufolwdkif;u wifajr�mufwJh wdkif;jynfðyv$wfawmf}uD; wnfaqmufzdk@yJ? aemuftJ'Dv$wfawmf}uD;uae+yD; Armjynftem*wf tkyfcsKyfa&;udk qGJzdk@yJ? 'DtcsufawG jzpfajrmufzdk@qdkv#if ta&;t}uD;qHk;tcsufu EdkifiHnD!Gwfa&;yJ?usaemfwdk@Ed kifiH rnD!Gwf&if vGwfvyfa&;[m a0;oxufa0;rSmyJ? usaemfwdk@0rf;xJrSm 'Dtcsuf[m rD;awmufaeygw,f? 'ga=umifhusaemf0rf;xJ&Sdor# xkwfazmfajymyg&ap�

�usaemfwdk@ 'Dvdk'kuQawG cH&wm/ taotauscH&wmawGudk axmufxm;+yD; nD!Gwf=uapcsifvdk@ ,ck usaemfwdk@&J@ wdkufyGJrSmwpdwfwydkif;jzpfwJh usaemfawG@ñuHor# vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJwGif; usaemfeJ@twl wdkufcJhwJh&JabmfawG&J@udk,fpm; tpD&ifcHyg&ap� [k usaemfuajym=um;+yD; usaemfESifh ocifcspfwdk@ acgif;aqmifwJh ppfwdkif; (4) twGif; 1945 ckESpfu usaemfwdk@wdkufcJh&wJh zufqpf*syefqef@usifawmfvSefa&;

4

wdkufyGJtcsdK@ta=umif;udk OD;pGmwifjyajymqdkcJhygonf?xdkta=umif;t&mrsm;udk usaemfonf usaemfhtw�Ky`wWd'kwd,ydkif; zufqpfawmfvSefa&;umv ta=umif;t&mrsm; a&;om;pOfu

xnfhoGif;azmfjy+yD; jzpfojzifh xyfrHra&;om;awmhyg? ,ck xdkpOfu usaemfwifoGif;aom nD!Gwfa&;tqdk. t&if;cHpmom;ydk'fomwifjyygawmhrnf? xdktqdkrSm -

�xdk@a=umifh Ttpnf;ta0;}uD;u ArmEdkifiHwGif acgif;aqmifrnfh yk*~dKvfrsm;ESifh wdkif;oljynfom;taygif;wdk@u pdwf0rf;uGJjym;jcif;tvsOf;r&SdbJ zufqpfwdkufzsufa&; jynfol@vGwfvyfa&;tzGJ@csKyf}uD;twGif;odk@ xda&mufpGm0ifa&mufvkyfudkifum ArmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;ESifhjyefvnfxlaxmifa&;vkyfief;t&yf&yfwdk@udk wnDw!Gwfwnf; aESmifhaES;qdkif;iHhjcif; tvsOf;r&SdbJ aqmif&Guf=u&ef Ttpnf;ta0;}uD;rSav;eufpGm wdkufwGef;yga=umif;�

xdktqdkpmydk'fudk usaemfu zwf=um;wifoGif;ygonf? xdktqdkudk Adkvfrª;&JxGËfESifh aysmfbG,fOD;jrwdk@u ajymqdkaxmufcHoGm;avonf?u&iftrsdK;om; acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfaom q&momxdkESifh Od;bdk;jrwdk@uvnf; ArmEdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;twGuf wrsdK;om;vHk;nD!Gwf=uzdk@vdka=umif;nD!Gwf=urSom Armjynfu|efb0rS vGwfajrmufrnf jzpfa=umif;wdk@udk ajym=um;I �wEdkifiHvHk; nD!Gwfa&;tqdk� udk axmufcHa[majymoGm;onf? ±HkwGif;±Hkjyif&Sd vlxky&dowf}uD;uvnf; =obmvufckyfrsm;wD;+yD; aºu;a=umfoHrsm; [pfaºu;vsuf wcJeufaxmufcH=uavonf?wnDw!Gwfwnf; twnfðyvdkuf=uygonf?

xdk@aemuf zwyv vkyfief;pOfrsm; OD;pD;tzGJ@0if trnfpm&if;rsm; pwmawG zwf=um;+yD; aemufqHk;wGif obmywd AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;utpnf;ta0;ed*Hk;csKyf ajym=um;ygonf? xdktpnf;ta0;}uD;udk aemufqHk;wGif vlxky&dowf}uD;u aºu;a=umfoHrsm; [pfaºu;+yD; pdwftm;wufºupGmjzifh atmifjrifpGm usif;y+yD;qHk;cJhygonf?

,ck usaemfwdk@ESifhtwl uGefrif;òr@rSm aexdkifvsuf&Sdaom ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDrS 'kOuUXa[mif;wOD;jzpfol OD;cifarmif}uD;uolñuHawG@cJh&aom xdkaeol&def tpnf;ta0;}uD;ESifh ywfouf+yD; usaemfhudk jyefvnfajymjyzl;onfrSm ol xdktpnf;ta0;}uD;udk Armjynftm&Svli,ftzGJ@ESifhtwl wufa&mufcJhzl;a=umif;/ usaemfhrdef@cGef;udkvnf; =um;zl;a=umif;/ tvGefpdwftm;wufºuzG,fjzpfa=umif;/ tpnf;ta0;}uD;uvnf; tvGef}uD;us,f pnfum;a=umif; ajymjyzl;ygonf?

TwufºuzG,f tpnf;ta0;}uD;u Armjynf.vGwfvyfa&; a&S@a&;tvm;tvmudk xGef;ajymifapvdkufygonf? wEdkifiHvHk;&Sdjynfoltaygif;udkvnf; vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJwGif; Edk;=um;pGm yg0ifvm=u&ef vH_@aqmfvdkufygawmhonf? usaemfwdk@wGif EdkifiHa&;t&vnf;AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;OD;pD;+yD; usefEdkifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ yk*~dKvfrsm;ESifh nD!GwfpGmzGJ@pnf;xm;onfh zwyv tzGJ@csKyf}uD; &Sdae+yD jzpfonf? ppfa&;t&vnf; vGwfvyfa&;udk r&t& wdkufay;rnfh vufeufudkifwyfrawmfvnf; &Sdae+yDjzpfonf?

vGwfvyfa&;twGuf tqifoihfjzpf=uay+yD?

uE N Dtpnf ;ta0;E Si f hpmc s Ky fuE N Dtpnf ;ta0;E Si f hpmc s Ky fuE N Dtpnf ;ta0;E Si f hpmc s Ky fuE N Dtpnf ;ta0;E Si f hpmc s Ky fuE N Dtpnf ;ta0;E Si f hpmc s Ky f1945 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv (27) &ufae@wGif zufqpfwdkufzsufa&;jynfol@vGwfvyfa&;tzGJ@csKyf A[dktvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@rS oD[kdu|ef;

(,ckoD&dvuFmEdkifiH) uENDòr@wGif ta&S@awmiftm&Sa'oqdkif&m r[mrdwfwyfrsm;. ppfaoemywdcsKyf armifhbufwefESifh rsdK;cspfArmhwyfrawmfudpPudk awG@qHkaqG;aEG;&ef udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@ apv$wfa&;udk oabmwla=umif;qHk;jzwf+yD; udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@0ifrsm;tjzpf atmufazmfjyygyk*~dKvfrsm;udk a&G;jc,fcJhygonf?1? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; - ppfaoemywdcsKyf/ rsdK;cspfArmhwyfrawmf?2? Adkvfvufsm - 'kwd,ppfaoemywdcsKyf/ rsdK;cspfArmhwyfrawmf?3? Adkvfae0if; - a&S@wef;ppfXmecsKyfrª;/ rsdK;cspfArmhwyfrawmf?4? AdkvfaZ,s - ppfOD;pD;csKyf/ rsdK;cspfArmhwyfrawmf?5? AdkvfaZmfrif; - (OD;armifarmifausmf0if;) ppfa&;Xme/ rsdK;cspfArmhwyfrawmf?6? AdkvfausmfaZm - wdkif;rª;/ rsdK;cspfArmhwyfrawmf?7? Adkvfarmifarmif - wdkif;rª;/ rsdK;cspfArmhwyfrawmf?8? OD;baz - A[dktvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@0if/ zufqpfwdkufzsufa&;jynfol@tzGJ@csKyf?9? apmbOD;}uD; - A[dkaumifpD0if/ zufqpfwdkufzsufa&;jynfol@tzGJ@csKyf?10? udk!dkxGef; - &cdkifjynfe,f/ zufqpfawmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmif?11? ocifoef;xGef; - taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;/ zufqpfwdkufzsufa&;jynfol@tzGJ@csKyf?

uENDtpnf;ta0; ac:,l&jcif;rSm rsdK;cspfArmhwyfrawmfrS awmif;qdkouJhodk@ +Adwdo#tm%mydkifrsm;taejzifhvnf; rsdK;cspfArmhwyfrawmfta&;udk t+yD;owfajz&Sif;Edkif&ef rac:v#ifrjzpfaom tajctaea=umifh ac:,lusif;y&jcif; jzpfonf?

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; acgif;aqmifaom usaemfwdk@udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@onf &efukefòr@rS 1945 ckESpf pufwifbm (4) &ufae@wGif av,mOfjzifhxGufcGmvmcJh&m umvuwWm;òr@wGif ntdyf&yfem;+yD;aemuf uENDòr@odk@ pufwifbm (5) &ufae@wGif a&muf&SdcJhonf?

1945 c kE Sp f pufwifbm (6) &ufae@wGi f ta&S @awmiftm&Sa'oqd ki f&m r[mrdwfwyfrsm;. pp faoemywdcs Ky f

5

avmh'fvl0Darmifhbufwef. ±Hk;cef;raqmifY uENDtpnf;ta0;udk pwifusif;y=uygonf?xdktpnf;ta0;odk@ usaemfygoGm;pOf rSwfrdaom ta=umif;t&mwckrSm usaemfhtdwfxJwGif udk,fydkifaiG 2 usyfom ygoGm;wmudk

rSwfrdygonf? aemuf usaemfaiGoHk;&ef enf;enf;vdkaomtcg OD;baz}uD;qDrS awmif;,loHk;pGJcJh&ygonf? uENDrS jyefvmaomtcg wcsdK@udk,fpm;vS,fawG tdENd,rS EdkifiHjcm;ypPnf;awG 0,fvmEdkif=uaomfvnf; usaemfu bmvufaqmifypPnf;rS 0,frvmEdkifacs?

tpnf;ta0;wGif jrefrmbufrS Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;aqmifaom udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@0if (11) OD;ESif h +Adwdo#wdk@bufrSavmh'farmifbufwef/ 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;qvif;wdk@ acgif;aqmifaom udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@0if 25 OD; wufa&muf=uonf? xdktxJwGif jrefrmjynftpdk;&tzGJ@0if tdkifpDtufpf OD;wifxGËf yg0ifygonf?

tpnf;ta0;wGif avmh'farmifhbufwefupI +Adwdo#wdk@. jrefrmEdkifiH jyefvnfodrf;ydkufa&;twGuf qifE$JcJhonfh wdkufyGJpOf wav#mufvHk;wGif zwyv acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh qufoG,faqmif&GufcJhyHk/ ArmhwyfrawmfrS yl;aygif;yg0ifulnDr_ESifh óu;yrf;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk rnfodk@rnfyHk0g'jzef@csday;cJhyHkwdk@udk ajym=um;+yD; trSwf (14) wyfrawmf ppfaoemywdcsKyf 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;qvif;tm; jrefrmEdkifiH wdkufyGJpOfwGifArmhwyfrawmftiftm;pkrsm;xHrS &&SdcJhaomtultnDESifh pyfvsOf;I&Sif;vif;ajym=um;aponf?

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;uvnf; rdrdwdk@bufu +Adwdo#wdkESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&GufcJhonfhjzpfpOf/ &oifh&xdkufonfhtcGifhta&;rsm;/ awG@&SSd&onfhtcuftcJrsm;udk wifjyaqG;aEG;ygonf?

pufwifbm (7) &ufae@wGif ESpfbufudk,fpm;vS,frsm; t+yD;owfawG@qHkaqG;aEG;+yD; rsdK;cspfArmhwyfrawmfudk jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;a&;ESifhywfoufonfh uENDpmcsKyfudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;=uonf? xdkpmcsKyfudk jrefrmwdk@bufrS AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ocifoef;xGef;wdk@u vufrSwfa&;xdk;+yD;+Adwdo#wdk@bufrS armifbufwefu a&;xdk;onf?

xdkpmcsKyft& rsdK;cspfArmhwyfrawmfrS wyfom;OD;a& 5200 ESifht&m&Sd 200 udk t+rJwrf;jrefrmEdkifiHwyfrawmf Burma RegularArmy xJodk@ yl;aygif;xnfhoGif;&ef jzpfygonf? uENDpmcsKyfudk xdktcsdef ba&muf'g0g' 0ifaepOfumvrSm csKyfqdkcJhjcif; jzpfygonf? vGwfvyfa&;udk+idrf;csrf;onfhenf;eJ@ awmif;qdkEdkifonfqdkaom t,ltqatmufrSm vufeufudkifESpfaomif;ausmf&Sdonfh rsdK;cspfArmhwyfrawmfudk zsufodrf;ay;vdkuf&ygonf? odk@aomf wzufwGifvnf; xdktxJrS vlaygif;ig;axmifausmfudk t+rJwrf;wyftwGif;odk@ oGwfoGif;vdkufEdkifygonf? Tonfuawmht±H_;xJutjrwf jzpfygonf?

Todk@jzifh uENDpmcsKyfoabmwlnDcsuft& rsdK;cspfArmhwyfrawmfudk t+rJwrf;jrefrmEdkifiHwyfrawmfxJodk@ yl;aygif;odrf;oGif;zGJ@pnf;cJh+yD;trSwf (3) Armhaoewfudkifwyf&if;udk oHvsifòr@Yvnf;aumif;/ trSwf (4) Armhaoewfudkifwyf&if;udk jynfðr@Yvnf;aumif;/ trSwf (5)Armhaoewfudkifwyf&if;udk ysOf;rem;òr@Yvnf;aumif; zGifhvSpfcJhonf?

trSwf (3) wyf&if;wGif usaemf/ trSwf (4) wyf&if;wGif Adkvfae0if;/ trSwf (5) wyf&if;wGif AdkvfaZ,swdk@u Adkvfrª; (ar*sm) &mxl;jzifh'kwd,wyf&if;rª;rsm; jzpf=uygonf? wyf&if;rª; 'kAdkvfrª;}uD;rsm;rSm rsufESmjzLt*FvdyfvlrsdK;rsm; jzpfonf?

rsdK;cspfArmhwyfrawmfrS t&m&Sd/ t=uyfwyfom;wdk@udkvnf; uENDpmcsKyfwGif owfrSwfxm;onfh ta&twGuftwdkif; ppfXmecsKyfrsm;/avhusifha&;wyfrsm;/ rdw�Dvm&Sd tajrmufwyffESifh txufygaoewfudkifwyf&if; (3) &if;wdk@odk@ jzef@a0cJhygonf?

oHvsifpcef; trSwf (3) Armhaoewfudkifwyf&if;wGif tdkif;&pfvlrsdK; 'kAdkvfrª;}uD;oef;'g;u wyf&if;rª;jzpf+yD; usaemfu 'kwyf&if;rª;jzpfygonf?

usaemf oHvsifajcvsifwyf&if; (3) 'k&if;rª;jzpfpOfumvwGif *syefacwf txl;ojzifh *syefawmfvSefa&;umv qif;&J'kuQ'%fwdk@a=umifhusaemftenf;i,f rusef;rrm jzpfaeygonf?

wyf&if; (3) . wyfcGJrª;rsm;rSm +Adwdo#ppfwyfESifhygvmaom rsufESmjzLrsm;/ ujym;rsm; jzpf=uI usaemfwdk@ jrefrmt&m&Sdrsm;rSm'kwyfcGJrª;ESifh wyfpkrª;rsm;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh=uonf?

xdk+Adwdo#wdk@ESifh ygvmonfhwyfcGJrª;wdk@u 'k&if;rªae&mwGif usaemhfudk z,f&Sm;+yD; olwdk@vdkcsifvmygonf? xdk@a=umifh ume,foef;'g;eJ@usaemhft=um; wdkufcdkuf=uojzifh ume,foef;'g;u usaemfhudk rav;rpm;qufqHvmum roifhrwifhjzpfvmygonf? usaemfvnf; pdwfnpfvmojzifh/ aemuf t*Fvdyfrsm;udkvnf; rkef;wD;aeojzifh �wdk@atmuf raeawmhbJ wyfrSxGuf&eftxd pdwful;+yD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;xH oGm;IwyfuxGufvdka=umif;ESifh ume,foef;'g;ESifh roifhrjrwfjzpfyHkwdk@udk ajymjyygonf?

AdkvfcsKyfu cifAsm;[m wyfESifhoifhawmfol jzpfw,f? wyfrSm qufaeyg? roifhwmawGuawmh cifAsm;[m &JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifvJjzpf/uENDpmcsKyfudpPrSmvJ yg0ifcJholjzpfvdk@ 'gawG olwdk@odvdk@ zdESdyfwmyJ? c%awmhonf;cHyg? a&&Snf olwdk@tm%m&aerSm r[kwfygbl;[k azsmif;zsajymqdkojzifh usaemfwyfu rxGufjzpfbJ wyfxJwGifyif qufae&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufygonf? oef;'g;vdk tr_xrf;wa,mufu Adkvfuswmudk acwWawmhonf;cH&rnf[k em;vnfvmygawmhonf?

wyf&if; (3) . 'kwyfcGJrª;rsm;rSm Adkvf}uD;pdefrSef (aemif Adkvfr�;}uD;pdefrSef) / Adkvf}uD;aomif;=unf (aemif Adkvfr�;}uD;aomif;=unf)/ Adkvf}uD;ausmfxGef; (aemif Adkvfr�;ausmfxGef;)/ Adkvf}uD;cspfòrif (aemif Adkvfr�;}uD;cspfòrif)/ Adkvf}uD;pdef0if; (aemif Adkvfr�;csKyfpdef0if;)/ Adkvf}uD;wifarmif(aemif Adkvfr�;}uD;wifarmif) wdk@ jzpf=uygonf?

xdkpOfu'kwyfcGJr�;rsm; tm;vHk;rSm Adkvf}uD;&mxl;rsm;ESifh jzpfygonf?usaemfwdk@rsKd;cspfArmhwyfrawmfrS t&m&Sdrsm;onf rdrdwdk@wyf&if;tvdkuf a*:&cg;wyf=uyf}uD;rsm;xHrS +Adwdo#vufatmufcHwyfrsm;.

6

ppfavhusifha&; tajccHppfoifwef;rsm;udk avhusifhoif,l&ygonf?

txl;Adkvfoifwef;r=umrD b,fvSnfh nmvSnfh ponfhtajccHppfa&;jywdk@udk u|rf;usifvmaomtcgY usaemfwdk@onf aròr@wGif txl;zGifhvSpfaom

Adkvfoifwef;wckudk wuf=u&onf?usaemfwdk@trSwf 3 ³ 4 ³ 5 Armhaoewfudkifwyf&if;wdk@rS Adkvfae0if;/ AdkvfaZ,sESifh usaemfAdkvfausmfaZmwdk@ toD;oD;acgif;aqmifaom

t&m&Sdq,fOD;pDESifh Adkvfatmifa&$acgif;aqmifaom rdwdÎvm/ aròr@rS jrefrmt&m&Sd tcsKd@wdk@jzpfonf? xdkoifwef;odk@ Adkvfr�;}uD;vufsmvnf;wufa&mufonf?

rsKd;cspfArmhwyfrawmfudk zsufodrf;+yD;aemuf t*FvdyftkyfcsKyfaom t+rJwrf;ppfwyfodk@ 0ifa&mufcJh=u+yD;rS rxrqHk;t}udrftjzpfusaemfwdk@ wpkwa0;jyefvnfawG@qHk=ujcif; jzpfonf?

usaemfwdk@. oifwef;r�;rSm ar*sm[wfzdk@'f qdkoljzpfonf? �rSm t*FvdyfppfynmtajccHrsm;vnf; tawmfu|rf;yHk&onf? avhusifha&;rsm;wGif tajy;0goemyg+yD; r=umc%ajy;cdkif;wwfonf?

oifwef;rSm ajcvsifwyf&if;wcktwGif;&Sd ppft&m&SdwOD; txl;ojzifh wyfcGJr�;/ wyfpkr�;tjzpf vkyfaqmif&rnfh ppfynmoif=um;a&;rsm;udk t"duxm; oif=um;&onf?

oifwef;rSm wESpfcef@oif=um;&rnfhoifwef; jzpfaomfvnf; oHk;vESifh wufokwf±dkuf+yD; oif=um;&onf? usaemfwdk@ Adkvfoifwef;+yD;qHk;aomtcg usaemfwdk@rdrdwyf&if;&Sd&m oHv#ifòr@&Sd ajcvsifwyf&if; (3) odk@ jyefvm=uygonf?

+Adwdo#wdk@ OD;pD;aomppfwyfwGif ppfAdkvf&mxl; 2 rsKd; 2 pm;&Sdonf? wrsKd;rSm bk&ifhaumfr&Sif xdkaumfr&Sif&mxl;udk rsufESmjzLrsm;udkomay;avhay;x&Sdonf? 'kwd,trsKd;tpm;rSm bk&ifcHcsKyfESifh bk&ifcHaumfr&Sifwdk@ jzpfonf? xdkaumfr&Sif&mxl;onf wdkif;&if;om; rsufESm0g/ rsufESm!dk/rsufESmrJwdk@twGuf jzpfonf? oD;jcm;wDxGifxm;jcif; jzpfonf?

xdk 2 rsKd;rSm uGmjcm;vSonf? vctm;jzif; rsm;pGmuGmjcm;onf? aexdkifr_tqifhtwef; uGmjcm;onf? oD;jcm;&dyfomwGif cGJjcm;aexdkif=u&onf? xdk@tjyif tac:ta0:tm;jzifhvnf; jcm;em;onf?

bk&ihfaumfr&SifppfAdkvfudk puUif;vufzwifeif/ vufzwifeif/ uywdef pojzifhac:onf? bk&ifcHcsKyfESifh bk&ifcHaumfr&SifppfAdkvfudk *sr'g/qlA'g pojzifhac:onf? odk@&mwGif wm0efxrf;aqmif&mrSmawmh twlwlyif jzpfonf?

usaemfwdk@ rsKd;cspfArmhwyfrawmfrS vmaomppfAdkvfrsm;rSm bk&ifhaumfr&SifppfAdkvfawG jzpfonf?aemifjrefrmtpdk;& tm%mwjznf;jznf;&vmaomtcg xdkodk@t&m&SdESpfrsKd;uGJaer_udk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdk@u zsufodrf;vdkuf+yD; tm;vHk;

puUif;vufzwifeif/ vufzwifeif/ uy`wdefwdk@ jzpfaponf? *sr'g/ qlA'g ppfAdkvfawGudk vufzwifeif/ uy`wdef&mxl;rsm;odk@ ajymif;ay;+yD;vcawGvJ wef;wl&aponf?

1947 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 19 &uf

xdkpOftwGif; 1947 ck/ Zlvdkifv 19 &ufae@wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdk@ vkyf}uHcHvdkuf&+yDqdkaom owif;qdk;}uD; usaemfwdk@=um;&ygawmhonf? usaemfwdk@}uD;pGm wkefv_yfoGm;=uygonf?

ajcvsifwyf&if; (3) wyf&if;r�;'kAdkvfr�;}uD; z&pfZ,fonf csufcsif;vdkyifwyf&if;. t&m&Sdtm;vHk;wdk@udk ol@±Hk;cef;odk@ac:,l+yD;AdkvfcsKyfwdk@vkyf}uHcH&yHkudk ajymjy+yD; &Jabmfrsm;udk xdef;odrf;=u&ef yef=um;onf? ol@rsufESmvnf; raumif;ay?

usaemfwdk@ ajcvsifwyf&if; (3) onf oHv#ifòr@rS &efukefòr@ a*:&mukef;odk@ t+yD;tydkif tjreffajymif;a&$@&+yD; AdkvfcsKyfwdk@usqHk;cJh&jcif;a=umifh rwnf+idrfaom &efukefòr@. tajctaeudk xdef;&efwm0efay;jcif; cH&ayonf?

AdkvfcsKyfwdk@ vkyf}uHcH&ojzifh ArmjynfolawGrsm;pGmwkefv_yf+yD; b,folvkyf}uHwmvJ/ bma=umifhvJqdkwm tm;vHk;uodcsif+yD; wzufua'goxGufae=uum wzufuvJ tvGef0rf;enf; ae=uygonf?

xdktwGif; usaemfwdk@ESifhwuG jynfoltrsm;udk todynmwdk;wuf yGifhvif;apaom tcsuf}uD;wcsufay:xGufvmonf? �rSmArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD. twGif;a&;r�;ocifoef;xGef;u AdkvfcsKyfwdk@vkyf}uHcH&wm[m +Adwdo#e,fcsJ@orm;wdk@&J@vufcsuf jzpfonf[k a=unmvdkufjcif;jzpf&m jynfoltm;vHk;rSm EdkifiHa&;t& rsufpdyGifhoGm;avonf?

+Adwdo#tpdk;&uvnf; AdkvfcsKyfwdk@udk vkyf}uHolrSm *VKefOD;apm wdk@jzpfonfqdk+yD; wu,fvnf;vkyf}uHcJhaom OD;apmwdk@udk tvsiftjrefzrf;qD;ta&;,l aeayonf?

jynfoltrsm;uawmh t&if;cHvufonf onf +Adwdo#e,fcsJ@ qdkonfudk em;vnf+yD; +Adwdo#wdk@tay: tvGefrkef;wD; vm=uonf?jynfolwdk@u +Adwdo#wdk@udkarmif;xkwf+yD; vGwfvyfa&;wcgwnf; a=unmEdkif=uonf? odk@aomfwu,fvufawG@ vkyf}uHol*VKefOD;apmwdk@ cHaeIom+Adwdo#wdk@ oufomawmhonf?

7

*VKefOD;apmrSm *syefESifh wdwfwqdwfqufoG,fojzifh +Adwdo#wdk@u ol@udk'kwd,urBmppf}uD;wckvHk;twGif; tmz&du ,l*E<modk@ydk@IcsKyfaESmifxm;ojzifh 'kppf}uD;twGif; Armjynfolwdk@. EdkifiHa&;tod tvGefjrifhoGm;cJh+yD qdkonfudk olrcHpm;& rod&ay? ol@taejzifh ppfrjzpfrDArmjynf. 91 XmetkyfcsKyfa&; tawG@t}uHKom&Sd+yD; tawG;tac:vnf; tvGefaemufusaeyHk&onf?

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;r&Sdawmh&if OD;apmu0ef}uD;csKyftjzpfESifh OD;apmtpdk;& jzpfEdkifacs&Sdonfh oabme,fcsJ@+Adwdo#wdk@. toHudkvnf;OD;apm,Hk=unf ar#mfvifhaeyHk&onf?

+Adwdo#wdk@tay: ocifoef;xGef;. pGyfpGJcsufonf EdkifiHa&;t& w&mcHtppfudkpGyfpGJjcif; jzpfonf? +Adwdo#wdk@u OD;apmwdk@udk ta&;,ljcif;rSm wdkuf±dkuf&mZ0wfa=umif; t&jzpfonf?

+Adwdo#tpdk;&wdk@u AdkvfcsKyfvkyf}uHcH&r_ udpPwGifolwdk@ yg0ifonf[laom pGyfpGJr_udk tjyif;txefjiif;qdk+yD; ta=umif;wdkufqdkifwdkif;xdkudpPudkumuG,f ajymqdkcJh=uonf?

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdk@ vkyf}uHcH&r_ tESpfig;q,fajrmuf txdrf;trSwftwGuf 1996 ckESpfukef 1997 ckESpfqef;avmufwGif t*Fvef/vef'efòr@ bDbDpDtoHv$ifhXmerS usaemfESifh awG@qHkar;jref;ygonf? xdkar;cGef;rsm;teuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folawGvkyf}uHoenf; qdkaomar;cGef;tay: uaemfh. jyefvnfajz=um;csufudk ,ckaz:jyygrnf?bDbDpD. ar;cGef;trSwf (1)? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk tppftrSefowfol[m b,folvdk@ cifAsm;xifjrifygoenf;?ajz? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk tppftrSefowfol[m +Adwdo#tpdk;& jzpfygw,f? olwdk@&J@vkyf}uHr_}uD; jzpfygw,f?bDbDpD. ar;cGef;trSwf (2)? bma=umifh'DvdkajymEdkifygoenf;?ajz? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf - AdkvfcsKyftowfcH&wmrSm ta=umif;&if; (4) ck&Sdw,fvdk@ usaemf xifjrifygonf?

(u) yxrta=umif;uawmh AdkvfcsKyfonf wdkif;jynfwjynfvHk;udk pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfatmif vkyfEdkifolacgif;aqmif jzpfygonf? xdk@a=umifh+Adwdo# wdk@onf jrefrmjynfwjynfvHk; pnf;vHk;nD!GwfoGm;rSmudk a=umuf=uygonf? TonfrSm t"duta=umif;&if; jzpfonf?

(c) 'kwd,ta=umif;rSm AdkvfcsKyfonf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDESifh jyef+yD;pnf;vHk;nDF!Gwf oGm;Edkifygonf? +Adwdo#wdk@onf Ttcsufudkvnf; ylyefpdk;&drf=uonf?

(*) wwd,ta=umif;rSm +Adwo#wdk@taeeJ@ AdkvfcsKyfudkz,f&Sm;Edkifvdkuf&if ArmjynfudkvG,fulpGm udkifwG,foGm;Edkifrnf[k ,lq=uonf?(C) pwkw�tcsufuawmh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ArmjynfrSm +Adwdo#wdk@. tkyfpdk;r_udk �vufeufudkif�+yD; vGwfvyfa&;twGuf

wdkufcJhol jzpfojzifh aemifTuJhodk@rsKd; +Adwdo#tifyg,mrSm ray:&Jatmif vufpm;acsqHk;r&eftwGuf wefjyefowfjzwfvdkjcif; jzpf[ef&Sdonf?TtajztwGuf taxmuftxm; tcsuftvufrsm; xifjrifcsufrsm;ay;&ef vdkwJhtwGuf atmufygtwdkif; tcsufwcsKd@udk wifjy

vdkufygonf?1? yxrtaxmuftxm;?

OD;apm vufeufudkif&mZ0wfr_}uD; wcktwGuf pDpOfv_yf&Sm;aeonfrsm;udk +Adwdo#tpdk;&u óuwifod&SdaecJhygonf? xdkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk OD;wnfaeonf qdkonfudkvnf; �wdk@em;vnfEdkifonf? xdkudpPESifhywfowfI usaemfrSwfrdaewm (2) csufavmuf &Sdygonf?

yxrtcsuf? tpdk;&ykvdyftzGJ@u AdkvfcsKyfwdk@vkyf}uHr_ ta&;tcif;ray:cifuwnf;u OD;apm&J@tdrfudk tdrfeD;csif;+cHw+cHtwGif;u opfyifyef;yifawGt=um; t+rJapmifh=unffzdk@ tvSnhfuswm0efcs+yD; apmifh=unfh&wJhtxJrSm usaemfESifh aqGrsKd;eD;pyfawmfol ykvdyfuav; armifarmifqdkol(aemif ppfwyfwGif;ajymif;vmonf?) u usaemfhudkajymjyzl;wmawG &Sdygonf? OD;apmESifh +cHtwGif;v_yf&Sm;aeyHkawGudk tcif;rjzpfrD wywftvdkolapmifh=unfhwm0efuspOf awG@&or#udk txufudktpD&ifcH&a=umif; olwm0efruspOf tcsdefuwnf;u apmifh=unfhae=uwmjzpfvdk@ 'Dvdkapmifh=unfhaewm[m wywfruEdkifa=umif; qdkygw,f?

'kwd,tcsuf? 1960 ckESpfESifh (70) ckESpfrsm;twGif; AdkvfcsKyfwdk@ usqHk;aom tmZmenfae@rSm jrefrmowif;pmwapmifxJwGif xdkae@twGuf aqmif;yg;wapmif ygvmygonf? OD;apmaexdkifonfh at'Dvrf;ESifh qdkifonfh r&rf;ukef;ykvdyfXmerSm xdkpOfuXmetkyfjzpfcJhol yifpifpm;ykvdyft&m&Sd}uD;wOD;a&;om;onfh aqmif;yg;xJwGif zGifhcsxm;onfrSm - AdkvfcsKyfwdk@ta&;tcif;rjzpfrD OD;apmtdrf+cHtwGif; v_yf&Sm;jzpfysufaer_awGudkolwdk@ykvdrfXmeu axmufvSrf;od&Sd+yD; txufodk@tpD&ifcHpmawG a&;ae&onfrSm tawmf=uma=umif; olwdk@v_yf&SmoGm;vmaewmawG awG@+yD;wckck&mZ0wfr_}uD; vkkyfawmhrnffqdkonfudk odEdkifaomfvnf; tb,fa=umifhta&;,l zrf;qD;r_awGvkyf&ef trdef@ray;oenf; qdkonfudkem;rvnfa=umif; a&;om;xm;ygonf?

TudpPwGif OD;apmv_yf&Sm;r_awGu &mZ0wfr_}uD;wckck vkyfawmhrnfqdkonfudk +Adwdo#tpdk;&taeESifh awmfawmfapmapmuwnf;uodae+yD;/ �onfvnf; bmudk&nf&G,fonfqdkwmvnf; odem;vnfEdkifygvsuf xdxda&mufa&muf óuwifta&;,lr_ bmrSrvkyf=uonfrSmxif&Sm;ygonf?2? 'kwd,taxmuftxm;?

u? xdkumvxkwfa0aom owif;pm/ pme,fZif;ESifh pmtkyfrsm;t& od&Sdcsufrsm; jzpfygonf? t*FvdyfvlrsKd; uy`wdefADAD,ef;ESifhb&if;*ef;tvuf (200) vufeufr_}uD; jzpfygonf? ADAD,ef;onf ppfbufrS ykvdyfbufodk@ r=umrDurSajymif;vmol jzpfygonf? ykvdyfvufeufypPnf; axmufyHha&; Xme &mZ0wf0efuav; jzpfonf? ADAD,ef;u OD;apmudk b&if;*ef;tvuf (200) xkwfay;cJhonf? 24 ² 6 ² 47

8

ae@wGif OD;apm. vl&if;azmfaumif b!Gef@ESifh tzGJ@u ykvdyfa,mifaqmifI Adkvfwaxmif trSwf 226 (BOD) tajcpdkuf vufeufwdkufrSADAD,ef;ESifh OD;apmwdk@. pDpOfay;r_jzifh vma&mufxkwf,loGm;cJhonf? xdkpOfu xkwf,loGm;onfh vufeufrsm;rSm b&if;*ef;aoewf tvuf(200)/ ajymif;wdk (200) ESifh r*~Zif; usnfuyf (800) wdk@udk tvG,fwulxkwf,l oGm;cJh=uonf?

c? 'kwd,t}udrf ADAD,ef;u OD;apmtm; cJ,rf;usnfqefrsm; aemufxyfxkyfay;jyef&m t&ifwacguftwdkif; OD;apm. vl&if;azmfaumifb!Gef@ESifh tzGJ@u 10 ² 7² 47 ae@u (16) rdkif&Sd r*Fvm'Hktajcpdkuf cJ,rf;rD;ausmufwyfrS oGm;xkwf,lcJhonf? xkwf,loGm;cJhaom ypPnf;rsm;rSmyGdKifh (303) ±dkifz,fESifh b&if;aoewfusnfqH (100�000)/ pwif;usnfqH (25�600) (ppfwyfxkwf wyfrawmfordkif;wwd,wGJ-ESm 149 wGif�usnfqH (25�600) vdk@omqdkxm;&m xdk*%mef; ydkrSefEdkif) vufypfAHk; (200) wdk@jzpfonf? xdkpm&if;wGif pwif;*ef;rnfr#[k rygaomfvnf;ta&;tcif;}uD;+yD;p (21 ² 7 ² 47) ae@wGif OD;apmtdrfteD;&Sd a&uefxJwGif owif;t&&SmazG&mwGif a&ueftwGif; a&atmufavvHkaowWmawGtwGif;wGif xnfhxm;aom b&if;*ef;tvuf (170) ESifh pwif;*ef;tvuf (100) wdk@udk awG@&Sd&rdonf[k xdkumv pme,fZif;rsm;wGifazmfjycJhygonf?

*? xdkb&if;*ef; tvuf (200) ESifh usnfqHrsm;udpPrSm vkyf}uHr_}uD;wGif +Adwdo#tpdk;&wdk@yg0ifa=umif; }uD;rm;aom taxmuftxm;}uD;jzpfayonf? Tr#avmufrsm;jym;aom (tpdk;&ajcvsifwyf&if; 6 &if;pmcef@jzpf+yD; xdkumv Armhwyfrawmf wyf&if;rsm;. xuf0ufpmjzpfonf?)vufeufrsm;udk OD;apm0,f,lwmvnf;r[kwf/ ADAD,ef;u xkwfay;wmomjzpfonf? Tr#avmufrsm;jym;aom vufeufcJ,rf;rsm;udktxuftm%mydkifwkd@. oabmxm;rygbJ xkwfay;wmrjzpfEdkif? ADAD,ef;twGuf udk,fusdK;aiGa=u; &&Sdwmvnf; r&Sday? tvGefxif&Sm;onfhtcsuf}uD; jzpfayonf?

C? xdkvufeufrsm; xkwfay;cJhjcif;onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdk@udk vkyf}uHowfjzwfa&;twGuf wGef;tm;ay;jcif;omru �aemufwGif}uD;rm;aom }uHpDcsuf}uD;wckvnf; &Sdaeonfudk usaemfwdk@jrifEdkifayonf? Tr#rsm;jym;aom vufeufcJ,rf;rsm;a=umifh OD;apmu AdkvfcsKyfwdk@udkvkyf}uHowfjzwf±Hkr#ru aemufxyfquf+yD; ArmjynfwGif oltm%m&&Sda&;twGuf ykefuefxºur_}uD; jzpfoGm;EdkifatmiftwGufyg &nf&G,fcsufESifhay;onf[kvnf; aumif;pGmxif&Sm; odEdkifonf? odk@jzifh +Adwdo#tpdk;&onf jrefrmEdkifiHudk jynfwGif;ppf}uD;jzifh òyuGJtm;enf;oGm;ap&ef }uHpnftm;xkwfcJha=umif;vnf; cef@rSef;od&SdEdkifayonf?

3? wwd,taxmuftxm;?u? OD;apmonf vkyf}uHr_}uD;twGuf 1946 ckESpf up+yD; vufeufcJ,rf;rsm; pkaqmif;ae&m ukuUdKif; trSwf (1) bDtD;trftD;wyfrS

wyfr�; t*FvdyfvlrsdK; ar*sm pD/ tdyfcsf/ tdyfcsf/ &ef;ESifh &if;ESD;=u+yD; �xHrS qyfr&Sif;*ef;wvuf/ tar&duefumbdkif (3) vuf/ pwifaoewf (1)vuf/ awmfrDaoewf (2) vuf/ vl*gypPwdk (1) vuf/ ajcmufvHk;jyL;aoewf (2) vuf ESifh ,rf;awmifhrsm;udk &,lcJhonf?

c? xdfk@jyif t*FvdyfvlrsdK; Adkvfr�;vef;pf'def;xHrSvnf; py&if;zD;±dkifz,faoewf (1) vuf/ awmfrDaoewf (2) vuf/ umbdfkifaoewf(1) vuf ESifh ,rf;awmifhrsm;udk &&SdcJhonf? (�vufeufrsm;rSm tcsdK@udkaiGay; 0,f,lyHk&onf?)

*? xdk@jyifowif;pmrsm; tqdkt& AdkvfcsKyfudkypfowfaom usnfqHrSm 'ef'efac: tvGefjyif;xef+yD; tqdyfygaomusnfqH[k qdk=uonf?rdkif;yGefapmfbGm;}uD; '%f&mrjyif;bJ aoqHk;&onf[k qdkonf?

C? �vufeufrsm;rSm vkyf}uHr_}uD;twGuf t*FvdyfAdkvfr�; ESpfOD;xHrS OD;apmutcdkiftrm óuwif&&Sdxm;jcif;jzpfonf?txufyg'kwd,ESif h wwd,taxmuftxm;}uD; ESpfckonf vkyf}uHr_wGif +Adwdo#tpdk;& yg0ifa=umif; tvGefxif&Sm;aom

taxmuftxm;rsm;jzpfonf?

4? aemuftaxmuftxm; tcsdK@uawmh/ AdkvfcsKyfvkyf}uHcH&r_ vdkufvHpHkprf;ppfaq;&mrSm yg0ifcJhwJh xdkpOfu 'kwd,ykvdyfrif;}uD; jzpfcJholuG,fvGefol OD;xGefvSatmif.om; OD;cifatmifu 1993 ckESpfavmufu a&;cJhwJh �atmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ� pmtkyfrS vdk&if;udk bDbDpDu1993 ckESpftwGif; toHv$ifhcsufrsm;udk usaemf&&Sdxm;&m xdktxJrS tawmuftxm;tcsdK@udk qufvufwifjyoGm;ygrnf?

5? pwkw�taxmuftxm;rSm?u? OD;cifatmifpmtkyf azmfjycsuft&/ AdkvfcsKyfwdk@vkyf}uHcH&+yD; wywfavmufwGif Zlvdkif (25) &ufae@avmufwGif +Adwdo#tpdk;&

Tvkyf}uHr_}uD;rSm yg0ifywfoufaeonfqdkonfh aumvm[vrsm; ysH@ESH@aecJhr_a=umifh OD;Ektpdk;&onf +Adwdo#wdk@. qENESifhvnf; udkufnDatmifatmufyga=unmcsufwck xkwf&efpDpOfchJonf? �rSm �Tvkyf}uHr_}uD;wGif t*FvdyfudkvdkeDtpdk;&wdk@ ryg0ifa=umif;/ t*Fvdyftpdk;&ESifhtwlTvkyf}uHr_}uD;. w&m;cHtppfudk&zdk@ óu;pm;&SmazGvsuf&Sda=umif;� qdkaomw&m;0if a=unmcsufxkwfzdk@yif pDpOfcJh&onftxd jzpfcJhygonf?

c? odk@aomf 28²7²47 ae@xkwf &efukefvrf;!¸ef owif;pm}uD;wGif ygvmaom owif;wyk'fa=umifh tajctaeydkqdk;0g; vmcJh&onf?� owif;azmfjycsufrSm �AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdk@tzJG@ 1947 ckESpf ZEM0g&Dv atmifqef; - tufwvD pmcsKyf csKyfqdkzdk@twGuf t*Fvefa&mufcJhpOfuOD;apmESifh ocifApdefwdk@u vufrSwfxdk;zdk@ jiif;y,fcJh=uonf? OD;apmonf zqyv}uD;tm; òzcJG&ef&nf&G,fcsufjzifh t*FvefrSmae&pfcJha=umif;/xdk@tjyif vljzLrsm;. tultnDjzifh OD;apm aiG (5) odef; vufcH&&SdcJha=umif;/ t*FvefrS t&if;&SiftcsdK@u OD;apmtm; aiGtajrmuftjrm; ay;cJha=umif; pojzifha&;om;xm;ygonf? xdkowif;a=umihf ODEktpdk;&. txufyga=unmcsufxkwfa&;tpDtpOfudk rðyvkyfjcpfbJ ±kyfodrf;cJh&ygonf?

9

*? xdkudpPrSm +Adwdo#tpdk;&ESif h yÉdyuQrjzpfvdkwJ htjyif +Adwdo#wdk@tay: aumvm[vjzpfr_awGrS umuG,fay;vdkaomOD;Ektpdk;&onfyifvsif xdkumvu +Adwdo#wdk@ESifh ywfoufaewJh txufygvdk owif;trsdK;rsdK;rsm;a=umifh umuG,fay;wJh a=unmcsufrsdK;awmifrxkwf&Jatmif jzpfcJh&onfrSmvnf; xif&Sm;wJhtcsufwck jzpfygonf?

6? yÌrtaxmuftxm;/ TwGiftcsufESpfcsuf yg0ifygonf?u? yxr - OD;apmonf vufpm;acsa&; oufoufom&nf&G,fygu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; wOD;wnf;om owfjzwfzdk@jzpfEdkifonf?

,ckrl AdkvfcsKyfomru tpdk;&wzJG@vHk;ESifh OD;Ekudkyg vkyf}uHowfjzwfwmjzpfonf (AdkvfcsKyftyg0ef}uD; (7) OD;/ twGif;0ef (1) OD;ESifh oufawmfapmifh(1) OD;wdk@ usqHk;&+yD; usef0ef}uD;tcsdK@ usnfqHrxdvdk@ vGwfajrmuf&onf) xdk@a=umifh vufpm;ajca&; oufoufr[kwfEdkif/ +yD;&iftpdk;&opf&mxl;twGufyg &nf&G,fonfrSm xif&Sm;ygonf?

c? xdkvkyf}uHr_}uD;+yD;vsif bk&ifcHu OD;apmudk tpdk;&opfzJG@zdk@ zdwfac:vdrfhrnfvdk@ OD;apmuar#mfvifhcsuf &Sdaeonf? OD;apmudkzrf;&mwGifol@tdrfY �OD;apm/ 0ef}uD;csKyf� qdkaompmwef;ESifh vkyfxm;aom wHqdyfwHk;udkyif awG@&a=umif; OD;cifatmifpmtkyft& od&onf? xdkudpPudkowif;pmrsm;ESifh bDbDpD toHv$ifhcsufrsm;wGifvnf; azmfjy=uonf? xdkodk@jzpfv#if TuJhodk@ar#mfvifhcsufrsdK; &Sdvmatmif rnfolawGu vrf;cif;ay;oenf;? TonfrSm OD;apmu vkyf}uHvmzdk@ v_H@aqmfwdkufwGef;ay;onfh tcsuf}uD;r[kwfygvm;? TonfrSm vkyf}uHr_}uD;jzpfvmatmif ajr�mufyifhv_H@aqmfay;wJh rufvHk;}uD; r[kwfygvm;?

txufygtcsuf (2) csufa=umifhvnf; Tvkyf}uHr_}uD;wGif +Adwdo#tpdk;&wdk@ yg0ifEdkifyHkudk od&SdEdkifonf?

7? qÏrtaxmuftxm;?OD;cifatmifpmtkyfwGif tcsufESpfcsufxyfawG@&ygonf?u? yxru OD;apm.a&S@aejzpfol t*FvefrS t*FvdyfvlrsdK;a&S@ae �z&uf'&pf[ife&D� onf t*Fvef&Sd ol@tcef;wGif ±kwfw&ufvkyf}uH

owfjzwfcH&onf?c? 'kwd,u AdkvfcsKyfwdk@vkyf}uHr_}uD;udk tvGwfpHkaxmufaeol t*FvdyfvlrsdK; �tufzfudkvif� rSmvnf; ol.pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;

aysmufqHk;oGm;um olvnf;±kwfw&uf aoqHk;oGm;&onf? xdkESpfOD;aoqHk;a=umif; ,cifu usaemfwdk@rodcJh&/ OD;cifatmifpmtkyft&om od&onf?tvGefpOf;pm;=unfhp&mrsm; jzpfygonf? tr_}uD;.t&if;cH tjzpftysuftcsdK@udk olwdk@odaeojzifh aemifayguf=um;rSmpdk;I ,ckvdk tqHk;pD&ifvdkufyHk&onf?

TudpPonfvnf; vkyf}uHr_}uD;wGif +Adwdo#tpdk;&wdk@ yg0ifEdkifyHkudk rsm;pGmoHo,0ifzG,f jzpfonf?

8? owWrtaxmuftxm;?OD;cifatmifpmtkyft& od&onfrSm OD;apmao'%fpD&ifcsuf cscH&+yD;aemuf óu;rdef@ay;cH&olrsm;. tusOf;axmiftcef;wGif; ae&pOf

olvGwfajrmuf xGufajy;a&;twGuf +Adwdo#t&m&Sdrsm;xH tulnDawmif;cHr_jzpfonf? OD;apmonf xdkumvwGif;u axmifrif;}uD;OD;pHwifudkvGwfajrmufr_twGuf aiGtajrmuftjrm;ay;rnf[k qdk+yD; csOf;uyfcJhzl;onf? OD;pHwifu OD;xGef;vSatmifESifh wdkifyif+yD; pDrHcsufwckvkyfum aiGay;&ifvkyfay;rnf[kajym&m xdkrSp+yD; OD;apm.aiG&SmyHkawmfa=umifh OD;apmESifhqufpyfol t*Fvdyfrsm;ta=umif; tHh=ozG,f awG@&awmhonf[k qdkxm;ygonf? �aiGawmif;pmrsm;wGif emrnf0Sufrsm;ESifh pum;vHk;awGyg a&;xm;onf?

u? yxrqHk; OD;apmaiGawmif;oluawmh uy`wdefADAD,ef; jzpfygonf? (OD;apmudk b&if;*ef; 200 ESifh cJ,rf;rsm; xkwfay;oljzpfonf?)OD;apmonf �ADAD,ef; - vufeufxkwfay;r_jzifh axmifxJa&mufaerSef; roday? ADAD,ef;u OD;apmxHjyefay;pmwGif �igwdk@tm;vHk; pDpOfay;Edkifonf? rif;bmvdk@ vl&Snf}uD;udk rqufovJ� [k a&;xm;onf[kqdkxm;onf?

c? OD;apm 'kwd,ta&;w}uD; qufoG,folrSm &efukefòr@/ +Adwdo#aumifq,fu rpPwm *|efpwD;0yfbifuvif jzpf+yD; aiGawmif;pma&;+yD;qufoG,fwmjzpfonf? (�rSm +Adwdo#oHwrefjzpfI Ed kifiHa&;t& yd kta&;}uD;oljzpfonf) bifuvifu xdkpmudkzwfvdkuf&awmhodyfajcmufjcm;+yD; pmudkzsufqD;um pmvmydk@ol ykvdyft&m&Sdudk armif;xkwfvdkufonf? aemufOD;apmu �bifuvifxH =o*kwfv 22 - 23&ufae@rsm;rSm pmawGxyfydk@onf? aiGawmif;wmomru +cdrf;ajcmufonfhpmrsm;yg a&;cJhonf[k qdkygonf? odk@&mwGif bifuvifxdkpmrsm;r&awmhyg? ta=umif;rSm OD;apm. yxrpm&+yD;uwnf;u olArmjynfrS xGufcGmzdk@jyifqif+yD; aetdrfrS urf;em;vrf;[dkw,fodk@ ajymif;aecJhonf?olxGufcGmzdk@ pDpOfaewkef; ol@udkzrf;zdk@ OD;xGef;vSatmifu xdkpOfu jynfxJa&;0ef}uD; OD;ausmf+idrf;xH ta=umif;=um;cJhonf? OD;ausmf+idrf;ubk&ifcHxHwifjy&m bk&ifcHu oufaotaxmuftxm;awG xyfrHawmif;qdkonf[k qdkonf? aemufwae@ OD;xGef;vSatmifu olrxGufcGmrD±kwfw&uf xyfoGm;+yD; OD;apm.aemufqHk;pmudkjyonf? bifuvifu xdwfvef@a=umuf&GH@oGm;+yD; oludkzrf;vdk@r&a=umif; ol@taejzifhoHwrefa&;&m tum tuG,frsm; &Sdxm;a=umif; ajymygonf? TudpPtay: OD;cifatmifa&;xm;onfrSm �trSefuawmh rpPwmbifuviftaeESifhAdkvfcsKyfwdk@ vkyf}uHcH&r_rSm �b,fvdkywfoufovJqdkwm taotcsmodvdk@yJ jzpfw,f�f [k qdkxm;ygonf? OD;xGef;vSatmifu ol@udkjreffrmEdkifiHrSt+yD;tydkif xGufoGm;&efajymcJhonf[k qdkygonf? xdkae@ 4 ² 9 ² 47 ae@up+yD; �b,fa&mufoGm;onf tpray:awmh [kqdkonf?

10

*? ADAD,efonf b&if;*ef; (200) ESifh usnfqHrsm;pGm OD;apmudkxkwfay;cJholjzpfI Tvkyf}uHr_ESifh ywfowf&mwGif ta&;tygqHk;oljzpfonf? aemufbifuvifqdkolrSmvnf; +Adwdo#oHwrefjzpfI ta&;ygolyifjzpfonf? Adkvfr�;,ef;udk zrf;qD;+yD;ppfaq;aomtcgwGifvnf;�. ajzmifhcsuft& OD;apmESifh +Adwdo#aumifq,frS bifuvifwdk@. qufoG,fr_onf omrefxufydkI qufoG,fr_&Sda=umif; qdkxm;ygonf?+Adwdo#tpdk;&rS xdkta&;ygol (2) OD;xHodk@ OD;apmu ta&;}uHKaomtcg aiGawGtwif;vSrf;awmif;,lyHkawGudk axmuf±_I xdkvkkyf}uHr_wGif +Adwdo#tpdk;&wdk@yg0ifEdkifyHkudk odjrif,lqEdkifayonf?9? aemufqHk; tÏrtaxmuftxm;rSm -

OD;cifatmifpmtkyft& txufygADAD,ef;. aemufqHk;tjzpftysufyif jzpfayonf? azmfjyxm;yHkt& �ADAD,ef;onf 1949 ckESpfarv tif;pdefwdkufyGJrS u&ifrsm;qkwfoGm;&mwGif tif;pdefaxmifrS vdkufygoGm;+yD; 1950 ckESpftxd aumhu&dwfòr@teD;wGif apmbOD;}uD;ESifhtwl &SdaecJhonf? jrefrmtm%mydkifrsm;u ol@udkowfvdkuf+yD[k qdkaomfvnf; olonf 1950 ckESpf tv,fydkif;avmufwGif xdkif;EdkifiHrSwqifht*Fvefodk@ jyefoGm;+yD; 1980 ckESpfavmufwGifrS uG,fvGefoGm;onf[k qdkxm;ygonf? tr_}uD;twGuf ta&;}uD;yk*~dKvfvGwfajrmufoGm;yHkjzpfygonf? TwGifvnf; +Adwdo#tpdk;&wdk@ yg0ifEdkifyHkudk xif[yfonf?

txufazmfjyyg taxmuftxm;rsm;a=umifh AdkvfcsKyfwdk@vkyf}uHr_}uD;wGif +Adwdo#tpdk;&wdk@ yg0ifa=umif; usaemfaumif;pGmxifjrif,lqygonf? txufazmfjyyg taxmuftxm;rsm;teuf eHygwf (2) ADAD,ef;u OD;apmtm; b&if;*ef; (200) ESifh usnfqHrsm;xkwfay;r_onf?+Adwdo#tpdk;&wdk@ yg0ifa=umif;txift&Sm;qHk; tcsuf}uD;jzpfonf? 'kwd,xif&Sm;onfhtcsufrSm eHygwf (3) t& vkyf}uHa&;twGuf vufeufrsm;usnfqHrsm;a&mif;wJh Adkvfr�;,ef;ESifh vef@p'def;wdk@ tr_jzpfonf? ADAD,ef;. b&if;*ef; (200) ESifhusnfqHrsm; OD;apmtm;xkwfay;r_onf vkkyf}uHr_}uD;jzpf&efwGef;aqmfay;±Hkr#ru aemufydkif;OD;apm tm%m&a&; ykefuefxºua&;twGufyg &nf&G,fonfjzpfojzifh xdkpOfu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;.zqyv wyfaygif;pk}uD;atmufwGif pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfvmaeaom jrefrmjynf}uD;udkvnf; jynfwGif;ppfjzifh òzcGJtm;enf;oGm;ap&ef vkyfaomvkyf}uHr_}uD;wck vnf;jzpfonf? �rSqufI awG;ac:EdkifonfrSm OD;apmvkyfroGm;Edkifonfh aemufydkif;jzpfvmaom Armjynf. jynfwGif;ppfrsm;jzpfvmatmif vkyf&mwGifvnf; +Adwdo#tpdk;&wdk@ wenf;wzHkyg0if=uonfudk ar#mfrSef;odjrifEdkifayonf?

txufygta=umif;rsm;a=umifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdk@ acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm; vkyf}uHowfjzwfr_wGif +Adwdo#tpdk;&wdk@ yg0ifonfudk usaemfxifjrif,Hk=unf±Hkr#ru ,ckESpf (50) ausmf=um Armjynf jynfwGif;ppf}uD; jzpfvmatmif zefwD;=u&mwGifvnf; +Adwdo#tpdk;&wdk@ wenf;wzHkyg0ifEdkifa=umif;vnf; usaemfxifjrif,lqygonf?

Tonfrsm;rSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;vkyf}uHcH&r_ tESpf (50) ajrmuf txdrf;trSwftwGuf bDbDpDtoHv$ifhXmerS usaemfESifh awG@qHkar;jref;cef;rS ar;cGef; trSwf (1) (2) ESifh �wdk@tay: usaemf. ajz=um;csufrsm; jzpfygonf?

xdkar;jref;cef;wGif ar;cGef;aygif; (13) ck ar;cJh&m wcsKd@ar;cGef;rsm;rSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifha&m xdkacwf xdkumv (1947 ² 48) twGif;uEdkifiHa&;tajctaersm;ESifhyg ywfowfae&m xdkar;cGef;rsm;ESifh tajzrsm;udkvnf; ,ckxnfhoGif;azmfjyvdkufygonf?ar;cGef;trSwf (11)? ? AdkvfcsKyfruG,fvGefrD &ufowWywftcsKd@twGif; uGefjrLepfrsm;ESifh qufqHa&;rnfodk@ &SdygovJ?ajz? ? xdkumvtajctaersm; usaemfwdwdusus rrSwfrdawmhay? odk@&mwGif xdk0ef;usifumv a,bk,stajctae usaemfavhvmod&SdrSwfom;rdoavmuf ajymjyygrnf?

1? 1946 ESpfOD;ydkif;avmufup+yD; ArmjynfwGif uGefjrLepfygwD (2) ck jzpfaeygonf? yxru ,ckvuf&Sd ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDCPB jzpfygonf? 'kwd,rSm CPB ygwDrS 1946 azaz:0g&DvwGif cGJxGufoGm;aom xif&Sm;aom ocifpdk;OD;aqmifonfh tvHeDuGefjrLepfygwD[lIESpfygwD jzpfaeygonf?

2? cGJxGufoGm;aom tvHeDuGefjrLepfygwDrS acgif;aqmif ocifpdk;u xdkumv ArmhawmfvSefa&;. ausm±dk;r¾dKif jzpfaeaomAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; (CPB) ygwDESifh AdkvfcsKyfOD;aqmifaom trsKd;om;nD!Gwfa&;wyfOD; jzpfaom zqyv tzGJ@wdk@udk OD;pGm qef@usifwdkufcdkufygonf?txl;ojzifh CPB ESifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk jzpfygonf? AdkvfcsKyfudk wdkufcdkuf&mwGif yk*~dKvfa&;awGyg edrfhusjyif;xefpGm wdkufcdkufcJhonf? �wdkufcdkufr_rsm;rSm 1947/ Zlvdkifv AdkvfcsKyfwdk@usqHk;cgeD;txd jzpfaeonf[k xif&ygonf?

3? (CPB) uvnf; 1947 ckESpf apmapmydkif;uwnf;u zqyv ESifh nDF!Gwfa&;aºu;a=umfae&if; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh zqyvwdk@udk tjyeftvSef wdkufcdkuf=uygonf? txl;ojzifh xdkESpf{+yDv a&G;aumufyGJumvtwGif; jzpfonf? [email protected]_rSm AdkvfcsKyfwdk@ bk&ifcHtpdk;&tzGJ@wGif yg0ifr_ESifh atmifqef; - tufwvDpmcsKyfay: t"duxm;onf? odk@aomf arvavmufup+yD; uGefjrLepf - zqyvnD!Gwfa&;a&S@wef;wif+yD;aemuf wdkufcdkufr_rsm; avsmhenf;vmonf? AdkvfcsKyfu xdkESpfapmapmydkif;u (15 ² 2 ² 47) u zqyv OD;pDtzGJ@tpnf;ta0;wGifajymonfrSm �aygif;csif&if (odef;-oef;) (CPB) ygwDeJ@awmh aygif;Edkifw,f�[k ajymcJhzl;onf? aemufusqHk;cgeD; 13 ² 7 ² 47 ae@ AdkvfcsKyfrdef@cGef;wckwGif �ArmjynfrSm vlrsKd;tcsif;csif;ruGJzdk@ vli,fydkif;jzpfwJh vuf0Jorm;tcsif;csif;ruGJzdk@ owday;vdkw,f�[k ajymcJhonf? TonfrSm (CPB)udk &nf&G,f+yD;ajymwm jzpfygonf? (CPB) . zqyvESifh jyefaygif;a&;aºu;a=umfoHa=umifh usqHk;cgeD;wGif (CPB) ESifh twdkuftcdkuf avsmhenf;vm;yHk&onfudk owd xm;rdonf? usaemfxdkudpP Tr#avmufom ajymEdkifygonf? (rSwfcsuf- 1946 atmufwdkbmwGif zqyvrS (CPB)xkwfypfcH&onf?)ar;cGef;trSwf (12)? ? uGefjrLepfrsm;awmrcdkEdkifatmif olumuG,fEdkifrvm;/ umuG,fEdkifr,fqdk&if b,fvdkenf;eJ@ umuG,fEdkifrvJ?ajz? ? uGefjrLepfrsm;awmrcdkatmif AdkvfcsKyfumuG,fEdkifr,fvdk@ usaemf,Hk=unfygonf? Tonfudk xdkacwfEdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmiftrsm;uvnf;

11

oabmwlEdkifygonf?'gudkumuG,frnfqdkv#if rnfonfhenf;eJ@ umuG,frvJ?'gudk&Sif;jy&efrSm AdkvfcsKyfonf uGefjrLepfrsm; awmrcdkapvdkaom qENtvGef}uD;rm;pGm &SdcJhygonf? TonfrSm wdkif;jynfpnf;vHk;nD!Gwfr_

òyuGJrSmpdk;&drfvdk@wa=umif; aemuf'Drdkua&pDw&m; ysufoGm;rSmpdk;&drfvdk@wa=umif; t"du xdktcsuf (2) &yfa=umifh jzpfygonf? xdkjyif uGefjrLepfrsm;tay: tm;xm;ar#mfvifhcsufrsm;vnf; &Sdaeygao;onf? xdk@a=umifhawmrcdkjzpfatmif olom&Sdaev#if +idrf;csrf;pGm 0ifumuG,frSm jzpfygonf?umuG,fEdkifaom tiftm;ESifh pGrf;&nfvnf;&Sdaeygonf? Tonfudk atmufygtwdkif; &Sif;vif;wifjyoGm;ygrnf?

yxr wdkif;jynfpnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;twGuf ol@qEN/ olajymyHk/ olvkkyfudkifcJhyHkwcsKd@udk tusOf;wifjyygrnf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onfArmhawmfvSefa&;twGuf vufeufaumif; (3) vufudk zefwD;wnfaqmufay;cJhaom yk*~dKvf}uD; jzpfonf? yxr awmfvSefa&;udk OD;aqmif&eftajccHaumif;aom vlwef;pm;ygwDw&yf &Sdtyfonf[k ,lq+yD; ,ckvuf&Sd (CPB) udk 1939/ =o*kwfvrSm pwifzGJ@pnf;cJhonf? 'kwd, ArmhawmfvSefa&;wGif cGefftm;pGrf;tif&Sdaom trsKd;om;vufeufudkif ppfwyf}uD;w&yf &Sd&rnfqdk+yD; 1940-41 rSm vuf&SdArmhwyfrawmf}uD;udk pwifxlaxmifzJGpnf;ay;cJhonf? wwd, e,fcsJ@ESifh zufqpfwdk@udk awmfvSefwdkufcdkuf+yD; vGwfvyfa&;udk &,l&eftwGufvnf;aumif;/ vGwfvyf+yD; wdkif;jynfwnfaqmuf&efvnf;aumif;/ wdkif;jynfnD!Gwfzdk@ vdkonfqdk+yD; trsKd;om; nD!Gwfa&;wyfaygif;pk}uD;rsm; zGJ@pnf;cJhjcif;wdk@ jzpfygonf?

AdkvfcsKyfu nD!Gwfa&;onf wdkif;jynf. tiftm;jzpfonf? awmfvSefa&;wav#mufvHk;twGuf yifrtkwfjrpfjzpfonf? vGwfvyfa&;twGufomru vGwfvyf+yD;wdkif;jynfopf xlaxmifa&;wav#mufvHk;vnf; vdktyfonf jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;rSmjzpfap/ wdkif;jynfumuG,fa&;rSmjzpfap tm;vHk;rSm nD!Gwfa&;&Sdzdk@vdkonf? nD!Gwfa&;onfxm0&ESifh t&m&mrSmvdktyfonfh oabmrsm;ajym=um;cJhygonf? aemufusqHk;cgeD;Zlvdkif (13) &ufrSmyif nD!Gwfzdk@ajymoGm;ygao;onf? ol@rdef@cGef;rsm;pGmwGif nD!Gwfa&;ta&;}uD;r_udk rsm;pGmajymcJhygonf?

nD!Gwfa&;twGuf AdkvfcsKyf.aqmif&GufcJhyHkrsm;udk jyef=unfhv#if yxrqHk; 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;pcsdef e,fcsJ@awmfvSefa&;twGuf 1939ckESpfwGif jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;t&if;&Sifrsm; t"dujzpfaom ArmhxGwf&yf*dk%f; tzGJ@}uD;udk wdk@Armociftpnf;t±Hk;}uD;udk tajccHI zGJ@pnf;cJhonfhaemuf 1944 =o*kwfvwGif zufqpfawmfvSefa&;twGuf uGefjrLepfygwDwdk@ESifhwGJI zqyvtrsKd;om;nD!Gwfa&; wyfaygif;pk}uD; zGJ@pnf;cJhonf?aemufArmhvGwfvyfa&;ESifh tem*wfta&;twGuf jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkwdk@ESifh aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&; yifvHkpmcsKyf}uD;udk 1947 azaz:0g&DrSmcsKyfqdkEdkifcJhonf? vlrsKd;pk}uD;wpkjzpfaom u&iftrsKd;om;wdk@ESifhrl 1944-45 uwnf;u u&iftrsKd;om; vufeufudkifwyf&if;w&if; zGJ@ay;+yD;pwifpnf;±Hk;EdkifcJhygonf?

AdkvfcsKyf[m wdkif;jynfpnf;vHk; nD!Gwfa&;twGuf okl.qENajymqdkcsufESifh vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;a=umifh jrefrmhordkif;ynm&Sifrsm;u csKD;usL;cJh=uonf? +Adwdo#vlrsKd;ordkif;ygarmuQ vk(pf)u 1948 avmufu ajymcJhonfrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf Armhordkif;wGif pwkw�ajrmufwEdkifiHvHk;udk pnf;vHk;oGm;Edkifaom yk*~dKvf}uD;jzpfonf? ol@t&if (3) OD;rSm yxr bk&ifaemf&xm (AD 1044-1077) 'kwd, bk&ifaemifbk&if(AD 1550-1581) wwd, bk&if tavmif;bk&m; (AD 1752-1760) wdk@jzpfonf? pwkw�rSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; (AD 1915-1947)jzpfonf[k csD;usL;cJh=uonf? xdk@tjyif AdkvfcsKyfonf vuf±Hk;&nfeJ@r[kwf ESvHk;&nfeJ@om wnfaqmufonf[kvnf; ajym=uonf? wcsKd@ordkif;q&mrsm;u ajym=uao;onfrSm ArmEdkifiHwGif +idrf;csrf;pGmESifh vlrsKd;pktm;vHk;udk yg0ifatmif pnf;±Hk;+yD;EdkifiHwnfaqmufEdkifolrSm usefppfom;bk&ifuvGJv#if AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wOD;wnf;om &Sdonf[k qdk=uygonf?

xdk@a=umifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ArmhawmfvSefa&;twGuf trsKd;om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;udk odyfvdkvm;+yD; &atmifvJ wnfaqmufcJhol/ wnfaqmufEdkifokl jzpfonf? TonfrSmvnf; olvkyf}uHcH&aom ta=umif;&if;wck jzpfonfqdkonfudk a&;cJh+yD;jzpfygonf? TuJhodk@trsKd;om;pnf;vHk; nD!Gwfa&;udk wav#mufvHk; vdkvm;wnfaqmufcJhol AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf trsKd;om;nD!Gwfa&;udk òyuGJa&;jzpfaprnfhuGefjrLepfrsm; awmcdkrnfhta&;udk rnfodk@r#vdkvm;rnfr[kwf enf;vrf;&Sdor#umuG,frSm jzpfa=umif;&Sif;vif;pGm jrifEdkifayonf? TonfrSmyxrta=umif;&if; jzpfygonf?

'kwd,ta=umif;&if;rSm AdkvfcsKyf. 'Drdkua&pDpdwf"mwf jzpfygonf? AdkvfcsKyfonf ol&owWd&Sd+yD; rdrdudk,frdrd,Hk=unfolvnf;jzpfumcdkifrmonfhpm&dwWESifh w&m;r#wpdwf"mwf&Sdol/ tcsKyfrSm 'Drdkua&pDpdwf"mwf tjynfht0 &Sdoljzpfonf? ol@rdeff@cGef;rsm;t& b,fvdkArmjynfrsKd;wnfaqmufvdkonf qdk&mrSm vGwfvyf+yD;aemuf wnfaqmufrnfhEdkifiH. tajccH (3) csufudk ajymcJhonf? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_t& qif;&Jjcif;yajymufwJh acwfrDEdkifiHawmfopfjzpfzdk@ EdkifiHa&;t&'Drdkua&pDuszdk@ESifh wwd,rSm wnf+idrfat;csrf;aom EdkifiHjzpfzdk@[laom tcsuf (3) csufudkOD;wnf+yD;ajymcJhonf? 1945 ckESpf pwkw�t}udrfajrmuf EdkifiHacgif;aqmifrsm;tpnf;ta0;wGif ajymonfrSm �'Drdkua&pD0g'omv#if vGwfvyfa&;ESifhqDav#mfw,f? 'D0g'om+idrf;csrf;a&;udk tm;ay;w,f? 'D0g'udkom usaemfwdk@&nf&G,fw,f?� vdk@ajymcJhonf? AdkvfcsKyfwdk@ acgif;aqmifrsm;onf1300jynfh (1938-39) umvrSpI ArmhawmfvSefa&;vrf;a=umif;udkoHk;qifhcGJI !¸efjycJhonf? yxrtqifhu vGwfvyfa&;/ 'kwd,tqifhu'Drdkua&pDa&;/ wwd,tqifhusrS qdk&S,fvpfa&;jzpfonf? AdkvfcsKyfonf yxrtqifh vGwfvyfa&;udkom taumiftxnfazmfEdkif+yD; 'kwd,tqifh'Drdkua&pDa&;twGuf rdef@cGef;rsm;om t"duajymcJhEdkif+yD; uG,fvGefcgeD; wpdwfwydkif; tm%m&cJhonfh umvtwGif;wGifom 'Drdkua&pDvkyf[efwcsKd@jyooGm;EdkifcJhygonf AdkvfcsKyfonf *syefzufqpfpdk;rdk;xm;onfh umvrSmyif 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyGJ0ifcJhonf? 1943 =o*kwfv (1) &uf *syefuvGwfvyfa&;twk ay;onfhtay: 'Drdkua&pDESifh rudkufnDaom vGwfvyfa&;rsKd;jzpfonf qdkonfudk tcGifh}uHKwdkif;wav#mufvHk; ajymcJhonf?tjyif;txefqHk;ajymonfrSm 1943 ckESpfukefcgeD; udk,fhrif;udk,fcsif; (csmcsDvrf;) tm&Svli,frsm;tpnf;t±Hk;wGif vli,facgif;aqmifawGESifhppfbufacgif;aqmifawGudk ajymonfhrdef@cGef; jzpfonf? bmvkyf=urnfenf; qdkonfudk !¸ef;onfhoabmvJ ygygonf? AdkvfcsKyf. 'Drdkua&pD

12

aºu;a=umfoHrSm �vltrsm;qHk;twGuf taumif;qHk;tusKd;ðyEdkifr,fh vlrsm;pkuóu;udkifEd kifwJh 'Drdkua&pD�[k t}udrf}udrfajymcJhonf?aemufwae&mrSm ajymonfrSm �vlwef;pm;awG uGJaeor#umvywfvHk; tm;vHk;twGufaumif;r,fh 'Drdkua&pDrjzpfEdkifao;bl; 'gayrJhtpdk;&uvlrsm;pk qif;&Jom;awGudkyif;wJh 'Drdkua&pDrsKd; jzpf&r,f?� [kajymcJhonf? �taemufwdkif;'Ddrdkua&pDvdk t&if;&Sifvlwef;pm; wOD; wnf;uom óu;udkifwJh'Drdkua&pDrsKd;r[kwfbJ vlrsm;pkjzpfwJh tvkyform;/ v,form;/ vlvwfwef;pm;rsm; tajccH+yD; trsKd;om;t&if;&Sifrsm;ygyg0ifwJhwyfaygif;pk 'Drdkua&pDrsKd;vdkw,f� [kvnf; wae&mrSmqdkcJhygonf? �*syefjynfrSmvdk ppfbufu vuf0g;}uD;tkyf+yD; wdkif;jynfv$wfawmfubmrStpdk;r&wJh ppftm%m&Sif0g'rsKd; r&Sdatmif ppfbufudk wdkif;jynfv$wfawmfu tkyfpdk;EdkifcGifh&Sd&r,f? aemufvGwfvyfpGm ajymqdkcGifh/ pnf;±Hk;cGifh/pDwef;vrf;av#mufcGifhrsm; &Sd&r,f� [kvnf; w}udrfruajymzl;ygonf? aemuf *syefrSm ppf0g'v$rf;vdk@ tm&Swdkuf}uD;ESifh ol@wdkif;oljynfom;vlxk}uD;yg xdcdkufepfem&yHkawGvJ r=umc%ajymcJhygonf?

AdkvfcsKyfonf 'Drdkua&pDvkyfief;udk taumiftxnfazmf roGm;EdkifcJh/ t"dutm;jzifh rdef@cGef;rsm;avmufom xm;oGm;EdkifcJhonf? odk@aomf1946 - 47 ckESpfrsm;twGif; wpdwfwydkif;tm%mtwGif; acwW - vydkif;r# tm%mudkifoGm;&pOf ol.'Drdkua&pDvkyf[efrsm; trsm;}uD;udkusaemfwdk@ awG@cJh&ygonf? yxr rSm ol@udkyk*~dKvfa&;t&yg jyif;xefpGm wdkufcdkufaeaom ocifpdk;.tvHeDuGefjrLepfygwD rw&m;oif;a=unmcHxm;&r_udk ol@bk&ifcHtr_aqmif tpdk;&tzJG@xJ 1946 atmufwdkbmvavmufu 0if+yD;aemuf Edk0ifbm - 'DZifbmavmufwGif w&m;0iftoif; tcGifhta&;rsm; csufcsif;jyefay;onf? xkdumv tawmtwGif;rSmvnf; ppf+yD;aemuf xkwfxm;aom umuG,fa&;Oya'rsm; ±kyfodrf;ay;cJhonf? +yD;aemuf ppf}uD;twGif;u jzpfcJhaom tr_r_rsm;udk yvyfypf&ef Oya'ðycJhonf? wdkif;jynfwGif; qlylxºur_rsm;udk vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhrsm;a=unmcJhonf?

AdkvfcsKyf. jrifhrm;aom 'Drdkua&pDpdwf"mwfudk usaemfwdk@tm;vHk; jrifawG@Edkifonfh xif&Sm;aom wcsufrSm zufqpfawmfvSefa&;t+yD;'kwd,urBmppf}uD; +yD;oGm;+yD;aemuf 1945 ckESpf pufwifbmvwGif ppfwyftwGuf uENDpmcsKyf csKyf+yD;onfhaemufwGif ol@taejzifh wdkif;jynftusdK;udk ppfom;b0xuf EdkifiHa&;bufydkvdktyfrnfxif+yD; EdkifiHa&;bufodk@ ul;ajymif;oGm;onfhtcg olzJG@pnf;wnfaxmifcJhonfh wyfrawmftay:oHa,mZOfESifh wyfaumif;a&; apwemawGom&Sd+yD; ppfwyf.tcGifhta&; t&Sdeft0grsm;udk ol@EdkifiHa&;twGif; qGJ,ltoHk;csjcif;r&Sd oef@oef@&Sif;&Sif;ESifh±dk;om;pGm EdkifiHa&;bufodk@ ul;ajymif;oGm;jcif;udk jrifawG@Edkifayonf?

txufazmfjyyg tcsuftcsdK@rsm;uyif AdkvfcsKyf. 'Drdkua&pDpdwf"mwf tb,fr# &ifhoefcdkifrmaeonfudk jyqdkaeayonf? xdk@a=umifhxdkuJhodk@aom yk*~dKvfrsdK;atmufwGif uGefjrLepfawGudk 'Drdkua&pDray;bJ Oya'jyifyawmwGif;wGef;ydk@rnfh vkyf&yfrsm;udk =unfhaernfr[kwf/ rkcsyifz,f&Sm;ypfrnfqdkonfudk tm;vHk;odjrifEdkifygonf? TonfrSm uGefjrLepfrsm; awmwGif;ra&mufatmif rkcsumuG,fz,f&Sm;rnfh 'kwd,ta=umif;jzpfygonf?

wwd,ta=umif;wcsufvnf; usaemhfpdwfwGif &Sdaeygao;onf? xdkta=umif;rSm (CPB) ygwDonf oludkwdkifOD;aqmif+yD; 1939 ckESpf=o*kwfv (15) &ufae@wGif pwifwnfaxmifay;cJhaom ygwDjzpfonf? oHa,mZOfwpHkw&m &SdaeEdkifrSmudkvnf; usaemfwdk@ odjrifEdkifonf?aemuf AdkvfcsKyfonf uGefjrLepf0g'ESifh uGefjrLepfygwDtay: &efoluJhodk@ b,fwkef;urS oabmrxm;cJh/ xdkodk@ oabmrxm;±Hkr#ru tem*wfArmhawmfvSefa&;ESifh wnfaqmufa&;wGif aumif;rGefzdk@ESifh pnf;vHk;nD!Gwf=u&eftwGuf vli,fvuf0uf0Jorm;tcsif;csif; pnf;vHk;nD!Gwf=u&efr=umc% ajymcJhayonf? usqHk;cgeD; Zlvdkif (13) &ufae@u xyf+yD;ajymcJhygao;onf? xdkumvawmfvSefa&;. tajccHtiftm;jzpfaomvuf0JoHk;ygwD CPB� qdk&S,fvpfygwD� jynfol@&JJaomfygwDwdk@udk nD!Gwfap&ef udk,fwdkif&if=um;aph tm;xkwfay;cJhonf? quf+yD; tm;xkwfrSmvnf;jzpfygonf? Tonfwdk@rSm AdkvfcsKyf. uGefjrLepfrsm;tay: oHa,mZOf&Sdjcif;/ wdkif;jynfaumif;rGefa&;twGuf rsm;pGmtm;xm; ar#mfvif;jcif; ponfhAdkvfcsKyf. pdwf"mwfqENudk jyjcif;jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh olvkyf}uHcH&onfh ta=umif;&if;w&yfrSm uGefjrLepfrsm;ESifh jyefaygif;pnf;Edkifaom ta=umif;&Sdonf[laom tcsufa=umifhwa=umif; jzpfcJh&onf r[kwfygavm?

xdkodk@uGefjrLepfrsm;udk &efolvdk b,fwkef;urS oabmrxm;bJ rsm;pGmtusdK;ðyEdkifonfhbufodk@ ar#mfvifhtm;xm;+yD; vuf0JnD!Gwfa&;udkyif óu;pm;tm;xkwfaeaom AdkvfcsKyfonf uGefjrLepfrsm; uGJ+yJvGifhpif+yD; awmwGif;vufeufudkifvrf;ESifh &efoltjzpfodk@ a&mufoGm;atmifzefwD;ðyvkyfr_rsm;udk awG@&Sd&aomf tb,fr#v#if rwm;qD;rumuG,fbJ vpfvsL±_aeEdkifrnfenf;? rkcsyif umuG,frnfjzpfonf?

txufwGif azmfjycJhonfhtwdkif; uGefjrLepfrsm; awmcdk&onfhtajctae a&mufoGm;aomf jzpfvmEdkifaomtcsuf}uD; (3) csufjzpfonfhwdkif;jynfpnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&; òyuGJvmrSmudk vnf;aumif;/ wdkif;jynf'Drdkua&pD tm;enf;ysufpD;&m usrSmudkvnf;aumif;/ pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfr_&SdpGmwufnDvufnD yl;aygif;vkyfudkifoGm;Edkifzd k@ rsm;pGm ar#mfvifhtm;xm;aeonfh vuf0Jtiftm;pkvnf;jzpf+yD; wdkif;jynf&J@ tajccHtrmcHtiftm;pkvnf;jzpfonfh uGefjrLepfrsm; ðywfxGufoGm;±Hkru &efoltjzpf &ifqdkif&rSmudkvnf;aumif; wl;cg;pGmrvdkvm;onfh AdkvfcsKyfonfxdkuGefjrLepfrsm; awmwGif;a&mufa&; wGef;ydk@vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk jrifawG@&aomf rkcsyif rdrdpGrf;tm;udkoHk;+yD; tpGrf;ukef umuG,foGm;rSmomjzpfonfqdkonfudk usaemfwdk@tm;vHk; ,Hk=unfEdkifygonf?

uGefjrLepfrsm;wGif t"dujzpfaom CPB ygwD awmcdk&wJh tajctaersdK;ra&mufatmif wm;qD;EdkifwJh wdkuf±dkufenf;vrf;uawmhAdkvfcsKyfonf ol.}uD;rm;vSaom EdkifiHa&;tiftm;ESifh =oZmESifh xdkpOfumvu ta&;}uD;wJh vuf0JygwDoHk;ygwD=um; 0ifa&mufjzefajz wm;qD;a&;om jzpfygonf?

xdkpOfu ArmhEdkifiHa&;wGif OD;aqmifvkyfudkifae=uaom t"duygwDrsm;onf vuf0JoHk;ygwD jzpfygonf? �wdk@rSm CPB� qdk&S,fvpfygwDESifh jynfol@&JabmfygwDwdk@ jzpfygonf? AdkvfcsKyfudkifwG,f&rnfh xdkygwDoHk;&yf. xdkumvrSm wnf&Sdaeaom tajctae oabmxm;udk

13

yxr azmfjyvdkygonf?yxr awmcdkudpP. rl&if;jzpfaewJh CPB ygwD. xdkpOfumv tajctaeudk wifjy&aomf/ olwdk@onf vufeufudkifwdkufyJG qifEJGvdkaom

ygwDr[kwf/ olwdk@rSm vlxkvlwef;pm; tajccHtm;&yfwnfr_ tawmf}uD;}uD;&Sdaom ygwDjzpfonf? 1946 - 47 ckESpfrsm;wGif �wdk@. jzL;òr@ESifhysOf;rem;òr@rsm;rSm ðyvkyfonfh nDvmcH vlxktpnf;ta0;}uD;rsm;[m ordkif;wGift}uD;qHk; vlxkwufa&mufr_ tiftm;t}uD;qHk;[k xdkpOfuqdk=uonf? 'Drdkua&pD tawmftwef&SdonfhatmufwGif +idrf;csrf;pGm v_yf&Sm;cGifh&vsif rdrdwdk@vrf;pOfudk wifjy+yD; atmifjrifatmif csDwufoGm;Edkifrnfqdkonfudk aumif;pGm,Hk=unfaom ygwDjzpfonf? �wdk@onfjynfolrsm; }uD;pGm'kuQra&mufapbJ olwdk@vrf;pOfudk +idrf;csrf;pGm pnf;±Hk;v_yf&Sm;+yD;obm0t& +idrf;csrf;pGm/ at;aq;pGm aqmif&GufoGm;vdk=uonf? atmifjrifEdkifonfudkvnf; ,Hk=unfxm;onf? odk@jzpfI olwdk@tvdktavsmufawmcdk/ vufeufudkif/ jynfwGif;ppfwdkufa&; rjzpfEdkifyg?

jynfol@&JabmfygwDrSm t"dutrsm;pkonf awmfvSefa&;wGifyg0ifcJhaom &Jabmfa[mif;rsm;jzpfonf? AdkvfcsKyf.ygwD[kyif ajymEdkifonf?AdkvfcsKyfpum;em;axmif+yD; AdkvfcsKyfoabmrwlwm bmr#vkyfrnfhygwD r[kwfay? olwdk@tvdktavsmuf awmcdkvufeufudkifrnfh vrf;pOfvnf;r&Sday? CPB udkvnf; awmwGif;armif;csa&;vrf;odk@ ydk@rnfr[kwf? ol@&yfwnfcsuftwGuf AdkvfcsKyf&Sdae+yD;jzpfonf?

AdkvfcsKyfTudpPtwGuf csOf;uyf&rSm tcufcJqHk;jzpfaom ygwDrSm qdk&S,fvpfygwDyifjzpfonf? xdkygwDrSm jynfolvlxktwGif; ol@[mol&yfwnfEdkifzdk@ jynfolvlxk axmufcHr_ odyfr&SdvSaom ygwDjzpfonf? TygwD.ordkif;wav#mufrSm xif&Sm;onfh acgif;aqmifwOD;OD;ESifh tpdk;&tm%mtwGif; zufqpfqefr_tay: tm;xm;&yfwnfcJh&ayonf? AdkvfcsKyf&SdpOf AdkvfcsKyftm; rSDcdk&yfwnfcJh&onf? AdkvfcsKyfuG,fvGefaomtcgOD;Ektm; t"durSDcdk+yD; wzufu EdkifiHa&;tm%mjzifh zufqpfqefr_ESifh &yfwnfcJh&onf? 1958 ckESpf OD;EkeJ@uGJaomtcg 1960 azazmf0g&Dva&G;aumufyJGwGif jynfolawG. vHk;0pGef@ypfvdkufjcif;cH&+yD; tm%mrJhoGm;aom r=umcifvydkif;twGif; Armhordkif;ZmwfcHkay:uqif;+yD;uG,faysmufoGm;&aom ygwDjzpfygonf?

xdkqdk&S,fvpfygwDonf AdkvfcsKyfuG,fvGef+yD;aemuf OD;EkudkwzufurSDcdk+yD; wzufuzufqpftm%m wpdwfwydkif;jzifh &yfwnfae&onf?jynfolvlxktwGif;wGif CPB ESifh,SOfòyif+yD; &yfwnfraeEdkif? AdkvfcsKyfuG,fvGef+yD; wESpftwGif;rSmyif CPB udk zdESdyfvmonf? aemufqHk; CPBudk awmwGif;armif;csa&; jzpfapaom &efukefESifhwuG wjynfvHk;&Sd uGefjrLepfygwD0ifrsm;udk wòyifwnf; tpkvdkuft+yHKvdkuf zrf;qD;awmhonf?odk@aomfacgif;aqmiftrsm;onf rsKd;cspfjynfcspfESifh vdkvm;olrsm;. óuwifowif;ay;r_a=umifh em&Dydkif;twGif; tcsKd@vnf; ntdyfae&mrS xGufajy;vGwfajrmufoGm;+yD; awmwGif;rS rD;usKd;armif;ysufvufeufESifh ckcH&onf? odk@jzifh vlxkwGif;r&yfwnfEdkifaom qdk&S,fvpfrsm;onf Tenf;jzifhCPB udk awmwGif;armif;cs+yD; aomif;usef;olqdkum qdk&S,fvpfv$rf;xm;aom ppfwyfodk@v$JtyfzdEdSyf ygawmhonf? Tenf;jzifh qdk&S,fvpfrsm;onfppfwyftm;udk; e,fcsJ@tm;udk;jzifh jynfwGif;ppf}uD;udk zefwDvdkufygawmhonf? xdkudpPudk yk*~dKvft&OD;aqmif aqmif&GufolrSm xdkpOfu jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;jzpfaom qdk&S,fvpfygwDacgif;aqmif OD;ausmf+idrf;yifjzpfonf? olonf Armjynf jynfwGif;ppf. yk*~dKvft&w&m;cHeHywf (1) jzpfonf?

txufyg tajctaewGif AdkvfcsKyfu uGefjrLepfrsm;awmcdk&onfh b0ra&mufatmif0if+yD; zsefajzwm;qD;&v#if rnfodk@jzpfrnfenf;?- CPB u rdrdwdk@twGuf ydkrdkqdk;0g;onfh awmcdk&rnfhvrf; ra&mufrnfrdk@ AdkvfcsKyf0ifa&mufzsefajzr_udk óuqdkemcH=urSmrv$J jzpfygonf?- jynfol@&JabmfrSmvnf; olwdk@taeESifh vufeufudkifawmcdkzdk@rvdk AdkvfcsKyf=oZm&Sd+yD;jzpfI AdkvfcsKyfqENtwdkif; uGefjrLepfrsm;awmcdka&;

vdkvm;=urnf r[kwfacs?- qdk&S,fvpfygwDom AdkvfcsKyfpum;em;raxmif vdkaomfvnf; vufawG@t& AdkvfcsKyfudk qef@usif+yD;vkyfa&;rSm rsm;pGmtusyf

awG@aeonf? qdk&S,fvpfwdk@onf CPB tay:jyif;xefpGm zdESdyfvm+yD; aemufqHk; awmcdkoGm;a&; jzpfaponfh wygwDvHk;udk wòyifeuftpkvdkuft+yHKvdkuf pD;eif;zrf;qD;r_rsKd;udk AdkvfcsKyfa&S@arSmufrSm vkyf&J=urnf r[kwfay? AdkvfcsKyfuvnf; tajctaewif;rmvmv#if rkcs0ifa&mufwm;qD;rSmyif jzpfonf? �qdk&S,fvpfrsm;onf AdkvfcsKyfu uGefjrLepfrsm;tay: &efolvdkoabmrxm;Edkifonfudk tvGefrauseyf=uay? xdk@a=umifhAdkvfcsKyfwdk@ vkyf}uHcH&pOfu yxr ocifpdk;. tvHeDygwDuyif �'g[m qdk&S,fvpfawGowfwm� [lIyif a=unmzl;ao;onf? qdk&S,fvpfwdk@rSmAdkvfcsKyf. jzefajzr_udk róuufaomfvnf; pOf;pm;&rnfhtcsuf (2) csuf&Sdonf? yxru vuf&Sd �wdk@. &yfwnfr_rSm AdkvfcsKyfOD;aqmifxm;aomzqyv tzGJ@csKyfwGif;u AdkvfcsKyfudkrSDD+yD; &yfwnfae&onf?

aemufwcsufrSm AdkvfcsKyfESifhqef@usif+yD; woD;wjcm;&yfwnf&ef �wdk@onf vlxktajccHr&SdI rjzpfEdkifaomb0jzpfonf? aemufAdkvfcsKyfonf tiftm;}uD;rm;+yD; =oZm}uD;vSonf? qef@usif&ef rjzjpfEdkifay? xdk@a=umifh rvGefqefEdkifbJ AdkvfcsKyfzsefajzwm;qD;rnfh vrf;udkrkcsvdkuf&ayrnf? odk@jzifh uGefjrLepfrsm;awmcdkrnfh tajctaersKd;ra&muf&ef AdkvfcsKyfu rkcszsefajzwm;qD;Edkifayrnf?

xdka=umifh txufygar;cGef; (12) t& uGefjrLepfrsm; awmrcdkEdkifatmif AdkvfcsKyfu rkcsumuG,fEdkifrnf jzpfonf?umuG,fEdkifonfhenf;vrf;rSm txufwGif usaemfazmfjycJhovdk t"dutiftm;rsm;jzpfaom CPB / qdk&S,fvpfygwD/ jynfol@&JabmfygwD

wdk@t=um;0if+yD; zsefajzwm;qD;aom enf;vrf;yif jzpfayonf?Tonfrsm;rSm usaemfESifh bDbDpDowif;axmufwdk@ ar;jref;cef;rS usaemfxkwfazmfwifjyvdkaom ta=umif;t&mwcsKd@ jzpfygonf?Tae&mwGif usaemfa&;zdk@usefcJhonfh udpPwcka&;om;&ygOD;rnf? AdkvfcsKyfruG,fvGefrDu usaemfhudk apcdkif;cJhonfhudpPwck&Sdygao;onf?

xdkudpPrSm -AdkvfcsKyfofn zufqpfawmfvSefa&;+yD;aemuf olppfwyfuxGuf+yD; EdkifiHa&;buful;ajymif;vdkuf&ef qHk;jzwf+yD;aemuf wyfrawmfudk

ol@udk,fpm; xdef;odrf;tkyfcsKyf&ef v$JtyfcJhzdk@ yk*~dKvfudkpOf;pm; &SmazGcJhonf? olwnfaxmifvmcJhaom wyfrawmf t*Fvdyfwdk@ESifh aygif;pnf;&onfh

14

aemufwGif azmufazmufjym;jym;awG jzpfvmrSmtvGefpdk;&drfyHk&onf? &mxl;pOfvm 0gpOft& xdkpOfokl@vufatmuf 'kppfaoemywd jzpfaeaomAdkvfvufsmudkom v$Jtyf&rnfjzpf&m Adkvfvufsmtay:EdkifiHa&;t& pdwfcs&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; usrf;rma&;t& a&&SnftwGuf pdwfrcs&[kxifjrifyHk&ygonf? xdk@a=umifh EdkifiHa&;t& razmufrjyefpdwfcs&+yD; trsm;av;pm;jcif;vnf;cH&um ygwDtrsm;ESifhqufqHa&;vnf; aumif;rGefaomuGefjrLepfygwDacgif;aqmif wOD;jzpfaom ocifA[def;udk ppfwyftm; ol@udk,fpm;v$Jtyfzdk@ pdwful;qENjzifh qHk;jzwfcJhonf?

xdk@a=umifh cef@rSef;ajc 1945 ZlvdkifvwGif;avmufxifonf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; usaemfhudkac:+yD; ocifA[def;udpP ol.qENESifh qHk;jzwfcsufudk ajymjyum ocifoef;xGef;xHapv$wfI ocifA[def;udk ppfwyfudkv$J&ef ay;zdk@&efoGm;awmif;cdkif;ygonf? usaemf ocifoef;xGeff;xH oGm;IxdkudpPudk ajymjyygonf?

xdkpOfuvu usaemfwdk@ArmjynfuGeffjrLepfygwDrSm ba&muf'g0g'0ifae&m tem*wfvGwfvyfa&; awmfvSefa&;vkyfief;rsm;rSmppfa&;t& t=urf;zufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;rvdkbJ +idrf;csrf;pGmjzifh vlxkpnf;±Hk;v_yf&Sm;r_jzifh atmifjrifEdkifonf[laom t,ltqpGJ+rJpGm ,Hk=unfaeonfhumvjzpf&m ppfwyfvkyfief;tay: 'gavmuftm±Hkrxm;awmhbJ vlxkvlwef;pm; pnf;±Hk;a&;om t"dutm±Hkxm;aeaom umvjzpfonf?

ocifoef;xGef;u a&S@rSmppfwyfvkyfief;[m 'gavmufta&;ygawmhrSm r[kwfyg vlxkpnf;±Hk;a&;om t"dujzpf&m udkA[def;rSm tvGefta&;yg+yD; vlxktwGif;=oZm}uD;ol jzpfonf? ol@udkta&;}uD;onfh tvkyform;or*~awG udkifcdkif;zdk@pDpOfxm;I ray;Edkifa=umif;ajymygonf/ppfwyfudk tpOftvm&Sdonfh cifAsm;wdk@awGyJ wyfrSm=oZm&Sdatmif vkyf+yD;xddef;odrf; oGm;=uyg[k ajymygonf?

usaemfxdkudpP AdkvfcsKyfudkjyeftpD&ifcHawmh AdkvfcsKyfu udkA[def;ray;Edkif&if jzL;e,frS uGeffjrLepfygwDacgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfaomocifoef;aza&m ray;Edkifbl;vm;[k xyfar;cdkif;ygonf? ocifoef;xGef;u ocifoef;azudkvnf; ray;Edkifa=umif; ta=umif;jyefygonf?

AdkvfcsKyfvnf; tawmfpdwfysufoGm;yHk&onf? aemufqHk; Adkvfr�;}uD;vufsmudkbJ ol@udk,fpm;ol@ae&mqufcHbdk@ a&G;cs,f+yD; +Adwdo#wdk@atmufwyfrawmf 'kppfaq;a&;t&m&SdcsKyfae&modk@ 0if,lapygawmhonf? aemufAdkvfcsKyfwdk@ tpdk;&tzGJ@wGif;0ifvmaomtcg AdkvfcsKyfonfumuG,fa&;0ef}uD; wm0efyg,lxm;+yD; wyfudkolwzufu xdrf;odrf;oGm;rnf[k pdwfulk;xm;yHk&onf[k ,lq&ygonf?

xdkudkA[def;udpPudk xdkpOfu qdk&S,fvpfrsm;odoGm;yHk&onf? Adkvfatmif}uD;u Adkvfae0if;xHay;pmrsm;wGif xdkudpPygvm+yD; qdk&S,fvpfawGrausreyfjzpfyHkudk 1988 0ef;usifu zwf±_vdkuf&ygonf?

TonfrSm AdkvfcsKyf ruG,fvGefrDu usaemftm;apcdkif;cJhonfh udpPwck jzpfygonf?AdkvfcsKyfu usaemfhtm;ynmay;cJhonfh udpPwckvnf; &Sdygao;onf?1947 ckESpf azazmf0g&D (12) &uf yifvHkpmcsKyfcsKyfqdk&mwGif aemuf 10 ESpf=umv#if &Srf;jynftaeeJ@ cGJxGufcsifcGJxGufcGifhðyrnf

qdkaomtcsuftay: usaemfu AdkvfcsKyftm;ar;jref;=unfh&mwGif AdkvfcsKyfu uJ rif;ArmjynfajryHkudk=unfhprf; wdk@vGwfvyfa&;&wJhtcg&Srf;jynfryg&if wdk@ajryHkb,fvdkjzpfoGm;rvJ 'ga=umifh vGwfvyfa&;,lwJhtcg waygif;wpnf;xJ&zdk@vdkw,f? [kajymjyaqG;aEG;+yD; xyfIajymjyonfrSm wdk@wawGu ig;ESpfpDrHudef; 2 ckavmufvkyf+yD; EdkifiHudkwnfaqmufjy&if wdk@wawGeJ@twlaecsifvmrSmyguGm [kvnf;ESpfodrfhajymqdkygonf? AdkvfcsKyfuqdkvdkonfrSm (ig;ESpfpDrHudef; 2 ck) 10 ESpf=um wdkif;jynfwnfaqmufa&;udk twlwuGvkyfaqmif=u+yD;&if cGJxGufcsifrSmr[kwfawmh [kqdkvdkygonf?

xdk@jyif AdkvfcsKyfvkkyf}uHrcH&rDuav;rSmyif vGwfvyfa&;twGuf tjyif;txef aqG;aEG;!êdE_dif;aepOf usaemfESifhawG@pOf ajymonfrSmvGwfvyfa&;twGufawmh tpptqifajyaewmyJ bmawGjzpfvmtHk;rvJawmh rodbl;uGm [lIjzpfygonf? usaemfhpdwfwGifh pOf;pm;rdonfrSmAdkvfcsKyfonf t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@orm;tm; odyf,Hk=unfr_r&SdvSbJ wpHkwcktay: pdwfenf;enf;av;aeyHk&onf[k xifjrifcJhrdygonf?

Tonfrsm;rSm AdkvfcsKyfESifhywfoufI usaemf. xdawG@cHpm;&csuftcsKd@ jzpfygonf?

aoewfudkifajcvsifwyf&if; (3) &efukefòrodk@ajymif;a&$@&jcif;

AdkvfcsKyfwdk@usqHk;+yD;aemuf &efukefòr@udk xdef;odrf;&eftwGuf usaemfwdk@ aoewfudkifajcvsif wyf&if; (3) udk &efukefodk@a&$@ajymif;+yD;òr@vHkðcHa&;udk ykvdyftzJG@ESifhwJGI udkif&ygonf?

xdkumvwGif Armhwyfrawmf wyfr�;rsm;ae&mudk t*Fvdyfrsm; rudkifawmhbJ jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;rsm;udk v$Jtyfvmygonf?ArmhvGwfvyfa&;ay;&ef &ufeD;uyfvmI jzpf[ef&Sdygonf? usaemfrSm wyf&if; (3) wyf&if;r�;jzpfvm+yD; &mxl;vnf; 'kAdkvfr�;}uD; (vufzwifeifume,f) jzpfvmygonf?

&cdkifjynfe,fqlyl ykefuefr_

1947 ckESpfwGif Armjynf &cdkifjynfe,fwGif Armjynfocifpdk;OD;pD;aom tvHeDuGefjrLepfygwD. tEG,f0ifjzpf=uaom AHkaygufomausmfqdkolESifh bkef;awmf}uD; q&mawmfOD;pdENmwdk@ acgif;aqmifaom &cdkifolykefv_yf&Sm;r_ ay:aygufaeygonf?

�wdk@ESpfOD;onf 1947 ck {+yDvYðyvkyfaom &cdkifjynfajryHknDvmcH aemufydkif;wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;OD;aqmifonfh tpdk;&udkqef@usifum pifòyiftpdk;&axmif+yD; awmcdkum vufeufudkifajymufusm;olykefrsm; jzpfvm=uonf?

15

&ckdifjynfe,fwGif ArmhwyfrawmfrS aoewfudkifwyf&if; (5) ESifh csif;wyf&if;w&if; &Sdae&m �wdk@udk t*Fvdyfwyf&if;r�;rsm;u udkifxm+yD;olykefawGudk vJAD;wyf/ &Jwyfwdk@ESifhyl;aygif;um wdkufcdkufaeygonf?

&cdkifjynfe,folykefrsm; }uD;xGm;vmrSmpdk;ojzifh tpdk;&u aemufxyf,ltrfyD wyf&if;w&if;ESifh Armhaoewfudkwyf&if; (3) udk &cdkifodk@xyfydk@+yD; usaemf@udk &cdkifjynfe,folykefrsm;udk ESdrfeif;&ef &ckdifjynfe,f tpdk;&wyfaygif;pkr�;tjzpf cef@tyf+yD; wm0efv$Jay;ygonf? usaemf&cdkifjynfe,f oGm;cgeD;wGif ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDOuUX ocifoef;xGef;xHoGm;awG@+yD; usaemf. &cdkifjynfe,fwm0efudk ajymjy+yD; bmrsm;rSm=um;vdkygoenf; [kar;ygonf? usaemfrSm uGefjrLepfygwD0if jzpfaeIjzpfygonf?

OuUXocifoef;xGef;vnf; tvkyftvGefrsm;aeyHk&ygonf? txl;taxGodyfrajymawmhbJ &ckdifjynfe,f uGefjrLepfygwDacgif;aqmif&JabmfausmfjrxHodk@om pmwapmifay;vdkonfqdk+yD; csufcsif;pma&;ay;ygonf?

usaemf &ckdifjynfe,f ppfawGòr@odk@ a&mufaomtcg ppft&m&Sdwa,mufudk &Jabmfausmfjrudk tac:cdkif;ygonf? &Jabmfausmfjra&mufvmaomtcg ocifoef;xGef;.pmukday;vdkuf+yD; pum;te,f;i,fajymum &if;ESD;vm=uygonf?

�&JabmfausmjrrSm tjcm;vlr[kwfyg? ,cktcgw±kwfjynf cGefrif;òr@Y usaemfwdk@ESifhtwlwuG a&muf&Sdaeaom OD;ausmfjryifjzpfonf?,cktcg touf (90) eD;yg;&S d+yD; usaemfwdk@vlpkwGif touft}uD;qHk;jzpfum tm;vHk;u0dkif;I av;pm;=uygonf? OD;ausmfjronfArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD. (aygvpfAsL±dk) EdkifiHa&;OD;aqmiftzJG@0if vl}uD;jzpf+yD; olESifhtwlrdom;pkyg twl&Sdaeygonf?

&cdkifppfawGwGif usaemfESifh OD;aausmfjr tawmf=um pum;prnfajym+yD; jyefoGm;ygonf? usaemfu &cdkifwGif rdrd.wm0efvkyfief;udkvnf;ajymjyvdkufygonf? usaemfhxHta=umif;&Sdwdkif; tcsdefra&G;vm&efvnf; zdwf=um;vdkufygonf?

&cdkifjynfe,folykefrsm; xºuv_yf&Sm;onfhae&mrSm yxru jynfe,fajrmufydkif;wGifjzpfygonf? olykefrsm;rSm waxmifausmfrnfxifygonf? usaemfhvufatmufwGif Armhwyfawmft+rJwrf; ajcvsifwyf&if; (3) &if;/ ,ltrfyD (ppf&J) wyf&if;w&if; aygif; t"duwyf&if; (4)&if;&Sdaeygonf? rdrdwyftiftm;rSm aumif;pGmvHkavmufygonf?

usaemf &cdkifolykefwdkufaepOf Adkvfr�;}uD; (ume,f) &mxl;odk@ wdk;jr�ifhjcif;cH&ygonf?usaemfonf &cdkifjynfe,folykefrsm;udk ,cifu t*Fvdyfrsm;OD;pD;aom wyf&if;rsm;uwdkufcdkufovdk �qefpif&m usnfayG@vdkufovdk�

vdkuf+yD;rwdkufbJ tuGufcs+yD; pkpkpnf;pnf; tvHk;t&if;ESifh tESHtjym;/ aphaphpyfpyf wdkufcdkufojzifh olykefrsm; tajctae[efcsufysuf+yD;ajy;v$m;Iomae=u&mu pdwf"mwfusqif;vm+yD; olwdk@. t"dutiftm;udk &cdkifjynfe,fawmifydkif;odk@ a&$@ajymif;ykef;atmif;=u&ef tjrefpDpOf+yD;awmifydkif;odk@ v#dK@0SufpGm csDwufa&$@ajymif;=uygonf?

twef=umaomtcg oklykefrsm; awmifydkif;odk@ ajymif;a&$@qkwfcGma=umif; usaemfwd@kodvmojzifh usaemfwkd@wyfrsm; awmifydkif;odk@vdkuf=uygonf? olykefrsm;rSm ajcvsifjrpfacsmif;rsm;udk jzwfausmf+yD; yifyef;}uD;pGm rdkif (100) cef@csDwufoGm;=u&wm jzpfygonf? olwdk@tvGefyifyef;=uygonf? usaemfwdk@wyfrsm;url oabFmrsm;/ armfawmfum;rsmpD;+yD; vdkuf&ojzifh ryifyef;bJ jrefqefygonf?

xdk@a=umifh &cdkifokykefrsm; awmifydkif;a&muf+yD; csufcsif;vdkyif usaemfwdk@wyfrsm;u xuf=uyfruGm awmifydkif;odk@ a&muf&Sdvm+yD;vdkufvHwdkufcdkufEdkifygawmhonf?

TwGif &cdkifaysmuf=um;olykefrsm; rsm;pGmtHh=o=u+yD; t}uD;tus,fpdwf"mwfrsm; usqif;um ajyv$m;a&Smifwdrf; ae=u&ygonf?aemufqHk; �wdk@yifyef;vGef;I wcsdK@tzrf;cHvufeufcs+yD; trsm;tjym;rSm [email protected];udk pGef@v$wfum rdrdtdk;tdrfZmwdodk@ xGufajy;wdrf;a&SmifoGm;=uojzifh olykefwyftvHk;t&if;rSm ysufjym;oGm;ygawmhonf? wcsdK@tenf;i,fr# &cdkif±dk;rawmifwef;ay: wufajy;=uolrsm;vnf;&Sdonf[k =um;&ygonf?

tcsKyfrSm &cdkifolykefrSm òyuGJysufpD;oGm;oavmuf jzpfoGm;ygonf? usaemfwdk@vnf; tao;tzJGrsm;udk vdkufvHwdkufcdkufae&ygonf?xdktwGif; usaemfrSwfrdwmwckrSm olykefrsm;vdkuf+yD; tESHtjym;wdkufcdkufaepOf usaemfwdk@&cdkifjynfe,f �ajryHkòr@e,f� twGif;

wdkufcdkufae=upOf 1948 ckESpf ZEM0g&Dv (4) &ufae@a&mufvm+yD; ArmjynffvGwfvyfa&; a=unmoHudk =um;&ygonf?usaemfwdk@onf 1948 ckESpf ZEM0g&Dv (4) &ufwGif usaemfwdk@bdk;pOfabmifquf vdkcsifawmifhw+yD; wdkufyJG0ifcJh=uonfh jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;

&ygawmhonf? xdkpOf usaemfrSm Adkvfr�;}uD;&mxl;ESifh jzpfaeygonf?&cdkifolykefwdkufyJG+yD;qHk;cgeD;wGif usaemfrSmiSufzsm; 0ifvmonfxif&onf? rusef;rrmjzpfvmI ppfawGodk@jyefvm&+yD; aq;±HkwGif

vJygawmhonf?usaemfhusef;rma&;rSm wdk;wufaumif;rGefrvmbJ qdk;0g;vmojzifh &cdkifrS &efukefodk@ jyefydk@ay;=uygonf?Armhwyfrawmf aq;r�;csKyfjzpfol ume,fOD;armifarmif}uD;rSm usaemfwyfwGif;Y tm;óu;rmefwuf jyif;xefpGmtvkyfvkyfyHkawGudk od&Sd+yD;

usaemfhudk tcsdefrSefvkyfzdk@/ usef;rma&;ESifhavsmfnDpGm pm;aomufaexdkifzdk@ r=umc%owday; ajym=um;cJholjzpfygonf? usaemfhudkvnf; rsm;pGmcifrifav;pm;ol jzpfygonf? wyfrawmfwGif usaemfonf r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfol[k ,lqxm;olvnf; jzpfygonf? (ume,fOD;armifarmif}uD;onfusaemfwyfrawmfrS aemiftcgxGuf&aomtcg usaemfhxHvma&muf awG@qHkvdkaomfvnf; roifhawmfIrvmjzpfxifygonf? usaemfwyftjyifa&muf+yD;aemuf usaemf hom;i,f xGef;at;ausmfaZm (wGwfwGwf) uG,fvGefaomtcgrS psmyear; usaemh ftdrfa&mufvmygonf?usaemfhta=umif;awGudk ar;jrefod&Sdxm;yHk&ygonf? usaemfhorD;wa,muf aq;wuUodkvfwufaeonf[k =um;&a=umif;ajymojzifh orD;vSvSESifhrdwfqufay;vdkuf&ygonf?)

16

usaemfppfawGrS &efukefjyefa&mufaomtcg &efukefòr@wGif ppfbufaq;±Hkr&Sdao;ojzifh ume,fOD;armifarmif}uD;u usaemfhudk t&yfbuf&efukefaq;±Hk}uD;odk@ wifvdkufygonf?

&efukefaq;±Hk}uD;rS aq;±Hktkyf}uD; a'gufwmOD;boef;wdk@uvnf; usaemfhudk *±kpdkuf=uygonf?usaemf&efukefaq;±kH}uD;a&mufrS ppfaq;=unfh±_csufrsm;t& usaemhfwGif wDbDtqkwfa&m*g pwif&Sdae+yDudk od&ygawmhonf? xdkpOf

wDbDa&m*gaysmuf aq;rsm;vnf; ray:ao;yg? xdkacwfwDbDa&m*gjzpfv#if ,ckacwf uifqma&m*gvdk aojcif;w&m;udk wjznf;jznf;&ifqdkif&awmhrnf[k odxm;&I usaemfvnf;rsm;pGm pdk;&drfoGm;ygonf?

aemufume,fOD;armifarmif}uD;u usaemfESifhawG@+yD; wDbDa&m*gtwGuf odyfpdwfrylzdk@/ aumif;aumif;rGefrGef aexdkifpm;aomuf+yD;aq;0g;aumif;rsm; pm;aomufoGm;v#if a&m*gaysmufuif; oufomoGm;Edkifa=umif; tm;ay;pum; ajymygonf?

usaemf&efukefaq;±Hk}uD;wGif wvcef@r#ae&+yD; usef;rmvmI aq;±HkrSqif;cGifh&ygonf?xdk@aemuf wyfrawmfaq;r�;csKyf ume,fOD;armifarmif}uD;u usaemfhudkaq;cGifh (6) v &uf&Snf,lap+yD; wDbDa&m*goufomapaom

&moDOwk&Sdonfh rdwD�vmòr@wGif olay;vdkufaom pm;aq;/ xdk;aq;rsm;udkoHk;pGJ+yD; aumif;aumif;tem;,l pm;aomufaexdkifzdk@ ajymygonf?usaemfonf ppfyGJwGif;ao&rSmudk odyfra=umuf&GH@aomfvnf; ,ckvdkwDbDtqkwfa&m*gESifhawmh raocsifvSyg? wdkif;jynfwm0efawGudk

quf+yD;xrf;aqmifcsifaeygonf? xdk@a=umifh aq;bufu !¸ef=um;xm;onfhtwdkif; usaemftm;vHk;udk vdkufemcH,lvkyfaqmifygonf?usaemfonf aq;cGifh (6) v,l+yD; rdwD�vmòr@odk@ usaemfhtdrfaxmifESifhtwl oGm;I wDbDa&m*g oufoma&;twGuf tem;,laecJhygonf?

xdktwGif; EdkifiHa&;pmtkyfrsm;vnf; tawmftwefzwfcsdef &vdkufygonf?

wDbDtqkwfa&m*g ukoaepOftwGif; tjzpftysufrsm;

usaemfwDbDtqkwfa&m*g ukoaepOf wdkif;jynfwGifta&;}uD;aom tjzpftysuftcsKd@ jzpfcJhygonf?xdkumvtwGif;rSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDu ,ck 1948 ckESpf ZEM0g&Dv (4) &uf vGwfvyfa&;rSm rppfrSef rjynfhpHka=umif; a0zef

oHk;oyfcsufrsm; =um;odvm&ojzifh xdkrjynfhpHkaom vGwfvyfa&;twGuf rsm;pGmpdwfraumif; jzpf&ygonf?xdktwGif; ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDrS vGwfvyfa&;tay: a0zefr_rStpðy+yD; ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDESifh zqyvtzGJ@rS qdkd&S,fvpfygwDwdk@

t}uD;tus,f pum;rsm;=u+yD; tm%m&qdk&S,fvpfygwDrS uGefjrLepfygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;udk odrf;}uHK;zrf;qDojzifh uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifrsm;a&Sifwdrf;ae&onf?

xdkaemufydkif; AdkvfaZ,s/ Adkvf&JxGÉfwdk@u Adkvfae0if;ESifhaygif;+yD; vuf0JnDF!Gwfa&;&zdk@ jyefaygif;a&;óu;pm;=uaomvnf; r&awmhay?xdk@a=umifh uGefjrLepfygwDrS uGefjrLepfrsm;tzrf;rcHbJ awmcdk&ef!ef=um;csuf xkwf&onf? aemufArmhwyfrawmfwGif;&Sd uGefjrLepfygwD0if

tm;vHk;udkvnf; awmcdk=u&ef awmwGif;usrS vufeufESifhjyefvnfckcH=u&ef !¸ef=um;ojzifh wyfrawmfwGif;&Sd uGefjrLepfrsm; 1948 ckESpf=o*kwfvwGif awmcdk=uygonf?

odk@aomf usaemfhtwGuf xdkawmcdkvufeufudkif&ef !¸ef=um;csufrSm tcuftcJ}uD; jzpfaeygonf?usaemhfrSm wDbDtqkwfa&m*g}uD; pGJuyfae+yD; 'Dtwdkif;awmcdkoGm;cJhaomf awmwGif;qif;&J yifyef;aom'%fjzifh r=umrDtdyf&mxJ

bkef;bkef;vJ+yD; rusef;rrmjzpfum bmr#vkyfEdkifrnfr[kwfbJ aemufr=umcifrSmyif aoqHk;oGm;Edkifonf[k usaemfjrifygonf?xdkpOfu usaemfhtoufrSm (30) 0ef;usifr#avmufom &Sdao;ojzifh omrefa&m*gESifhvnf; raocsifao;yg?awmwGif;vdkufoGm;+yD; =um=umbmrSrvkyfEdkifbJ r=umcifvlrrm}uD;b0 tjzpfvnf;ra&mufcsifay?

f aemufqHk; xdkudpPusaemfrsm;pGm pdwfqif;&J+yD;aemuf usaemfawmrcdkawmh&ef pdwfem=unf;pGmjzifh qHk;jzwfvdkufygawmhonf?,ckrSusaemf jyefpOf;pm;rdonfrSm usaemf,ckvdk ygwD.!ef=um;csufudk rvdkufem y,fvSefcJhaomudpPrSm ta=umif;}uD; 2 csufa=umifh[k

,lqrdygonf?yxrESifh t"duta=umif;}uD;rSm usaemfhwGif rusef;rrmjzpf+yD; aooGm;Edkifaom wDbDtqkwfa&m*g}uD; &Sdae+yDjzpfI olrsm;udk'kuQray;csif

'Da&m*gESifhvnf; raocsifIwa=umif; jzpfygonf? xdktcsdefu usaemf. zcifESifhnDi,fwOD;rSmvnf; wDbDa&m*grsm;ESifh uG,fvGef+yD;jzpfonf?aemufwa=umif;rSm usaemfonf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkaumfrwDvl}uD;wOD; jzpfaeaomfvnf; uGefjrLepfygwDtwGif; uvmyfpnf;

rsm;wGif pepfwus pnf;urf;wus aexdkifcJh&jcif;r&SdcJhay? woD;yk*~vdu uGeffjrLepf}uD;wa,mufvdk aexdkifvmcJh&ojzifh uGefjrLepfygwD. pnf;±Hk;a&;pnf;urf;rsm;udk aumif;pGmrod rav;eufcJhay? ay;onfhwm0efudk rvkyfEdkifonfh tajctaea=umifh rvkyfaqmifEdkifuvnf; Tr#ta&;r}uD;vS[komrefEdkifiHa&;orm;wOD;vdk awG;ac:rdygonf? trSefrSm bmyJjzpfjzpf!¸ef=um;csuftwdkif; vdkufem&rnfudk Tr#rav;eufcJhay? xdk@a=umifhvnf;usaemfonf xdktrSm;udk usL;vGefrdcJhjcif; jzpfonf?

usaemfhudk ygwDucdkif;onfhtwdkif; awmrcdkbJaeojzifh wcsKd@&Jabmfrsm;u ygwDrSxkwfypf&ef ocifoef;xGef;udk wdkufwGef;aomfvnf;ocifoef;xGef;u usaemfhudk ygwDrSrxkwfypfay[k aemifrSusaemfod&onf?

xdk@aemuf usaemfygwDESifh tquftoG,fjywfoGm;ygawmhonf?

17

ajrmufydkif;wdkif;r�;usaemfcGifh 6 v,lk+yD; tem;,lI jyefaeaumif;vmaomtcg usemfhudk ajrmufydkif;wdkif;r�;tjzpf aròr@wGif wm0efcef@vkdufygonf?aemuf 1949 ckESpfqef;avmufwGif ajrmufydkif;ppfwdkif;r�;jzpfpOf ppf±Hk;csKyf.tpDtpOft& u&ifwyfrsm; v_yf&Sm;vmojzifh ajrmufydkif;&Sd

u&ifwyftcsKd@udk vufeufðzwf&onf? xdkudpPrSm vG,fonfr[kwf u&ifrsm;u usaemfhtay:,Hk=unfojzifh vufeuftyf=uonf?u&ifwyfom;rsm;udkrl aròr@tcsufjywyf&if;wGif xm;onf? (xdk usaemf vufeufðzwf+yD; xdef;odrf;cJhzl;onfh u&if/ ucsif&JabmftcsKd@ESifh usaemfaemifESpfaygif;rsm;pGm =um+yD;aemuf jyefvnfqHkawG=u&ygonf? olwdk@rSm Adkvfaemfqdkif;wyfESif htwl w±kwfjynfygoGm;+yD; xdkrSwqifhArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;a'o ta&S@ajrmufppfa'oodk@ jyefvnfa&muf&Sdvm+yD; usaemfhrSmvnf; 1976 ckESpfrsmawmcdkum ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDodk@ a&muf&Sdvm&mwGif ta&S@ajrmufppfa'o XmecsKyf&Sd&m yefqef;òr@wGif jyefvnfqHkpnf;rd=uygonf?)

xdktwGif;rSmyif aròr@av,mOfuGif;rS AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef; zkef;qufojzifh av,mOfysHuGif;qif;+yD; AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;wdk@ ZeD;armifESHudkoGm;awG@um usaemfhtdrfodk@ ac:vm&onf?

xdkrSod&onfrSm AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;onf uavmòr@odk@oGm;&ef &efukefavqdyfodk@ vm=u&mwGif avqdyfteD;wGif wpHkwOD;u aoewfjzifhacsmif;ajrmif; ypfcwfvkyf}uHjcif; cH&ygonf? uHoDIbmr#rxdcdkufbJ vGwfajrmufcJh&onf?

TwGif AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;u pOf;pm;rdonfrSm ,ckvdkol@twGuf tEW&m,frsm;aomumvwGif rdwfaqGjrefrm t&m&Sd}uD; wOD;OD;udkrSDcdk+yD;aexdkifrSjzpfrnf pdwful;+yD rSDcdk&rnfoltjzpf usaemfhudka&G;cs,f+yD; usaemf&Sd&maròr@odk@ vm =ujcif;jzpfonf[k qdkygonf? usaemfu 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om vufcH+yD; usaemfhtdrfwGif óuufoavmuf ae&efajym+yD; tdrfwGifxm;ygonf?

AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;wdk@ usaemfhtdrfwGifaepOf usaemfhorD;i,f pef;pef; 1 ESpfcGJ&G,f orD;udkoltawmfcspfonf? yg;azmif;}uD; yg;azmif;}uD;[keHrnfay;I ac:wwf jr�Lwwfygonf? usaemfhorD;t}uD; vSvS 3 ESpforD;rSm ZmwdoHk;q,fòr@wGif usaemfha,muQrrsm;ESifh usef&pfcJhygonf?

aemufwae@wGif u&ift&m&SdwcsKd@ usaemfhtdrfa&mufvm+yD; AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;udk awG@vdka=umif; cGifhawmif;ygonf? usaemfucGifhawmif;p&mrvdkyg awG@csifwmawG@&ygw,f [k ajym+yD; AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;&Sd&m tdrfay:xyfodk@wufoGm;+yD; �u&iftrsKd;om; t&m&SdwcsKd@AdkvfcsKyfudkvmawG@ygw,f? usaemfolwdk@udk{nfhcef;rSm apmifhcdkif;xm;ygw,f� [kajym+yD;rS �usaemfuxyfajymonfrSm AdkvfcsKyfcifAsm; olwdk@uAdkvfcsKyfudk usaemfhtdrfrSm zrf;qD;xm;w,fvdk@ xifjrifaeyHk&ygw,f? r[kwfa=umif; ajymay;ygcifAsm� [k ajym&ygonf? AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;vnf;{nfhcef;qif;oGm;+yD; �t&m&Sdwdk@ESifh &,f&,farmarm pum;ajymaeonfrsm;udk =um;&ygonf?

aemuf&uftcsKd@=umaomtcg AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;u usaemfwdk@tdrfrSm ae&wmtm;emvmI olwdk@twGuf tdrfwvHk;&Smay;yg&efav;av;ewfewf awmif;qdkvmygonf? usaemfu 'DumvrSm AdkvfcsKyfESifh usaemftwlae=uwm ESpfOD;pvHk;twGuf vHk+cHKaumif;rGefonfArmwcsKd@u AdkvfcsKyfudkvkyf}uH&ef }uHpnfv#ifusaemf&SdaeI cufrnf wzefu&ifwcsKd@u usaemfhudk vkkyf}uH&ef }uHpnfv#ifvnf; wzufwGifAdkvfcsKyf&SdaeIcufrnf xdka=umifh usaemfwdk@ ydkvHk+cHKEdkif=uygrnf? xdk@a=umifh rajymif;&efESifh tm;rem&ef ajymygonf?

xdkodk@usaemfwdk@tay: tm;remzdk@ajymaomfvnf; twif;omajymif;zdk@ zdajymvmojzifh ajrmufydkif;ppfXmecsKyf&Sd t&m&Sd&dyfomrSmvlr&Sdojzifh xdk&dyfomodk@ ajymif;aezdk@ pDpOfay;&ygonf? tdrfaxmify&dabm* tdk;cGufawGvJ toifh&Sdonfhae&m jzpfygonf? usaemfu nae±Hk;qif;wdkif; olwdk@tdrf0ifI E_wfqufar;jref; wwfygonf? wnae usaemfa&mufoGm;pOf AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;rSm tawmfrsufESmraumif;yg? usaemfuxHk;pHtwdkif; aexdkifaumif;raumif; vdktyfwm&Sdr&Sd ar;jref;+yD; jyefxGufvmum uif;apmifh&Jabmfudk xdkae@u 'Dtdrfudkb,folvmovJ[kar;jref;ppfaq;&m Armppft&m&SdwOD;vma=umif; ajymojzifh ykHyef;o¾mefyg qufar;aomtcg wyfwGif;rS qdk&S,fvpfwyfr�;wOD; jzpfaeygonf?xdkqdk&S,fvpfwyfr�;u AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;tm; bmrsm;ajymoGm;onfrodyg? AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;rSm tawmfyifrsufESmysuf ae&Smygonf? usaemfhudkawmhbmr#ajymrjyyg?

xdkumvwGif 1949 ckESpf ZEM0g&DvukefcgeD;wGif awmifilòr@udkvnf;aumif;/ 1949 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv (1) &ufae@wGif awmifydkif;wdkif;twGif;&Sd tif;pdefòr@udkvnf;aumif; u&iftrsdK;om; autif'Dtdkolykefwyfwdk@u odrf;ydkufvdkufa=umif; owif;rsm;xGufay:vmygonf?

xdktwGif; usaemfhtm; &efukefppf±Hk;csKyfu acwWqif;vmzdk@ ac:ojzifh usaemf&efukefqif;oGm;ygonf? ppfOD;pD;csKyfrSm AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;r[kwfawmhbJ AdkvfcsKyfae0if;jzpfaeI ppf±Hk;csLyf&Sd AdkvfcsKyfae0if;xHoGm;I owif;ydk@ygonf?

AdkvfcsKyfae0if;tcef;odk@ usaemfa&mufa=umif; owif;ydk@&ef 0ifoGm;aomtcg AdkvfcsKyfae0if;rSm vufwzufu ajryHk}uD;wcsyfudkudkifxm;+yD; vufwzufu =uufOESifhb&ef'Da&mxm;aom t&ufcGufudkudkifxm;um rsufESmokefokefr_efr_efESifh (usaemfrSwfrdoavmuf)usaemfhudkajymonfrSm - ,cktif;pdefudku&ifodrf;vdkuf+yD? tif;pdefwdkufyJG}uD; jzpfae+yD? cifAsm; awmifydkif;ppfwdkif;r�; OD;atmifoif;ae&mtjrefoGm;vJ+yD; tif;pdefwdkufyJG wdkufayawmhæ qdkum oludkifxm;aom ajryHk}uD;udkxdk;ay;+yD; c%t=um tcef;rSxGufoGm;ygawmhonf?

usaemfhrSm AdkvfcsKyfae0if;u wm0efv$Jay;oGm;ojzifh awmifydkif;wdkif;r�; Adkvfr�;csKyfOD;atmifoif;xHrS wm0efv$Jajymif;,l&rnfhta=umif;qufIa&;om;&rnfjzpf&m xdktwGif; Adkvfr�;csKyfatmifoif;ta=umif; [laom acgif;pOfjzifh usaemfa&;om;xm;aom pmwrf;wapmifudkusaemhfzdkifwGJa[mif;wckrS usaemhforD;}uD; vSvSuawG@&Sd+yD; usaemfhudkay;&m usaemfzwf=unfhaomtcg xdkpmwrf;wGif usaemfa&;vdkaomta=umif;t&mrsm;udk ydkrdkjynfhpHkpGmESifh cdkifvHkwduspGm a&;xm;wmawG@&ygonf? xdkpmwrf;udk 1991 ckESpfu ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD armfuGef;wdkuftwGuf a&;ay;cJhjcif;jzpfonf?

xdk@a=umifh xdkudpPudk topfra&;awmhbJ ydkrdkjynfhpHkaeonfh xdkpmwrf;udk ul;,lazmfjyvdkufygonf?

18

Adkvfr�;csKyfatmifoif;ta=umif;OD;atmifoif;.ZmwdrSm usaemhfZeD;tqdkt& usaemfwdk@Zmwd oHk;q,fòr@a'ouyJjzpf+yD; rdbawGrSm ajr&Sif}uD;rsdK;±dk;awGjzpfygonf?

�wdk@nDtpfudkwpkrSm ynmwwfrsm;jzpf+yD; +Adwdo#atmuf tpdk;&tr_xrf;}uD;rsm; jzpfcJhygonf? ol.nDOD;wifxGÉfqdkolrSm c±dkifpuf&Sifw&m;ol}uD;wOD;[k =um;zl;ygonf? ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;&+yD;p yxrqHk; tar&duef oHtrwf}uD;jzpfol OD;pdk;!Gef@rSm ol.tpfudkjzpfygonf? OD;atmifoif;udk,fwdkifvnf; t*FvefrSm Oya'ynm oGm;oifcJhol jzpfonf[k =um;zl;ygonf?

usaemf 1946 - 47 ckESpfuwnf;u +Adwdo#atmuf ArmhppfwyfxJwGif ar*sm (Adkvfr�;) OD;atmifoif; qdkolwOD;&Sda=umif; odxm;ygonf?1947 ckESpf ywf0ef;usif usaemf'k&if;r�;jzpfpOf olonf ppfw&m;±Hk;wckwGif OuUXtjzpf usaemfhwyfteD; wae&mwGif vm±Hk;zGifhppfaq;oGm;wmodcJh&ygonf? vlcsif;awmh rawG@vdkuf&yg?

1948 ZEM0g&D ArmhvGwfvyfa&;&aomtcg Armhppfwyfudk Armtpdk;&odk@ t*Fvdyfuv$JpOf Armjynfawmifydkif; ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;r�;wm0efudkAdkvfr�;csKyf&mxl;jzifh wm0efay;jcif;cH&ygonf? xdkpOfu ajrmufydkif;wdkif;r�;rSm AdkvfcsKyfae0if; jzpfonf? (xdkpOfu ArmjynfwGif ppfwkdif; 2 wdkif;awmifESifhajrmufom&Sd)

usaemfrdw�DvmrS cGifhjyefvm+yD;aemuf 1948 aemufqHk;ydkif;rsm;wGif Adkvfr�;}uD;&mxl;jzifh ajrmufydkif;wdkif;r�; jzpfvmygonf?1949 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dvqef; (1) &ufae@wGif tif;pdefòr@udk u&ifrsm;odrf;+yD;aemuf wdkufyJGrsm;pwifygawmhonf? xdkpOf tpdk;&u

usaemfhudk ajrmufydkif;wdkif;r�; jzpfae&mu &efukefodk@qif;vmzdk@ ac:ygonf? &efukefY OD;pD;csKyfAdkvfae0if;ESifh awG@awG@csif; usaemfhudk awmifydkif;wdkif;ppfwdkif;r�;cef@vdkuf+yD; ,ckcsufcsif; OD;atmifoif;ae&m oGm;vJ,l&efESifh tif;pdefwdkufyGJ wdkuf&ef !¸ef=um;ygonf?

usaemf0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ekudk oGm;awG@owif;ydk@+yD; r*Fvm'Hk&Sd awmifydkif;ppfXmecsKyf&Sd OD;atmifoif;. ±Hk;cef;odk@ oGm;ygonf? Adkvfr�;csKyfOD;atmifoif;rSm ol@pm;yJGrSm rsufESmraumif;pGmESifh xdkifae+yD; usaemfol@tcef;xJ 0ifoGm;wmeJ@ �vmAsdK@æ cifAsm;udk csufcsif;wm0efv$Jzdk@trdef@&+yD;vdk@ apmifhaew,f �- [kajymygonf? usaemfu AdkvfcsKyfa&m b,foGm;&rvJ [k ar;awmh olcGifhESifh tem;,lawmhr,f[k ajymonf?

TwGif usaemfpdwfraumif;yg? rsm;pGmvJtm;emoGm;ygonf? toufvnf; usaemfhxuf 10 ESpfr#}uD;+yD; usaemfhxuf &mxl;}uD;olvnf;jzpf/ vl}uD;vlaumif;wOD;vnf;jzpfvdk@ csufcsif;yif - 'Dvdkawmhraumif;ygbl;? AdkvfcsKyfu wdkif;r�;tjzpf qufvkyfyg? usaemfu AdkvfcsKyfatmufrSmwyfr�;}uD;wOD;taeeJ@ tif;pdefppfrsufESm wm0ef,lyghr,f[k ajymum 'DudpPusaemf tckbJppf±Hk;jyefoGm;+yD; trdef@jyifay;zdk@ajymr,fqdk+yD; &efukefppf±Hk;odk@ csufcsif;jyefxGufvmygonf?

ppf±Hk;a&mufaomtcg Adkvfae0if;udk rawG@&awmhIol@ppfOD;pD; (y) ESifhom awG@&awmhonf? (xdkpOfu ppfOD;pD; (y) rSm Adkvfae0if;.vufaxmufvdkyif jzpfonf?) usaemfu OD;atmifoif;udk ajymcJhovdkyif trdef@udkjyifay;&ef ajymaomtcg 'g[m rjzpfEdkifawmha=umif; usaemfhudkajrmufydkif;u ac:pOfuwnf;u Twm0efudkv$Jay;zdk@ tcdkiftrmqHk;jzwf+yD;rS ac:wmjzpfa=umif; 'Dae@±Hk;rqif;rD wm0efvJ$,ljzpfatmif,lyg[ktwif;tusyf ajymygawmhonf? b,fvdkrS jyefjyif&efajymr&awmhyg? usaemf r*Fvm'Hkom jyefvmcJh&ygonf?

usaemfpdwfraumif;pGmESifh jyefvm+yD; OD;atmif;oif;tcef; a&mufaomtcg ol@udkrawG@&awmhbJ pm;yGJay:wGif usaemfhtwGuf pmwapmifa&;xm;cJhygonf? olxGufoGm;+yD;jzpfa=umif; wm0efv$Jpmudk olvufrSwfxdk;+yD; pm;yGJay:rSm wifxm;a=umif; pwmawGa&;xm;ygonf?

usaemfhtxif usaemfppf±Hk;u r*Fvm'HkjyefvmpOf ppf±Hk;uoludk zkef;jzifhtjrefxGufoGm;&ef trdef@ay;vdkuf[ef wlygonf? usaemfol@tdrfzkef;qufaomfvnf;r&yg? Todk@jzifh usaemfvnf; awmifydkif;ppfwdkif;r�;wm0ef,l+yD; tif;pdefwkdufyGJ 0if&ygawmhonf?

usaemf 1953 ck ZlvdkifvwGif w±kwfjzLwdkufzdk@twGuf ajrmufydkif;wdkif;r�;tjzpf aròr@udkajymif;&+yD;aemuf w±kwfjzLwdkufa&; pDpOf&ygonf? odk@twGif; oHvGifta&S@ awmifwef;rsm;tay: ppfcsDaomtcg usnfqHydko,f,lEdkifzdk@ ppfypPnf;rsm; tenf;qHk; tayghqHk;om o,fzdk@udpPusaemfpOf;pm; wGufcsufaerdygonf? t"duta=umif;wckrSm vuf&Sdwyfom;rsm;tm; xkwfay;xm;aom ppfoHk;ouUvyfapmifonf xl+yD;av;vHaeojzifh aEG;vJaEG;ydkayghonfhapmifqdkvsif usnfqHydko,fEdkifrnfjzpfI rnfol@udkar;jref;oifhoenf; qdkonfudkpOf;pm;aomtcg 'kwd,urBmppfyGJtwGif;u 0if;*dwf. xdk;azmufyGJudk owd&rdonf? xdk@tjyif 0if;*dwfESifh xdkpOfu 0if;*dwftem;wGif&Sdol OD;atmifoif;wkd@ ta=umif;udkvnf;zwfzl;xm;wm owd&rdonf? usaemfwdk@ppfwyf. yxrqHk; ppfwdkif;zGH@òz;a&;odyHausmif;tkyf}uD; vkyfcJhol Adkvfr�;xGef;jrwf a&;aom pmtkyfjzpfonf?xdkpmtkyfi,fudk usaemfzwfzl;wm owd&rdonf? (Adkvfr�;xGef;jrwf. ZeD;rSmvnf; oHk;q,fòr@oljzpfI olwdk@ESifh OD;atmifoif; aqGeD;rsKd;pyfawmf[ef&SdI *k%f,l+yD; xdkpmtkyfa&;yHk&onf?) xdk@a=umifh &efukefqif;onfhtcg OD;atmifoif;ESifhawG@+yD; 0if;*dwfESifhvdkuf&pOf tawG@t}uHKrsm;udkar;=unfhzdk@ pdwful;rdygonf?

aemufw±kwfjzLudpPtwGuf &efukefqif;vmaomtcg usaemfAdkvfr�;xGef;jrwfudk &Smac:um OD;atmifoif;xH oGm;=uygonf?(pum;ajymqdk aqG;aEG;&if; Adkvfr�;xGef;jrwfonf rsKd;cspfpdwfESifh 'Drdkua&pDpdwf&Sdoljzpf+yD; oHk;q,f&Sd usaemfh aqGrsKd;rsm;ESifh odu|rf;aewmudkvnf;odvm&ygonf? OD;atmifoif;ta=umif; a&;&mrSmvnf; ArmwOD;ta=umif; rsKd;cspfpdwfESifh a&;onf[k ,lq&ygonf?)

OD;atmifoif;tm; tif;pdefóu@ukef;&Sd bkef;}uDausmif; wausmif;teD;&Sd ajrpdkuftdrfi,fav;wvHk;twGif; awG@&ygonf? t&uf tvGeftu|H aomufr_a=umifh t&G,fa&m ±kyf&nfyg &ifha&mfaewm awG@&ygonf? olonf aemufa=umif;jzpf&yfrsm;udk aumif;pGmrajymjyEdkifawmhyg?0if;*dwfu Armjynfta=umif; aumif;aumif;t}uHay;Ed kifrnfh olwa,muf ol@tem;odk@ay;&efawmif;ojzifh ol@taejzifh 0if;*dwftwGif;a&;r�;vdk tem;uyfvdkuf&a=umif; 0if;*dwf[m csif;wGif;jrpfudk vufypfjzwful;a=umif; pwmawGom ajymjy+yD; wjcm;udpPrsm; ar;jref;r&awmhyg? apmifudpPrSmawmh olowd&oavmuf =opaws;vs ouUvyfapmiftyg;awGjzpfa=umif; odcJh&ygonf? t&m&Sdrsm;twGuf xkwfay;

19

aom apmiftpdrf; tyg;uav;rsm;jzpf+yD; ayghyg;+yD; aEG;a=umif;vJ ajymygonf? oluusaemfwdk@udk vd_ufvd_ufvSJvSJ {nfhcHpum; ajym&Smygonf?wjcm;vnf; odyfar;r&awmhI usaemfwdk@ jyefcJh&ygonf? ol@b0twGufvJ pdwfraumif;vSyg? (rSwfcsuf - 0if;*dwfrSm 1943 - 44 ckESpftwGif;jrefrmjynfajrmufydkif;odk@ 0ifa&mufvmonfh +Adwdo#wyfrS +Adwdo#wyfr�;}uD; jzpfonf?)

usaemf ppfwyftjyifa&muf+yD; 1960 ckESpf taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJudk 0ifa&muf,SOfòyifpOfu twGif;a&;r�;tjzpf vmulnDaewJhoHk;q,fa'oom; aqGeD;rsKd;pyfawmfolwOD; &Sdygonf? olvnf;oHk;q,fZmwdom;csif; jzpfojzifh OD;atmifoif;ESifhvnf; eD;pyfodu|rf;[ef &Sdygonf?olu jyefajymjyonfrSm - OD;atmifoif;u usaemfhta=umif; r=umc%ajyma=umif; ajym&mwGifvnf; AdkvfausmfaZm t*FvdyfwdkufcJhwmodyfaumif;a=umif; odyfrSefa=umif;ESifh AdkvfausmfaZm[m wu,fyJpdwfxm; aumif;rGefoljzpfa=umif; ajymjywwf+yD; txufwGif usaemfa&;cJhonfhtwdkif; olESifh wm0efoGm;vJpOfu tjzpftysufrsm;udk ajymjywwfonf[k qdkygonf? OD;atmifoif;rSm rlvu t*Fvdyfrsm;tay: vdkvm;oljzpfcJhaomfvnf; t*Fvdyfudk wdkufwmrSefuefa=umif; odvmIwa=umif; pdwfemp&mawG &Sd[ef&Sdvdk@vnf;wa=umif; TuJhodk@ ajym[efwlygonf?

1970 w0dkufu usaemfhtdrf0ifxGufaewJh yifpifpm;Adkvf}uD;bóuif qdkol&Sdygonf? olonf usaemfw±kwfjzLwdkufpOf usaemf.tif*sifeD,m t}uHay;vJjzpf twGif;a&;r�;vnf;jzpfcJh+yD; t*Fvdyfwyfa[mif;rSvnf; jzpfygonf? wae@wGif olu OD;atmifoif;udk usaemfhprf;acsmif;tdrfodk@ ac:vmcJhygonf? xdkae@u usaemfwdk@tdrfwGif tkef;Edk@acgufqGJ csufpm;onfESifh wdk;aeojzifh olwdk@udkvnf; au|;arG;{nfhcHvdkufygonf? OD;atmifoif;rSm tqpftjrpfudkuf a&m*g&ae+yDjzpfI txdkiftx wGJxlwGJx ay;&ygonf? usaemfwdk@vnf; a&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpfrsm;udk ajymqdk=u+yD;aemuf olwdk@jyefoGm;=uygonf? pum;ajym&if; rSwfrdvkdufonfrSm ol@rSmorD;wa,muf&Sd+yD; jrefrmava=umif;ukr`%DwGiftvkyfvkyfaea=umif; ajymoGm;ygonf?

OD;atmifoif;udk Adkvfae0ifwdk@u tjrefðzwfypfvdkufonfh ta=umif;udk usaemfrSef;q=unfh&mwGifvnf;aumif;/ xdkwdkif;ppfXmeaxmufvSrf;a&;r�; Adkvf}uD;pdk;rif; (usqHk; uG,fvGef) udk xdkudpPudk wD;acguf=unfh&mwGif odvm&onfrsm; t&vnf;aumif; usaemfem;vnfoabmaygufonfrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf?

OD;atmifoif;ESifh apmbOD;}uD; (autif'Dtdk OuUÏ) wdk@rSm vef'efY Oya'ynmoif ausmif;wufbufrsm; jzpfcJh+yD; apmbOD;}uD;rSmwcgw&H OD;atmifoif;. r*Fvm'Hk&Sd wdkif;r�;aetdrfodk@ vmvnfpm;aomufwwf+yD; nOfheufrSjyefwwfa=umif; od&ygonf? usaemfESifhwm0effrvJrDuav;rSmyif (1949 ckESpf ZEM0g&Dvukefydkif; avmufwGif) r*Fvm'Hk&Sd u&ifwyfrsm; tpdk;&udk ykefuef+yD; awmifydkif;ppfXmecsKyfudkyif acwW0ifpD;cJh+yD; tif;pdefxJ0ifoGm;=uygonf? xdk@a=umifh ol@tay:r,Hk=unfjcif;/ ol.vkyf&nfudkif&nftay: rauseyfjcif; wjcm;usaemfrodonfhyk*~dKvfa&; ta=umif;rsm;a=umifh ðzwfypfvdkuf[ef wlygonf?

OD;atmifoif;onf usaemfrSwfrdoavmuf usaemfvGwfajrmufe,fajrrxGufrD 1970 ESifh 75 ckESpft=um; uG,fvGefoGm;+yD;+yDxifygonf?

TonfrSm 1991 ckESpfu usaemfa&;cJhonfh OD;atmifoif;ta=umif; - pmwrf; jzpfygonf?OD;atmifoif;ESifh vJvS,fzdk@usaemhfudk tpdk;&u ajrmufydkif;wdkif;rS tjrefac:,l&aom ta=umif;&if;udk usaemfxifjrif ,lq&onfrSm

txufygpmwrf;wGif tenf;i,fa&;om; az:jycJhovdk Adkvfr�;csKyfOD;atmifoif;. awmif;ydkif;ppfXmecsKyfatmuf ArmhwyfrawmfrS u&ifwyfom;100 avmufpk±Hk;+yD; 1949 ckESpf ZEM0g&Dvukefydkif;rSm OD;atmifoif;. awmifydkif;ppfXmemcsKyf ae&mtygt0if wcsKd@ae&mawGudk ±kwfw&ufx+yD;wdkufcdkufonf? awmifydkif;ppfXmecsKyfudkvnf; cwW0ifpD;eif;vdkufao;onf? vufeufcJ,rf;awGo,f,l+yD; tif;pdefxJ0ifoGm;=uonfh udpPay:cJhonf? xdkudpPa=umifh tpdk;& pdk;&drfxdwfvef@oGm;yHk&onf? tpdk;&udk teD;uyfumuG,fa&;rSm t"duawmifydkif;ppfXmecsKyf wm0efjzpf&m�XmecsKyfyifv#if tpD;eif;cH&ojzifh tpdk;& pdk;&drfoGm;yHk&onf? xdk@a=umifh OD;atmifoif;ae&m awmifydkif;wdkif; ppfXmecsKyfodk@ usaemfhudkajymif;vJ,l&ef usaemfhudkac:,ljcif; jzpfyHk&onf?

xdk@a=umifh Adkvfae0if;u usaemfhudkawG@v#ifawG@csif;yif ol=unfhaeaom tif;pdefajryHk}uD;udk xdk;ay;+yD; OD;atmifoif;xHrS wm0eftjrefoGm;v$Jajymif;,lzdk@ESifh tif;pdefwdkufyGJwdkuf&ef !ef=um;jcif; jzpfayonf? xdkpOf ajrmufydkif;wdkif;udk aròr@Adkvfoifwef;ausmif; ausmif;tkyf}uD;Adkvfr�;}uD; armifarmifudk wm0ef,lapcJhonf?

tif;pdefwdkufyGJ}uD;usaemfonf awmifydkif;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyf wdkif;r�;tjzpfESihf tif;pdefòr@wdkufyGJ}uD;udk 1949 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dvqef;up+yD; OD;pD;wdkufcdku

fcJh&ygonf? tif;pdefòr@udk autif'Dtdkrsm;u 1949 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv (1) &ufae@up+yD; odrf;cJhonf? xdkwdkufyJGta=umif;udk a&;&ygawmhrnf?tif;pdefwdkufyJGESifh ywfoufI usemf.rSwfpk rSwfwrf;rsm;rSm usaemf.&efukeftdrfwGif omusef&pfcJh&m xdkrSwfpkpmwrf;rsm;udk usaemfwdk@awmcdkvm+yD;aemuf tpdk;&u usaemfhtdrfrS um;wpD;wdkuf vmodrf;,l oGm;a=umif; tdrfwGifusef&pfaom orD;ti,f pef;pef;u ajymjyygonf?

tif;pdefwdkufyJGta=umif; tcsuftvuf&SmazG&ef usaemhfom; udkjrarmif&Smay;xm;aom pmtkyfpmwrf;tcsdK@ usaemfhxHwGif &Sdaeygonf?Adkvfr�;}uD; (a[mif;) wifarmif a&;om;aom �wdkif;jynfuEkEk rkefwdkif;uxefxef�/ rdk;rdk;wma&mpef (Adkvfr�;}uD; cifarmifaomif;) a&;om;aom�rkefwdkif;udkrr_ tefwkavaomf � ESifh ppfordkif;jywdkufrS xkwfa0aom �wyfrawmf orddkif;� pmtkyfrsm; jzpfygonf? usaemfxdkpmtkyfrsm;udktcsdef,lzwf=unfhygonf? pmta&;tom;aumif;=uygonf? vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif; 50 ausmf 60 eD;yg;u tjzpftysufrsm;vnf; jzpfygonf?usaemfhtwGuf wdkuf±dkufoufqdkifaom tcsufrsm; odyfrawG@&aomfvnf; oG,f0dkufoufqdkifaom tcsuftcsKd@udk awG@&ygonf? xdk@a=umifh

20

tif;pdefwdkufyGJ ta=umif;udk usaemfrSm usaemfhpdwfwGif rSwfom;pGJ+rJrdor#udkom t"dutajccH+yD; a&;om;&ygawmhrnf?txufygpmtkyfrsm;udk jyefvnfzwf±_+yD;aemuf usaemfwdk@ jzwfoef;wdkufcdkufvm&aom usaemfwdk@wdkif;jynf. jynfwGif;ppf}uD;tay:

jyefqifjcifawG;awmrd+yD; rsm;pGm&ifempdwfraumif; jzpfrdygonf? usaemfonf aemufa=umif; jzpf&yfawGudk jyefpOf;pm;+yD; rsm;pGmvnf;pdwfxdcdkufrdonf?

jynfwGif;ppf}uD;twGif;rSm wcsdefu ArmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf twlwdkufyGJ0ifvmcJh=uolrsm; tcsif;csif;t=um; jyefvnfwdkufcdkuf=u&+yD;Armhom;aumif; orD;aumif;ajrmufjrm;pGm aoauscJh=u&ayonf? wdkif;jynftwGuf ESar#mwop&m qHk;±H_;r_}uD;yifjzpfonf? tcsif;csif;=um;rwdkuf=u&bJ raoqHk;ukef=ubJ tm;vHk;wdkif;jynf jyefvnfxlaxmifa&; wnfaqmufa&;rsm;rSmom 0dkif;tvkkyfvkyf=urnfqdkv#if wdkif;jynftwGufb,favmufaumif;vdkufrvJ[kvnf; ,lqpOf;pm; aerdygonf? jynfwGif;ppfonf usaemfwdk@ wdkif;jynfwdk;wufa&;twGuf taESmifht,SufjzpfapcJhaom ta=umif;qdk;}uD; jzpfcJhonf[k usaemfhpdwfwGif xifjrifrdonf?

Todk@ usaemfa&;ojzifh usaemfhudkawmfvSefa&;orm;xuf a&$jynfat;orm;[k xifjrifaumif; xifjrifEdkifrnf jzpfaomfvnf;jynfwGif;ppftay: usaemf. w'*FxdawG@cHpm;&r_udk 0rf;enf; emusnf;pGm azmfjyrdjcif;om jzpfygonf?

trSefawmhvnf; tif;pdefwdkufyGJ jynfwGif;ppf ponfwdk@rSm e,fcsJ@ya,m*ESifh ruif;ay?usaemfonf �ppf� .oabmudk qufIpOf;pm;aerdygonf?�ppf� qdkonfrSm vlwef;pm;wdkufyJG. tqifhtjrifhqHk; wdkufyJGyifjzpfonf?urBmhordkif;qdkonfrSmvnf; tajccHtm;jzifh vlwef;pm;wdkufyJG. ordkif;omjzpfayonf?xdk@a=umihf vlwef;pm;wdkufyJG. tjrifhqHk;o¾mefjzpfaom �ppf� qdkonfrSmvnf; urBmhordkif;wGif yg0ifwGef;aqmfaeayonf?ppfqdkonfrSm tedXmef±HkjzpfI usaemfwdk@u ppftm;vHk;udk rkef;wD;qef@usif&ef roifhay? ppfqdkonfrSm vlwef;pm; wdkufyJGyifjzpfI

tqdk;taumif;/ w&m;wJhppf/ rw&m;wJhppf [lI ESpfrsdK;ESpfpm; t+rJ&Sdaeayonf? usaemfwdk@onf rw&m;aomppfudk rkef;wD;qef@usif&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; w&m;aomppfudkrl axmufcHtm;ay;&rnf jzpfayonf? odk@rSmom urBm}uD; wdk;wufvmrnf jzpfygonf?

xdk@a=umifh ppfqdkonfrSm vl@ordkif; jzpfay:wdk;wufr_ESifh ruif;Edkif/ xdk@a=umifhyif usaemfwdk@onf w&m;aomppfudk axmufcHtm;ay;+yD;rw&m;aomppfudk qef@usif±_wfcs ypfy,f&ayrnf?

usaemfwdk@onf �tif;pdefwdkufyJG}uD;� udk rv$JomI wdkuf&ayawmhonf? ESpfbufpvHk; ukd,fhbufutrSef[k ,lqae=uayrnf?tif;pdefppfyJ Gonf usaemf. yxrqHk;ppfwuUodkvf jzpfcJ hygonf? usaemfonf TppfyJ GrS ppftwwfynm. tESpfom&udk

tajccHoabmayguf em;vnfvmjcif;jzpfygonf?xdk@jyif tif;pdefwdkufyJG}uD;onf usaemf. ppfom;b0wGif tcufcJqHk;/ tyifyef;qHk;/ tusyftwnf;t&SdqHk;/ ab;tEW&m,ftrsm;qHk;ESifh

xdcdkufusqHk;r_trsm;qHk;/ tcsdeft=umqHk; qifE$JcJh&aom woufrarhEdkifonfh wdkufyGJ}uD;yif jzpfayonf?tif;pdefwdkufyJGonf usaemf. yxrqHk;ppfwuUodkvf[k ajym&jcif;rSm 'Dt&ifu usaemfwdk@wdkufcJh&aom ppftawG@tñuHrsm;rSm

t"dutm;jzifh ajymufusm;ppfyJGrsm;om rsm;cJhygonf? usaemfwdk@. t"du ppftawG@tñuHrSm 1945 ckESpf zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&; ppfyJGyifjzpfonf? *syefwdkufcdkufa&;wGif t"duwyfrsm;rSm r[mrdwfppfwyfrsm;jzpf+yD; usaemfwdk@u wyfqG,frsm;omjzpfonf? xdk@[email protected]; ajymufusm;ppfom t"dujzpf+yD; ae&m,lppfrsm;rSm &uftenf;oi,fESifh acwWc% wpdwfwydkif;rsm;om jzpfcJhonf?

ppfwGif ae&m,lppfrsm;om wu,fhppfyGJjzpfI ajymufusm;ppfrSm a,bk,s trsm;tmjzifh ae&m,lppfyJG. taxmuftullom jzpfonf?ajymufusm;ppfom t"duwdkufcJh&aom usaemfwdk@rSm tif;pdefwdkufyJGwGif wav#mufvHk; �v� tcsKd@=umatmif acgif;rmaom&efolrsm;ESifhae&m,lppfyJG}uD;udk pwifawG@ñuHqifE$J&ojzifh �onfusaemfwdk@. yxr ppfwuUodkvf jzpf&ayawmhonf?

ae&m,lppfyJGqdkonfrSm wzufESifhwzuf ususeetwdtus ae&mcHuwkwfrsm;pGJ+yD; tcsdef&Snfvsm;pGm wdkuf&+yD; ajymufusm;ppfrSmawmh cHuwkwfrsm; pGJrxm;bJ rdrdtwGuftcGifhomrnfh ae&mESifh tcGifhomrnfhtcsdefwGif ±kwfw&uf tvpf0ifa&muf+yD; xdk;okwfwdkufcdkuf&jcif;jzpfonf? xdkodk@wdkufcdkuf+yD; &efol@bufujyefvSefI wHk@jyefwdkkufcdkkufEdkifjcif; r&SdrD &or# vufeufypPnf;rsm;,l+yD; csufcsif;qkwfcGm uG,faysmufoGm;&jcif;rsdK;jzpfonf?

ajymufusm;ppfrSm a,bk,stm;jzifh csDwufv_yf&Sm;aeaom ay:vGifaeaom&efoludk ykef;v#dK;vm+yD; oifhawmfaomae&mwGif tvpftidkufwGif ±kwfw&uf 0kef;ueJ0ifa&mufxdk;okwf wdkufckdufjcif;jzpfI rdrdbufu txdtcdkuftustqHk; rrsm;ay? �r� p� aom vufeuf}uD;/oHcsyfumum; ponfh tultnDrsm; odyfrvdktyfay? (odk@aomf vufeuf}uD;rsm;/ oHcsyfumum;tultnDESifh ±kwfw&uf0ifwdkufaomajymufusm;ppfrsm;vnf; &Sd=uygonf? tvGefenf;ygonf?)

ae&m,lppfrSm a,bk,stm;jzifh cHuwkwfjzifh ususee taowyfpJGxm;aom &efoludk rdrdvufeuf}uD;zdtm;/ oHcsyfumum;tulwdk@jzifh ususeepDpOf+yD; wdkuf&ayonf?

a,bk,stm;jzifh ajymufusm;ppfrSm v_yf&Sm;aeaom/ ay:vGifaeaom&efoludk v#dK@0Sufykef;atmif;+yD; ±kwfw&uf 0ifwdkufjcif;jzpfonf?ae&m,lppfwGif cHppfpJ Gxm;aom &efoludk �r� p� aom rD;tm;/ oHcsyfumum;tulrygbJ wcgw&H tvpfxdk;azmuf+yD;

xdk;okwfwdkufcdkufjcif;rsdK;vnf; tcgaumif;tcGifhaumif;wGif wdkufcdkufEdkifjcif;vnf; &Sdayonf?tif;pdefwdkufyJGonf usaemf. ppfom;b0wGif tcuftcJqHk;;/ tusyfwnf;qHk; jzpfcJh&onfrSm ta=umif;&if;rsm;pGm &Sdygonf?

21

yxrqHk;ta=umif;rSm xdkpOfu usaemfhrSm ppftawG@tñuH ynmA[kokw tm;enf;aeao;jcif;onf t"duta=umif;&if; jzpfaeygonf?usaemfom tawG@tñuHtm;enf;aeonfomru xdkpOfu tif;pdefwdkufyJGwGif usaemfESifhtwl yg0ifwdkufcdkufae=uaom wyfr�;}uD;rsm;jzpf=uaomAdkvfr�;}uD;bvdyf/ 'kAdkvfr�;}uD;cspfòrif/ 'kAdkvfr�;}uD; =unfarmif/ 'kAdkvfr�;}uD;apmjrifh polwdk@rSmvnf; usaemhfvdkyif tawG@tñuHtm;enf;aeaomumvjzpfaeayonf? odk@aomf usaemfwdk@tm;vHk; wwfEdkifor# pnf;vHk;nD!GwfpGmjzifh wdkifwdkifyifyif aqG;aEG;vkyfudkif aqmif&GufcJh=uygonf?

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yxrtcsufrSm xdktcsdefumvu autif'Dtdkwdk@rSm trsdK;om;a&;pdwf"mwf tjyifxefqHk;umv jzpfaeayonf? 'kwd,tcsufvJjzpft"dutcsufvnf;jzpfonfrSm xdktif;pdef0ef;usifa'orSm u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;pGm. ZmwdÏmaea'o jzpfcJhonf? xdk@a=umifh olwdk@ppf±_H;aeaomfvnf; [email protected] rdrdtdrfom;rsm;ESifh cGJcGm+yD;rqkwfcGmvdk rcJGcGmvdk=uay? xdk@a=umifh ayaw+yD; pGJ+rJpGm ZGJaumif;aumif;ESifh ckcH=uonf?

xdk@jyif tif;pdeft0if0 E_wfcrf;rsm;wGif&Sdaom �rif;"rRukef;�/ �awmifolukef;� paom vufeufi,fcHppftwGuf rsm;pGmtoHk;0ifEdkifaomtcsuftcsmusonfh awmifukef;uav; oHk; av; vHk;&Sdae&m xdkukef;awGay:rS wyfpJGxm;olwdk@udk usaemfwdk@cufcJpGm wdkufcdkufwGef;vSefcJh&ayonf?

aemufta=umif;wckrSm ae&m,lcHppf wyfpJGxm;aom&efoludk wdkufcdkuf&mwGif wdkufolbufuvHkavmufaom tajrmufqHrD;tm;/oHcsyfumtm;wdk@ &Sd&rnfjzpf&m usaemfwdk@wGif tajrmufqH/ AHk;/ oHcsyfumtm;wdk@ rvHkavmufay? t"du ajcvsifwyfvufeufESifhyif wdkufae&onf? 27 wef pwl;0yfwifhum;av; ESpfpD; oHk;pD;&Sdaomfvnf; �.tajrmufqHr&SdI ppfyJGwGif rxda&mufvSay? xdk@a=umifh �r� p� aomvufeuf}uD;tm; rvHkavmufIvnf; tif;pdefwdkufyJGonf cufcJ=uef@=um &ayonf?

tvGefcufcJ usyfwnf;oGm;&aom ta=umif;uawmh ArmhwyfrawmfwGif;&Sd u&iftrsdK;om;aoewfudkif wyf&if;ESpf&if; tpdk;&udkykefuefoGm;jcif;yif jzpfygawmhonf? awmifil&Sd u&ifwyf&if; (1) rSm tif;pdefudk autif'Dtdkrsm; rodrf;ydkufrDuav;wGif 1949 ckESpf ZEM0g&Dvukef(27) &ufae@avmufwGif tpdk;&udk ykefuef+yD; awmifilòr@udk odrf;ydkufvdkufonf? tvm;wl azazmf0g&D (4) wGif jynf®r@wGif wyfpJGxm;aomu&iftrsdK;om;aoewfudkif wyf&if; (2) u jynfòr@udk odrf;ydkufvdkufonf?

xdktcsdef u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;. pDrHudef;rSm tif;pdefudkom odrf;,l&efru Armtpdk;&òr@awmf &efukefòr@udkyg odrf;+yD;/ Armjynfudkygv$rf;rdk;tkyfpdk;Edkif&ef jzpfygonf? (odk@r[kwf) u&ifjynfe,fudk olwdk@pdwfóuuf awmif;qdk&,l&ef jzpfEdkifayonf?

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xdktcsdefwGif usaemfwdk@ &efukefumuG,fa&;twGuf e,frSwyfrsm;udk o,f,lEdkifaomvrf;rSmvnf;aumif;/ &efukefESifh e,fa'oqufoG,fa&;rSmvnf;aumif;/ r*Fvm'Hkkav,mOfysHqdyfom &Sdayonf? tjcm;aom&efukef0ifvrf;rsm; ydwfqdk@aeygonf?

xdkpOfutif;pdef&Sd autif'Dtdkwdk@u apmfbGm;}uD;ukef;ppfrsufESmwGif �wdk@vuf&Sdpcef;rS a&S@odk@udkuf(200) r#wdk;+yD; wyfpJGvdkufEdkifv#ifav,mOftqif;twufudk vufeufi,frsm;jzifh vufvSrf;rDpGm ypfcwfEdkifrnfjzpfI r*Fvm'Hk av,mOfuGif;oHk;r& jzpf&ayawmhrnf? tif;pdefrS3 vuR armfwmwdk@jzifh tvSrf;rDEdkifaomfvnf; tif;pdefòr@odrf; autif'Dtdkwdk@wGif 3 vuR armfwmrsm;r&Sday? xdk@a=umifh usaemfwdk@. wckwnf;aom&efukefòr@odk@ qufoG,fa&; vrf;a=umif;jzpfonfh r*Fvm'Hkav,mOfuGif;udk vHkðcHpGmtoHk;ðyEdkif cJh=uayonf?

xdktcsdefonf ArmjynftwGuf ab;tEW&m,ft}uD;qHk; tpdk;&drf&qHk;tcsdef jzpfayonf?autif'Dtdkwdk@. pDrHudef;twdkif; �wdk@. tif;pdef/ awmifil/ jynf wyfoHk;wyf tif;pdefrSmqHk=u+yD; &efukefòr@}uD;udk vkyf}uH=uv#if

usaemfwdk@ ckcHEdkifzdk@cJ,Of;onf? tajctae}uD;pGm ±_yfaxG;oGm;awmhrnfjzpfonf?usaemfonf jrpf0u|ef;ay:a'o E_wfcrf;wGif toifh&Sdaeaom 'kAdkvfr�;}uD;cspfòrifacgif;aqmifaom Armhaoewfudkfif wif&if; (3) rSm

usaemfudkifcJhaom rlvwyf&if;jzpfI xdkwyf&if;udk t&ifqHk;ESifh tapmqHk; &efukefodk@ac:,lvdkufygonf? xdktcsdefu wHGaw;wl;ajrmif;udk autif'Dtdkwdk@ odrf;ydkufwyfpGJxm;ojzifh xdkwyf&if;rSm yifv,fbufrS avSrsm;jzifh cJ,Of;pGm csDwufvm&+yD; usaemfwdk@&Sd&m &efukefodk@ acsmarmpGm a&muf&SdcJhygonf? xdkwyf&if;udkyifjynfòr@u &efukefodrf;&efqif;vmaom 'kAdkvfr�;}uD;apmjrarmifOD;pD;onfh u&ifaoewfudkif wyf&if;(2) udk vrf;rSóuwdkuf&ef wm0efay;&ygonf?

'kAdkvfr�;}uD;cspfòrifwdk@ tjrefcsDwufoGm;&m vrf;&Sd om,m0wDc±dkif/ ewWvif;òr@e,f �0ufaumf�&GmwGif jynfòr@u qif;vmaomu&ifaoewfudkif wyf&if; (2) ESifh awGqHkwdkufyJG jzpf=uygonf?

u&ifaoewfudkifwyf&if; (2) wyf&if;r�;rSm ppftawG@tñuHtm;enf;ojzifh xdk0ufaumfwdkufyGJwGif 'kAdkvfr�;}uD; cspfòrifOD;pD;aomArmhaoewfudkifwyf&if; (3) u vHk;0atmifEdkifcJh+yD; u&ifaoewfudkif wyf&if; (2) rSm vHk;0z±dkz&J òyuGJoGm;ygonf? usaemfwdk@onf jynfòr@bufuqif;vmaom &efoltay: vHk;0atmifEdkifvdkufygonf?

xdktcsdefavmufwGifyif tif;pdef&Sd u&ifolykefrsm;u tpdk;&ESifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;+yD; +idrf;csrf;vdkonf? typftcwf&yfpJ ay;yg[k awmif;qdkvmygonf? usaemfwdk@0rf;ajrmufpGm typftcwf&yfpJ+yD; �[email protected];aqmifrsm; &efukefòr@wGif;&Sd tpdk;&ESifhawG@&ef pDpOfay;ygonf?

u&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmif apmbOD;}uD;udk,fwdkfif acgif;aqmifaom u&iftzJG@&efukefxJ0if+yD; tpdk;&tzJG@ESifh aqG;aEG;=uygonf?usaemfwdk@0rf;omae=uaomfvnf; aqG;aEG;yJG ESpf&ufavmuf=um+yD;aemuf u&ifwdk@bufu aqG;aEG;yJG jzufvdkuf+yD[k a=unmonf? usaemfhpdwf

22

txif awmifilu&ifaoewfudkif wyf&if; (1) u wm;jrpfvdk@[k oHo,&Sdaeygonf?usaemfwdk@quf+yD;wdkuf=u&ygawmhonf?awmifilòr@rS qif;vmaom 'kAdkvfr�;}uD; apmrif;armifOD;pD;aom u&ifwyfzJG@?�wyfzJG@rSmtrSwf (1) u&ifaoewfudkifwyf&if; jzpfygonf? �wyfonf xdka'o&Sd autif'Dtdkwdk@ESifh yl;aygif;um tiftm; (1000)

avmufESifh tif;pdef&Sd autif'Dtdkwyfwdk@ESifhaygif;I &efukefòr@udk odrf;ydkuf&ef armfawmf,mOfrsm;ESifh rEWav; - &efukef um;vrf;twdkif; tif;pdef&efukefbufodk@qif;vmonf?

xdktcsdeftcgwGif u&ifolykefwyfzJG@rsm;teuf TwyfzJG@onf tiftm;t}uD;qHk;jzpfonf? olwdk@u yJcl;odrf;r,f? &efukefodrf;r,fponfhaºu;a=umfoHrsm;jzifh qif;vm=u+yD jzpfonf?

r*Fvm'HkwGif&Sdaeaom u&iftajrmufwyfcJGonfvnf; tif;pdef&Sdu&if aomif;usef;olwdk@ESifh ylaygif;oGm;cJhonf? tajrmufrsm;udk,lroGm;bJ usnf±dkufwH (Firing Pin) rsm;udk ±dkufcsdK;oGm;cJhonf? r*Fvm'Hk&Sd u&ifwyfzJG@rsm;rS u&ifppfonf trsm;vnf; tif;pdef&Sd u&ifaomif;usef;olrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;oGm;=uonf?

xdktcsdefwGif wEdkifiHvHk;&Sd wyfrawmftiftm;rSm tvGefenf;yg;v#uf&Sdonf? u&ifaomif;usef;olrsm;onf txufArmjynfwGif aròr@/rEWav;/ rdw�Dvm òr@}uD;rsm;/ jrpf0u|ef;ay:&Sdòr@}uD;wcsdK@ oxHkc±dkiftwGif;ESifh armfvòrifòr@}uD;rsm;udk azazmf0g&Dvwav#mufvHk; wòr@+yD;wòr@odrf;ydkufoGm;cJhonf? &efukefòr@awmfudkyif wdkufcdkufodrf;ydkuf&ef +cdrf;ajcmufv#uf &Sdaeay+yD?

xdktcsdefwGif EdkifiHawmfrSm }uD;pGmaomtEW&m,fESifh &ifqdkifae&ayonf? acsmufxJus&ef wJwJuav;om usefawmhonf? vufwvHk;omvdkawmhonf[k tcsdK@olwdk@u ajymqdkae=uygonf? taemufEdkifiH pme,fZif;rsm;uvnf; Armtpdk;&udk �&efukeftpdk;&�[k avSmifajymifac:a0:vm=uygonf?

xdktcsdefwGif usaemfwdk@u tif;pdefòr@udkzd+yD; wdkufae&ygonf? tif;pdefòr@udk a&S@wnfhwnfh &efukefppfrsufESmu wdkkufae±Hkomrutif;pdefausmaemufbuf r*Fvm'Hkbufuyg ppfrsufESmzGifh+yD; ESpfbuf!Syfwdkufae&ygonf? tif;pdefwGif tiftm;odyfrusefawmhyg? odk@aomfautif'Dtdkrsm;onf acgif;rmpGmjzifh ckcHae=uygonf? olwdk@onfawmifilòr@bufrS xdk;qif;vmrnfh trSwf (1) u&ifaoewfudkifwyf&if;.ppfa=umif;udk rsm;pGmar#mfvifhaeyHk&ygonf?

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xdkumvtwGif; usaemhfwoufrarhEdkifaom wdkufyJG}uD;wyJG tif;pdefwdkufyJGwGif; jzpfyGm;cJhygonf? usaemfwdk@. tif;pdefppfrsufESmwdkufyJGrsm;wGif yg0ifonfh t"duwyfwwyfrSm Armhaoewfudkif wyf&if; (5) jzpfonf? wyf&if;r�;rSm 'kAdkvfr�;}uD; apmjrifh jzpfonf? xdkwyf&if;(5) rSm xdktcsdefu &cdkifwGif ajymufusm;olykefrsm;udk wdkufcdkufae&mrS tif;pdefppfrsufESmwGif wm0efay;&ef jyefvnfac:,lvmjcif;jzpfonf?olwdk@u jynfrudk jyefvnfa&muf&Sdvmojzifh rsm;pGm0rf;ajrmuf wufºuvsuf&Sdonf? �jyif olwdk@rSm autif'Dtdkrsm;ESifh wcgrS r&ifqdkifzl;ao;Icyfayghaygh yif oabmxm;aeonf?

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usaemfaumif;pGm rSwfrdaeygonf? wdkufyJGwdkufaepOftwGif;a&S@wef;ppfajrjyifrS tvGefcufcJaea=umif; Adkvfr�;vSaomif;u tpD&ifcHojzifhusaemfol&Sdd&m a&S@wef;wae&mudk oGm;a&mufawG@qHkcJhygonf? olESifhusaemf opfyif}uD;wyifatmufwGif 0rf;vsm;arSmufI a&S@wef;ppfyJGtajctaeudk aqG;aEG;oHk;oyf+yD; a&S@b,fvdkqufvkyf&ef wdkifyifcJh=uygonf? aqG;aEG;wdkifyif+yD;aemuf xdkopfyif}uD;atmufrS usaemft&ifxGufvm+yD; vlcsif;cJGcJh=uygonf? (ppfxHk;pHt& &mxl;ydkrdk}uD;olu t&ifxGuf&ygonf?) usaemfa&S@wef;ppfajrjyif XmecsKyfodk@ jyefa&muf&mufjcif;rSmyif Adkvfr�;vSaomif; usqHk;oGm;+yDqdkaom owif;udk 0rf;enf;zG,f =um;odvdkuf&ygonf? usaemfESifhwdkifyifaqG;aEG;cJhaom opfyif}uD;atmufrStxGuf &efolvufajzmifh wyfom;vufcsufESifh usqHk;oGm;&jcif;yif jzpfygonf?

xdkwdkufyJGt+yD; usaemfaoaus'%f&m&olrsm;pm&if; &&Sdaomtcg aqmufwnf&mr& rsm;pGmwkefv_yf ajcmufjcm;oGm;rdygonf?usaemf. ppfom;b0oufwrf;wGif wcgr# Tr#rxdcdkufzl;ay? &Jabmftrsm;tjym;vnf; pdwfxdcdkuf=u+yD; idk,dk=uonf? usaemfvnf; 'gigha=umifhjzpf&wm[k aomua&muf+yD; usqHk;olrsm;ESifhtwl a&maESmyg0ifaoqHk; oGm;vdkpdwfyif 0ifvmygonf? usaemhftaeESifh axmufvSrf;a&; aumif;aumif;rvkyfEdkifcJhr_/ trdef@ay;&mwGif raphpyfraocsmr_a=umifh jzpf&wm[k oHk;oyfrdygonf? 'Doifcef;pmudk woufvHk;rSwfua&m [k udk,fhudk,fudk,fvnf; ajymrdygonf?

usaemftrdef@w&yf csufcsif;xkwfjyefvdkufygonf? wdkufyJGrsm;udkpDpOf&mwGif tao;t}uD; tm;vHk;*±kpdkuf+yD; vkyfaqmif=u&efjzpfygonf?

xdkaemufydkif; wdkufyJGrsm;wGifawmh usaemfonf udk,fwdkifwwfEdkifoavmuf uif;axmufcJhonf? &efol@wyfom;. tusôtdyfwGifazmifwdefcsdwfxm;onfudk rSefajymif;ESihf jrif&onftxd csOf;uyf+yD; uif;axmufcJhonf? av,mOfESifh uif;axmuf&mwGifvnf; ajrjyifudk pepfwus

23

uif;axmufcJh&m aemiftcg usaemfhtaeESifh av,mOfay:u atmufajrjyifudk =unfhvdkufygu Armjynfb,fae&mavmufjzpfrnf qdkonfudkt=urf;zsif; cef@rSef;wwfvmonf txdyif *±kwpdkuf avhvmcJhygonf?

Tonfwdk@rSm usaemfwouf rarhEdkifavmufatmif jzpfcJh&onfh tif;pdefwdkufyGJpOftwGif;u wdkufyJGwyJGESifh xdkwdkufyJGu usaemfhudkay;cJhonfh oifcef;pmrsm;yif jzpfawmhonf?

yJcl;e,f&Sd usaemfwdk@. vufeufudkif wyftiftm;rSm æu? wyf&if;r�; 'kAdkvfr�;}uD;wifOD; OD;pD;onfh Armhaoewfudkifwyf&if; (6)? c? ,ltrfyD ac: Adkvfr�;at;aiGOD;pD;onfh jynfaxmifpkppf&Jwyf&if; (4)? *? Adkvfr�;a0vif;ESifh Adkvf=um!Gef@wdk@OD;pD;onfh bDwDtufzf ac: jrefrme,fapmifhwyf&if;?C? wyf&if;r�; Adkvf}uD;baomif;OD;pD;onfh jynfawmifpkkppf&Jwyf&if; (3)? i? aemufyJcl;a'owGif &JabmfjzLtiftm; (5000) cef@&Sd&mtpydkif;Y rdrdwdk@udk+cdrf;ajcmufaeaom tiftm; jzpfaomfvnf; 'kAdkvfr�;

}uD;wifOD;. pnf;±Hk;r_jzifh autif'Dtdkrsm;udk ckcHwdkufcdkuf&mwGif rdrdwdk@ESifh vufwGJ&ef em;vnfr_ &&Sdxm;onf? p? rdrdwdk@. t"duwdkufcdkufa&;tm;jzpfaom Armhaoewfudkif wyf&if; (6) rS wdkufcdkufa&;tiftm; xuf0ufcef@ wyfcJG 2 cGJudk

'kwyf&if;r�; Adkvfr�;wifarmif (pma&;q&m jrwfxef) OD;aqmifI txufArmjynf rw�Dvma'oodk@ ay;ydk@vdkuf&onf? aemuf xyfrHI tiftm;(100) cef@udk tajrmufwyfzJG@pnf;&ef ay;tyfcJh&jyefao;onf?

q? odk@jzpfI Armhaoewfudkif wyf&if; (6) wGif tiftm; (300) cef@omusef&Sd+yD; wdkufcdkufa&;tiftm; (200) cef@om&Sdawmhonf?xdku&ifaomif;usef;olrsm;. tpDtpOfrSm yJcl;òr@udkodrf;ydkufzsufqD;rnf? aemuf yJcl;òr@awmifbuf 10 rdkifcef@&Sd xHk;}uD;&Gma'orS

autif'Dtdkrsm;ESifh aygif;rnf? aemufvSnf;ul;òr@ taemufbuf pmbl;awmif; autif'Dtdkpcef; &Gm}uD;rS autif'DtdktkyfpkESifh aygif;rnf? xdkrStif;pdef - &efukefbufodk@ csDwufwdkufcdkufrnf jzpfonf?

xdktwGif; yJcl;òr@wGifvnf; &efolowif;ayguf=um;I òr@olòr@om;rsm;onf yJcl;acsmif;zsm;odk@vnf;aumif;/ oey`ifòr@bufodk@vnf;aumif; wòr@vHk; um;rsm;/ &&m,mOfrsm;ESifh ajy;v$m;ae=uonf?

yJcl;òr@ay:wGifvnf; u&ifolykef. bufawmfom; (100) cef@ vufeuftjynfhtpHkESifh ajrmufbufuqif;vmrnfh u&ifolykefwyf}uD;udkóuqdk&ef ykefatmif;zHk;uG,f+yD; apmihfqdkif;ae=uonf?

'kAdkvfr�;}uD;wifOD;onf qif;vmaom &efolu&ifwyfzJG@}uD;udk yJcl;òr@ajrmufbuf (10) rdkifuGm um;vrf;ray:&Sd bk&m;}uD;&GmwGif cHppfpcef;wnfaqmuf+yD; cHppfqif&efpwifawmhonf?

tiftm; (2000) ausmf&Sd &JabmfjzLwyfr}uD; yJcl;odk@ppfulcsDwufvm&m a&mufrvmEdkifao;ojzifh yJcl;w0dkufu vufeufrJh &JabmfjzL(200) ESifh yJcl;axmifzGifh+yD; u&ifolykefwdkufvdkol (300) xGufvm&m xdkvlaygif; (500)cef@udk 'kAdkvfr�;}uD; wifOD;u vufeufcsufcsif; wyfqifay;+yD;bk&m;}uD;&Gmtaemufbuf &GmwcsdK@odk@ csDwufwyfpGJap&onf? u&ifolykefrsm;u bk&m;}uD;&GmrS um;vrf;taemufbufu csDwuf+yD; yJcl;òr@udkwdkufcdkufvmrSmudk umuG,fwmqD;&efESifh owif;ay;&efwdk@twGuf jzpfayonf?

1949 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv (4) &ufae@ nae (4) em&Dcef@rSpI awmifilppfa=umif; u&ifolykefaoewfudkif wyf&if; (1) ppfa=umif;ESifhrdrdwdk@wyfrsm; yJcl;òr@ajrmufbuf (10) rdkifuGm um;vrf;ay:&Sd bk&m;}uD;&GmwGif pwifI wdkufyJGjzpf=u+yD jzpfonf?

'kAdkfvfr�;}uD; wifOD;onf oeyifa'orS ausmif;om;&Jabmf (100) cef@tm; vufeufwyfqif+yD; òr@vHkðcHa&;ESifh qufom;&Jabmfrsm;tjzpftoHk;ðycJh&.? yJcl;òr@ay:wGifvnf; ppfwyftwGuf xrif;xkyf (2000) awmif;cHvdkufonf? TonfrSmvnf; òr@vlxku yJcl;òr@wGif ppfwyftiftm;ppful (2000) a&muf&Sdvmum tiftm;}uD;vmrnf[k xifjrif,lqvm&ef y&d,m,fqifI vkyfaqmif&jcif;jzpfonf? òr@vlxk pdwftm;wufºuvmap&ef jzpfayonf?

wdkufyGJjzpfonfh azazmf0g&Dv (4) &ufae@n (10) em&DausmfwGif bk&m;}uD;wGif u&ifolykefwdk@ESifh &ifqdkifwdkufyGJjzpf&m rdrdwdk@wyfrsm;rcHEdkifI wyfqkwfcGmvm+yD; yJcl;òr@t0if uvd*dwfwGifae&m,lxm;&aom tajcodk@ a&mufcJhonf? rdrdwdk@wyfrsm; yJcl;òr@uyJ taocH ckcHwdkufcdkuf&rnfh b0odk@ a&mufcJhonf?

odk@aomf n oef;acgif 12 em&DavmufwGif yJcl;òr@odk@ ppfulvmaeaom ,ltrfyD ppf&Jwyf&if; a0godk@ a&mufae&mrS �.wyf&if;r�;Adkvfr�;at;aiGu qufom;eJ@ pmwapmif yJcl;&Sd'kAdkvfr�;}uD; wifOD;xHa&muf&Sdvmonf? xl;qef;aeonfrSm xdkqufom; &Jabmfonf pufbD;jzifha0grSbk&m;}uD;&GmudkjzwfI yJcl;udka&mufvmjcif;yif jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh bk&m;}uD;&Gmodk@ u&ifolykefawG r0ifa&mufao;a=umif; odvdkuf&onf?

ppfordkif;rsm;wGif ESpfbuf&ef §ig wdkufcdkuf=upOf ESpfbufpvHk;rS olrsm;u wzuf&efol qkwfcGmrSef;rodbJ ESpfbufpvHk; qkwfcGm=u&mwzufolqkwfrSef; t&ifodolu ae&mjyef0if,l+yD; tEdkif&&Sd=uyHkawG &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; &Sdaumif;&Sdrnf jzpfonf?

,ckvnf; bk&m;}uD;&Gm wdkufyGJwGif Ttwdkif;jzpfvm&m usaemfwdk@bufu u&ifolykefrsm; qkwfrSef;t&ifodvdkuf+yD; rdrdwyfrsm;udktjrefjyefI bk&m;}uD;&Gmodk@ jyef0if,lvdkuf ygawmhonf?

xdkqufom; &Jabmfudkvnf; a0gòr@odk@ jyefv$wf+yD; Adkvfr�;at;aiGtm; pm&v#if&csif; ol@wyfESifh bk&m;}uD;odk@ tjref0ifyl;aygif;&ef'kAdkvfr�;}uD;wifOD;u !¸ef=um;vdkufonf?

24

aemufae@ azazmf0g&Dv (5) &uf eHeuf 4 em&Dcef@wGif bk&m;}uD;&GmwGif usaemfwdk@wyfrsm; cHuwkwfrsm; tcdkiftrmcsxm;+yD;a=umif;w,fvDzkef;jzifh owif;ydk@csufudk yJcl;u&+yDjzpfI usaemfwdk@ tif;pdefppfrsufemu vlrsm;tawmf pdwfat;oGm;&ygonf?

azazmf0g&D (5) &uf eHeufapmapmrSmyif yJcl;/ oeyifodk@ ppful&JabmfjzLtiftm; (2000) ausmf vufeufpHkjzifh a&muf&Sdvmygawmhonf?csufcsif;yif oeyìfrS bk&m;}uD;ppfrsufESmodk@ armfawmf,mOfrsm;jzifh ay;ydk@tm;jznfh Edkifygawmhonf?

odk@jzifh awmifilppfa=umif; u&ifolykef&efudk aumif;pGmckcHumuG,f wGef;vSefEdkifaom tajctaeodk@ a&mufvm+yDjzpfI usaemfwdk@bufrStawmfpdwfat; oufomvmygawmhonf?

txufygwdk@rSm 1949 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv (4) &ufae@ yJcl;ppfrsufESm bk&m;}uD;wdkufyJGESifh ywfoufI ,ckusaemhfxHwGif &Sdaeaompmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;t& a&;om;wifjyjcif; jzpfygonf?

odk@aomf xdkumvtwGif; usaemfñuHawGG@ jzpfysufcJh&aom tjzpftysuf usaemfrSwfrdoavmufESifh uGJvGJaeonfrsm; &Sdaeygonf?xdkpmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;t& 'kAdkvfr�;}uD;wifOD;wdk@tzGJ@ yJcl;wGif taocHckcHrnf[k qdkxm;ygonf?

usaemfowd& rSwfrdwJhtcsuf tcsKd@uTodk@ jzpfygonf?usaemfonf Armjynfawmfydkif; ppfXmecsKyfr�;tjzpf r*Fvm'HkwGif aqmif&GufaepOf tif;pdefwdkufyGJudkvnf; udk,fwdkifOD;pD;+yD; wdkufcdkuf

ae&ygonf?xdkpOf 1949 ckESpf azazmf0g&D (4) &ufavmufu usaemfhudk yJcl;rS 'kAdkvfr�;}uD;wifOD;u 0dkif,mvufpufESifh pum;ajymvdkonfqdkI

0dkif,mvuftcef;udk oGm;&ygonf? Adkvfr�;wifOD;u ol@wyfrsm;bk&m;}uD;wdkufyGJu qkwfvm+yD; yJcl;jyefa&mufvm=u+yD; [email protected];bk&m;}uD;usoGm;+yD;&if yJcl;òr@us,f}uD;u rckcHawmhbJ yJcl;u oeyìfodk@ qkwfcGm z,faay;awmhrnf jzpfonfhtwdkif; ,ckolwdk@ yJcl;rS oeyìfodk@qkwfawmhrnf[k qdkygonf? usaemfrsm;pGm pdwfxdcdkufwkefv_yf oGm;ygonf? xdk&efoludk &efukefòr@}uD;u ckcHwdkufcdkuf&ef tvGefcufcJawmhrnfudkodjrifI jzpfygonf? odk@aomf usaemfbmrS rwwfEdkifyg? - cifAsm;wkd@ yJcl;uqkwfcGm&if yJcl;òr@tpyf&Sd yJcl;jrpfay:u yJcl; - &efukefum;vrf;wHwm;eJ@&xm;vrf;wHwm; wdk@udkawmh rkcscsKd;+yD; zsufqD;yg [k rSm=um;&ygawmhonf?

usaemfpum;ajym+yD;aemuf usaemf±Hk;cef;odk@jyefvmum ±Hk;wGif&Sdaeaom tif*sifeD,mt&m&Sdudk csufcsif;ac:+yD; ,ckcsufcsif; yJcl; -&efukefum;vrf;ay:&Sd vSnf;ul;òr@teD;u �0ef;abmf'wf� wHwm;}uD;udkoGm;I azmufcGJcsKd;zsuf&ef !¸ef=um;ygonf? ppftajctaeudkvnf;twdkcsKyfI ajymjyvdkufygonf?

xdk@aemuf usaemfpdwfaomu}uD;pGmESifh &efukefòr@rS ckcHumuG,fa&;udk pOf;pm;aerdygonf? usaemfrSwfrd aeygao;onf? usaemfh±Hk;cef;rSrwfwwf&yf+yD; =unfhvdkufv#if jywif;aygufrS udkuf 150 avmufa0;aom jynf - &efukef um;vrf;r}uD;udk jrifae&&m yJcl;bufrS xif&aomt&yfolt&yfom;tcsKd@ armfawmfum;rsm;ay: ypPnf;rsm;tjynfh tESufwifum &efukefòr@wGif;odk@ cdkatmif;&ef tajy;tv$m; 0ifa&mufae=uonfudk awGG@jrifae&ygonf? [m æ vlawGu &efukefòr@vHkðcHr,fxif+yD; ajy;0ifae=u+yD igb,fvdkvkyf umuG,fEdkifyghrvJ [k rdrdwm0eftwGufpdwfaomu}uD;pGm a&mufaepOf c%t=umY aemufxyf yJcl;rS 0dkif,mvuf pum;ajymvdka=umif; vmajymjyefojzifh usaemfxvdkufoGm;+yD;0dkif,mvufajymaomtcg tajctaerSm rsm;pGm0rf;omzG,f ajymif;vJoGm;onfudk awG@&ygawmhonf?

ta=umif;rSm 'kAdkvfr�;}uD;wifOD;u ,cktajctaeawG ajymif;oGm;+yDbk&m;}uD;rS &efolautif'DtdkwyfawG qkwfcGmoGm;=u+yD usaemfwdk@uolwdk@qkwfcGma=umif; t&ifapmod&vdk@ usaemfhwdk@wyfawG bk&m;}uD;&Gmodk@ tjrefjyef+yD; cHppfae&m,l&ef jyef0ifae=u+yD [k tpD&ifcHygonf?

usaemftwdkif;rod 0rf;ajrmufoGm;ygawmhonf?odk@&mwGif usaemfu �0ef;abmf'wf� wHwm;}uD;udk csKd;zsufcdkif;xm;wmudk csufcsif;owd&+yD; wm0efay; apv$wfxm;aom tif*sifeD,m

t&m&Sd oGm;+yD;vm;[k csufcsif;ar;&m xGufoGm;+yD [k od&ygonf? xdkpOf usaemf pOf;pm;rdonfrSm wHwm;rcsKd;cif rDatmifav,mOfysHESifh vdkuf+yD;pmcsay;&if rDEdkifonf[k wGufcsufvdkufygonf?

usaemfu ArmhavwyfrawmfrS av,mOfwpfpD; ta&;ay:udpPñuHv#ifoHk;&ef toifht+rJ&Sdaezdk@ wm0efay;xm;&m xdkav,mOfvnf;tqifoifh &Sdaeygonf?

usaemfu xdktif*sifeD,m t&m&Sdodk@ trdef@pmwdkav; wapmifa&;ygonf?�bk&m;}uD;&GmrS &efolrsm;qkwfoGm;+yD rdrdwdk@wyfrsm; bk&m;}uD;&Gmudk 0ifodrf;+yD; ae&m,l+yD;+yD? 0ef;abmf'wf wHwm;udk csKd;zsufp&mrvdk

awmh jyefvmyg� [laom oabmygonfhtrdef@pmudk usaemfvufrSwfxdk;+yD; aemufxyf t&m&SdwOD;udk av,mOfESifh vdkuf+yD;xdkpmudk �cs�ay;&efpmudk oHbl;i,fwckwGif xnfhay;+yD; av,mOfESifh tjrefapv$wfvdkufygonf?

xdkav,mOfu 0ef;abmf'wf wHwm;ay:a&mufaomtcg wHwm;teD;wGif um;wpD;&yfxm;wm jrif&ojzifh av,mOfudk edrfhedrfhqif;+yD;0Jaeygonf? wHwm;udk zsufcdkif;xm;aom tif*sifeD,m t&m&Sdvnf; wHwm;wGif 'dkif;erdkif;rsm; csnfaESif&efvkyfaeygonf? xdkpOfacgif;ay:wGifav,mOf0Jvmojzifh xl;jcm;onf[k ,lq+yD; wHwm;rScGm+yD; av,mOfudk armh=unfhpOf av,mOfay:rS oHbl;uav;usvm+yD; usaemfhpmudk zwf&umrazmufcGJawmhbJ jyefvmEdkifygawmhonf?

TwGif usaemfwdk@tajctae acsarmoGm;ygawmhonf?Tonfwdk@rSm yJcl;ppfrsufESm bk&m;}uD;&GmudpP usaemfrSwfrdaeaom ta=umif;t&m jzpfygonff?uGJvGJcsufrSm pmtkyf pmwrf;rsm;a&;om;csuft& rdrdwdk@wyfrsm; bk&m;}uD;rS qkwfvm&pOf 'kAdkvfr�;}uD;wifOD;wdk@u bmyJjzpfjzpf yJcl;òr@uyJ

25

taocH+yD; ckcHwdkufcdkuf&ef qHk;jzwf+yD; vkyfp&m&Sdonfrsm;udk qufvufvkyfaqmifa=umif; qdkxm;ygonf?usaemf rSwfrdoavmufrSm bk&m;}uD;&GmrS qkwfcGmvm+yD;aemuf rlvtpDtpOftwdkif; yJcl;rSrckcHbJ oey`ifòr@uav;odk@ qkwfcGmrnf[k

'kAdkvfr�;}uD;wifOD;u tpD&ifcHr_yif jzpfonf?wlnDr_uawmh 'kAdkvfr�;}uD;wifOD;wdk@ qufvkyfaqmifp&m&Sdonfrsm;udk qufvufvkyfaqmifaepOfrSmyif ESpf em&D avmuftwGif;

autif'Dtdk&efolrsm;vnf; bk&m;}uD;&Gmu qkwfcGmoGm;a=umif; rdrdwdk@bufu óuwifod&+yD; bk&m;}uD;&Gmodk@ rdrdwdk@wyfrsm; tjrefjyef0ifumae&m,lwyfpGJvdkufonfh ta=umif;yif jzpfonf?

TuGJvGJcsuftay: usaemf. awG;ac:,lqcsufrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf?yxr rdrdwyfrsm; bk&m;}uD;&GmwdkufyGJu qkwfvmpOf 'kAdkvfr�;}uD;wifOD;onf rlvtpDtpOftwdkif; yJcl;u rckcHbJ oey`ifòr@uav;

(yJcl;òr@ ta&S@ajrmufum;vrf;r (7) rdkifuGm avmufwGif&Sdonfhae&m) odk@ qkwfcGm&ef qHk;jzwfcJhyHk&ygonf? odk@&mwGif vkyf&if;udkif&if;rSmyifoeyifqkwfa&;rSm roifhawmf yJcl;òr@uyJ taocHwdkufawmhrnf[k aemufxyfqHk;jzwfcsuf jyif+yD;vkyfudkifaeyHkk&onf xifygonf? TtwGif;rSmyifbk&m;}uD;&Gm ppfrsufESmodk@ jyef0ifae&m,lEdkifonfh udpPay:vmjcif; jzpf[ef&Sdygonf?

olykefwdk@. 'kwd,t}udrf xdk;ppf

1949 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv (4) &uf autif'Dtdkwdk@. yxrxdk;ppfrSm txufwGifazmfjycJhonfhtwdkif; ta&;edrfh wyfvefoGm;+yD;aemufrdrdwdk@bufu ar#mfvifhxm;onfhtwdkif; aemuf (3) &uf=umaomtcg autif'Dtdkrsm;onf tiftm;jyefvnfpk±Hk;+yD; azazmf0g&Dv (7) &ufae@wGif'kwd,t}udrf xdk;ppf}uD;udk pwifygawmhonf?

odk@&mwGif rdrdwdk@tpdk;&wyfzGJ@rsm;u �bk&m;}uD;�cHppfpcef;wGif tiftm;tvHktavmuf oGif;xm;+yD;jzpfI rdrdwdk@udk rv_yfEdkifawmay?wzefrdrdwdk@u wefjyefxdk;ppfqif&m �wdk@rwwfEdkifawmhbJ qkwfcGm&ygawmhonf?

xdktcg rdrdwdk@wyfaygif;pk wyfrsm;u csufcsif;awmufav#muf qkwfcGmajy;aom &efoludkzdIvdkuf&m xdkae@nae ae0ifcsdefwGif rdrdwdk@wyfrsm; yJcl;òr@ajrmufbuf rdkif (30) tuGm&Sd 'dkufOD;òr@txd csDwufodrf;ydkuf vdkufEdkifayonf?

TwGif &efukefòr@awmf}uD;udk +cdrf;ajcmufaeaom autif'Dtdkwdk@. ppfa=umif;tEW&m,fudk z,f&Sm;vdkufEdkif+yD;jzpfI usaemfwdk@tm;vHk;rsm;pGm 0rf;om&$ifvef;oGm;=uygonf?

tif;pdefwdkufyGJ tqHk;owf

1949 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv (1) &ufae@u pwifcJhaom tif;pdefwdkufyGJ}uD;rSmvnf; yJcl;ppfrsufESmrS autif'Dtdkwdk@ qkwfcGmoGm;+yD;onfhwkdiftcsdeftawmf=um qufwdkuf&wkef; jzpfygonf?

odk@aomf autif'Dtdkwdk@onf wwdwwdjzifh tif;pdefwGiftawmfae&m usnf;ajrmif;vmonfhtjyif t"dutm;jzifh olwdk@udkvm+yD;aygif;pD;tultnDay;&ef tvm;tvmrsm; r&Sdawmh+yDjzpfI tif;pdefrS 1949 - arv (21) &ufae@nwGif tif;pdefòr@ausmbuf&Sd vd_ifjrpfudkjzwfumjrpf0u|ef;ay:odk@ qkwfcGmxGufajy;=uavawmhonf?

odk@jzifh 1949 azazmf0g&D (1) &ufrS arv (22) &uftxd 3 vESifh 22 &uf=um+yD; rsm;pGmtaotaysmuf xdcdkufusqHk;r_rsm;cJhaomordkif;0iftif;pdefwdkufyGJ}uD;rSm +yD;qHk;jcif;odk@ a&muf&SdoGm;ayawmhonf?

tif;pdefwdkufyGJwGif; udpPtcsKd@usef&pfaeI xyfa&;&ygOD;rnf - tif;pdefwdkufyGJtwGif; wae@ reuftapm}uD; usaemfwdk@tdyf&m xcgptcsdef AdkvfcsKyfae0if;onf ol@um;av;ESifh usaemfwdk@. tif;pdefwdkufyGJ a&S@wef;XmecsKyf±Hk;odk@ a&mufvm+yD; usaemfhudkawG@qHk+yD; ajymjyonfrSmwae@u Adkvfr�;}uD;bvdwf ol@xHvm+yD;wdkif=um;wmuawmh AdkvfausmfaZmu oludk}udrf;armif;jypfwifw,f vdk@ajymygonf? �jyif Adkvfr�;}uD;bvdwftm; av;av;pm;pm; aumif;aumif; rGefrGefqufqH&efvnf; usaemfhudkowday;+yD;aemuf oljyefxGufoGm;ygonf?

Adkvfr�;}uD; =unfarmifvnf; usaemfhteD;a&mufvmojzifh usaemfu AdkvfcsKyfae0if;vmajymjyoGm;aomudpP ol@udkajymjyvdkuf+yD;wqufwnf;rSmyif aeygtHk;As 'DvdkqdkawmhvJ Adkvfae0if;u vHk@v0d&d,t&Sdom;yJ usaemfhqD reuftapm}uD;ukd a&mufcsvmwm [k usaemfuajymrdawmh Adkvfr�;}uD;=unfarmifu bmqef;ovJAsm ol@tvkyfbmrS r&Sdwm 'Davmufawmh vkyfjy&rSmaygh [k qdkygonf?

usaemfvnf; Adkvfr�;}uD;bvdwf usaemfhtay: pdwfqdk;aewm b,fvdkawmif;yef&yghrvJAsm usaemfvJtvkyfrsm;+yD; pdwf±_yfawmh wcgw&Hajymrdqdkrdovm;vJ rodbl;Asm [k nnf;wGm;rd&m Adkvfr�;}uD;=unfarmifu (oludk,fwdkifvJ Adkvfr�;}uD; bvdwfESifh tawmf&if;ESD;oljzpf&m) 'DudpPodyfpdwfrylygeJ@ Adkvfr�;}uD;bvdwf[m pdwf&if;aumif;ol jzpfygw,f? ol[mwcgw&H pdwfwdk+yD; 'grsKd;jzpfwwfygw,f aemufc%rSmyJ arharhaysmufaysmuf jzpfoGm;wwfygw,f? usaemf=unfhajymvdkufyghr,f? aemifomaumif;aumif;rGefrGef owdxm;qufqHaygh [k ajymygonf?Adkvfr�;}uD;bvdwfvJ 'DudpPowd&rSm r[kwfawmhygbl;? arhavmuf+yDxifygw,f [k vnf;qufajymygonf? usaemfvnf; tawmf pdwfoufomoGm;ygonf? aemufydkif;usaemfonf Adkvfr�;}uD;bvdwfESifh ajyvnf&if;ESD;+yD; tawmfcifrifaom rdwfaqG}uD;rsm; jzpfoGm;=uygawmhonf?

Adkvfr�;}uD;=unfarmifrSmvnf; usaemfESifh ESpftawmf=um &if;&if;ESD;ESD; tvkyftwlwGJ+yD; vkyfcJhojzifh usaemfhpdwfae oabmxm;udk

26

vnf;aumif;/ tusifhpm&dwWudkvnf;aumif; od&Sd+yD; tjyeftvSefav;pm; cspfcif=uaom rdwfaqG}uD;rsm; jzpfvm=uygonf?usaemf uGefjrLepfESifh qufoG,fonf[laom pGyfpGJcsufESifh wyfrawmfu 1957 ckESpfu xGuf&+yD; aemufydkif;wGif;vnf; Adkvfr�;}uD;

=unfarmifonf rdwfaqGrysuf usaemfhtdrfudk0ifxGuf oGm;vmqufqHaeygonf? olwGifru ol.ZeD;ESifh rdom;pk0ifrsm;yg usaemfhtdrfom;rsm;ESifh&if;ESD;cifrifvm=uygonf?

uGefjrLepf[k ,lq&olusaemfhtay: Adkvfr�;}uD;=unfarmifu cifcifrifrifav;av;pm;pm; qufqHaejcif;ESifh uGefjrLepfrsm;udk rkef;wD;qef@usifol Adkvfr�;}uD;=unfarmiftay:vnf; usaemfu av;av;pm;pm; qufqHaejcif;rsm;udk vltcsKd@u tHh=oae=uayonf?

qef@usifbufjzpf=uaom usaemfwdk@ESpfOD; rdwfaqG}uD;rsm; jzpfae&jcif;rSm usaemfwdk@ 2 OD;twGif; wOD;tm;aumif;csufudk wOD;uav;pm;cspfcifum wOD;tm;enf;csufudk wOD;ucGifhv$wfEdkif=ujcif;wdk@a=umifh jzpfrnfxifygonf?

Adkvfr�;}uD;=unfarmifonf wyfrawmfrS tem;,lk+yD;aemuf trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfwGif acgif;aqmifwOD; tjzpf0ifa&muf vkyfaqmifcJh&mrS ,cktcg touft&G,f}uD;&ifhvm+yD;jzpfI (usaemfhxuf 2 ESpfcef@}uD;ygonf?) &efukefwGif tem;,lkaexdkifvsuf&Sda=umif; od&ygonf?

Tpma&;&if; TuJhodk@ tvm;wl uGefjrLepfudk qef@usifaomfvnf; usaemfESifh rdwfaqG}uD;jzpfaecJhaom yk*~dKvfwOD;udk owd&rdygonf?xdkyk*~dKvfrSm Adkvfr�;}uD;cspfòrifjzpf+yD; ,cktcg tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif aexdkifvsuf&Sdygonf?

xdktif;pdefwdkufyGJudk tjyif;txefwdkufcdkuf aepOftwGif; rwfvqef;avmufwGif xifygonf? usaemfaròr@wGif csefxm;&pfcJhaomZeD;onfESifh orD;i,fwdk@ &efukefodk@ jyefvnfa&muf&Sdvmygonf?

usaemfaròr@Y ajrmufydkif;wdkif;r�; wm0efxrf;aqmifae&mrS AdkvfcsKyfae0if;u &efukefodk@qif;vm&ef ac:+yD; awmifydkif;wdkif;r�; wm0efay;umtif;pdefppfrsufESmudk }uD;=uyf&ef apv$wfvdkufojzifh olwdk@om;trd aròr@wGifaomifwif usef&pfygonf?

olwdk@udkac:ay;&efoGm;aom ,lbDat av,mOfrSm rdwD�vmodk@ qif;rd&m xdkae@eHeufapmapmu rdwD�vmudk odrf;ydkufvdkufaomAdkvfaemfqdkif; OD;pD;onfh u&ifaomif;usef;olrsm;u xdkav,mOfysHudk pD;eif;odrf;ydkuf vdkufygonf? xdku&ifwyfrsm;rSm yJcl;ppfajrjyifrS qkwfvmaomwyfrsm; jzpfayonf? xdkae@rSm 1949 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv (20) &ufae@ jzpfonf?

Adkvfaemfqdkif;onf xdkav,mOfjzifh aròr@odk@oGm;um aròr@tcsufjyqufoG,fa&;wyf0if;twGif; usaemf vufeufðzwfxm;aom u&ifwyfom;rsm;udk vufeufwyfqifay;+yD; xdkae@rSmyif aròr@udk odrf;vdkufygonf?

usaemfhZeD;rSm xdkae@u &efukefuav,mOf vmac:rnf[k ta=umif;=um;xm;I txkyftydk;jyifapmifhqdkif;ae&m naeapmif;onftxdvmac:jcif;r&SdbJ aròr@u&ifolykefrsm;vuf usa&mufoGm;+yD[laom owif;om&&Sdvdkufygawmhonf? xdknwGif;csif;rSmyif ajrmufydkif;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyf t&m&Sd&dyfomwGif usaemfae&mcsxm;ay;aom AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;u vlv$wfI oleJ@vmae&ef olwdk@om;trdudk vmac:ojzifh olwdk@vdkufoGm;=u+yD; AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;wdk@ rdom;pkESifh aygif;aecJh=uygonf? AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;u AdkvfausmfaZmu usKyfudku,fwifapmifha&SmufcJhw,f?'ga=umifhusKyfuvJ cifAsm;udkapmifha&Smufr,f? usKyftouf&Sifaeoa&G@ cifAsm;bmrSrjzpfap&bl; pdwfcsyg [k ol@udktm;ay;a=umif; usaemfhZeD;uusaemfhudk jyefajymjyygonf?

aemuf&uftcsdK@=um+yD;aemuf AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;wdk@ rdom;pku jrpf}uD;em;odk@ ajymif;csifa=umif; ta=umif;=um;vmojzifh AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;rdom;pkudk jrpf}uD;em;odk@ydk@ay;rnf tjyeftvSeftm;jzifh AdkvfausmfaZmrdom;pkudk &efukefac:rnf[k tpdk;&ESifh autif'Dtdkwdk@ tay;t,lvkyfum,lbDat av,mOfysHESpfpDjzifh pDpOfvdkufr_a=umifh olwdk@om;trd &efukefa&mufvmjcif; jzpfygonf? usaemfwdk@vnf;xdktcsdefupI AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;eJ@uGJoGm;&m jyefvnfqHkawG@Edkifjcif; r&Sdawmhay?

usaemfr*Fvm'Hkavqdyfodk@ tóuv$wfvdkufaom t&m&SdESpfa,mufESifhtwl olwdk@om;trd a&mufvm&m usaemfu xdkt&m&Sdrsm;udkolwdk@tm;wcgwnf; oHk;q,fòr@ ol@rdbrsm;xHjyefydk@&ef apcdkif;vdkufygonf?

usaemfvnf; wzufwvrf;u pdwfat;oGm;&ygonf? aròr@usoGm;a=umif; usaemf=um;&uwnf;u usaemf@ZeD; wckckjzpfoGm;uol@rdbrsm;udk b,fvdkajym&rvJ[k ylyefaerd&m ,ckawmh wylat;oGm;ygawmhonf?

usaemftif;pdefwdkufyJGta=umif; a&;aepOf tcsuftvuf tawmfrsm;rsm;udk arhavsmhae+yDjzpfI usaemfvuf0,f &Sdaeaom pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;udkvnf; r=umc% jyefvnfzwf±_&ygonf? xdktxJu �wyfrawmfordkif;� pwkw�wGJ (1948 - 1962) pmtkyfwGif tao;pdwftcsuftawmfrsm;rsm; xyfrHawG@&Sd&ojzifh usaemfha&;om;csufrsm; jynfh0jynfhpHk oGm;ap&eftvdk@iSm xyfrHjznfhpGuf+yD; ul;,lazmfjyvdkuf&ygonf?

tif;pdefppfrsufESmwyfrawmfrS u&ifaoewfudkif wyf&if;rsm;onf autif'Dtdkrsm;ESifh ylaygif;I twdtvif; ykefuefojzifh tpdk;&u u&ifwyfrsm;rS

vufeufodrf;,l&ef 1949 ckESpf ZEM0g&Dv (31) ae@wGif trdef@xkwfjyefI azazmf0g&Dv (1) &ufae@wGif AdkvfcsKyfae0if;udk ppfOD;pD;csKyfcef@onf?ZEM0g&Dv (31) &ufae@wGifyif r*Fvm'Hk&Sd qufoG,fa&;wyf&if;Y u&if&Jabmfrsm;onf t&m&SdwOD;udk ypfowfum vufeufrsm;,laqmifItif;pdefòr@wGif;odk@ 0ifoGm;=uonf? aemufwae@azazmf0g&D (1) &ufae@wGif tif;pdefòr@wGif;rS autif'Dtdkrsm; xGufvmonf? awmifydkif;ppfXmecsKyfESifhavwyfwdk@rS vufeufrsm; odrf;qnf;um tif;pdefodk@jyefoGm;=uonf? Tokd@jzifh tif;pdefrS autif'Dtdkrsm;onf EdkifiHawmftpdk;&ESifh wyfrawmfwdk@udk twdtvif;pdefac:aom tðytrlrsm; vkyfaqmiffvmojzifh azazmf0g&Dv (4) &ufae@wGif ajrmufydkif;wdkif;r�;Adkvfr�;}uD;ausmfaZmonfawmifydkif;wdkif;r�; wm0efudk Adkvfr�;csKyfatmifoif;xHrS v$Jajymif;vufcH&,lvsuf r*Fvm'Hkw0dkuf&Sd wyfrsm;/ wyfr�;rsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;onf? xdk@aemuf

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azazmf0g&Dv (10) &ufae@wGifordkif;&Sd tif;pdefppfrsufESm enf;AsL[mXmecsKyfodk@ udkifwdkifvma&muf uGyfuJonf? xdktcsdefrwdkifrDu 'kAdkvfr�;}uD; =unfarmifonf &efukefjynfaxmifpkt&Hwyf&if; (,lattufzfwyf&if;) udk uGyfuJvsuf ordkif;ppfrsufESmwGif ,m,DOD;pD;vsuf&Sdonf?xdkpOfu ,if;ppfrsufESmwGif&Sdaom jynfaxmifpk tpdk;&wyfzJG@rsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf?

1? &efukefjynfaxmifpk t&Hwyf&if; (,lattufzf)2? trSwf (18) jynfaxmifpkppf&J3? trSwf (21) jynfaxmifpkppf&J4? trSwf (15) jynfaxmifpkppf&J5? azazmf0g&Dv (7) &ufae@wGif &efukefppfa=uma&;ESifh wnf;cdka&;pcef;&Sd wyf&if; (1) rS wyfpkESpfpkudk trSwf (1) ajcvsifwyf&if;rS

vufeufwyfqifay;+yD; rdrdwyfpkwpkESifhaygif;I armfwmwyfzJG@yg wyfcJGtjzpf ordkif;ppfrsufESmwGif wm0efay;onf? tqdkygwyf&if; (1) &Jabmfrsm;onf o&ufrSawmcdkoGkm;cJhaom wyf&if;rSjzpfI ppfa=uma&;pcef;wGif xdrf;odrf;xm;jcif; jzpfayonf?

6? t&Hppf&Jwyfrsm;/ ppf0efxrf;rsm;/ ausmif;om;&JacgifESifh oHr%dwyfrsm;7? csif;aoewfudkif wyf&if; (1)8? azazmf0g&Dv 6 &ufrS 8 - &uftwGif; armfvòrif&Sd trSwf (2) ucsifaoewfudkifwyf&if;udk av,mOfjzifh tif;pdefppfrsufESmodk@

ydk@ay;onf?9? trSwf (1) ajcvsifwyf&if;? azazmf0g&Dv 5 - &ufESifh 6- &ufae@rsm;wGif trSwf (4) ajcvsifwyf&if;rS wyfpk (2) pk tm;jznfh

ay;xm;onf?10? trSwf (5) Armhaoewfudkifwyf&if;? tpydkif;u Adkvfr�;vSaomif; wyfzGJ@om&SdcJh+yD; azazmf0g&Dv 8/ 9/ &uf ae@rsm;wGif ppfawG&Sd

wyf&if;r�;ESifh wyfzGJ@rsm;udk av,mOfjzifha&$@ajymif; ay;ydk@onf?11? trSwf (3) Armhaoewfudkifwyf&if; zsmyHkrS azazmf0g&D 7 - &ufae@wGif &efukefodk@ a&muf&Sdvmaomfvnf; aemufwae@wGif

jynfrSqif;vmaom trSwf (2) u&ifwyf&if;udk [ef@wm;wdkufcdkuf&ef om,m0wDodk@ csDwuf&onf? azazmf0g&Dv 19 &ufae@rS tif;pdefppfrsufESmwGif yg0ifwdkufcdkufEdkifonf?

12? a&wyfrS atmfvDuGefpuftajrmufESifh 25 aygif'g tajrmufwyfzGJ@?tif;pdefppfrsufESmwGif wdkufyGJrsm;pwif jzpfyGm;onfrSm xdktcsdefxkwf owif;pmrsm;tvdkt& 1949 ckESpf ZEM0g&Dv 31 &ufae@rSyif

pwifcJhjcif; jzpfayonf? xdkae@wGif Adkvfr�;pdk;&/ AdkvfnGef@0if;/ AdkvfpHvSabmfESifh Adkvfausmf'if wdk@OD;pD;aom jynfaxmifpk ppf&Jwyf&if;onf ordkif;&Sdc0J+cHudk 0dkif;xm;+yD; vufeufcscdkif;um usKduUvm;ESifh tif;pdefvrf;axmifh &xm;wGJysufrsm; &Sd&mae&mtxd wdkufyGJrsm;jzpfyGm;+yD; ppf&JwyfrSe*g;/ ol&d,/ a&$jynfat; paom oHcsyfumum; 8 pDd;jzifh wdkufcdkufonf? azazmf0g&Dv 1 &ufae@ eHeuf 5 em&DwGif u&ifukef;Y wdkufyGJjzpfyGm;+yD;u&ifwyfrsm;ESifh tpdk;&t&HwyfzGJ@rsm; tjyif;txef wdkufcdkuf=uonf? 2 &ufae@wGif eHeuf 7 em&DY óu@ukef;wdkufykGJ jzpfyGm;+yD; tif;pdef&Sdu&ifwyfrsm;udk wuUodkvf bGJ@ESif;obifteD; tif;vsm;uefapmif;rS 25 aygif'g tajrmufrsm;jzifh ypfcwfwdkufcdkufonf? azazmf0g&Dv 6 &ufae@wGifAdkvfr�; vSaomif; OD;pD;aom wyf&if; (5) onf apmfbGm;}uD;ukef;ESifh jynfvrf;qHk&Sd awmifukef;udk &,lwdkufcdkuf atmifjrifonf? 11 &ufae@wGifrlc0J+cHukd odrf;,l &&Sdonf? 13 &ufae@ eHeuf 5 em&DcGJwGif tpdk;&wfrsm;onf ordkif;w0dkuf xdk;ppfqif&m &efukef jynfaxmifpkt&Hwyf&if;uOD;aomf yef;uefpufudk odrf;ydkuf+yD; csif;wyf&if; (1) u jynfaxmifpkt&Hwyf&if;. nmawmifyHjzpfaom ae&mudkodrf;,lvsuf csif;wyf&if; (1). nmawmifyH&Sd tdrf0g}uD;udk ucsifwyf&if; (2) u odrf;ydkufonf? ajcvsifwyf&if; (4) u ucsifwyf&if; (2) . ta&S@buf rsufESmpma'oudkodrf;,lonf? óu@ukef;ppfrsufESmwGifvnf; wyf&if; (5) ESifh u&ifwyfrsm; ypfcwfwdkufcdkuf=u+yD; autif'Dtdk 30 cef@onf 0g;uif;ukef;odk@qkwfcGmonf? tif;pdefwdkufyGJwGif tpydkif;Y t&Hwyf&if;/ ppf&J ponfwdk@jzifh wdkufcdkufae&mrS wyfrawmfyHkrSefwyf&if;rsm; yg0ifvma=umif;awG@&avonf?

azazmf0g&Dv 14 &ufae@wGif a&mfbm+cHwdkufyGJ/ 15 &ufae@wGif apmbifqif+cHwdkufyGJrsm; jzpfyGm;+yD; u&ifwyfrsm;onf OD;puUdefbkef;}uD;ausmif;udk yifrtajccHðy tvHk;t&if;ESifh cHaeonf? OD;puUdefausmif; wnfaeyHkrSm pepfwus aqmufvkyfxm;aom cHwyfESifhwlonf?ausmif;onf awmifukef;tjrifhay:wGif wnf&SdI ywfywfvnfwGif wdkufausmif;rsm; &Sd+yD; ,if;wdkufausmif;rsm;udkvnf; opfyifrsm;u tkyfrdk;xm;onf? csOf;uyfvmor# &efoludk ukef;jrifhay:rS tay:pD;ypfcwf wdkufcdkufEdkifrnf jzpfonf? odk@jzpfI tiftm; 100 ausmf&Sd wyf&if; 5wyfzGJ@onf tusyftwnf; awG@ae&onf? TwGif csif;wyf&if;u Adkvfwdkkufc|ef;ESifh &Jabmf 4 OD;wdk@onf ,ckpufr_wuUodkvf0if; wnf&m0g;awmrScsOf;uyfI ausmif;wGif;odk@ 0ifa&mufum pwif;/ b&if;rsm;ESifh v#yfwjywfwdkufcdkkuf odrf;ydkuf&onf? OD;puUdefausmif;rS qkwfcGmoGm;aomautif'Dtdkwdk@onf oHql;óu;0if;cwfxm;I ajruwkwfusif;rsm; opfyiftkyfrsm;&Sd vifhpifrsm;ESifh tcdkiftrm&Sdaeaom jynfol@vkyfief; bef*vdkwGifwyfpcef;csonf? odk@jzpfI 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufaom wyfrawmfbufrS txdtcdkufrsm;jym;aeonf? TwGif Adkvfwdkufc|ef;ESifh&Jabmf 5 OD;unwpfem&DwGif oHql;óu;udk wdwfwqdwfjzwfI 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufonf? ypfcwfoHrsm; =um;&csdefwGif aemufrSwyfzGJ@rsm;0ifa&mufvdkufyg+yD;wdkufcdkuf&m &efolrsm;xGufajy;=uonf?

azazmf0g&Dv 16 &ufae@wGif wyf&if; (5) onf txdtcdkuf tustqHkrsm;pGmjzifh rif;"rRukef;udk wdkufcdkufodrf;ydkufcJhonf? om,m0wD0ufaumfwdkufyGJwGif u&ifwyf&if; (2) . xdk;ppfudk atmifjrifpGm ±dkufcsKfd;cJaom trSwf (3) Armhaoewfudkifwyf&if;onf &efukefodk@ jyefvnf

28

a&muf&Sdvm+yD; azazmf0g&Dv 18 &ufae@wGif tif;pdefppfrsufESmY yg0ifvmum 19 &ufae@ ae@wpfem&DwGif tidkufzrf;I óu@ukef;wdkufyJGqifE$Jonf?xdkpOfu tif;pdefppfrsufESmwGif tm±k%fOD;wdkufyGJrsm;om qifE$Javh&Sd=u+yD; ae@vnfae@cif;wGif em;aevsuf vufajzmifhwyfom;rsm;.ypfcwfr_rsm;om &Sdwwfonf? Todk@aom tajctaeudk wyf&if; (3) wyf&if;r�; 'kAdkvfr�;}uD;cspfòrifu oHk;oyfI wdkufcdkufjcif;jzpfayonf?wdkufcdkuf&mwGifvnf; wyf&if; (3) utif;pdefvrf;r}uD;. taemufbufjcrf;udkvnf;aumif;/ wyf&if; (1) wyfcJGESifh trSwf (1) ajcvsifwyf&if;wyfcJGwdk@u wyf&if; (3) . nmawmifyH vrf;rta&S@bufjcrf; udkvnf;aumif;/ wdkufcdkufcJh&m &efolwdk@rar#mifvifhxm;aom tcsdefjzpfIwem&DtwGif; &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk odrf;ydkufEdkifcJhonf? azazmf0g&Dv (28) &ufae@wGif wyf&if; (5) onf ydGKifh 0rf;0rf;wl; awmifukef;a&S@&Sdawmifukef;i,fudk wdkufcdkufodrf;ydkuf&m Adkvfr�;vSaomif; tygt0if t&m&Sdt&mcH t=uyfwyfom; 80 cef@ usqHk;I 120 r# '%f&m&cJhjcif;a=umifhwyfcJGESpfcJGpmtiftm; avsmhenf;oGm;cJhonf? (rSwfcsuf? xdkwdkufyJGtao;pdwfudk usaemfa&S@ydkif;wGif a&;om;cJh+yD;jzpfygonf?) odk@jzpfI yGdKifh 0rf;0rf;wl;&efolpcef;udk odrf;ydkuf&efwm0efudk wyf&if; (3) u v$Jajymif;,lcJh&onf?

xdktcsdefu OD;puUdefausmif;wGif Armhwyftawmf csif;wyf&if; (1) uvnf;aumif;/ exdk;ukef;ESifh rif;"rRawmifukef;wdk@wGif wyf&if;(5) uvnf;aumif; wyfpJGxm;+yD;jzpfonf? wyf&if; (5) wGif trSwf 16 jynfaxmifpk ppf&JwyfrS wyftcsdK@vnf;yg&Sdonf? rif;"rRukef;rS ajrjyifonfrwfapmufqif;oGm;+yD; v#dKwckjzpfay:apum xdkrSwzef 0rf;0rf;wl; awmifay:odk@ rwfapmufpGm wufoGm;jyefonf? odk@jzpfav&m ydGKifh0rf;0rf;wl;&efol@pcef;udkwdkufcdkuf&efrSm tjrifh&Sd&efoludk atmufrSqefIwdkuf&rnfjzpfonf? TwGif wyf&if; (3) wyf&if;r�; 'kAdkvfr�;}uD;cspfòrifonfAdkvfvSarmifOD;pD;aom uGefref'dkwyfpk/ Adkvf}uD;pdefjrOD;pD;aom uGefref'dkwyfcGJ/ Adkvf}uD;armifausmfOD;pD;aom aemuf&HwyfcGJ/ AdkvfxGef;vSOD;pD;aompdefajymif;wyfcJGrsm; zJG@pnf;avhusifhay;onf? 1949 ckESpf rwfv 9 &ufae@ eHeuf 2 em&DcJGwGif &nfrSef;csuf (1) tjzpf owfrSwfxm;aom ydGKifh0rf;0rf;wl; b,fawmifyHudk uGefref'dkwyfpku 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkkuf&m rdepfydkif;twGif;rSmyif odrf;ydkuf&rdonf? &nfrSef;csuf (1) udkodrf;ydkuf+yD;a=umif;owif;ydk@csdefwGif pdefajymif;wyfcJGu &nfrSef;csuf (2) tjzpf owfrSwfxm;&modk@ armfwm 10 vufjzifh qufwdkufypfcwfonf? odrf;ydkuf+yD;jzpfaom&nfrSef;csuf (1) ESifh &nfrSef;csuf (2) wdk@rSm udkuf 50 cef@om uGma0;I rdrdwyfrsm;wGifvnf; txdtcdkuf&SdcJhonf? armfwmtypf&yfv#ifuGefref'dkwyfcJGrS wyfpkwpku &nfrSef;csuf (2) tm; wdkufcdkufodrf;ydkufonf? xdk@aemuf pdefajymif;wyfcJGu &nfrSef;csuf (3) ae&modk@ ypfcwf+yD;wufa&mufodrf;ydkufonf? xdkwdkufyJGwGif wyfrawmfrS pwD;0yfwifhum; wpD;yg0ifcJhonf? ppfqifa&;tpDtpOfwGif wyf&if; (3) u ydGKifh0rf;0rf;wl;tm; wdkufcdkufI &efoltajcysufcsdefwGif ydGKifh0rf;0rf;wl;.ta&S@ajrmufbuf tkef;yifpkudk trSwf (16) jynfaxmifpkppf&Juvnf;aumif;/ apmfbGm;}uD;ukef;&Sd t*Fvdyfocsõif;udk ucsifwyf&if; (2) uvnf;aumif; wdkufcdkuf&ef jzpfaomfvnf; xdkwyfrsm;wdkufcdkufr_ aemufusI xdkae&mrsm;rS&efolrsm;ypfcwfjcif; cH&aom wyf&if; (3) wGif txdtcdkufrsm;cJhonf?

odk@jzifh rwfvwvvHk; wdkufyJGrsm;jzpfyGm;+yD; {+yDv 4 &ufae@wGif apmbOD;}uD;ESifhtzJG@u tpdk;&ESifhaqG;aEG;&ef tif;pdefrSxGufvm+yD;{+yDv 5 &ufrS 8 &ufae@txd typftcwf&yfpJum aqG;aEG;=uonf? odk@&mwGif ratmifjrifI {+yDv 8 &ufae@ naeydkif;wGif wdkufyJGrsm;jyefvnfpwif jzpfyGm;onf? {+yDv 29 &ufae@wGif wyfrawmfavu tif;pdeftpdk;& txufwef;ausmif;e,fajr/ tif;pdefaxmif. awmifbufe,fajrrsm;udk AHk;}uJwdkufcdkuf+yD; ar,kppfoabFmrSvnf; pufr_ausmif;e,fajr/ urf;em;qefpufrsm; e,fajrwdk@udk tajrmufjzifh ypfcwfwdkufcdkufonf? 14 &ufrS 16 &ufae@twGif; wyfrawmfu wd&dp>mefaq;ukoa&; odyHausmif;udk wdkufcdkufodrf;ydkuf&&Sdonf? arvwGif csif;wyf&if; (1)ESifh (2) wdk@onf r*Fvm'HkbufrS pOfhul;/ azmhuef/ atmifqef;wdk@udk odrf;ydkufvmcJh&m arv 21 &ufae@wGif atmifqef;òr@tvGef pGyfus,fpuf&Sdfautif'Dtdkrsm;udk wdkufcdkufI pGyfus,fpufudk &&Sdonf? odk@jzifh 1949 ckESpf arv 22 &ufae@wGif tif;pdefòr@udk wyfrawmfu t+yD;tydkifodrf;ydkufEdkifcJhayonf?

Tonfwdk@rSm wyfrawmfordkif; pwkw�wJG pmtkyfrS ul,lazmfjycsuf t"dujzpfygonf?usaemfudk,fwdkif rSwfrdaewmuvnf; 1949 ckESpf arv21 &ufnY tif;pdefautif'Dtdkwyfrsm; tif;pdefausm buf&Sdf v_difjrpfudkjzwf+yD;

jrpf0u|ef;ay:a'oodk@ qkwfcGmoGm;a=umif; jzpfygonf? rdrdwdk@ tpdk;&wyfu 1949 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv (1) &ufae@upwifcJhaom tif;pdefwdkufyJGudkarv (22) &ufae@ tif;pdefudk0if+yD; odrf;ydkufvdkufjcif;jzifh +yD;qHk;apcJhygonf?

usaemfonf Tta=umif;rsm;udk jyefvnfa&;om;&if; xdkpOfumvu usaemfESifhtwl ArmhvGwfvyfa&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;twGuf wdkufyJGawGtwl0ifcJh=uonfh olrsm;twGif;rS uG,fvGefukefolrsm;/ usqHk;cJh&olrsm;udk jyefvnfowd& vGrf;qGwfrdygonf?

xdkolrsm;xJwGif Adkvfr�;}uD;wm0efjzifh wyfrawmfwGif wm0efxrf;aqmif+yD; t+idrf;pm;,l+yD;rS uG,fvGefoGm;aom Adkvfr�;}uD;wifarmif(pma&;q&m jrwfxef) udkvnf;aumif;/ tif;pdefwdkufyGJtwGif;rSm usqHk;oGm;&aom csif;aoewfudkifwyf&if; (1) rS wyf&if;r�; 'kAdkvfr�;}uD; [&efoD,dkwdk@udkvnf;aumif; owd&vGrf;qGwf aerdygonf?

Adkvfr�;}uD;wifarmifrSm vlyHk[efu aysmhaysmif;aomfvnf; wdkufyJGwGif;wGif tvGefwnf+idrfoljzpfonf? wm0efay;vdkufv#ifvnf;csufcsif;vdkyif oabmaygufem;vnf+yD; ol@[molvnf; xdk;xGif;vkyfaqmifwwfol jzpfonf? usaemfESifhtwlwJG wdkufcdkufcJh&olrsm;xJwGif usaemfoabmus ESpfoufrdaom wyfr�;aumif;wa,mufjzpfonf?

'kAdkvfr�;}uD; [&efoD,dkkrSm usaemfESifh tif;pdefwdkufyJGtjyif wjcm;wdkufyJGrsm;wGifyg twlwuG eD;eD;uyfuyf yl;wJGaqmif&GufcJhzl;oljzpf+yD;tvGef&JpGrf;owWdESifh jynfh0um abmvHk;uefvnf;aumif;aom usaemf.rdwfaqG &Jabmf}uD;jzpfygonf?

aemufowd&rdolwOD;rSm tif;pdefppfrsufESmwGif a&S@wef;ppfajrjyif wae&mY &efolypfcwfaeaom usnfqHrsm;atmuf rdrdESifhtwltm;vsm;arSmuf+yD; ppfa&;udpPaqG;aEG;t+yD; udkk,fhae&mtoD;oD;odk@ xjyef&mwGif &efol@usnfqHxdrSef usqHk;oGm;&&Smaom wyf&if; (5) rS

29

Adkvfr�;vSaomif; yifjzpfygonf?usaemfESifhwdkufazmfwdkufzuf &Jabmftawmfrsm;rsm; uG,fvGefusqHk;ukef=uaomfvnf; usaemfrSm xdkaoab; trsdK;rsdK;=um;rS

vGwfajrmufcJh+yD; ,cktouf 85 ESpftxd usef;rmpGm&Sdaejcif;rSm usaemfhuH=urRm[kyif ajym&rnfxifygonf?tif;pdefwdkufyJGwdkkufae&pOftwGif; tjcm;tjzpftysufrsm;vnf; wcsdefwnf;vdkvdk ay:aygufaeygonf? {+yDv (4) &ufrS (8) &ufae@txd

0ef}uD;csKyfOD;EkESifh apmbOD;}uD;awG@qHk aqG;aEG;aeI usaemfwdk@tif;pdef ppfrsufESmwGif twdkuftcdkuf &yfpJxm;&ygonf? xdktcsdefwGif om,m0wDbufwGufvnf; jynfòr@rSuGefjrLepfolykef (&JabmfjzL) wyfzJG@u OuUHESifh om,m0wDudk odrf;onf? aemuf om,m0wDe,fudk umuG,faeaomppf&Jwyf&if; (21) vnf; olykefwdk@ESifh ylaygif;oGm;onf?

TwGif usaemfhZeD;vnf; om,m0wD oHk;q,fòr@ olr.rdbrsm;ESifh aexdkifae&mrS rdbrsm;udkygac:um orD;ESpfa,mufESifh twlusaemf&Sd&m r*Fvm'Hkodk@ a&muf&Sdvm=uygonf?

olykefrsm;odrf;xm;aom om,m0wDodk@ wyfrawmf (av) rS Adkvfr�;cif OD;aqmifaom av,mOf (3) pD;onf {+yDv (7) &ufae@wGifoGm;a&mufAHk;}uJwdkufckduf&m atmufrSjyefvnfypfcwfojzifh av,mOfwGifvdkufygvmaom Adkvfr�;pdefrSef usnfoifhIaemufydkif;wGif xdk'%f&mjzifhyifuG,fvGefoGm;ygonf?

1949 ckESpfOD;ydkif;wGif om,m0wD ppfrsufESm/ yJcl;ppfrsufESmwdk@wGif autif'Dtdkwdk@. xdk;ppfrsm; aemufjyefvefoGm;aomfvnf;xdkvefoGm;aomwyfzJG@ tcsdK@wdk@onf 1949 ck {+yDvwGif wjcm;olykefwyfzJG@rsm;jzpfaom ucsifwyf&if; (1) rS awmcdkoGm;aom Adkvfaemfqdkif;tzJG@/rEWav;aròr@rS u&ifwyf&if;rsm;/ aròr@tcsufjyqufoG,fa&; A[dkwyf&if;/ ppf&Jwyf&if; ponfwdk@rS u&ifwyfom;rsm;ESifh aygif;pyfpkpD;+yD; usaemfwdk@. a&Swef;pcef;jzpfaom 'dkufOD;òr@udk wdkufcdkuf&m {+yDv (24) &ufae@wGif 'dkufOD;òr@ u&ifwdk@vufodk@ usa&mufoGm;onf?

'dkufOD;òr@awmifbufwGif trSwf (3) Armhaoewfudkifwyf&if;rS wyfcJGESpfcJG/ trSwfav; ajcvsifwyf&if;rS a*:&cg;wyfcJGwcJG/ trSwf (6)aoewfudkifwyf&if;rS wyfcJGwcJG ponfwdk@&Sd&m xdkwyfrsm;yg qkwfcGmI 'dkufOD;ESifh azmifawmfoD vrf;qHkt=um; &Srf;pk&GmwGif wyfpGJonf?

&Srf;pk&Gmonf &efukefrEWav;um;vrf; rdkifwdkif (81) &Sd vrf;.ta&S@bufwGuf&SdI taemufbufwGif anmifyifom&Gm&Sdonf? xdkrSrdkifwdkif (79) wGif aygufwyifwmqHkac: azmifawmfoDvrf;cJG&Sd&m vrf;.awmifbufwGif Adkvf}uD;&JxGef;OD;pD;aom 25 aygif'g tajrmufESpfvufygonfhtajrmufwyfzJG@&Sdonf?

usaemfwdk@wyf. &Srf;pk&GmcHppfpcef;udk {+yDv (27) &ufae@wGif usaemfudk,fwdkif oGm;a&mufppfaq;=unfh±_@onf? tif;pdefppfrsufESmrSxkwfE_wfEdkifor# tiftm;udkvnf; ydk@ay;cJhonf?

1949 ckESpf {+yDv 28 &ufae@n oef;acgifausmfwGif autif'Dtdkwyfrsm;u &Srf;pk&GmcHppfae&mudk aemufbufrS 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufpD;eif;vdkufonf? xdkwdkufyJGwGif ajcvsifwyf&if; (3) rS t&m&Sdt=uyfwyfom; (100)cef@usqHk;+yD; uwkwf bk&m;}uD;&Gmodk@ qkwfcGmcJh=u&onf?

xdkwdkufyGJwGif rdrdwdk@wyfzJG@0ifrsm; qkwfcGmEdkifa&;twGuf taocHI umypfay;cJhaom wyfom;vSaomif;onf �atmifqef;ol&d,�bGJ@udk &&Sdonf?

xdk&Srf;pk&GmteD;wGif ajcvsifwyf&if; (3) u usqHk;oGm;&aom ppfonftaygif;tm; &nfpl;I vGrf;apwDav;wql wnfxm;cJh=uygonf?uwkwfbk&m;}uD;wGif cHppfpcef;jyifqif&mwGif usaemfudk,fwdkifwufoGm;+yD; cHppfuwkwfpcef;rsm; ae&mcsxm;r_udk pDpOf!ef=um;onf?uwkwfbk&m;}uD;. cHppfudk aemufqHk; *syefppfwyf. cHppfjyifyHk pepfyHkpHtwdkif; vkyfaqmifcJhonf? aemufqHk;tokwf tjzpf *syefrS

jyefvmaom Adkvfr�;wifarmif (jrwfxef) u OD;aqmifaqG;aEG;wifjyonfh yHkpHyifjzpfonf?�rSm rdrdcHppfa'o. E_wfcrf;ywfvnfwGif cHppfuwkwfrsm; wnfaqmuf±Hkr#ru cHppftwGif;ydkif;wGif wyfpkvdkuf/ wyfzJG@vdkuf

cHppf0dkif;uav;rsm;vnf; wnfaqmufxm;onf? twGif;oabmrSm cHppff �awmif;� wvHk;wGif awmif;. E_wfcrf;rsm;wGifom cHppfuwkwfrsm;vkyfxm;onfomru �awmif;� xJwGifvnf; ausmufcJwHk;rsm; xnfhxm;ouJhodk@ cHppf0dkif;uav;rsm; zJG@wnfxm;&m E_wfcrf;udk azmuf0ifvmEdkifonfhwdkif �awmif;� xJwGiff&Sdaom ausmufcJwHk;rsm;ESifh wlaom cHppf0dkif;uav;rsm;udkvnf; tqifhqifh ausmfjzwf&OD;rnfjzpfI rsm;pGmtustqHk;rsm;Edkifonf? TywfvnfcHppfwGif ,cifusaemfwdk@ toHk;ðycJhaom wef;pDIcHaom �rsOf;cHppf� ESifh rwlaomtcsufrsm; ydkrdktm;aumif;aomtcsufrsm;&Sdonf?

�rsOf;cHppf�wGif wef;pDI wyfjzef@aoma=umifh &efolonf c%uav;jzifh xdk;azmufEdkifonf? wzef&efolonf tvHk;t&if;jzifh ausmbufrSvnf; wdkufvdk@&onf?

ywfvnfcHppf. yHko¾mefrSm t&yf&SpfrsufESmodk@vSnfhIjyifqifxm;aom �cHppf0dkif;� yifjzpfonf? wyfcJGvdkuf xdkodk@jyifqifxm;aomcHppf0dkif;wdk@onf wOD;ESifhwOD; ypfcwfr_tultnDay;Edkifonfhtjyif tu,fI xdkcHppf0dkif;wck &efol@vufwGif;odk@ usoGm;apumrl tjcm;cHppf0dkif;wdk@u qufvufckcHEdkifonf? wefjyefxdk;ppfqifEdkifonf? Tenf;jzifh ppfrsufESm. a&S@aemuf0J,m r&Sdawmh/ wae&mwGiftazmufcH&ojzifhusefwyfrsm;qkwf&jcif;/ aemufydkif;rS twdkufcH&ojzifh a&S@ydkif;òy&jcif;[laom rsOf;cHppf. aysmhuGuf/ [muGufwdk@udk z,f&Sm;vdkufjcif;jzpfonf?

TonfrSm �ywfvnfcHppf� . tm;omcsufjzpfonf?uwkwfbk&m;}uD;&Gm w0dkufwGif wyftiftm;xuf0ufausmfudk cHppf0dkif; (3) 0dkif;jzef@xm;+yD; bk&m;}uD;&Gm.awmifbuf udkuf (1000)

cef@&Sd vufckyfuGif;&GmwGif usefwyfrsm;udk um;vrf;r. wzufwcsufY cHppf0dkif;w0dkif;pD csxm;onf? tajrmufudk ta&S@bufcHppf0dkif;Yae&mcsxm;onf? u&ifolykefrsm;onf &Srf;pk&GmwdkufyJGrSm uJhodk@yif cHppf.aemufwef;jzpfaom vufckyfuGif; ta&S@zufjcrf;udk twif;zdwdkuf

30

awmhonf? &efolrsm;twif;xdk; twif;zd0ifvmcsdefwGif rdrdwyfrsm;udk tajrmufrsm;ESifhtwl 0rf;bJtif;ESifh &Gmtaemufjcrf;odk@ qkwfcGmcdkif;+yD;rSxdkqkwfvmaom tajrmufrsm;/ pdefajymif;rsm;tm;vHk;tm;pkI ta&S@jcrf;udk jyefwdkuf&onf? naeapmif; ppfultcsdK@ a&mufvm=uawmh ta&S@jcrf;udk vSHpGyfwufxdk;+yD; vufckyfuGif;&Gmudk jyefodrf;ydkufvdkufygawmhonf? autif'Dtdkrsm; tustqHk;rsm;pGmjzifh qkwfcGmoGm;&ojzifh �[email protected]&Sdeft[kefrSm ±dkufcsdK;jcif;cH&ouJhodk@ jzpfoGm;ygawmhonf? xdkae@rSm 1949 ckESpf arv (3) &ufae@jzpfygonf?

autif'Dtdkwdk@. xdk;ppft&Sdefrsm; usoGm;+yDjzpfaomfvnf; olwdk@odrf;xm;aom e,fajrrsm; trsm;tjym; usefaeygao;onf? wjynfvHk;vJ vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;utp jywfawmufaeygonf? xdk@a=umifh usaemfonf tif;pdefudk arv 21 - 22 &ufrSm odrf;ydkuf+yD;aemuf yJcl;ppfrsufESmodk@ a&muf&SdoGm;ygonf? yJcl;ESifh &efukeft=um; rD;&xm;vrf;onf jywfaeonf? autif'Dtdkolykefwdk@onf xHk;}uD;&Gm}uD;ESifh xdkw0dkufudktcdkiftrmwyfpGJxm;ao;onf? xdka=umifh um;vrf;rSmvnf; tEW&m,fruif;yg? xdk@a=umifh xHk;}uD;udkjyefvnfodrf;ydkuf&ef jyifqif&ygawmhonf?

xkdxHk;}uD;wdkkufyJGwGif yg0ifaomwyfrsm;rSm Armhaoewfudkifwyf&if; (6)/ 25 aygif'gtajrmufwyfpkESifh ajcvsifwyfcJGwcJG o,f,lEdkifonfhb&if;u,f&D,m oHcsyfumum;rsm; yg0ifonf?

TxHk;}uD;wdkufyJG. xl;jcm;csufrSm u,f&D,m,mOfac:onfh trdk;ryg&Sdaom oHcsyf,mOfrsm;udk pwifoHk;pJGjcif;jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifhtustqHk;txdtcdkuf enf;yg;+yD; wdkufyJGrSmvnf; jrefqefcJhonf?

xdkwdkufyJGudk usaemfudk,fwdkif OD;aqmifcJhonf? tajrmufESifh armfwmusnfqHrsm; azmazmoDoDoHk;I &efoluwkwfusif;rsm;udkzsufqD;Edkif=uonf? u,f&D,may:rS pufaoewfypfcwfr_ aemufuG,frS usaemfwdk@wyfom;rsm; vHSpGyfrsm;wyfI r&yfrem;awmufav#muftajy;csDwuf+yD; xdkae&mw0dkufudk odrf;ydkuf&ygonf? &efolu v_yf&Sm;cHppf toGifjzifh cHonf? odk@aomf aemufwae@eHeufapmapmwGif xHk;}uD;rSqkwfcGmoGm;+yD; pmbl;awmif;odk@ qkwfoGm;=u ygawmhonf?

pmbl;awmif;&Gm}uD;rSm &efukef - yJcl;t=um;&Sd vSnf;ul;òr@teD;wGif wnf&Sd+yD; xdktcsdefu awmifil/ tif;pdef/ jynf/ jrpf0u|ef;ay:tp&Sdaoma'orsm;&Sd autif'Dtdkwdk@. qufoG,fa&;vrf;qHk/ ta&;ygt&ma&mufvSaom tajccHpcef;}uD;wckjzpf+yD; wjcm;ae&mrsm;rSqkwfcGmcJh=u&+yD jzpfaomfvnf; xdkpcef;}uD;rS u&ifolykefrsm;onf tnHhrcHbJ }uH@}uH@cdkif cHaeqJjzpfonf?

1949 ckESpf 'DZifbm 18 &ufae@wGif usaemfudk,fwdkif OD;pD;+yD; pmbl;awmif;ppfqifa&;udk pwifqifE$JcJhonf? yg0if=urnfh wyfrsm;rSmAdkvfr�;pdef0if; (aemif rqvacwf 0ef}uD;csKyf) . ajcvsifwyf&if (1)/ Adkvfcspfòrif. aoewfudkifwyf&if; (3)/ Adkvfr�;wifarmif. aoewfudkifwyf&if;(6)/ Adkvfr�;a&mh'&pf. 25 aygif'gtajrmuf (8) vuf/ Adkvf}uD;oDvS. oHcsyfumum;wyf (u,f&D,moHcsyfumum;rsm;ESifh ppf&Jwyfu ðyjyifxm;aom &Sm;rif;trsdK;tpm; oHcsyfumum;}uD; wpD;ESifh pwl;0yftrsdK;tpm; oHcsyfum;i,f 2 pD;wdk@yg0ifonf?) xdkjyif Adkvf}uD;wifatmif.tif*sifeD,mwyfESifh Adkvf}uD;xGef;jrifh. qufoG,fa&;wyfrsm; yg0if=uonf? ppfqifa&;rprD 'DZifbm (17) ae@wGif yg0ifonfhwyfrsm;tm;vHk;vSnf;ul;rSm pk±Hk;xm;&Sdonf?

pmbl;awmif;&GmrSm vSnf;ul;ESifh azmif}uD;oGm;&mvrf;. nmbufwGif&Sd+yD; vSnf;ul;rS 7 rdkiftuGmwGif&Sdonf? u&ifolykefrsm;onfxdkvrf;wav#mufESifh xdkw0dkuf&Sd&Gm;tm;vHk; ywfywfvnfwGif 0g;c|ef/ ajimifh rsm;udk ajccsIr&atmif pdkufjr�Kyfxm;=uonf? usaemfwdk@uu,f&D,m,mOfuav;rsm; tawmfoHk;EdkifIom oufom&m&awmhonf? xdk@jyifvrf;wav#muf&Sd wHwm;rsm;udkvnf; u&ifolykefrsm;u zsufqD;xm;ygonf?

usaemfuppfqifa&; rpwifcif (2) &ufcef@óuI Adkvfr�;wifarmifudk c&D;wdkxdk;azmufwdkufcdkufjcif; S. R . P (Short Range Penetrahon) wck ðyvkyf&ef apv$wfvdkufygonf?

S. R . P ac:c&D;wdkxdk;azmuf wdkufcdkufjcif;qdkonfrSm t=urf;tm;jzifh &efol.a&S@wef; cHppfrsOf;rSjzpfap/ ab;yef;rSjzpfap/ &efol.aemufydkif;odk@ wdwfwqdwfcsDwufjcif;jzpfonf? &efol.aemufydkif;odk@ a&mufv#if ta&;}uD;aomae&m Xmewckckudk0ifa&mufpD;eif; wdkufcdkuf&efjzpfonf? xdkenf;jzifh &efoltm;acsmufcsm;oGm;ap&efESifh tajctae,drf;,dkifoGm;ap&ef &nf&G,fonf? atmifjrifaomtcgwdk@wGif vGefpGmyifxda&mufaom wdkufcdkufenf; jzpfonf?

xdkwyfcGJonf ppfqifa&;rprD (2) &ufcef@ tvdfkrSpI awmvrf;c&D;rS wdwfwqdwfcsDwuf+yD; &efol.a&S@wef;tm; yifrtvHk;t&if;tiftm;jzifhwdkufcdkufonfhtcdsefESifh wcsdefwnf; &efol.aemufydkif;&Sd pmbl;awmif;&Gm}uD;udk armfwmjzifh ypfcwfwdkufcdkuf&ef jzpfonf?

1949 ckESpf 'DZifbm (18) &uf eHeufapmapmwGif usaemfwdk@onf vSnf;ul;rS azmif}uD;oGm;um;vrf;twdkif; csDwufcJh=uonf? &efoluumuif;rsm;ESifh vufajzmifhwyfom;rsm; (Suiper) rsm;udk txyfvdkuf tqifhvdkufcsxm;+yD; �'k� ESifh cHppfcsxm;onf? usaemfwdk@wyfom;rsm;u&ifvufajzmifhwyfom;rsm; vufcsufa=umifhvnf;aumif;/ ajimifhrsm;pl;ukef aoma=umifhvnfaumif; txdtcdkuftustqHk;rsm;onf?

ysufpD;aeaomwHwm;rsm;udk tif*sifeD,mwyfu tylwjyif;jyifqifay;ojzifh ajcvsifwyfrsm; jzwful;vmEdkifonf? u,f&D,mtcsdK@acsmif;twGif;epfukef=u+yD; u,f&D,may:rS &Jabmfrsm;xdkcdkuf usqHk;ukefonf?

usaemfwdk@wyfrsm;onf (6) rdkifcef@txd um;vrf;twdkif; csDwuf&+yD; 6 rdkifta&mufwGif &Gm.ta&S@bufodk@ ppfa=umif;wa=umif;cGJv$wfum ppfa=umif;ESpfa=umif;jzifh ydwfqdk@wdkufcdkuf=uygonf? S. R . P oGm;onfh wyfcGJuvnf; pdefajymif;rsm;ESifh pwifwdkufcdkufygawmhonf?wifhum;rsm;rS pufaoewfrsm;uvnf; ypfulay;ygonf? pdefajymif;ypfcwfr_jzifh ajcvsifwyfrsm; &GmqDudkwjznf;jznf;wdk;wuf=u&m nae (5)em&Dcef@wGif usaemfwdk@wyfrsm; autif'Dtdkwdk@. cHwyf[ktrnf&cJhaom pmbl;awmif;&Gm}uD;wGif;odk@ 0ifEdkifcJh=uonf? xdkwdkufyGJwGif wyfrawmf(av) rS ypfulay;cJhaom av,mOf (1) pD; ysufusqHk;±_H;cJhygonf?

31

&efukefESifh yJcl;t=um; &efol&Sif;oGm;yg+yD?

rdk;óu;ppfqifa&;

1950 ckESpf ZEM0g&DvxJwGif autif'Dtdkwdk@. òr@awmfawmifiludk csDwufodrf;ydkuf&ef jyifqif&ygonf? yg0ifonfhwyfrsm;rSmpmbl;awmif; wdkufyGJwGifyg0ifcJhonfh wyfrsm;tjyif Adkvfr�;Aeful;vf. csif;aoewfudkifwyf&if; (1)/ 'kAdkvfr�;}uD;vsifcsifZef. csif;aoewfudkifwyf&if;(3) wdk@yg yg0ifvmygonf?

xdkppfqifa&;}uD;onf xdktcsdefxd wyfrawmf.ordkif;wav#mufwGif ppfqifa&;pDrHcsuf a&;qGJum pepfwust&SdqHk; ðyvkyfrnfh or±dk;usppfqifa&;}uD; jzpfonf? usaemfudk,fwdkif OD;pD;+yD; ppfqifa&;pDrHcsufrsm; a&;qJG&mwGif ajcvsifwyfESifh wifhum;/ oHcsyfumum; u,f&Dwyfrsm;t=um; [efcsufnDnD yl;aygif;v_yf&Sm;r_/ ajcvsifwyfrsm; c&D;wdkcsDwuf xdk;azmufr_ (SRP) wdk@ yg0ifonf? tajrmufwyfudkvnf; usaemfudk,fwdkif ypfcwfr_pDrHcsuf (Fire Plan) a&;qJG+yD; udk,fwdkifudkifwG,f !¸ef=um;onf? tajrmufwyft&m&Sd wOD;udkvnf; usaemfhteD;rSmyifac:xm;+yD; wdkuf±dkuftrdef@ay; !¸ef=um;ygonf? xdkta=umif;rsm;udk xdkpOfu tajrmufwyft&m&Sd wOD;jzpfonfh Adkvfcifarmifaomif; (rdk;rdk;wma&mpef) u �rkefwdkif;udkrr_ tHwkavaomf� pmtkyfwGif awmfawmfjynfhjynfhpHkpHk a&;xm;wm awG@&ygonf? olu xdkaqmif;yg;rsm;udk 1990ckESpfrsm;wGif a&;om;aoma=umifh (usaemfuuGefjrLepfygwDodk@ a&muf&Sdae+yD jzpfaoma=umifh) usaemfhudk emrnfrazmfjyEdkifbJ wdkif;r�;[koma&;om;azmfjyxm;ygonf? oluusaemfhudk wdkif;r�;onf �rjzpfEdkifwmr&Sdap&/ vlvkyfv#if bmrqdkjzpf&rnf� [laom pdwf"mwfjzifh ZGwfvkyfwwfol[k a&;om;xm;ygonf?

rdk;óu;ppfqifa&;udk 1950 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv 24 &ufae@wGif rdk;óu;ppfqifa&;}uD; pygonf? u&ifolykefrsm;onf xdktcsdefu ¹yefwefqmòr@wGif vufeuf}uD;tawmfrsm;rsm;jzifh tcdkiftrmwyfpJGxm;=uonf? usaemfwdk@u xdkvufeuf}uD;rsm;udk trdt&odrf;qnf;Edkifzdk@ ta&;}uD;onf?xdk@a=umifh ¹yefwefqmudk ESpfbufn�yfIwdkuf&ef pDpOf&onf? usaemfu xdk;rnfhwyftvHk;t&if;udk um;vrf;/ rD;&xm;vrf;twdkif; òr@awmifbufrSzdIwdkufcdkif;onf? Adkvfr�;wifarmif. wyf&if; (6) udk &efol.ausmaemufydkif; ¹yefwefqmESifh anmifav;yift=um; um;vrf;/ rD&xm;vrf;wdk@udkydwfqdk@Iwdkuf&ef pDpOfonf?

xdkuJhodk@ ESpfbufn�yfwdkuf&mwGif usefwyfzJG@toD;oD;uvnf; [efcsufnDnD yl;aygif;Edkifr_a=umifh azazmf0g&D (25) &uf rGef;vGJydkif;wGif¹yefwefqmudk usaemfwdk@wyfrsm; odrf;ydkufvdkufEdkifygonf?

&efolonf tawmfuav; txdemoGm;onf? tustqHk;txdtcdkufrsm;onf? xdk@xufta&; ydk}uD;onfrSm olwdk@. oHcsyfumrD;&xm;/ oHcsyfumum;rsm;/ 6 aygif'gtajrmuf/ 3vuR armfwmtcsdK@ESifh cJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm;udk zrf;qD;&vdkufrdjcif;yif jzpfawmhonf?

T¹yefwefqmwdkufyJGESifhywfoufaom ppfoabmw&m;tcsdK@udk a&;&ygOD;rnf?usaemfwdk@rSm ¹yefwefqmòr@wGif;&Sd autif'Dtdkwdk@. vufeuf}uD;rsm;udk odrf;qnf;&Edkifzdk@vdkonf? Tvdkppfqifa&;rsdK;. oabmrSm

ppfqifolbufwGif wyfrsm;taeESifh wdkufckdufodrf;ydkuf+yD; wyfrsm;pGJrxm;&ao;aom yxrqHk;wdkufyGJjzpf&m wyftiftm;tvHk;t&if; }uD;rm;pGm&Sdaeonf? &efolwdk@bufurl wav#mufvHk; tqifhqifh ae&mtESH@tjym; cHppfwyfpGJxm;&ojzifh ol@wyftiftm; ukefcrf;+yD; t&Hwyfrsm;tvGeftm;enf;aeaom umvrsdK;jzpf&m xdk;ppfqifolbufu rdrdvufxJ&Sdaeaom ppftiftm;}uD;jzifh yxrqHk; &efol@a&S@wef;wyfpcef;rsm;udktvHk;t&if;jzifh 0dkif;&Hydwfqdk@+yD; &efol@bufudk tawmf}uD;xdcdkuf emusifoGm;atmif acsr_ef;wdkufcdkufEdkifayonf?

,ckawmifil �rdk;óu;ppfqifa&;�wGif autif'Dtdkwdk@. a&S@qHk;cHppfpcef;jzpfaom ¹yefwefqmòr@ wdkufyGJwGif usaemfonf txufazmfjyygppfoabmw&m;twdkif; vkyfudkifcJhjcif;jzpfonf?

autif'Dtdkwdk@. ¹yefwefqmòr@udk usaemf. tiftm;}uD;rmvSaomwyfjzifh a&S@wnfhwnfhrS wdkufcdkuf±Hkr#ru ¹yefwefqmò[email protected] rdrd.wyfrsm;u xdk;azmuf+yD; aemufydkif;ESifh ab;bufrsm;uyg av;buf0dkif;&H+yD; wdkufcdkufygawmhonf?

autif'Dtdkwyf tpdwfpdwfòyuGmoGm;+yD;aemuf �wdk@. ajcvsifwyfrsm; wa,mufpD/ ESpfa,mufpD tpkpkuGJ+yD; 0dkif;xm;aomppfajrjyifrStawmfrsm;rsm; vGwfajrmufoGm;=uonf? udk,fhwdkif;jynfol tcsif;csif;=um;jzpfonfh jynfwGif;ppfyJGjzpfojzifh ta&ma&mtaESmaESmjzpfumt&yfom;rsm;ESifh a&maxG;vGwfajrmuf xGufajy;oGm;Edkifjcif jzpfayonf? odk@aomfvnf; o,f,l&efcufcJaom pdefajymif;/ armfwmESifh 6aygif'gumypftajrmuf ponfrsm; rD;&xm;/ oHcsyfumum;rsm;/ cJ,rf;rD;ausmuf ponfh �wdk@xHwGif &Sdaeaom vufeuf}uD;tm;vHk; usaemfwdk@odrf;qnf; &rdvdkufonf?

¹yefwefqmòr@0ef;usifrSm E_wfcrf;ar$;rsm; xGufaeouJhodk@ um;xGuf+yD; us,fjyef@aeojzifh usaemfwdk@wyfrsm;u òr@udkaphaphpyfpyfr0dkif;Edkifojzifh olwdk@ajcvsifwyfom;rsm; tawmfvGwfajrmufoGm;&jcif; jzpfayonf?

xdk@a=umifh awmifilodk@ csDwuf&mvrf;r}uD; yGifhoGm;ygawmhonf?xdkyJGwGif usaemf.axmufvSrf;a&;wm0efcH Adkvf}uD;pdk;rif; usqHk;oGm;ygonf? usaemfuol@udk a&S@wef;ppfajrjyifodk@v$wfI pHkprf;axmuf

vSrf;a&;vkyf&ef apcdkif;cJhjcif;jzpfygonf? oluvnf;aemufwef;±Hk;wGif rxdkifcsif a&S@wef;oGm;&efom awmif;qdkaeojzifh v$wfvdkuf&jcif;jzpfonf?*syefjyefav;jzpfI vlawmfav;jzpfygonf? usaemfvnf; tawmfESajrm pdwfraumif;jzpfrdonf?

&efolonf ¹yefwefqmrS qkwfcGm+yD;aemuf ckcHr_r&Sdoavmufyif jzpfcJhonf? vrf;wav#muf&Sd òr@rsm;udk wòr@+yD;wòr@ 0ifodrf;=uonf?

32

òr@olòr@om;rsm;vnf; 0rf;omtm;& xGufóu=u/ pm;bG,faomufbG,frsm; a0iSay;urf;=uygonf?1950 ckESpf rwfv (5) &ufae@rSm autif'Dtdkrsm; tvHk;t&if;ESifh &Sdaeao;onfqdkaom �jzL;� òr@odk@ u,f&D,mrsm;jzifh usaemfonf

Adkvfr�;cspfòrif/ Adkvfr�;wifarmifwdk@ESifh twl 0ifa&mufoGm;cJhygonf? òr@onf wpjyifuJhodk@ wdwfqdwfae+yD; tdrfwdkif;vnf; wcg;rsm;ydwfxm;ygonf?vl&dyfvla,mifvnf; rawG@&yg? r=umrDrSmyif "m;'%f&mrsm;jzifh aoqHk;ae=uaom tavmif;rsm;udk tpkvdkuftðyHvdkuf awG@&ygawmhonf?usaemfwdk@tm;vHk; t}uD;tus,f xdcdkufwkefv_yf oGm;ygonf? u&ifolykefrsm;onf jzL;rStqkwf òr@olòr@om;rsm;udk owfjzwfoGm;jcif; jzpfygonf?usaemfrSwfrdoavmuf tavmif;aygif; 200 ausmfcef@&Sdygonf? TudpPudk �jrefrmhtoH� rS AdkvfAudku toHv$ifh ajym=um;&mwGif �Tjzpf&yfa=umifh oifwdk@ Armjynfolrsm;t=um;wGif &yfwnf&ef cufcJacs+yD� [k ajymqdkoGm;cJhonf?

xdk@a=umifh usaemfwdk@r&yfrem; qufvufcsDwuf=u&m rwfv 19 &uf nae 5 em&Dcef@wGif &efol. tenf;i,fr#aom ckcHr_udkwGef;z,fI awmifilòr@udk odrf;ydkufvdkufygonf? u&ifolykefrsm; oHawmifa'oodk@ qkwfcGmoGm;&m rdw�DvmY zrf;rdcJhaom ajrmufydkif;wdkif;r�;Adkvfr�;}uD;armifarmifESifh tzJG@udkvnf; �wdk@ESifhtwl ac:aqmifoGm;ygonf? usaemfwdk@awmifilodrf;+yD; wywfcef@em;=uygonf? TtwGif;AdkvfcsKyfae0if; a&S@wef;odk@ a&muf&Sdvmygonf? olu TuJhodk@ rsufESmxGufjyonfh tvkyfrsdK;udk aumif;aumif;vkyfwwfygonf?

awmifilòr@udk&&Sd+yD;aomfvnf; ò[email protected]ðcHr_twGuf teD;ywf0ef;usifudk qufvuf&Sifvif;&tHk;rnf? xdk@a=umifh awmifilwGif wywfcef@em;+yD; usaemfonf Adkvfr�;wifarmifESifh ol.wyf&if; (6) ESifhtwl oHawmifum;vrf;twdkif; csDwuf=u&jyefonf? tif;wdkifukef;wGif [email protected];wpD; tajrmufxd+yD; &yfoGm;&m oHcsyfumum;udka&m txJ&Sd&Jabmfrsm;udka&m u,fq,f&ef óu;pm;&m aemufxyf&Jabmfrsm;tustqHk; rsm;vmojzifh vufav#mhvdkkuf+yD; naeapmif;vmrS tajrmufrsm;pkypfay;&m xdkoHcsyfumum;xJrS wOD;wnf;touf&Sifusef&pfaom&Jabmfwa,muf oHcsyfumum;trdk;zGifhI xGufajy;vGwfajrmufvmygonf? usaemfwdk@tajrmuf ypfay;onfh&nf&G,fcsufuvnf; oHcsyfumum;xJu touf&Sifaeol&Sdu xGufvmEdkifatmifyif jzpfonf? xdknu usaemfwdk@awmifilodk@ ajcukefvufyef;us+yD; jyefvm&ygonf?

awmifilywf0ef;usifudk qufvuf&Sif;vif;&mrSm xef;wyifa'o ppfqifa&;vkyf&ef vdktyfvmygonf? usaemfudk,fwdkif OD;pD;&efjyifqif&mwGif awmifilwGifzGJ@pnf;rnfhwyfr[mXmecsKyf. wyfr[mr�;tjzpfa&mufvmaom Adkvfr�;}uD;wifaz (aemifawmfvSefa&;aumifpD0ifAdkvfr�;csKyf)uvnf; vdkufygvmygonf? usaemfwdk@onf eHeuft±k%fOD;wGif awmifilrS pwifxGufcJh&m reufrdk;vif;wmESifh acsmif;uav;wckudk a&mufvmonf? xdkacsmif;udk tif*sifeD,mwyfu wHwm;uav;wck tjrefcif;ay;ygonf? usaemfwdk@xdkacsmif;udk ul;t+yD; rvSrf;rurf;&Sd 'dk;aomif&Gmudkodrf;ydkufzdk@ csDwuf&efpD;pOf =uygonf? xdktwGif;acsmif;ab;&Sd awmifukef;uav;wckay:rS &efollonf armfwmjzifhpxkygawmhonf? tif*sifeD,mwyfrS Adkvf}uD;wifatmifrSm wHwm;jyifae&if; armfwmrsm;usvm&m rsufvHk;rSm'%f&m&oGm;ygawmhonf? aemufwcsD armfwmrsm;usvmaomtcgoHcsyfumum;ab;rS a&S@csDwufaeaom &Jabmfrsm;udk rSefajymif;ESifh=unfhaerdaom usaemhfudk xdygawmhonf? usaemfhnmzufaygifudk armfwmusnfqH rSefjcif;jzpfonf?

usaemfESifhAdkvf}uD;wifatmifwdk@tm; u,f&D,mwpD;ay: wifay;=u+yD; awmifilodk@ jyefydk@ay;=uygonf? usefolrsm;u xef;wyifòr@udkqufvufcsDwuf=u+yD; xkdae@naeapmif;rSmyif xef;wyifòr@udk odrf;ydkufvdkuf=u ygawmhonf?

rdk;óu;ppfqifa&;}uD;vnf; +yD;qHk;oGm;cJhay+yD? Tppfqifa&;}uD; wav#mufwGif jyef=um;a&;tzJG@rS "mwfyHkq&m udkrsdK;jrifhonf usaemfwdk@wyfzJG@rsm;ESifhtwl vdkufygvm+yD; ±kyf&Sif±dkuful;ygonf? xdk±kyf&Sifowif;um;rsm; wyfrawmfarmfuGef;wdkufwGif &SdEdkifygonf?

usaemhf'%f&mrSm rjyif;xefvSyg? tom;yJ&SyfxdwmjzpfI aygifwGifwxGmcef@ +yJoGm;±Hkom &Sdygonf? awmifiljyefa&muf+yD; temudkaq;xnfh csKyfvkyf+yD;wmESifh usaemfppfqifa&;vufpodrf; vkyfief;rsm;udk qufvufvkyfaqmif &ygonf? wywfcef@vkyfaqmif+yD;rS r*Fvm'Hkodk@av,mOfjzifh jyefvmcJhygonf?

r*Fvm'Hkav,mOfuGif;wGif rdwfaqGtaygif;toif; tawmfrsm;rsm; vma&mufóuqdkae=uygonf? xdktxJwGif ppf±Hk;csKyfrS Adkvfr�;}uD;atmif}uD; (aemif Adkvfr�;csKyf) ESifh &efukefaq;±Hk}uD;rS a'gufwmboef; (aemif aq;wuUodkvf 1 ygaruQcsKyf) wdk@yg0if=uygonf? usaemfh'%f&mrSmtawmfusufpðyae+yDjzpfI aq;±Hkodk@rac:oGm;awmhbJ usaemfhr*Fvm'Hktdrfodk@yJ jyefvmcJhygonf? a'gufwmboef;rSm usaemfhtdrftxd vdkufvm+yD;tdrfwGif'%f&mudk zGifh=unfhygonf? '%f&mcsKyfxm;wmudk=unfh+yD; �'garmifarmifoef;vuf&myJ� [k qdkygonf? wu,fvnf; usaemfh'%f&mudkcsKyfay;vdkufolrSm awmifilòr@wGif pcef;csxmaom aq;wyfrS wyfr�;Adkvfr�;armifarmifoef; (aemif r*Fvm'Hkppfaq;±Hk aq;±Hktkyf}uD;) yifjzpfygonf?�rSm a'gufwmboef;. wynfh&if;vnf;jzpfI q&mjzpfolu wynfh.vuf&mudk rSwfrdaejcif; jzpf[efwlygonf? Adkvfr�;armifarmifoef;rSmE_wfenf;vSaom vlat;wOD;jzpfaomfvnf; wm0efudkrl tvGefod+yD; aus¹yefatmif xrf;aqmifwwfol wOD;jzpfygonf? aemifusaemf w±kwfjzLppfqifa&;rsm; vkyfaqmifaomtcgYvnf; a&S@wef;aq;r�;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhygonf?

usaemfh'%f&mrS csKyf±dk;ðzwf+yD;aemuf usaemfajcaxmhusdK;jzifh vrf;pav#mufEdkifonfESifh ±Hk;jyefwufum wdkufcdkufodrf;ydkuf+yD; e,fajrrsm;wnfwef@wnf+idrfatmif vkyf&ygonf? usaemfhrSm xdkpOfawmifydkif;wdkif; ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;r�;wm0efomru yJcl;wdkif; wdkif;rif;}uD;&mxl;udkvnf;wGJzufudkifwG,f+yD; e,ftkyfcsKyfa&; vkyfief;rsm;udk yl;wJGvkyfaqmif ae&ygonf?

wdkif;jynftajctae tawmfwnf+idrf aumif;rGefvmonfhtcg 1950 ckESpf ESpfukefydkif;wGif usaemftvGef yifyef;EGrf;e,fvmojzifhaq;cGifh (6) v,l+yD; rdw�DvmwGif oGm;I tem;,laexdkif cJhygonf?

xdktcsdef usaemfom;orD; oHk;a,muf&Sdaeygonf? tif;pdefwdkufyJGumvrsm;twGif; 1949 ckESpf =o*kwfvwGif usaemfhom;}uD;atmifausmfaZm (udkjrarmif) udk r*Fvm'HkrSm arG;zGm;ygonf?

33

usaemfonf rdom;pkESifhtwlrdw�DvmrSm oGm;a&mufaexdkif&m 1951 ck azzmf0g&DvwGif rdw�DvmwGif &SdaepOfrSmyif'kwd,om; ausmfaZmOD;(udkcdkifatmif) udkarG;zGm;ygonf? ol@arG;+yD; vom;t&G,frSmyif usaemfr*Fvm'Hkodk@ cGifh&ufaphI jyefvmcJhygonf? usaemfcGifhoGm;aepOf usaemfhae&mudkAdkvfr�;}uD;vSatmif (aemif awmifwuftoif; OuUX) u ,m,D0if,lygonf?

usaemfr*Fvm'Hkjyefa&muf+yD; r=umcifrSmyif AdkvfcsKyfae0if;uac:I wm0efwckay;ygonf? usaemf 49 ckESpf autif'Dtdkwdkuf&efawmifydkif;wm0ef v$Jajymif;,l&pOf ajrmufydkif;wdkif;r�;jzpfoGm;aom Adkvfr�;}uD;armifarmif (aemif Adkvfrª;csKyf) onf ppfpcef;rsm;udk vSnfhvnf=unfh±_aepOf rdw�DvmY autif'Dtdkwdk@. tzrf;cHoGm;&onf? olESifhtwl t&m&SdtcsdK@vnf;ygoGm;ygonf? xdk 1951 ckESpf uolwdk@tm; autif'[email protected]&ifjynfe,f a&odk;}uD;&GmwGif csKyfaESmifxm;&m 1951 ckESpf ZGefvtwGif; uGefrif'dkwyfzJG@av;wzJG@jzifh 0ifa&mufu,fwif&m atmifjrifpGmu,fwifEdkif+yD;rS tiftm;}uD;rm;pGmESifh vdkufwdkufojzifh jyefvnfzrf;rdoGm;ygonf? oGm;u,fonhftzJG@u vltcsdK@vnf; usqHk;usefcJhygonf?aemufolwdk@wawG ydkrdkacsmifusaom abm*vdodk@ a&$@ajymif;csKyfaESmif xm;vdkufygonf? xdktajctaersm;udk AdkvfcsKyfae0if;u usaemfhudkajymjy+yD;ume,farmifarmifwdk@udkawmh olwdk@owfypf=uawmhrnf? xdk@a=umifh ume,farmifarmifu,fwifa&;udk usaemfudk,fwdkif acgif;aqmifuGyfuJ+yD;vkyfaqmifay;yg&ef ajym=um;vmygonf?

xdk@a=umihf usaemfonf &efukefbaqGtm;ac:,l+yD; tajctaet&yf&yfudk ar;jref;avhvmygonf? ajryHkudkcs+yD;awmhvnf; tao;pdwfavhvm=unfhygonf? xdk@aemuf usaemfonf Adkvfr�;}uD;armifarmifESifhtzJG@ u,fwifa&; ppfaoe*FAsL[mudk csrSwfygonf?

usaemfrSwfrdoavmuf xdkpDrHudef;.twdkcsKyfrSm u,fwifa&;vkyfief;udk wdkuf±dkufrvkyfbJ oG,f0dkufaom aoe*FAsL[menf;jzifhomu,fwif&efpDpOfygonf?

Adkvfr�;}uD;armifarmifwdk@ u,fwifa&; ppfv_yf&Sm;r_rprD olwdk@udkzrf;csKyfxm;aom ae&m. taemufbuf (ajryHkt& ta&Sbuf) rdkif4 - 5 q,ftuGmwGif wyfpcef;pJGxm;aom autif'Dtdkwdk@. A[dkXmecsKyfpcef;}uD;udk rdrdwdk@wyfrawmfrS ppfqifa&;t}uD;pm;vkyf+yD; csDwufwdkufcdkufrnfh �[efjyppfqifa&;� }uD; vkyfaepOfumvwGifrS &efukefbaqGwdk@ OD;pD;aom u,fwifa&; ajymufusm;wyfzJG@u Adkvfr�;armifarmifwdk@tzJG@udkzrf;csKyfxm;aom pcef;udk 0if+yD;wdkufckdufxdk;okwf u,fwif&efjzpfonf?

xdkodk@pDpOf+yD;aemuf u,fwifa&; ppfqifa&;}uD;udk pwifygawmhonf? xdkppfqifa&;udk awmifila'o&Sd ArmhwyfrawmftrSwf (2)ajcjrefwyfr[mrS wyfr[mr�; Adkvfr�;}uD;apmjrifhu aemufwef;rSaeI uGyfuJtkyfcsKyfpDrHygonf? yg0ifaomwyfrsm;rSm ajcvsifwyfcJG 4 cJGyg&SdaomtrSwf (3) Armhaoewfudkifwyf&if; (�wyf&if;rSm 1945 - 46 u bDtdkifat wyfom;a[mif;rsm;jzifh usaemfpwifzJG@pnf; udkifwG,fcJhaomwyf&if;) ESifh &efukefbaqGacgif;aqmifaom ajymufusm;wyfzJG@wzJG@ wdk@yifjzpfonf? tm;vHk;udk usaemfu ðcH+yD;OD;pD;ygonf?

ppfqifa&;wGif Adkvfr�;}uD;armifarmifwdk@ wdkuf±dkufu,fwifa&;udk Adkvfr�;}uD;apmjrifhESifh a&S@wef;&Sd &efukefbaqGwdk@udk wdkuf±dkufuGyfuJap+yD;usaemfu autif'DtdkA[dkXmecsKyf}uD;udk wdkuf±dkufwdkufcdkufodrf;ydkufa&; �[efjywdkufcdkufa&;� udk Armhwyfrawmfav wyfqG,fESifhaygif;Ivkyfaqmifygonf?

usaemfonf oHawmifESifh abm*vd}uD;udkvnf; [efjywdkufcdkufa&; vkyfcJhao;onf xifygonf? (wu,fawmh 1953 ckESpfusrSppfqifa&;}uD;w&yf qifE$J+yD; odrf;ydkufEdkifygonf?) wcsdefwnf;rSmyif autif'Dtdkwdk@. A[dkppfXmecsKyf pcef;}uD;udk OD;wnf+yD; �A[dkpcef;}uD;&Sd&mabm*vda'o. autif'Dtdkwdk@. tjyifumuG,fa&;pcef;rsm;udk pwifwdkufcdkuf&ef jyifqif+yD; �pcef;}uD;udkvnf; avwyfrS av,mOfjzifhaumif;uifrS0J+yD; axmifhtrsdK;rsdK;u ava=umif;"mwfyHk ±dkufapygonf? usaemfwdk@bufu yxr OD;wnfwdkufcdkufrnfh &efolA[dkpcef;}uD;udkumuG,fxmaom pcef;i,frsm;udkyg ava=umif;rS "mwfyHk±dkuful;apygonf? �vkyfenf;rSm ArmhwyfrawmfrS wdkufyGJ}uD;rsm;wGif ppfqifa&;}uD;rsm;rprD pDrHudef;qJG&eftwGuf wdkufrnfh&efol@a'o pcef;ae&mrsm;udk aumif;uifrS "mwfyHk±dkuf,l axmufvSrf; =unfh±_&mwGif vkyfavhvkyfx&Sdaomvkyfenf;jzpfygonf? xdkwdkufrnfh&efol@pcef;ESifh 0ef;usifa'orsm; tay:odk@vnf; avwyfav,mOfjzifh a=umfnmpm&Gufrsm;udk }uJcsygao;onf?xdka=umfnmrSm - rdrdwdk@wyfrawmfu oifwdk@udk wdkufcdkufawmhrnf? oifwdk@taocH+yD; ckcHwdkufcdkufraebJ rdrdwdk@wyfrawmfodk@ vufeufrsm;cs=u&efESifh vufeufcsolrsm;udk aumif;pGmapmifha&Smufrnf æ ponfrsm; a&;om;xm;ygonf? xdkpOfu usaemfwdk@vkyfavhvkyfx&Sdonfhtwdkif;&efol@pdwf"mwfusatmif +cdrf;ajcmufxm;aom pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;jzpfygonf? aemuf &efol@A[dkumuG,fa&; pcef;udkvnf; p+yD;wdkufygawmhonf?xdktcg u&ifolykefrsm;onf wjcm;bmudpPrS rpOf;pm;/ rumuG,fEdkifawmhbJ olwdk@A[dkpcef; umuG,fa&;udkom t"dutm±Hkxm; vHk;yef;vm=uygonf?

xdkwcsdefwnf;rSmyif Adkvfr�;}uD;apmjrifhESif h &efukefbaqGwdk@ wyfzJG@u Adkvfr�;}uD;armifarmifwdk@tzJG@ u,fwifa&; wdkufyJGudkpwifwdkufcdkuf&m aumif;pGmatmifjrifxajrmuf+yD; xdktzJG@rSm 1951 ckESpf =o*kwfv 21 &ufaehwGif vGwfajrmuf vmygawmhonf?

xdkaemuf usaemfvnf; &efol@A[dkpcef;udk [efjywdkufcdkkufaer_udk &yfpJvdkuf+yD; ppfqifa&;udk acwW&yfqdkif; vdkufygawmhonf?

1

pwkwˆwGJ- EkdifiHjcm;c&D;rsm;pwkwˆwGJ- EkdifiHjcm;c&D;rsm;pwkwˆwGJ- EkdifiHjcm;c&D;rsm;pwkwˆwGJ- EkdifiHjcm;c&D;rsm;pwkwˆwGJ- EkdifiHjcm;c&D;rsm;

w±kwfjzLjy\emw±kwfjzLjy\emw±kwfjzLjy\emw±kwfjzLjy\emw±kwfjzLjy\em1? AkdvfcsKyfae0if; taemufEkdifiHrsm;okd@ c&D;xGufjcif;1? AkdvfcsKyfae0if; taemufEkdifiHrsm;okd@ c&D;xGufjcif;1? AkdvfcsKyfae0if; taemufEkdifiHrsm;okd@ c&D;xGufjcif;1? AkdvfcsKyfae0if; taemufEkdifiHrsm;okd@ c&D;xGufjcif;1? AkdvfcsKyfae0if; taemufEkdifiHrsm;okd@ c&D;xGufjcif;1949ckESpf/ Zlvkdif-=o*kwfvrSm ppfOD;pD;csKyf AkdvfcsKyfae0if;onf +AdwdefESifh tar&duefEkdifiHrsm;okd@ oGm;a&mufcJhyg onf? TonfrSm

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Tokd@ AkdvfcsKyfae0if; c&D;xGufoGm;jcif; udpPrSpI usaemfhb0ukd t}uD;tus,f tajymif;tvJ jzpfaprnfh udpP}uD;wck pwifawG@}uHKvm&ygawmhonf?

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‚0,f,l&&Sdaom vufeufusnfqHrsm;txJwGif Armjynf jynfwGif;ppft&Sdefukd rsm;pGm,kwfavsmh usqif;xdckdufaprnfh vufeufwrsdK; yg0if&m/ ‚ukd awmif;qkdwifjyaom pm&if;twkdif;eD;yg; &&SdcJhojzifh tpkd;&twGuf rsm;pGmtusdK;&SdcJhayonf?

xkdvufeufrSm acG;oGm;pdwf csdef;}udK;ESifh armif;Ekdifaom armif;oltyg vl (6) a,mufpD;/ trdk;rygaom yufvufoHcsyfum,mOfuav;rsm; jzpfonf? xkdoHcsyfum ,mOfuav;aygif;tpD; (200) ESpf&mausmf &&SdcJhayonf? xkd,mOfuav;ukd &Jabmfrsm;u‘csdef;yufvuf’[k ac:=uonf?

‚,mOfuav;rsm;onf Armjynf. awmawmifxlxyfaomae&m/ &$H@EGHxlxyfaomae&mwkd@rSwyg; rnfonfhae&mwGifrqkdarmif;Ekdifonf? ajcvsifwyf vufeufi,f usnfrsm;ukdvnf; umuG,fEkdif&m ajcvsifwyf vufeufi,ffrsm;ukdom udkifpGJEkdifonfh olykefrsm;ESifh&ifqkdif&mwGif tpkd;&wyftzkd@ wyef;omaeayonf? ‚,mOfuav; oGm;Ekdifonfh ajrjyef@rsm;/ qifajcavsm awmifurlponfwkd@wGifolykefwkd@ukd tpkd;&ppfwyftaeESifh xkd,mOfuav;rsm;ESifh xkd;azmufEkdifojzifh olykefwkd@tzkd@ tpkd;&wyfukd tefwk+yD; ae&m,lppfyGJ rqifE$JEkdifawmhbJ t"duajymufusm;ppfyGJtqifhokd@ av#mhcsvkduf=u&ygawmhonf?

xkdcsdef;yufvufoHcsyfum ,mOfuav; (25) pD;ay:wGif oHcarmufaqmif;xm;aom ajcvsifwyfcGJwcGJukd ,mOfwpD; vl (5) a,mufpDr# wif+yD;/ aemufuwyfwcsdK@ESifh olykefwkd@. ae&mpGJxm;aom wyfpcef;wkd@ukd xkd;ppfqif+yD; wyfpGJap&m olykefwkd@rSm rckcHEkdifawmhbJqkwfcGmxGufajy;+yD;/ tajccs pcef;rxm;Ekdifaom ajymufusm;ppfb0okd@ a&muf&SdoGm;+yD; awmawmifrsm;odk@om trSDjyK=u&ygawmhonf?olwkd@onf +rdK@&Gm vlaersm;aom a'owkd@wGif txifu& wyfrpGJEkdifawmhay?

olykefrsm;taeESifh wkdufyGJrsm;twGif; ‚csdef;yufvuf,mOfrsm;teD;okd@ csOf;uyf+yD; xkdtrdk;rygaom ,mOfay:vufypfAHk;ypfoGif;Ekdifv#if xkd,mOfrS vufypfAHk;'%fa=umifh &yfqkdif;oGm;Ekdif+yD; xkd,mOfukdyif olwkd@odrf;qD;Ekdfifayonf? okd@aomf olwkd@xkdokd@rvkyfEkdifay?

okd@jzifh Armjynf jynfwGif;ppfrSm n‡dK;ajcmuftm;enf;vm&ayonf? Tokd@n‡dK;ajcmufvm&aom ta=umif;wGif EkdifiHa&;&mta=umif;onf t"dujzpfaomfvnf; ppfr_a&;&mwGif xkdt*Fvdyfwkd@u ay;aomvufeufrsm;onf t"du ta=umif;w&m; jzpfonf? tdENd,uae±l;tpkd;&uvnf; 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek. arwWm&yfcHcsuft& vufeuftawmfrsm;rsm; ay;tyfvmygonf? xkd@jyif t*Fvdyfwkd@u ArmEkdifiHukdacs;aiGtrsm;tjym;vnf; xkwfay;cJhygonf?

TwGif usaemfonf Armjynf. tajctaeukd jyefvnfpOf;pm;vmrdonf? ,cifu usaemf. xifjrifr_rSm Armjynfukd tkyfpdk;&mwGift*Fvdyfwkd@u olwkd@pdwf}udKufqufvuf v$rf;rkd;Ekdif&ef olwkd@ t*Fvdyfrsm;udk vkdvm;aom u&ift rsdK;om;rsm;ukdom ulnDzefwD;ay;vdrfhrnf[lIjzpfygonf? xkd@a=umifh u&iftrsdK;om;wkd@. ykefuefr_ukd usaemfhtaeESifh e,f csJ@t*Fvdyf. ya,m*tjzpf =unfhjrif+yD; usaemfOD;aqmif+yD;wkdufckdufESdrfeif;cJhjcif; jzpfayonf?

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TumvtwGif; 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Eku jrpf0u|ef;ay:t&yfrsm;okd@ oabFmESifh pnf;±Hk;a&;xGuf&mwGif usaemfhukdyg ac: oGm;ygonf?OD;Ekonf oGm;av&m&mukd aA’ifq&mrsm;/ euQwfq&mrsm; w±kef;±kef;ESifh oGm;vmae+yD;/ tcsdefem&Dutp xkdq&mrsm; . nef=um;csufrsm;ukdcH,laejcif;/ wkdif;a&;jynfa&; aqG;aEG;ajymqkdaer_rsm;xuf bk&m;&Sdckd;csdef/ ykwD;pdwfcsdefu rsm;aejcif;/ wcgw&H ta&;}uD;udpPrsm;jzpfaeaomfvnf;

2

olbk&m;&Sdckd;+yD;csdefrsm;txd apmiffhpkdif;ae&jcif; pwmrsm;ukd usaemf jrifawG@vm&ygonf? T OD;Ek. EkdifiHa&;orm;/ wkdif;jynfacgif;aqmifrqefr_rsm;tay: usaemfpdwfysufvmygonf? xkd@a=umifh usaemfu OD;Ekukd cyfwef;wef;yif qufqHrdygonf? OD;Eku Tc&D;wGif usaemfhukdac:oGm;jcif;rSm ol@bufom;tjzpf odrf;oGif;&ef &nf&G,fyHk &onf? okd@aomf Tc&D;u jyefvm+yD;aemuf usaemfESifhOD;Ek. qufqHa&;rSmtawmfyif wef;oGm;ygawmhonf?

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xkd@a=umifh usaemf AkdvfcsKyfae0if;xHoGm;+yD; ukd}uD;jrifhukd v$wfay;yg&ef yef=um;ygonf? ukd}uD;jrifhrSm B.I.A (bDtkdifat) wyfrª;}uD;jzpfcJh&mrS 1943ckESpf/ bDtkdifatwyfrsm;ukd B.D.A (bD'Dat) okd@ ajymif;&mwGif AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u bDtkdifatrS wcsdK@wyfrª;rsm;ukd bD'Datodk@rajymif;apbJ tjyift&yfom;tjzpf ae&pfap+yD; *syefawmfvSefa&;twGuf jyifqifvkyfaqmifap&mwGif olonf AkdvfcsKyf. nef=um;csuftwkdif;bD'Datwyfrª;tjzpf rajymif;awmhbJ tjyift&yfom;tjzpf qif;qif;&J&J aexkdif um *syefawmfvSefa&; vkyfcJholjzpfa=umif;? &efukefwuUokddvftif*sifeD,m ausmif;om;vnf;jzpfa=umif; ponfwkd@ukd usaemfu AkdvfcsKyfae0if;ukd ajymjy+yD; v$wfay;yg&ef yef=um;ygonf?

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3

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4

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2? usaemf. EkdifiHjcm;c&D;rsm; usaemf. EkdifiHjcm;c&D;rsm; usaemf. EkdifiHjcm;c&D;rsm; usaemf. EkdifiHjcm;c&D;rsm; usaemf. EkdifiHjcm;c&D;rsm;(u)(u)(u)(u)(u)rav;&Sm;ESifhpuFmylokd@-rav;&Sm;ESifhpuFmylokd@-rav;&Sm;ESifhpuFmylokd@-rav;&Sm;ESifhpuFmylokd@-rav;&Sm;ESifhpuFmylokd@-1952ckESpf arvtwGif;wGif/ usaemfacgif;aqmif+yD; ppfrpf&SiftzGJ@uav;wzGJ@onf puFmylESifh rav;&Sm;&Sd ppfbufqkdif&m

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xkdtzGJ@ukd acgif;aqmiftjzpf usaemfu wm0ef,l+yD; useftzGJ@0ifrsm;rSm Akdvfrª;}uD;ausmfpkd;/ 'kAkdvfrª;}uD;armifbkdESifh 'kAkdvfrª;}uD;wifarmif (pma&;q&m jrwfxef) wkd@ jzpf=uonf? usaemfonf xkdpOfu Akdvfrª;csKyf&mxl;ESifh awmifykdif;wkdif; ppfXmecsKyf. wkdif;rª;jzpfaeonf?avhvmcsdefrSm &ufowW (2) ywfom jzpfonf?

Akdvfrª;}uD; ausmfpkd;ESifh 'kAkdvfrª;}uD; armifbkdwdk@ukd puFmylwGif avhvm&ef xm;cJh=u&+yD; usaemfESifh ukdwifarmifrSm rav;&Sm;okd@oGm;avhvmygonf? rav;&Sm;wGifvnf; usaemfESifh ukdwifarmifwkd@vlcsif;cGJ+yD; avhvm&ygonf? uGmvmvrfyl&Sd +Adwdo#wyfr[mXmecsKyfwGifusaemfu usef&pf+yD; ukdwifarmifuawmh +Adwdo#wyfcGJwck&Sd&m awm&Gmav;w&Gmokd@ qufvufxGufcGmoGm;ygonf?

rav;&Sm;wGif usaemfavhvmaepOf usaemfhb0wGif rarhEkdifaom tjzpftysufwck awG@}uHK&ygonf? ‚rSm rav;&Sm;tpkd;&uwae@ tcrf;tem;npm pm;yGJwck usif;yygonf? xkdnpmpm;yGJukd wufa&muf&ef usaemfhtm;vnf; zdwfojzifh usaemfwufa&mufcJhygonf?xkdnpm pm;yGJY usaemfhab;uyfvsuf xkdifolwOD;rSm rav;&Sm;okd@ wm0efESifha&muf&Sdaeaom +Ad wdo#vlrsdK; 'kAkdvfrª;}uD;wOD;jzpf+yD; oluxkdpOfu usaemhfwkd@ ArmjynfwGif pwifae+yDjzpfaom w±kwfjzLwyfrsm; 0ifa&mufusL; ausmfvmr_udpPrsm; ta=umif;ukd ar;jref;ygonf?

usaemfuvnf; w±kwfjzLrsm; 0ifvmyHk orkdif;ukd ajymjy+yD; olwkd@0ifumpu vl (800) avmufyJ &Sda=umif;/ aemuf rsm;vma=umif;/rdrdwkd@wyfrawmfrSmvnf; jynfwGif;qlylr_rsm;a=umifh 'Dw±kwfjzLulrifwefrsm;ukd tjywfrwkdufEkdifao;a=umif;/ wjznf;jznf;csif;om wkdufae&a=umif; ponfrsm;ukd ajymjyygonf?

xkdtcg ‚t*FvdyfppfAdkvfu cyfwnfwnfjzifh “'Dvkdom rif;wkd@usL;ausmfol w±kwfjzLawGukd rwkdufEkdif&if bma=umifh rif;wkd@vGwfvyfa&; ,lcJh=uao;ovJ? rif;wkd@ u|ef;uav; wu|ef;ay: oGm;ae=uygvm;” ponfh oabmxm;rsm;ygonfh pum;rsm;ukd cyfwif;wif;eJ@ajymcsvkdufygonf?

usaemfrSm [kef;uenf; a'gorsm; xGuf+yD;/ vlvnf;r$efxloGm;ygonf? {nfhonfjzpfaeI &efjzpf&ef roifhvkd@ wcsufavmufomjyefaigufirf;vkduf+yD; usaemfqufpum; rajymawmhyg? usaemfpdwfqkd;oGm;rSef; olvnf;od+yD; +idrfoGm;ygonf? usaemf xrif;pm;+yD;v#if+yD;csif;yiftdrf&Sifrav;&Sm;rsm;ukd usaemfaumif;aumif; aeraumif;I apmapmwnf;ckdcef; jyefvkda=umif; ajymI jyefvmcJhygonf?

wnf;ckdcef;okd@ r=umrD Akdvfrª;}uD;wifarmifvnf; jyefa&mufvmygonf? olvnf; t*FvdyfppfAkdvfrsm;ESifh jy\emwuf+yD;jyefa&mufvmjcif; jzpfonf? usaemfwkd@ ESpfOD;vnf; igwkd@ukd csufcsif;jyefykd@yg - [k ta&;qkd+yD; jyefykd@ckdif;ojzifh olwkd@ usaemfwkd@ukd puFmylokd@

5

jyefydk@+yD; xkdrSwqifh xkdif;okd@jyefykd@ay;ygonf?xkdif;wGif (usaemfwkd@ xkdpOfu ,kd;',m;[k ac:ygonf) acwWaepOf xkdif;tpkd;&. wyfrawmfae@ tcrf;tem;okd@ wufa&muf&ef

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Trav;&Sm; c&D;pOftwGif; xkdt*FvdyfppfAkdvfajymcJhonfh “rif;wkd@ u|ef;uav;wu|ef;ay: wufaeygvm;”qkdonfh pum;ukdusaemfb,fawmhrS rarhawmhyg?

(c) taemufEkdifiHrsm;okd@(c) taemufEkdifiHrsm;okd@(c) taemufEkdifiHrsm;okd@(c) taemufEkdifiHrsm;okd@(c) taemufEkdifiHrsm;okd@1949/ 50-51ckESpfrsm;twGif; Armjynf}uD;tm; +cdrf;ajcmufcJhonfh jynfwGif;qlylr_rsm; txl;ojzifh autifDtkdwkd@. awmfvSef

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rdrdu e,fcsJ@EkdifiHvnf; rjzpfzl;cJh? rdrdukd,fwkdifvnf; ukdvdkeDEkdifiH rjzpfzl;cJhaom EkdifiHrsm;? Oyrm - qGpfZmvef/ qGD'if ponfhEkdifiHrsm;rSolrsm;ukd qufqH&onfrSm tvGefayghyg; aumif;rGefjcif;yif jzpfygonf? xkdolrsm;onf vGwfvGwfvyfvyfayghayghyg;yg;jzifh usaemfwkd@ukdaumif;rGefpGm wef;wlqufqHygonf? tvGefcifrifzG,f aumif;ygonf? olwkd@tcsif;csif;=um;wGifvnf; txufqifh atmufqifh cGJjcm;qufqHonfh AsL±kdu&ufvkyf[efrsm; odyfrawG@&acs?

aemfa0;EkdifiHwGif wn{nfhcHyGJwckY +Adwdo#oHrª;wOD;u usaemfwkd@ tzGJ@0ifrsm;ESifhpum; ajymqkdaepOf “cifAsm;wkd@txJrSmopPmazmufwOD;ygw,f”[laom oabmajymqkdvkdufwmukd usaemf=um;vkdufrdygonf? usaemfodyfroJuGJvkdufyg? n wnf;ckdonfha[mfw,fjyefa&mufrS Akdvfrª;}uD;cifndKukd usaemftJovkd =um;vkdufonf? [kwfovm; - [k ar;jref;=unfh&m olu [kwfa=umif;ajymojzifhb,fol@ukd ajymwmvJ - [k xrfrHar;jref;awmh/ olu &,farm+yD; AkdvfcsKyfukd ajymwmaygh - [k qkdygonf? usaemfu [m - cifAsm;uapmapmu ajyma&maygh? 'DvkdajymrSef;od&if usaemf x - jyefrSmaygh[k qkdrdygonf? usaemfwkd@ &JabmfoHk;usdyfrsm;ukd olwkd@u 'Dvkdoabmxm;ygonf?

'DEkdifiHrsm;ukd usaemfhukd ac:oGm;jcif;rSm uGefjrLepfpepfrS r[kwfbJ t&if;&Sif'Drkdua&pDatmufrSmvnf; EkdiffiHrsm;/ jynfolrsm;csrf;om0ajymEkdifa=umif;ukd jyo&ef&nf&G,fyHk&ygonf?

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rm&S,fwD;wkd;rSm zufqpf*smr%Dvufatmufa&mufaeaom ol@EkdifiHukd ajymufusm;ppfyGJ qifE$J+yD; awmfvSefatmif jrifcJhonfh,l*kdpvyfuGefjrLepfawmfvSefa&; acgif;aqmifwOD;tjzpf tvGefausmf=um;cJhol wOD;jzpfum usaemfwkd@ukd,fwkdifvnf; tvGefav;pm;

6

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Tokd@usaemfu Akdvfrª;}uD;ausmfpdk;ukd ajymqkdvkdufr_rSm usaemfhb0twGuf }uD;pGmxdckdufoGm;cJha=umif;ukd aemufykdif; usrSodcJh&ygonf? wkdif;jynftwGufa&m/ wyfrawmftwGufyg epfemoGm;cJh&ygonf?

usaemf. oabmxm;rsm;ukd od&SdoGm;ol OD;ausmf+idrf;rSm usaemfonf omrefvl±kd;wOD;r[kwf? tawmfckdifrmaom uGefjrLepfwa,muf[k ,lqvkdufyHk&ygonf? usaemfhukd ol@=oZmatmufodrf;oGif;+yD; qkd&S,fvpfygwDbufygvmatmif vkyfEkdifrnfr[kwf±HkruusaemfhtEW&m,fyg jrifvmyHk&ygonf? xkd@a=umifhusaemfhukd Akdvfae0if;xufyif tEW&m,frsm;ol[k jrifvmyHk& +yD; usaemfhtay: zdESdyfa&;ukdAkdvfatmif}uD;ESifh wwef;wnf;jzpfvmum usaemf. &efolawmf}uD; jzpfoGm;ygawmhonf? xkd@a=umifhyif aemufykdif;wGif usaemfhukd wyfrawmfrSxkwfypfa&;ukd Akdvfatmif}uD;ESifhtwl }udK;pm;avawmhonf?

usaemfwkd@ taemufEkdifiH tawmfrsm;rsm;ukd vSnfhvnf =unfh±_+yD;aemuf/ txl;ojzifh ,l*kdpvyfwGif wveD;yg;r# avhvmaexkdif+yD;aemuf t*Fvefokd@jyefvm=uygonf? ,l*kdpvyfwGif wvvHk;vHk; xrif;rpm;bJ aygifrkef@ompm;ae&&m usaemfwkd@ t*Fvefa&mufonfhae@wGif Armrkef@[if;cg;qkdifwqkdifukd &Sm+yD; qkdifydwfckdif;vkduf+yD; usaemfwkd@pm;csifonfh Arm tpm;tpmrsm;ESifh xrif;ukd tm;&yg;&csufjyKwfpm;aomufcJh=u&onfh tjzpftysufwckukdvnf; rSwfrdaeygonf?

t*FvefwGif OD;ausmf+idrf;u wywfr# rdrdwkd@ oGm;csifvnfywfcsifonfrsm;ukd vnfywfoGm;a&mufcGifhjyK&m usaemf onf eHeufwGif

7

aygifrkef@tom;n‡yfrkef@rsm; 0,foGm;+yD;/ vef'efjywkduf}uD;xJwGif waeukef Armjynfta=umif; a&;om;xm;csufrsm;/ urBmhppfyGJ}uD;rsm;ta=umif;/ urBmhppfol}uD;rsm;ESifh EkdifiHa&;okcrdefrsm;ta=umif; pwmawGukd oGm;a&muf zwf±_avhvmcJhygonf? usaemfhtwGuf tawmftzkd;wefaom A[kokwrsm;ukd avhvm&&SdcJ hygonf? Akdvfrª;}uD;cifndKESif h useftzGJ@0iftcsdK@uvnf; paumhwvefokd@ oGm;a&mufvnfywf=uygonf?

t*FvefwGif a&wyfavhusifha&;/ urf;±kd;wef;umuG,fa&;/ urf;wufwyfrsm;. uGefrif'kdavhusifha&;rsm;ukd avhvmcJh =uygonf?xkd@aemuf usaemfwkd@ taemufEkdifiHoGm; avhvma&;tzGJ@ Armjynfokd@ jyefvmcJhygonf?

usaemfwkd@ r*Fvm'Hkavqdyfokd@ qkdufa&mufvmaomtcg av,mOfuGif;wGif vltrsm;tjym; vma&muf}udKqkdaewmukdawG@&ygonf? usaemfc&D;xGufaepOftwGif; wyfwGif;Y Twacguf usaemfjyefa&mufv#if 'k-umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf&mxl;ay; awmhrnf[laomowif;xGufae+yD; vltrsm;uvnf; 'Dowif;[kwfr[kwf rdrdukd ar;jref;a=umif; usaemf jyefa&mufvmcsdefwGif usaemfhZeD;u ajymjyygonf?

xkdae@u vma&muf}udKqkdolrsm;=um;wGif ppfOD;pD;csKyf Akdvfae0if;vnf; yg-ygonf? olu usaemfhukd av,mOfysHuGif;rSawmifykdif;ppfXmecsKyf±Hk;&Sd uyGJcef;raqmifokd@ ac:oGm;+yD; c&D;pOfta=umif; tao;pdwfar;jref;ygonf? usaemfu olESifhusaemf tjyeftvSefajymqkdcsufrsm;ukd rrSwfrdawmhyg? ajym±kd;ajympOf ajymcJh=uonf[kom oabmxm;cJhygonf?

odk@aomf Akdvfae0if;twGufaomf xkdokd@r[kwfacs? olu &mxl;wnf+rJa&;twGuf ylyefae&aomtcsdef jzpfojzifhvnf;aumif;/OD;ausmf+idrf;u usaemfhukd ac:oGm;onfh &nf&G,fcsufukdvnf; &dyfrdaeIvnf;aumif;/ usaemfhpdwfukd prf;oyf[ef &Sdygonf? Akdvfae0if;uusaemfhukd xkdcef;raqmifwGif; ac:roGm;cif cef;raqmiftwGif;&Sd Zmwf±Hkuef@vef@umaemufwGif Akdvfcspfcif (aemif rqvacwfaxmufvSrf;a&;rª;) ukd ykef;atmif;aeap+yD; usaemfjyefajymcsufrsm;ukd rSwfom;apcJhygonf? aemif Akdvfcspfcifu usaemfhukd jyefajymjyIusaemfod&onfrSm usaemfu Akdvfae0if;ukd usaemfhtaeESifh AkdvfcsKyfvufatmufrSmae+yD; wyfrawmfaumif;a&;twGufyJ &nf&G,fygonf?wjcm;yk*~Kdvfa&; &nf&G,fcsuf usaemfhrSm r&Sdyg[k ajymvkdufonfwGif Akdvfae0if; tawmfpdwfoufom&m &oGm;onf[k qdkygonf?

xkd@tjyif xkdumvu qdk&S,fvpfwyfrª;tcsdK@ Akdvfae0if;ukd tdrfaxmifa&;udpPukd ta=umif;jyI jzKwfypf&ef usaemfhukd vmqG,f=uygao;onf? usaemfu aemifvmrnfh armifykvJ 'kdif;0efxuf uJrnfukd jrifojzifh/ 'gu ukd,fa&;ukd,fwmudpPyJAsm? wyfvnf; bmrSxdckdufwmr[kwfbJ[k ajym+yD; y,fcsvkdufygonf?

Akdvfae0if;onf usaemfESifh qufqH&mwGif wjcm;qkd&S,fvpfrsm;ESifhrwlbJ/ tawmfaxmufaxmufxm;xm; qufqHonfukdawG@&ygonf? wkdif;jynfwGif ppfa&;ppf&mjy\em ay:vmygu tcsdefra&G;ac:,l ajz&Sif;Ekdif&ef usaemfhtay:tm;ukd;onfh oabmxm;[ef&Sdygonf? usaemfhrSmvnf; yk*~dKvfa&;qkdif&m }uD;yGm;vkdpdwf/ ae&m,lvkdpdwf enf;yg;rSef;vnf; olodyHk&ygonf? xkd@tjyif aemufykdif;usrSusaemfpOf;pm;rdonfrSm usaemfwyfxJwGif &Sdaeoa&G@ ol@twGuf vHk+cHKovkd jzpfaeygonf? ol@ukd zqyvxJrS EkdifiHa&;orm;tcsdK@ur}udKufESpfouf=uaomfvnf;/ ol@ukd z,f&Sm;vkdufv#if usaemfhukdyJ wif&awmhrnf jzpfojzifh/ 'gukd xkdEkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;/ qkd&S,fvpfrsm;u}udKufEkdifrnf r[kwfyg? xkd@a=umifh ol@yJqufxm;&ygvdrfhrnf? Tta=umif;rsm;a=umifh usaemfhtay: Akdvfae0if;. qufqHa&;rSm tawmftoifhaumif;rGefajyjypfcJh[ef &Sdygonf?

TumvtwGif; jzpfysufcJhonfh ta=umif;t&mwckukdvnf; rSwfrdaeygonf? wkdif;jynfwGif xif&Sm;cJhonfh udpPwck jzpfcJhIvnf;usaemfwwfEkdifor# jyefvnfpOf;pm; a&;om;&ygOD;rnf?

1952 ckESpfavufuyJ[k xifygonf? om,m0wD/ rif;vS+rdK@wGif xif&Sm;aom twkduftcH (aemifwGif yrnwjzpfvm)acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfaom OD;b+idrf; }uD;rª;usif;yaom vlxkw&m;yGJukd ArmhwyfrawmftwGif;&Sd qkd&S,fvpfbufom; ppfAkdvfwOD;trdef@jzifhwyf=uyf-wyfom;wpku 0ifa&muf±kdufESuf+yD; w&m;yGJukd zsufcJhr_jzpfygonf? OD;b+idrf;ukd,fwkdifyif OD;acgif;wGif '%f&m&oGm;ygonf?

xdkudpP owif;pmrsm;wGifvnf; ygvm&m/ Armjynfvlxk}uD;u rausreyfjzpfvm+yD; qef@usifv_yf&Sm;vmygonf? xkd@ a=umifhtpkd;&u a=unmcsufwapmif xkwfjyef&ygonf? — rif;vS+rdK@ vlxkw&m;yGJ 0ifa&muf±kdufESufonfh udpPukd tpkd;&u pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;aumfr&SifzGJ@+yD; ppfaq;ta&;,lrnf? pHkprf;ppfaq;a&; aumfr&Sif OuUÏtjzpf Armhwyfrawmf/ awmifykdif;wkdif;-wkdif;rª;Akdvfrª;csKyfausmfaZmukdwm0efay;rnf[laom a=unmcsufjzpfonf?

xkdtcg jynfolvlxkrSmvnf; usaemfonf rSefonfhtwkdif;vkyfrnfukd ,Hk=unfojzifh +idrfusoGm;ygonf?usaemf. pHkprf;a&;aumfr&SifwGif Adkvfrª;}uD;oef;pdefukdvnf; xnfhoGif;xm;ygonf? Akdvfoef;pdefrSm Armhwyfrawmf&Sd qdk&S,fvpfygwD

acgif;aqmif Akdvfatmif}uD;. aemufvkdufvl&if; qdk&S,fvpfygwD bufawmfom;}uD; jzpfonf? ol@ukdxnfh oGif;jcif;. &nf&G,fcsufrSmpHkprf;ppfaq;a&;aumfr&Sif. vkyfief;ukd zsufqD;aESmuf,Suf&ef jzpfyHk&ygonf?

usaemfwkd@ pHkprf;ppfaq;a&; aumfr&SiftzGJ@0ifrsm; rif;vS+rdK@ukd oGm;+yD; pHkprf;ppfaq;r_ukd pwifygonf? usaemfwkd@onf rif;vSwGifxkdw&m;yGJukd wufa&mufcJhonfhol 2 OD;-3 OD;ukd ac:,lppfaq;&m/ ‚wkd@tm;vHk;u ppfom;rsm; w&m;yGJukd 0if±kdufESuf+zdKcGJa=umif;tm;vHk;woHwnf; xGufqkd=uygonf?

TwGif Akdfvfrª;}uD;oef;pdefu vlxkaxmifcsD&SdwJh w&m;yGJukd wyfom;wOD;ESpfOD;u 0if+yD;±kduf&Jyghrvm;? rjzpfEkdif[k ajymqkdvmygonf?usaemfol@ukd bmr#jyefrajymbJ/ w&m;yGJ wufcJholrsm;ukd ppfaq;+yD;aomtcg w&m;yGJteD;&Sd tdrfrsm;rS vl rsm;ukd quf+yD;ppfaq; ar;jref;ygonf?

TwGif w&m;yGJ t0if0&Sd tdrfwtdrfrS trsdK;orD;wOD;ukd ppfaq;&mwGif ta&;}uD;aom xl;jcm;csufrsm;ukd awG@&yg awmhonf?

8

xkdtrsdK;orD;ajymjyonfrSm usr w&m;yGJu qlqlnHnHoHawG =um;&vkd@ usrtdrfjywif;aygufu xGuf=unfhawmh w&m;yGJt0if0vrf;ay:rSm tvHeDuav; wvufvuf v_yf&Sm;aewm awG@&ygw,f? tvHeDuav;[m wxGmavmufyJ &Sdr,f? 'gukd aoaocsmcsmod&atmifvkd@ tdrfjyifxGuf=unfhawmh tvHeDuav;&J@ atmufrSm um;rJrJ}uD;wpD; awG@&wm? 'g[moHcsyfum-um;}uD;qkdwmusrodygw,fvkd@ xGufqkdoGm;ygonf?

usaemfu xkdtrsdK;orD; xGufqkdcsuf rnfr#vufawG@rSm rSefuefEkdifa=umif; od&Sdzkd@twGuf wyfrSoHcsyfum um;wpD; armif;,lvmap+yD; xkdtrsdK;orD; tvHeDuav; jrif&aomae&mwGif &yfxm;apygonf? xkdoHcsyfum um;}uD; &yfxm;&m vloGm;vrf;uav;rSmvnf;tkwfeDcJrsm; cif;xm;&m tkwfeDcJwcsdK@ usdK;yJhaewmukd jrif&ojzifh ,cifoHcsyfumum;}uD; &yfpOfu wkdufrdckdfufrdcJhyHk&ygonf?

aemuf xkdtrsdK;orD;ajymaom ol@tdrfxJrS xkdae&mukd =unfh±_&mwGif/ olajymovkdyif tvHeDuav;ukd awG@&ygonf? ArmhwyfrawmfrS oHcsyfumum;rsm;wGif um;xdyfnmbufapmif;wGif (6) vufreD;yg;&Sd =uufv#mtvHeD t0wfpav;wckukd oHacsmif;rSmcsnf+yD;pkdufxm;+rJjzpf&m xkdtrsdK;orD;. xGufqkdcsufrsm; rSefuefa=umif; odEkdifygonf? Akdvfoef;pdefvnf; 0if =unfhygonf?

‚.oabmrSm 0if±kdufolwkd@rSm tenf;pkom jzpfojzifh olwkd@csnf; r±kduf&JbJ/ vlxkw&m;yGJ}uD;ukd oHcsyfumum;}uD;jzifhcsdef&G,f+cdrf;ajcmufxm;+yD;rS 0if±kduf=ujcif; jzpfa=umif; xif&Sm;aeygonf?

oHcsyfumum;}uD;rsm;wGif usaemfodoavmuf (3.7) vufr puftajrmuf wvufESif h pufaoewf}uD;wvuf wyfqifxm;wwfygonf? aumif;pGm +cdrf;ajcmufEkdifygonf?

TtrsdK;orD;ukd ppfaq;+yD;aemuf usaemfwkd@. pHkprf;ppfaq;r_rSm jynfhpHkvHkavmufoGm;ygonf? wyfrawmfom; &Jabmfrsm;uw&m;yGJ 0if±kdufonfrSm rSefuefa=umif; xif&Sm;vmojzifh usaemfwkd@. pHkprf;ppfaq;r_ukd tqHk;owfvkdufygonf?

usaemfu rif;vSw&m;yGJukd usaemfwkd@ wyfrawmfom;rsm;u 0if±kdufESuf+yD; w&m;yGJukd +zdKcGJa=umif; usaemfwkd@ ppf aq;csuft&rSefuefonf[k ,lqa=umif;ukd oufaocH xGufcsufrsm;ESifh yl;wGJ+yD; ppf±Hk;csKyfukd pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;tzGJ@ tpD&ifcH pm wifawmhrnf? tu,fIAkdvfrª;}uD;oef;pdefu oabmrwlv#if oD;jcm;tpD&ifcHpm wifEkdifa=umif; ajym+yD;/ pHkprf;ppfaq;r_ ukd &yfvkdufygonf? Akdvfrª;}uD;oef;pdefuvnf;oD;jcm;wifp&m r&Sdawmh[k oabmwlvmygonf? xkd@a=umifhtxufyg tpD&ifcHpmukd wifvkdufygonf? okd@aomf bma=umifhrSef;rod?oufqkdif&mwkd@u xkdtpD&ifcHpmt& bmrSqufrvkyfyg? vlxkuvnf; +idrfoufoGm;ygonf?

TonfrSm xkdacwfxkdumvu wyfwGif;qkd&S,fvpfrsm;. jynfolwkd@. 'Drkdua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm;ukd pwif ydwfqkd@vmr_rsm;.wuGufwuGif;tajctae jzpfygonf? r&Jw&J aoG;wkd;prf;vmr_vnf; jzpfygonf?

usaemftaemufEkdifiH avhvma&;c&D;rS jyefvm+yD;aemufwGif wkdif;jynfwGif w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_tEW&m,f }uD;rm;vmojzifhxkdusL;ausmfr_ukd ESdrfeif;&ef wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&+yD; 1953ckESpf/ ZlvkdifvwGif ajrmufykdif;wkdif;rª;tjzpf cef@tyfvdkufygonf?

w±kwfjzL okd@r[kwf ulrifwefrsm;. usL;ausmfr_ orkdif;tusOf;csKyfw±kwfjzL okd@r[kwf ulrifwefrsm;. usL;ausmfr_ orkdif;tusOf;csKyfw±kwfjzL okd@r[kwf ulrifwefrsm;. usL;ausmfr_ orkdif;tusOf;csKyfw±kwfjzL okd@r[kwf ulrifwefrsm;. usL;ausmfr_ orkdif;tusOf;csKyfw±kwfjzL okd@r[kwf ulrifwefrsm;. usL;ausmfr_ orkdif;tusOf;csKyfw±kwfjynf}uD;wGif csefau&Sdwf OD;aqmifonfh ulrifweftpkd;&ESifh armfpDwkef;OD;aqmifonfh uGefjrLepfygwDwkd@ 2 buf ESpf&Snf=umrsm;

jynfwGif;ppf qifE$J&mrS 1949ckESpf atmufwkdbmvwGif uGefjrLepfrsm;u wjynfvHk;wGif atmifyGJcHoGm;ygawmh onf? csefau&Sdwftygt0ifxdyfoD;ulrifwefrsm; xkdif0rfokd@xGufajy;oGm;Ekdifaomfvnf; usaemfwkd@EkdifiHESifh e,fcsif;qufaeonfh ,leefjynfe,frS ppf±H_;ulrifwefwyfysuftcsdK@rSm usaemfwkd@. ta&S@buf e,fedrdwfrsm;ukd jzwfausmf+yD; &Srf;jynfe,f/ usdKif;wkHc±kdifxJokd@ pwifusL;ausmf0ifa&mufvmygonf?

0ifvmpu tiftm;rSm (800) avmufom[k ,lq&ygonf? aemifrS wjznf;jznf; rsm;vmjcif; jzpfygonf? 1950 Zefe0g&DvwGifw±kwfjzLrsm;u usdKif;wHkajrmufbuf&Sd rkdif;,ef;+rdK@ukd odrf;ykdufwyfpGJvkdufygonf? rwfvxJwGif usdKif;wkHta&S@ ykdif;okd@ 0ifa&mufvm+yD;aemufykdif;tdrfaxmifonfrsm;yg vkdufvmygonf?

usdKif;wkHta&S@awmifbuf ‘armif;vif;’rSm tajccs+yD; ta&S@buf rJacgifjrpf(vmtkd-jrefrm e,fpyf)taemufbuf usdKif;wkH -wmcsDvdwfvrf; awmifbuf/ ,kd;',m; - jrefrme,fpyf/ }wd*He,fajrwGif wyfjzef@+yD; wyfpGJaexkdifcJh=uygonf?

‚wkd@onf ,leefjynfe,f/ autrfwD (KMT) trSwf(8)wyfrawmfESifh trSwf(26)wyfrawmfwkd@rS wyfºuif;wyf usefrsm;jzpf+yD;trSwf(8)wyfrawmfukd AkdvfcsKyfvDrDOD;aqmif+yD;/ trSwf(26)ukdrl 'k-AkdvfcsKyfvlukdcsef;u OD;aqmifygonf? wcsdK@ wyfom;rsm;rSmusdKif;wkH+rdK@wGif;okd@yif wjznf;jznf; ±kyfzsuf+yD; pdrfh0ifvmaeygonf?

Armhwyfrawmfu 1950 ckESpf ZGefvqef;wGif vufeufcs&efokd@r[kwf wkdif;jynfe,fajrrS xGufoGm;&ef w±kwfjzLrsm;ukd &mZoHay;vkdufygonf? w±kwfjzLrsm;u olwdk@ukdwkdufv#if olwkd@ujyefwkdufzkd@ toifh&Sda=umif; wif;wif;rmrm jyef=um;onfh tjyif wcsdefwnf;rSmyif,kd;',m; - jrefrme,fpyfESifh wmcsDvdwf+rdK@uav;yg wmcsDvdwfvrf; - rkdifwkdif (81) rSpI ‚wkd@u wkd;csJ@odrf;ykdufvkdufygonf?

Armhwyfrawmf (xkdpOfu jynfaxmifpkwyfrsm;[k ac:ygonf?) u usdKif;wkH+rdK@xJ ±kyfzsuf0ifa&mufaeonfh w±kwfjzL (200)avmufukd zrf;qD;+yD; rdwDvm/ rEWav;okd@ykd@ csKyfaESmifxm;vkdufygonf? wmcsDvdwfukdvnf; jyefvnfwkdufckduf odrf;ykdufvkdufEkdifygonf?

okd@aomf 1951 ckESpfwGif w±kwfjzLrsm;onf xkdif0rfESifhtquftoG,f &oGm;um olwkd@. usL;ausmfa&;pDrHudef;ukd pepfwusjyifqifv_yf&Sm;vmygawmhonf? tar&duefrsm;uvnf; 0ifa&mufukdifwG,f ae=uonf?

1951 ckESpfESpfOD;wGif AkdvfcsKyfvDrD OD;aqmifonfh w±kwfjzLtiftm; (1000-1500)r#onf usdKif;wHkc±kdif taemuf awmifykdif;

9

‘rkdif;qwf’ +rdK@uav;rSm rkdif;qwfvGifjyifukd tajcjyK+yD; tajccHpcef;opf zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmif=uygonf? aemifwGif xkd pcef;rSm Armjynfw±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_ XmecsKyf}uD; jzpfvmygawmhonf? usdKif;wHkajrmufbuf rkdif(50)uGm&Sd ‘rdkif;,ef;’ +rdK@uav;ESifh usdKif;wHkta&S@awmif (65) rkdifuGm&Sd‘rkdif;a,mif;’ +rdK@uav;rsm;wGifvnf; w±kwfjzLppfom; pkaqmif;a&;ESifh ppfavhusifha&;p cef;rsm; zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmifcJhygonf? ae&mtESH@tjym;rSppfom;rsm;vnf; pkaqmif;=uygonf? xkdif0rf (azmfrkd qm) rS avhusifha&;rª;rsm;vnf; a&muf&Sdvm+yD; ppfoifwef;rsm;ay;um wyfopfrsm;zGJ@pnf;=uygonf? xkdif;u xkdavhusifha&;rª;rsm;ESifh ppfypPnf;vufeufcJ,rf;rsm;ukd Armjynfe,fpyf ‘yGefygusif’okd@ um;ESifhydk@ay;onf? wcsdK@ukdavxD;ESifh csay;onf?

Tokd@jzifh w±kwfjzL. usL;ausmfr_rSm oHvGifjrpfta&S@bufwjcrf;vHk; ysH@ESH@oGm;+yD; ajrmufbufokd@csJ@&m ‘0-e,f’‘ukd;uef@e,f’‘odEMDe,f’rsm;txd wkd;csJ@oGm;+yD;/ tiftm;rSmvnf; (4000) cef@ &Sdvmygonf? tcsuftcsmusonfh +rdK@uav;rsm;wGifvnf; tajccH pcef;rsm;aqmuf+yD; tckdiftrm aexkdifvm=uygonf? xkd@tjyif ArmjynftwGif;ykdif;0if&ef &nf&G,fcsuf jzifh oHvGifjrpftaemufbufurf;odk@ ul;vmumArmjynfawmifykdif; u,m;jynfe,fpyf/ u'l;}uD; {&d,mtwGif;xdyif 0ifvm +yD; wyfpGJvkdufygonf? 1951 ckESpf ZlvkdifvxJwGif jzpfygonf?

1951 ckESpf arvxJwGif vDrDonf 0 - e,frSSSae+yD; w±kwfjynfr}uD;udk aumfvH (2) ck cGJ+yD; 0ifwkdfufygonf? tar&duefrsm;uav,mOfrsm;ESifh &duQmrsm; vkdufcsay;ygonf? okd@aomf w±kwfvGwfajrmufa&; wyfrawmfu wkdufxkwfI jynfrtwGif; rkdif tenf;i,fom0ifEkdif+yD; (2) ywftwGif; tustqHk;rsm;pGmESifh qkwfcGmvm&ygonf?

Trjzpfpavmuf tiftm;uav;ESifh jynfr}uD;ukd 0ifwkdufonfrSm xl;qef;ojzifh usaemfu olwkd@.&nf&G,fcsufukd pOf;pm;=unfh&mwGif ppfa&;xuf EkdifiHa&; &nf&G,fcsufjzpfrnf[k ,lq&ygonf? w±kwfjynfwGif; r+idrfrouf jzpfaeonfhoabm/ w±kwftpkd;& w&m;0iftpdk;& rjzpfEkdifonfhoabm ay:vGifapcsif[ef &Sdonf? xkdtcsdefu ukd;&D;,m;ppfyGJvnf; jzpfaeojzifh jynfr}uD;twGif; usefcJhonfh ulrifwefvla[mif;rsm; tm;wuf+yD; ykefuefxºuapvkd[efvnf; &Sdonf? TuJhokd@ 0ifwkdufwmukdvnf; t}uD;tus,f wkdufaeovkd 0g'vnf;jzef@onf? xkd@a=umifh aemufxyf,lqp&m tcsufw&yfrSm tar&duefjynfolrsm;u csefau&Sdwfukd quf+yD;a':vmawG/ tultnDawGaxmufyHhzkd@ tusdK;cHpm;&rnfh tar&dueftcsdK@ESifh csdefau&Sdwfwkd@ yl;aygif;}uH&G,fcsufvnf; jzpf[ef&Sdonf?

okd@aomf w±kwftpkd;&wyfrsm;u wkdufxkwfvkdufvkd@/ xkd@aemufykdif;wGifawmh ArmjynftwGif;ykdif;ukdom &nf&G,fvmygawmhonf?1951 ckESpf tukefwGif w±kwfjzLtiftm; (6000) ajcmufaxmif ausmfvmygonf? vDrDvnf; avhusifha&;vl (700) ac:um xkdif;rSwqifhxkdif0rfokd@ acwWjyefoGm;ygonf?

1952 ckESpfrSmawmh w±kwfjzLtiftm; tjrifhrm;qHk;txd wkd;csJ@+yD; tvHk;t&if;ESifh oHvGifjrpfukd jzwfausmfum ajrmufbufucsifjynfe,f/ Aef;armf/ jrpf}uD;em;rSpI awmifbuf rGefjynfe,f/ armfv+rdKiftxd xkd;azmufusL;ausmfonfhESpf jzpfygonf? wyfom;opfpkaqmif;a&;wGifvnf; &Srf;jynfe,f/ ucsifjynfe,fwGif;&Sd w±kwfvlrsdK;rsm;omru/ ,kd;',m;jynf wGif;u w±kwfrsm;udkyg pkaqmif;ygonf?aemuftiftm;waomif;&Sdvmaomtcg 'D0DZHwyfr (3) wyf topfzGJ@+yD; Twyfrsm;onf oHvGifjrpful;I ArmjynftwGif;ydkif;ukd0ifa&mufonfh t"duwyfrsm; jzpfvmonf?

ajymufusm; wyfcGJuav;rsm;ukdvnf; oD;oef@zGJ@pnf;cJh=uao;onf? xkdwyfrsm;uawmh oHvGifjrpfta&Sykdif;Yom xm;cJhonf?w±kwfjzLwyftm;vHk;. ppfaoemywdukd AkdvfcsKyfvDrDukd xm;+yD;/ wyfzGJ@rsm;udkawmh “,leefe,f/ uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&; -jynfol@u,fwifa&;wyfrawmf” [laom trnfESifh zGJ@pnf;cJhonf?

1952 ckESpfazazmf0g&DvwGif rkdif;qwfav,mOfuGif;ukd w±kwfjzLrsm;u jyifqifzGifhvSpfvkdufEkdifonfhtwGuf ta&;}uD;onfhppfvufeuf/ vl (t&m&Sdrsm;)/ ypPnf;tultnDrsm; azmfrkdqm (xkdif0rf) rS wkduf±kdufvnf;aumif;/ xkdif;rSwqifhvnf;aumif; o,f,lykd@aqmifvmEkdif=uonf? xkdif0rfokd@ acwWjyefoGm;onfh AkdvfcsKyfvDrDvnf; enf;jyq&mrsm; tygt0if oifwef;qif; vltiftm; (700) ESifhtwlav,mOfrsm;ESifh xkdrkdif;qwfodk@ jyefa&mufvmonf? xkd@aemuf wyftiftm;rsm; pepfwus wkd;csJ@+yD; oifwef;rsm; zGifhvSpfcJhonf?

xkdokd@ tiftm;wkd;csJ@+yD;aemuf 1952ckESpf wESpfvHk; ArmjynftwGif;ykdif;okd@ 0ifa&mufa&;udk vsifjrefpGm wkd;csJ@jyKvkyf vm=uonf?ArmjynfwGif;rS ykefuefxºuaeonfh tpdwftykdif;rsm;ukdvnf; aoG;aqmifpnf;±Hk;Ekdif=uonf? xkdolrsm;rSwqifh twGif;ydkif;okd@ pdrfh0ifvm&mu&ifolykefrsm;&Sd&m armfcsDrkdif;a'o/ u,m;jynfe,f/ &Srf;jynfe,fpyf&Sd u'l;}uD;a'orsm;txd/ 0ifa&muf tajccsvmEkdfifygawmhonf?

TonfrSm tcsuftcsmusvSaom rEWav;vrf;r}uD;ukd ppfawmif;ta&S@buf awmifwef;rsm;ay:rSaeI pwif+cdrf;ajcmuf&efajcukwf,laejcif; jzpfygonf?

xkd@aemuf w±kwfjzL'D0DZHwyfwwyfonf =o*kwfvwGif armfcsDrS ‘zmyGef’ukdjzwfum‘armfv+rdKif’/‘usdKuQrD’c±kdif twGif; 0ifa&mufumrGefa'o yifv,furf;pyfrsm; (u±kyd/ yi/ aumh'Guf) txd csDwufwyfpGJ cJh=uygonf? TonfrSm awmifbufppfa=umif;jzpfonf? a&a=umif;jzifhtultnDrsm; wkd;csJ@ay;ykd@Ekdif&ef jzpfonf?

tv,fykdif;ppfa=umif;rSm 0-e,f/ ‘yef,ef;’wGif tajcjyK+yD; oHvGifjrpftaemufbufurf;ul;um vm±_d;ta&S@awmifbuf&Sdrk dif;±SL;a'owGif;okd @ usL;ausmf0ifa&muf wyfpG Jvmonf? awmif}uD;+rdK@. ta&S@awmifbuf ‘rk d;eJ+rdK@’teD;a'orsm;ukdvnf;0ifa&mufvm=uonf? usdKif;wHkc±kdiftwGif;&Sd ‘rkdif;ylatmifvGifjyif’ukd csDwufwyfpGJ=uonf? usdKif;wHk - awmif}uD;vrf;r }uD;ukd }uD;us,fpGm+cdrf;ajcmufvkdufjcif;yif jzpfonf?

Tokd@ 1952 ckESpf wESpfvHk; ArmjynftwGif;ykdif;a&mufatmif wkd;csJ@0ifa&muf+yD;aemuf 1953 ckESpf wGifrl usaemfwkd@. wyfrsm;ukd

10

ae&mtESH@tjym;rS pwifwkdufckdufygawmhonf? wzufrSm TuJhokd@ pwifwkdufckduf+yD; wzufrSvnf; olwkd@. tiftm;ukd weoFm&Dyifv,fbufu azmfrkdqm (xkdif0rf) ESifh wkduf±kduf oabFmvrf;zGifh+yD; wkd;csJ@zkd@ }uD;us,fonfh pDrHudef;ESifh }udK;pm;cJhao;onf?

1953 ckESpf qef;v#ifqef;csif; &Srf;jynftv,fykdif;a'owGif tcsuftcsmjzpfaom rkdif;±SL;ESifh ‘rHk;atmh’ukd pwifwkdufckdufodrf;ykdufvkduf=uonf? 'kwd, ‘vGdKifaumf’+rdK@ukd wkdufaomfvnf; tustqHk;rsm;pGmESifh qkwfoGm;&onf? ‘rkdif;yef’+rdK@ukd awmh azazmf0g&DvwGifodrf;ykduf&&SdoGm;onf? w±kwfjzLrsm; (3) &uf=um oddrf;xm;cJh=uonf? wcsdefwnf;rSmvkdyif Armjynf ajrmufykdif;okd@ 0ifa&mufaeonfhw±kwfjzLwyfrsm;onf w±kwf - jrefrme,fpyf+rdK@rsm;jzpfonfh ‘rlq,f’‘=uLukwf’‘rkdif;,k’+rdK@rsm;ukd w+ydKifeufwnf; 0kdif;wkduf=uonf?

rdkif (280) ausmf&Sdaom awmif}uD; - usdKif;wkHvrf;r}uD;ay:wGifvnf; w±kwfjzLwyfrsm; tawmfv_yf&Sm;um/ wyfpcef;rsm;ukd0ifa&mufwdkufckduf=uonf?

TuJhokd@ w±kwfjzLrsm; ArmjynfwGif; usL;ausmf0ifa&mufvmr_tay: Armjynfolrsm;u tHkºuqef@usifvmygonf? 1952 -53ckESpf ygvDref'Drkdua&pDacwf jzpfojzifh owif;pme,fZif; vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;vnf; toifhtwifh &Sdao;ojzifh wkd;wufonfh t,ltq&Sdonfhpmapmifrsm;/ vuf0Jpmapmifrsm;vnf; xkwfa0vsuf &Sdaeygonf? xkd@a=umifhjynfolrsm; Ekd;=um;ae+yD; xkdtEW&m,fukd ajz&Sif;&ef tpkd;&tm;wkd;wufawmif;qkdae=uygonf?

xkd@a=umifh zqyv tpkd;&taeESifh w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_ukd wkdufxkwf&ef pDpOfpkdif;jyif;&ygawmhonf? 1953 ckESpfwGif wyfrawmfrSae&mtESH@tjym;ukd tjyif;txef jyefvnfwkdufckduf odrf;,l&ygonf? w±kwfjzLwyfrsm;ukd oHvGifjrpfta&S@buf urf;txd jyefvnfarmif;xkwfEkdifcJhygonf?

awmifykdif;ppfqifa&;wGifvnf; oHawmif -armfcsDvrf;ukd Armhwyfrawmfu jyefodrf;ykdufvkdufygonf? awmifile,f&Sd u&ifolykefrsm;u w±kwfjzLrsm;ukd vufrcHojzifh tawmfoufomoGm;jcif;jzpfygonf? awmifilom &efol@vufusoGm;ygu Armjynf xufykdif;usdK;ovkd jzpfEkdifayonf?

aemuf awmifykdif;wGif 'kwd,ta&;}uD;onfh ppfqifa&;rSm ‘u±ky`d-yi’yifv,fpyfwGif wyfpGJxm;aom w±kwfjzLwyfrsm;ukdyifv,fa=umif;rSa&m/ ukef;a=umif;rSyg wkdufckdufarmif;xkwf&jcif;jzpfygonf? Tae&mwGif w±kwfjzLrsm; wyfpGJ&onfh ta=umif;. aemufuG,fwGif tvGef}uD;rm;onfh pDrHudef;&Sdaea=umif; aemufykdfif;usrS odvm&ygonf? ‚wkd@. &nf&G,fcsufrSm ArmjynfwGif; w±kwfjzLwyfrsm;twGufwyfopfrsm; wnfaqmufzkd@ vufeufypPnf; wefaygif;rsm;pGm vkdtyf±Hkru wyfrª;wyfom;tygt0if vltiftm;vnf; trsm;tjym;vkdtyfvsuf&Sd&m xkdvkdor# ypPnf;rsm;ukd oabFmjzifhykd@&ef yifv,furf;pyf vkdtyfygonf? xkdrGefjynfe,f urf;pyfa'orsm;onf a& (6) ayrS (9) ayausmftxd eufojzifh oabFmrsm; tvG,fwul uyfEkdifygonf? xkd@a=umifh xkda'orS w±kwfjzLrsm;ukd armif;xkwfvkdfufEkdifojzifhw±kwfjzL. wyfaemufxyfwkd;csJ@a&; tpDtpOfukd tawmfyif tm;enf;oGm;apcJhygonf? xkda'oukd usaemfwkd@wyfrsm; wkdufaepOfrSmyifazmfrkdqm (xkdif0rf) rS yxrtokwf oabFmrsm;onf wyfrª;rsm;/ vufeufypPnf;rsm; o,faqmifum +rdwfu|ef;pkokd@ qkdufa&mufvma=umif;aemufykdif;od&yg onf? w±kwfjzLrsm;taeESifh ‚wkd@wyfpGJxm;aom yifv,furf;pyfrsm;rS qkwfcGmxGufajy;ae&onfhtwGuf xkdoabFmpkESifh0kdif,mvuf tquftoG,fjywfum qufvuf0ifrvmEkdfifawmhbJ qkwfcGmoGm;=u&ygawmhonf?

1953 ckESpf rwfvwGif w±kwfjzLrsm; tckdiftrmpGJxm;onfh rkdif;wkHESifh rkdif;qwfvGifjyifukd odrf;ykduf&ef&nf&G,fcsuf txl;ppfqifa&;}uD;w&yf jyKvkyf&ef ajrmufykdif;wGif jyifqifygonf? xkdppfqifa&;rSm “e*g;Ekdifppfqifa&;”yif jzpfonf?

okd@aomf xkdppfqifa&;. yxrtqifhrSmyif jrefrmwyfrsm; vufeufypPnf;a&m/ vltiftm;trsm;tjym;yg usqHk;-qHk;±_H;&+yD;jyefqkwfcJh&ygawmhonf? w±kwfjzLwyfrsm;u usaemfwkd@wyfrsm; oHvGifjrpfausmfonfukd apmifh=unfhae+yD; oHvGifjrpf ta&S@bufurf;wav#muf ay (5,000) ausmfjrifhonfh awmifxGwfrsm;ay:u ,cif *syef0ifpOfu aqmufvkyfxm;onfh cHwyfi,frsm;rS cH+yD;/ usaemfwkd@wyfrsm;tukefeD;yg; jrpful;vm+yD;rS oHvGifjrpfESifhydwf+yD; t}uD;tus,fwkdufckduf&m usaemfwkd@wyfrsm; vufeuf}uD;tajrmufrsm; xm;cJh&+yD; jrpful;jyefajy;cJh=u&ygonf?

Tr#ta&;ygonfh ppfqifa&;}uD; usaemfwkd@bufrS ta&;edrfhoGm;&onfhtwGuf w±kwfjzLrsm; ykdrkdtm;wufum acgif;rmpGmqufvufv_yf&Sm; vmygonf?

xkdtwGif;rSmyif jynfolvlxkuvnf; v_yf&Sm;tHkºuvm+yD; w±kwfjzLtEW&m,f wm;qD;a&;twGuf awmif;qkdvmr_a=umifh zqyvtpkd;&taeESifh ppfa&;t& ta&;,lr_rsm;tjyif oHcif;wrefcif;tjzpf 1953 ckESpf {+yDvwGif ukvor*~taxGaxG nDvmcH}uD;okd@ukd,fpm;vS,fv$wf wkdifwrf;&ygawmhonf? oufaocH tvHktavmufESifh wkdif=um;onfhtwGuf EkdifiHtrsm;. axmufcHr_ukd &&SdcJhygonf?

xkd@a=umifhyif usL;ausmfolwyfrsm; xGufcGmay;&rnfqkdaom qHk;jzwfcsufukd ukvor*~0if EkdifiHaygif; (60) teuf (59) rJaxmufcHcsufjzifh qHk;jzwfEkdifcJhygonf? =um;aerJ ay;cJhaom wOD;wnf;aom EdkifiHrSm w±kwfjzLrsm;yif jzpfygonf?(xkdpOfu ukvor*~wGifw±kwfjynf. w&m;0if ukd,fpm;vS,frSm w±kwfjzLrsm;yif jzpfaeygao;onf?)

xkdpOfu usL;ausmfol[k qkd&mwGif w±kwfjzL[k emrnfwyfcGifh r&yg?“usL;ausmfol EkdifiHjcm;wyfrsm;”[kom trnfwyf&ygonf?usL;ausmfol w±kwfjzL[k qkdvkdufv#if w±kwfjzLrsm;ukd ±_wfcszkd@/ ukvor*~rS xkwfypfzkd@rsm;txd ta&;,lckdif;vmr_rsm; jzpfvmEkdifonfukdumuG,f&eftwGufESifh w±kwfjzLrsm; aemufuG,f&Sd q&m&if; tar&duefrsm; txdyg vkduf±_wfcsvmEkdifr_rsm;ukd umuG,f&efwkd@ twGufygjzpfygonf? ArmjynfbuftaeESifhvnf; xGufoGm;+yD;a&m oabmxm; vkdufavsm cJh=u&ygonf?

11

xkdqHk;jzwfcsufus+yD;aemuf taumiftxnfazmf&eftwGuf jrefrm/ xkdif;/ tar&duef/ w±kwfjzL(4)ekdifiH ppfzufaumf r&SifwckzGJ@+yD;aqmif&Guf&ef pDpOf=u&ygonf? xkdaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;ukd 1953 ckESpf/ arv (22) &ufae@rS pwifI jyKvkyfaomfvnf; tcsdefqGJ&efom &nf&G,fa=umif;xif&Sm;vmygonf? aemufqHk; w±kwfjzLukd,fpm;vS,frsm;u qkwfcGma&;ukd vHk;0jiif;y,f vkdufygawmhonf?

jynfolvlxku ukvor*~. qkwfcGmay;&rnf [laomqHk;jzwfcsufa=umifh tHkºur_t&Sdef usoGm;ygonf? rkd;uvnf; usvmyg+yD?ppfa&;t&vnf; e*g;Ekdfifppfqifa&; ta&;±_H;edrfhr_a=umifh bmrS qufrvkyfEkdif jzpfaeygonf? zqyv tpkd;&taeESifhuvnf; ol.yifukd,fazmufjyefa&; taetxm;a=umifh jynfolvlxk vHk;0tHkºuvmatmif rvkyf&Jyg? e*g;Ekdifppfqifa&; ±H_;edrfhr_rsm;udk zHk;zdxm;jcif;/ (4) EkdifiHaumfr&Siftpnf;ta0;rsm;ukd wrifoufouf tcsdefqGJ jyKvkyfaejcif; ponfhtcsufrsm;ukd jynfolvlxkukd todray;bJ zHk;zdxm;ygonf?

xkdtcsdefrSm usaemfwkd@EkdifiH rsufESmti,fqHk;tcsdef jzpfygonf? wcsdK@EkdifiH}uD;rsm;u (txl;ojzifh e,fcsJ@EkdifiHrsm;u) “bmukvor*~wkdif&rSmvJ? ukd,frcHcsif&if ukd,fh[mukd,fwkdufaygh”- [k aigh=uygonf? “w±kwfukd rEkdif&if bmvkd@vGwfvyfa&; ,lao;vJ? u|ef;uav;wu|ef;ay: wufae=uygvm;”- [kyif ajymifavSmifajymqkdjcif; cHvm=u&ygonf? tvGefem=unf; zG,f&m jzpfcJhonf?

ajrmufykdif;wkdif;rª;tjzpf ajymif;&jcif;ajrmufykdif;wkdif;rª;tjzpf ajymif;&jcif;ajrmufykdif;wkdif;rª;tjzpf ajymif;&jcif;ajrmufykdif;wkdif;rª;tjzpf ajymif;&jcif;ajrmufykdif;wkdif;rª;tjzpf ajymif;&jcif;1953 ckESpf/ ZlvdkifvtwGif; usaemfhukd w±kwfjzLtEW&m,fukd ckcHwGef;vSef&efwm0efay;+yD; ajrmufykdif;wkdif;rª;tjzpf ajymif;a&$@

cef@xm;vkdufygonf? usaemfvnf; r*Fvm'HkwGif awmifykdif;wkdif;rª;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifae&mrS ajrmufykdif;wkdif; ±Hk;pkduf&m ar+rdK@okd@ajymif;a&$@cJh&ygonf?

xkdtcsdefuvrSm ArmhwyfrawmftwGif; qkd&S,fvpfwyfrª;rsm; tvGefajc±_yfvmaom tcsdefvnf; jzpfygonf? w±kwfjzLtEW&m,fukdukvor*~wkdif=um;&mwGifvnf; EkdifiHjcm;wyfrsm; ±kyfodrf;ay;&rnf[laom qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwfvkdufEkdif ojzifh w±kwfjzLwyfrsm;ukd tvG,fwularmif;xkwfEkdifvdrfhrnf[k xifa,mifrSm;cJh=uygonf? xkd@a=umifhyif wyfrawmftwGif;&Sd qkd&S,fvpfwyfrª;rsm;u qkd&S,fvpftrmcH wOD;jzpfonfhAkdvfausmfpkd; (aemif rqvacwf - jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;) ukd yGJxkwfum ppfqifa&;rª;csKyfcef@+yD; e*g;Ekdifppfqifa&;wkdufyGJ qifE$JcJh=uygonf?xkdumvu ukvor*~u zGJ@pnf;ay;cJhonfh (4) EkdifiH ppfaumfr&SifwGifvnf; Akdvfatmif}uD;u jrefrmEkdifiHukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@ acgif;aqmiftjzpfyg0ifaqmif&Gufaeygonf?

e*g;Ekdifppfqifa&; ta&;edrfhoGm;+yD; (4) EkdifiH ppfaumfr&Sif tpnf;ta0;uvnf; wkd;wufr_ bmrSr&Sdvmonfh tcgusrS usaemfhukdwm0efay;jcif; jzpfygonf?

usaemf ar+rdK@okd@ rdom;pktm;vHk;ygac:I rkd;wGif;}uD;rSm ajymif;a&$@oGm;&ygonf? usaemfhti,fqHk;om; wGwfwGwfrSm (6) vom;av;om &Sdygao;onf? ol@ukd 1952 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbmvxJwGif r*Fvm'HkY zGm;jrifjcif;jzpfygonf?

usaemf ar+rdK@a&muf+yD; r=umrDrSmyif befaumuf+rdK@Y usif;yaeonfh (4) EdkdifiH ppfaumfr&Sifu oabmxm;wck &&Sdvmygonf?tar&duefESifh w±kwfjzLukd,fpm;vS,fwkd@u ArmjynfwGif;&Sd ta&;}uD;aom w±kwfjzLtajccHpcef;vkyfxm;onfh rkdif;qwf/ rkdif;wHk/ rkdif;,ef;/rkdif;a,mif;wkd@ukd Armhwyfrawmfokd@ v$Jajymif;ay;ygrnf[k qkdvmonf? okd@aomf acgif;rmaom w±kwfjzLtcsdK@vnf; &SdEkdifojzifh wkdufyGJtenf;tusOf;vnf; jzpfEkdifonf[k qkdygao;onf?

xkdtcg tpkd;&u txufygae&mrsm;udk 0ifrnf/ r0ifrnf oabmxm;ay;&ef usaemfhukd ar;jref;vmygonf?rkd;wGif; tv,f}uD;jzpfI tvGefjrifhaom awmifwef;rsm;tay: a&pD;oefaomjrpf - acsmif;rsm; jzwfcsDwuf&rnfh ta&;rSm

rvG,fulvSyg? wkdufyGJrsm;vnf; jzpfEkdifao;onf[k qkdxm;ao;onf? okd@aomf usaemfonf wyfrª;rsm;ESifhxkdif tao;pdwf aqG;aEG;=unfhygonf?xkdtcsdefu wyfrSmvnf; e*g;Ekdifppfqifa&; ±_H;edrfhr_a=umifh pdwf"mwfwpHkw&m xdckdufusqif;aeygonf?

usaemfwkd@ tao;pdwf wGufcsufwkdifyif+yD;aemuf aEGOwkwGif }uD;us,fpGmwkduf&onfxuf pmv#if ,ck'kuQESifh wkdufyGJuav;rsm;ukd&ifqkdifrnf? owd/ 0d&d,ESifh pepfwus tqifhqifh jyifqif+yD; wxpf+yD;wxpf csDwufv#if tustqHk;enf;pGm ESifh jzpfEkdifonf[k xifjrif,lq+yD;usaemfwkd@ csDwufodrf;ykdufrnf[k ta=umif;jyef=um;vkdufygonf?

olwkd@ajymqkdvmonfh &ufcsdef;trD odrf;Ekdifzkd@vnf; wyfawGukd cJ&mcJqpf jyifqif&ygonf? wyfom;rsm; &duQmypPnf;rsm;/vufeufud&d,mrsm;/ 0efwifvm;jrif;pojzifh vkdtyfor# pkpnf;jyifqif&ygonf? oHvGifjrpfukd a&pD;toefqHk;tcsdefjzpf onfh 0gqkd - 0gacgifwGifjzwfausmf+yD; rkdif;ykatmifwGif tm;vHk;pk-&yfap&ygonf?

aemufqHk; &ufcsdef;eD;uyf vmpOfrSmyif usaemfwkd@ tapmuwnf;u oHo,&Sdrdonfhtwkdif; trSefjzpfvmygonf? w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfolrsm;u Armhwyfrsm;ukd olwkd@tajccHpcef;rsm;twGif;odk@ 0ifcGifhray;Ekdif[k ajymifajymifyif jiif;qkdvkdufygawmhonf? tawmfyifem=unf;cHcufp&m jzpf&ygonf?

‚wkd@ tajccHuyif ±kd;om;r_r&Sdyg? rkd;wGif;usvmatmif tcsdefqGJxm;+yD; olwkd@uef@owfay;onfh &ufcsdef;trD ae&m av; -ig;ae&mukd z,fay;rnf? 0ifa&mufEkdifv#if 0if,lyg[k qkdvmjcif;jzpfonf? olwkd@ ±kd;om;v#if xGufcGmoGm;ay;±Hkom &Sdonf? rdk;wGif;}uD;Armwyfrsm; 0ifvm&JrSmr[kwf? 0ifrvmv#if olwkd@wm0efaus+yD[k 0g’jzef@&eftwGufom &nf&G,f&if; jzpf onf? usaemfwkd@bufub,fvkdyJjzpfjzpf 0ifrnf[k qHk;jzwfvkdufawmh olwkd@ tusyf±kdufoGm;+yD; ajymifajymifyif jiif;y,f&jcif; jzpfayonf?

xkd@a=umifh (4) EkdifiHtpnf;ta0;rS jrefrmukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@ EkwfxGufvkdufojzifh xkdaumfr&Sifvnf; ysufoGm;ygawmh onf?

12

Taemufykdif;wGifvnf; w±kwfjzLrsm; qkwfay;rnf? typftcwf &yfpJxm;yg[k qdkvm+yD; uav;vl}uD; tdrfaxmifonfrsm;ukdqkwfcGmjcif;/ vufeuftnHhpm;rsm;om ,loGm;jcif;ponfh vkyfief;rsm; vkyf=uygao;onf?

okd@aomf usaemfwkd@ pdwfr0ifpm;awmhyg? w±kwfjzLjy\em ajz&Sif;a&;onf rdrdwkdif;jynftiftm;ay:wGifom &yfwnf&awmhrnfqkdonfh oifcef;pmukd aumif;pGm&&SdcJh+yD; jzpfygonf?

xkd@a=umifhyif 1953ckESpf/ rkd;Owkukefaomtcg oHvGifjrpftaemufbufurf;&Sd w±kwfjzLwyfrsm;ukd &Sif;vif;wkdfufckdufypf&ygonf?'DZifbmv ukefwGifawmh oHvGiftaemufbufjcrf;&Sd w±kwfjzLrsm;ukd ta&S@bufurf;odk@ armif;xkwfvkdufEkdifygawmhonf? usaemfTpmwrf;ukd a&;aepOfrSmyif vGefcJhwJh (10) ESpfcef@u usaemfa&;cJhzl;onfh “bk&ifhaemifppfqifa&;rSwfwrf;” pmwrf;ukd jyef&SmazG awG@&SdcJhygonf?xkdpOfu usaemfowd&oavmuf tawmfjynfhpHkpGm;a&;xm;onfh pmwrf;jzpfojzifh jyef vnfazmfjyvkdufygonf?

bk&ifhaemifppfqifa&;}uD;bk&ifhaemifppfqifa&;}uD;bk&ifhaemifppfqifa&;}uD;bk&ifhaemifppfqifa&;}uD;bk&ifhaemifppfqifa&;}uD;(1954ckESpfrwfv1-&ufrS arvukeftxd)(1954ckESpfrwfv1-&ufrS arvukeftxd)(1954ckESpfrwfv1-&ufrS arvukeftxd)(1954ckESpfrwfv1-&ufrS arvukeftxd)(1954ckESpfrwfv1-&ufrS arvukeftxd)

1? aemufcHorkdif;tusOf;1? aemufcHorkdif;tusOf;1? aemufcHorkdif;tusOf;1? aemufcHorkdif;tusOf;1? aemufcHorkdif;tusOf;(u) &efol@aemufcHorkdif;rSm &efolrSmw±kwfjzL ulrifwefrsm; jzpfonf? 1949ckESpf w±kwfuGefjrLepfygwD OD;aqmifr_jzifh w±kwfjynfol@

vGwfajrmufa&;wyfrS ulrifwef csefau&Sdwfwyfrsm;ukd wkdufckduf+yD; w±kwfjynfukd vGwfajrmufap&m/ w±kwfjynftaemufawmifbuf/,leefjynfe,frS uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&; trmcH *sife&,fvDrDOD;pD;aom w±kwfjzL av;-ig;axmifcef@ onf 1949 ckESpfukef 1950 ckESpfqef;/usdKif;wkHc±kdifwGif; 0ifvm+yD; rkdif;qwfwGif tajccscJhonf?

‚wkd@ukd tar&duefpD-tkdif-atESifh yl;aygif;+yD; aemufxyf0ifvmolrsm;ESifh w±kwf/ Arm/ xkdif;ponfwkd@rSvnf; xyf+yD;w±kwfjzLppfom;pk+yD;/ 1951 ckESpfausmfwGif pkpkaygif;tiftm; (12,000) waomif;ESpfaxmifausmftxd wkd;csJ@pnf;±Hk;+yD; yxr w±kwf-Arme,fpyfrS ArmjynftwGif; oHvGifjrpft=um; ArmjynfwGif;wav#mufrSm tajccH+yD; aemufwzufu w±kwfjynfe,fpyfykdif;ukd0ifaESmuf,SufwJh ppfqifa&;tao;pm;tcsdK@ vkyf+yD;/ wzufu oHvGif taemufbufausmfum Armjynf twGif;ydkif;odk@ wqifhwkd;0ifusL;ausmfcJhonf? xkdtcsdefupI ArmjynfolvlxkxJwGif ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDu pwifv_H@aqmfonfh e,fcsJ@ESifh w±kwfjzLqef@usifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_}uD; ay:xGufvmcJhonf?

w±kwfjzLrsm;onf &Srf;jynfe,fomru u,m;jynfe,fukdyg usL;ausmf0ifa&muf+yD; awmifilta&S@ armfcsDrkdif;a'o txd/u,m;olykefrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;+yD;aemuf/ awmifykdif;rS u&ifESifh rGefolykefrsm;ESifhvnf; qufoG,fum ‚wdk@}uD;pkd;&m (u±kyd - yi) qkdaomyifv,furf;pyf &Gm}uD;awG0if/ wyfpGJr_ukd 1952ck ESpfwGif jyKvkyfcJh=uonf? ‚. &nf&G,fcsufrSm aemufxyfArm jynfwGif ulrifwefw±kwfjzLwyfopfrsm;ukd wkd;csJ@&ef xkdif0rfrS au'grsm;/ vufeufypPnf;cJ,rf;rsm; oabFmESifh wkduf±kdufydk@&ef jzpfonf? ‚ukd 1953 - 54usrS ykd+yD;&Sif;&Sif;odvm&onf? xkdae&mrS ArmjynfrS bdef;rsm;ukd wkduf±kdufEkdifiHjcm;okd@ xkwfEkdifojzifh xkdif;ykvdyfuwqifh a&mif;ae&wmxufykdjrwfpGef;Ekdifonf? xkd@a=umifh yifv,fvrf;ukdazmuf&ef }udK;pm;jcif; jzpfyHk&onf?

w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfvmonfh &nf&G,fcsufrsm;rSm-w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfvmonfh &nf&G,fcsufrsm;rSm-w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfvmonfh &nf&G,fcsufrsm;rSm-w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfvmonfh &nf&G,fcsufrsm;rSm-w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfvmonfh &nf&G,fcsufrsm;rSm-1? e,fpyfrS w±kwfjynfr}uD; tpyf0if+yD; aESmuf,Sufaejcif;jzifh/ w±kwfjynfwGif r+idrf;csrf;ao;[laom ta=umif;jycsufjzifh

ukvor*~u w±kwfjynftodtrSwfjyKa&;ukd tcsdefqGJxm;+yD; w±kwfuGefjrLepfwkdif;jynftm; qef@usifa&; qufvkyfoGm;&ef?2? Armtpkd;&ukd vHk;0 tar&duefaemufvdkduf jzpfap&ef?3? tvm;wl ta&S@awmiftm&S EkdifiHrsm;/ xkdif;tygt0if tjcm;wkdif;i,fjynfi,fawGtay:vnf; +cdfrf;ajcmufv$rf;rkd;+yD;/

tar&duef=oZmcHrsm; jzpfap&ef?4? vufawG@vkyfae&if;u &vmwJh bdef;ta&mif;t0,f tusdK;tjrwfrsm;uvnf; rufvHk;wvHk;jzpfvm[ef &Sdonf?5? w±kwfjynfwGif;&Sd uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;orm;rsm;/ csefau&Sdwfaemufvkdufrsm;twGufvnf; tar&duefu olwkd@ bufuae+yD;

uGefjrLepfw±kwfjynfukd 0ifwkdufay;rnfh ar#mfvifhcsufukd jzpfap+yD;/ w±kwfjynfwGif; qlylv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ukd qufvufjzpfapcsifonfh oabmvnf;&Sdonf?

Armtpkd;& (zqyvtpkd;&) taeESifhvnf; vlxktHkºuvmr_a=umifh rv$Jra&Smifom w±kwfjzLudpP ukdifwG,fvm&onf?ukvor*~rSm wkdifwrf;onfhtwGuf xkdEkdifiHjcm;wyfrsm; qkwfcGmay;a&;ukd w±kwfjzL/ xkdif;/ tar&duefESifh Arm (4) EkdifiH tpnf;ta0;xkdif+yD;ajz&Sif;&ef qHk;jzwfcJh&onf? 1953ckESpfwGif xkdif;Y xkd (4) EdkifiHtpnf;ta0;rsm; usif;ycJhonf? Adkvfae0if;wkd@u xkdaqG;aEG;r_rsm;t&w±kwfjzLt"du tiftm;rsm; xGufoGm;vdrfhrnf[k xifcJh=uonf? xkdtcGifhta&;,l+yD; wyfwcsdK@ 0ifa&mufcsDwuf wkdufckdufvkduf&ifvG,fvG,fESifh atmifEdkifrnf[k wGufqcJh=uonf? xkd@a=umifh tpOftvmt&a&m/ tqifhae&mt&a&mausmfum/ olwkd@qkd&S,fvpfygwDrSwyfrª;tcsdK@ESifh 0ifwkdufzdk@ pDpOf=uygonf? wyfwGif;&Sdaeaom uGefjrLepf,drf;olrsm;/ rsdK;cspfrsm;ukdausmfI ae&may;Ekdifatmif pDpOfjcif; jzpfonf?xkd“e*g;Ekdifppfqifa&;”onf oHvGifjrpfausmf0ifvmaom Armhwyfr[mukd w±kwfjzLwyfrsm;u oHvGifta&S@bufurf;twGif;ykdif;txdqkwfay;+yD;rS oHvGifESifhn‡yf+yD; jyefwkdufcsvkdufvkd@ xkdwyfr[m ysufoGm;+yD; oHvGiftaemufbufurf;okd@ z±kdz&J jyefqkwfajy;vmcJh&&mvufeuf}uD;rsm; qHk;±_H;cJh&onf? xkdwkdufyGJt+yD; w±kwfjzLrsm;uvnf; olwkd@rqkwfEkdif[k ajymifjiif;qefvkdufojzifh (4) EkdifiHtpnf;ta0;rS

13

Armukd,fpm;vS,frsm;vnf; t&SufuGJcJh&jyefonf? Armhppfwyfvnf; pdwf"mwfusqif;oGm;awmhonf?wcsdefwnf;avmufrSmyif awmifykdif;u Armwyfrsm;u (u±kyd-yi) a'o wyfpGJxm;onfh w±kwfjzLawGukd wkdufxkwfvkdufvkd@

xkdif0rfu aemufwyfr (2) zGJ@- zGJ@zkd@ vufeuf-ypPnf;-vlrsm;o,fvmonfh oabFmi,f (6) pif;onfvnf; +rdwfu|ef;pkrS vSnfhjyefoGm;&ygonf?

Armtpkd;&taeESifhuvnf; w±kwfjzLudpP &yfxm;Ir&? quf+yD;wwfEkdifor# ajz&Sif;&efESifh rdrdppfwyf jyefvnfpdwf"mwfwufºuvmap&eftwGuf xkdudpPajz&Sif;&ef wyfwGif;tpOftvm &Sdonfh uGefjrLepfbuf,drf;onfh rsdK;cspfwyfrª;rsm;ukd 1953 ckESpf/ rkd;&moDwGifpv$JcJh&ygawmhonf?

xkd@a=umifh 1953-1954umvrsm;wGif Armhwyfrawmfonf oHvGiftaemufbuf&Sd w±kwfjzLrsm;ukd armfcsDrk dif;up+yD;oHvGifjrpfurf;txd yxr ppfqifa&;ti,fpm;rsm;ESifh &Sif;ypf+yD;/ 1954ckESpf azazmf0g&DvukefupI “bk&ifhaemifppfqifa&;” trnfESifhoHvGifta&S@ w±kwfjzLXmecsKyfESifh tajccHpcef;}uD;udk wkdufckduf+yD;/ w±kwfjzLrsm;ukd xkdif;e,fpyftxd armif;xkwfEkdifcJh+yD; Armjynfay:+cdrf;ajcmufaeonfh w±kwfjzLtEW&m,f}uD;ukd z,f&Sm;ypfvkdufEkdifonf?

2? tajccHtajctae tcsuftvufrsm;2? tajccHtajctae tcsuftvufrsm;2? tajccHtajctae tcsuftvufrsm;2? tajccHtajctae tcsuftvufrsm;2? tajccHtajctae tcsuftvufrsm;(TonfrSm wkdufyGJwyGJ/ jy\emw&yfukd qifE$Jajz&Sif;&eftwGuf pDrHudef;wck a&;qGJ&ef enf;vrf;rsm; jzpfayonf?)(u) &nf&G,fcsuf-1? rdrdwkd@. wm0efausyGef&rnf?

2? vufawG@t& aqmif&GufEkdifrnfhabmiftwGif; vkyfaqmifEkdifpGrf; &Sd&rnf? 3? T 2 csufay: rlwnf+yD; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; jywfjywfom;om; jzpf&rnf?

xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnfhtcsufrsm;xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnfhtcsufrsm;xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnfhtcsufrsm;xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnfhtcsufrsm;xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnfhtcsufrsm;w±kwfjzLaemufwGif tar&duef&Sdjcif;? w±kwfjzLrsm; ausmay;v_yf&Sm;Ekdifonfh xkdif;e,fpyf}uD; &Snfvsm;pGm &Sdaejcif;?rdrdwyftiftm;vnf; odyfr&Sd? rawmifhwif;? awmifay:wkdufyGJ tawG@t}uHKvnf; r&Sd? aemufu axmufyHha&;vrf; vnf;

&Snfvsm;pGm rvkdufEkdif?xkd@a=umifh w±kwfjzLrsm;ukd t+yD;tykdif &Sif;vif;ypfzdk@rvG,f?xkd@a=umifh &nf&G,fcsuf yxrqifhtaejzifh Armjynftay: +cdrf;ajcmufaeonfh w±kwfjzL tEW&m,fukd wGef;vSefz,f &Sm;ypf&ef?

w±kwfjzLrsm;tm; tajccHtm;jzifh ArmjynftwGif;ykdif; xkd;0ifusL;ausmfEkdifrnfh ae&mrsm;uae+yD; ‘xkdif;’e,fpyfokd@ armif;xkwf&ef jzpfonf?TuJhokd@ rdrd. &nf&G,fcsufukd &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; jywfjywfom;om; od+yD;aemufwGif buf (2) buf (&ef-igESpfbuf) .

xl;jcm;csufrsm;ukd &SmazG&onf?(c) &efoltiftm; 1? waomif;ESpfaxmifausmf&Sd+yD; oHk;axmifcef@rSm rdrd,ck ppfqifa&;ESifh wkduf±kdufrusaom awmif}uD;-usdKif;wkHum;vrf;

ajrmufbuf oHvGifta&S@ESifh w±kwfe,fpyft=um;wGif w±kwfe,fpyf aESmuf,Sufa&;ESifh bdef;udpPvkyfief; rsm;vkyfae=uonf?2? 9,000cef@rSm xkdvrf;. awmifbuf/ ArmjynftwGif;ykdif; usL;ausmfa&;vkyfief;ESifh bdef;udpPvkyfief;rsm;vkyf&efjzpfonf?3? xkd&efol@tiftm; 9,000 . tcdkiftrm wyfjzef@yHkrSm (1) yxrav,mOfuGif;&SdwJh rkdif;qwfwGif tajccHXmecsKyf xm;&mu

twGif;ykdif; ykdrkdv_yf&Sm;Ekdifzkd@ESifh (rdkfif;qwfvnf; emrnf}uD;vmojzifh) xdkif;e,fpyfteD; yGefygusifa'oodk@ 1952 ckESpf ukefavmufwGif XmecsKyfukdajymif;xm;cJhonf? (2) rkdif;qwfa'owGifrl uif;pcef;om zGifhxm;+yD; umuG,fxm;onf? (3) t"d u a&S@wef;XmecsKyf - rkdif;wHkwGifxm;+yD;/t"du tckdiftrm cHppfae&mukd rkdif;wHka'oESifh oHvGifjrpft=um; rkdif;wHkrS (10) uDvkdr# uGmwJh ay 5,000 cef@pDjrifhwJh awmifukef; (3) ck-zkdcHkavmufqkdifwGif cHuwkwf}uD; (3) ck wnfaqmufxm;+yD; tckdiftrm cHxm;onf? rkdif;wHkrS oHvGiful;wkd@qdyf ‘0rfqvm’txd (6) ayus,f‘vm;vrf;’u/ xkdawmif (3) vHk;ukd jzwfoGm;onf? (rnfolrqkd rkdif;wkH/ rkdif;[ef/ yGefygusif ajrjyef@ukd v$rf;rkd;vkdoltzkd@/ ‚awmif (3) vHk;ukdvnf;aumif;/ ‚oHvGif-rkdif;wHkvrf;ukdvnf;aumif; oddrf;xm;EkdifrS a&&Snfv$rf;rkd;Ekdifrnf jzpfonf?) (4) &efol@a&S@zsm; cHppfrSm oHvGiful;wkd@/0rfqvmESifh ‚0ef;usifwGif wyfpGJxm;onf? ,if;rSm oHvGiftaemufbufurf;rS &duQmpk&efjzpfonf? tjcm;ae&mrsm;rSm (5) rkdif;ykvHkwGifvnf;pcef;cGJwck? (6) ‚aemuf ykd ta&S@bufusaom xkdif;e,fpyf-wmcsDvdwf-rJqkdifa'owGif pcef;cGJ}uD;wck &Sdonf? (7) &efol. aoe*FAsL[mt&H wyftiftm; (3,000) oHk;axmifcef@ukd rkdif;[ef/ yGefygusifa'owGif csxm;onf? (8) enf;y&d,m,f t&Hwyftiftm; (1,000)waxmifcef@ukd rkdif;ykvHkESifh txufygawmif (3) vHk;ESifh rkdif;wHkt=um;wGif csxm;onf?

4? &efolwyfrª;csKyf? ? AkdvfcsKyfvDrD rusef;rrmjzpfvmI wyfrª;topf wif&onf? xkdwyfrª;topfrSm xkdif0rf&Sdt}uD;tuJ wOD;.om;jzpf+yD; i,fpOfuwnf;u tar&duef&Sd tu,f'rD Adkvfoifwef;upI wyfrtqifhtxd oifwef;aygif; (8) ckavmufwufcJh&ol? ppftawG@t}uHK vHk;0eD;yg; r&Sdol? txufv$mrsm;. vl,Hk? vlvwfykdif;t&G,f? AkdvfcsKyfwOD; jzpfonf?

5? &efolwkd@. ppfynmtqifh? ? wyf&if;txuf wyfrª; tawmfrsm;rsm; tawG@t}uHK toifhtwifhr#om &Sdonf?AkdvfcsKyftqifhrsm;rSm wyfrª;a[mif;rsm;jzpf+yD; tawG@t}uHK tawmftoifh &Sdonf? okd@aomf AkdvfcsKyfvDrDavmuf pdwf"mwfa&m tawG@t}uHKyg&Sdolrsm; r[kwf=uyg? wyfom;rsm;rSm rlvwyfom;a[mif;rSm oHk;yHkwyHkausmf cef@om&Sd+yD; ppftawG@ t}uHK toifhtwifh &Sd=uaom ppfr_xrf;rsm;

14

jzpfonf? usefwyfom; trsm;pkrSm a'otvkduf pkaqmif;xm;aom wyfom;opfrsm; jzpfae=uonf?6? &efol@pdwf"mwf? ? (u) Armjynfolwkd@. wcJeuf tHkºuqef@usifr_? (c) w±kwfjynfwGif; w±kwfuGefjrLepf tpkd;&tay:

vGwfajrmufcgp vlxk. axmufcHwufºuaer_? (*) olwyg;wkdif;jynftay: rw&m; usL;ausmf0ifae&r_? (C) rdrdwkd@. tem*wf ra&r&mjzpfvmr_ - ponfwkd@a=umifh w±kwfjzLwyfom;rsm;t=um; pdwf"mwfwjznf;jznf; usqif;vmae=uonf? &efoltxuf wyfrª;}uD;trsm;pkrSmrlbddef;rS&&Sdonfh tusdK;tjrwfa=umifhvnf;aumif;/ Armhwyfukd txifao;o jzifhvnf;aumif; pdwf"mwf tawmftoifh ckdifrmaeyHk&onf?

okd@aomf urBmhtajctae wpHkw&majymif;vJvmr_u olwkd@pdwf"mwfukd xdckdufvmapygonf? ‚[email protected]&m tar&dueftzkd@'kwd,urBmppf+yD;ump tEkjrLAHk;ukdifI AkdvfvkyfEkdifcJhaomfvnf; aemufykdif;qdkAD,uf,leD,Huvnf; tEkjrLAHk;&SdvmcJhonf? xkd@jyiftar&duefwkd@tzkd@ ukd;&D;,m;ppfwGif w±kwfjynftay: xifovkd rv$rf;rkd;EkdifbJ aphpyfajy+idrf;vkduf&ojzifh xkdukd;&D;,m;ppf}uD;ukd rdrdwkd@tem*wfESifh ,SOfwGJxm;cJhaom w±kwfjzLAkdvfcsKyfrsm; pdwf"mwf xdckdufoGm;cJh=uyHk &ygonf?

7? &efol@vufeuf? ? (1) w±kwf±kdifz,f trsm;pk jzpfonf? (2) ‚wkd@onf wyfrawmftqifhtxd zGJ@xm;aomfvnf;vufeuf}uD;rsm;rSm wyf&if;oHk;vufeuf}uD;rsm;om jzpfonf? 60 rr armfwmESifh usaemfwkd@ wyf&if;oHk; 3 vufr armfwmESifh tvm;wlarmfwmrsm;om &Sdonf? ‚armfwmrsm;yifv#if usnfrsm;rsm; roHk;Ekdif? w±kwfjynfrS xGufajy;vm&olrsm; jzpfojzifh vufeuf}uD;rsm;o,frvmEkdif? tar&duefrS 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;t+yD; xkwfvkyfaom awmwGif;oHk; vufeuftcsdK@ &Sdaomfvnf; ay:vGifoGm;rSmpkd;IxkwfroHk;&Jay? rkdif;vnf; r&Sday?

*? rdrdtajctae? ? tpkd;&wyftajctaetpkd;&wyftajctaetpkd;&wyftajctaetpkd;&wyftajctaetpkd;&wyftajctaetiftm;? ?(1) ajcvsifwyf&if; (4) &if;ESifh t&Hwyfrsm;

- aoewfukdifwyf&if; (1) æwyf&if;rª;-'kAkdvfrª;}uD; wifOD; (,ckNLD)- aoewfukdifwyf&if;(2)æwyf&if;rª;-'kAdkvfrª;}uD;jr0if; (uG,fvGef)- aoewfukdifwyf&if; (5) æwyf&if;rª;-'kAkdvfrª;}uD;armifvGif (,ckNLD)- csif;wyf&if; (3) æwyf&if;rª;-Akdvfrª;a&m'&pf- ajcvsifwyf&if;rsm;rS wyfcGJ (2) cGJ- ucsifwyf&if;(4)rS wyfcGJ (2) cGJ

(2) rdrdvufeuftiftm;- 25 aygif'g tajrmufwyfcGJ (1) cGJætajrmuf (8) vuf- 6 aygif'g wifhum;ypftajrmuf (2) vuf- 76rr ,l*kdpvyfawmifay:ypftajrmuf (2) vuf (ppfwkdufcgeD;rS rar#mfvifhbJ uyfI&onf)- avwyf ('kwd,urBmppfrS tusefrsm;)- qD;zkdif;,m; (ac:) 'Hk;usnfypfwkdufav,mOf (9) pD;- o,f,lykd@aqmifa&;ESifh &duQmcs&ef 'gukdwm (3) pif; (xkdpOfu &[wf,mOfrsm; r&Sdao;yg)

xkd@a=umifh wkdufckdufa&; tiftm;aygif;rSm * vltiftm; 6,000 (ajcmufaxmif)• o,f,la&;twGufvm; 1 , 000 (waxmif)• txrf;orm; 3,000 (oHk;axmif)• 6 aygif'gtajrmufESifh usnfo,f&ef qif (25) pD;wkd@ jzpfygonf?

(3) rdrdwkd@. ppfa&;tawG@t}uHK æ (1) rdrdwyfrsm; EkdifiHjcm;&efolESifh t}uD;tus,f ppfqifwkdufckdufaomtawG@t}uHK r&Sd? txl;ojzifh tajrmuf/ av,mOf/ vufeuf}uD;rsm;ESifh [efcsufnDnmpGm wGJwkdufonfh tavhtx r&SdcJh? (2) rdrdwyfrsm;awmifay:wkdufyGJ tawG@t}uHK vHk;0r&Sdoavmufjzpf&m ,ck wkduf&rSmu ay (3,000) rS ay (7,000) tjrifh t=um; wkduf&rSm jzpfonf?(3) rdrdwyfrsm;rSm jynfwGif;rSmvnf; wyfjzef@+yD; wm0ef,lvmcJh&o jzifh avhusifha&;vnf; aumif;aumif;rvkyfEkdif=u?

(4) [email protected]"mwf? ? e*g;Ekdifppfqifa&; ±_H;xm;ojzifh pdwfenf;enf; av;ae=uonf? [email protected]&S@wef;okd@ axmufcHtm;ay;r_/ ppfqifa&;twGuf jyifqif&mwGif bufpHkr_ pwmawGa=umifh aemufydkif; tm;wufvm=uonf?

TuJhokd@ buf2 buf. tajctaersm;ukd wGufcsuf+yD;aomtcg tjcm;xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnfh tcsufrSm;rSm æC? ajrtajctae1? ay (3,000) ESifh ay (7,000) t=um; awmifay:a'owGif ppfqifa&; vkyf&rSm jzpfonf?2? rdrdwyftaeESifh &efolESif@wkdufzkd@a&S@rSm oHvGifjrpf}uD;u umpD;xm;onf?3? Armjynfrukd w±kwfjzLrsm; usL;ausmfEdkif&ef taumif;qHk; tajccH&efa'orSm rkdif;wkH/ rkdif;[ef/ yGefygusif ajrjyef@a'o jzpfonf?

Tae&mrSaeI w±kwfjynfe,fpyfukd taESmuft,Sufay;Ekdifonf? ‚wkd@. aemufcHtm;ay;wkdif;jynf ‘xdkif;’e,fpyfESifhvnf; eD;onfhae&mjzpfojzifh ‚wkd@. bdef;vkyfief;vnf; tqifajy? axmufyHha&;ESifh &duQmudpPyg acsmarmEkdifonf@ae&mvnf; jzpfayonf?

4? ‚a'oukd xkd;ppf0if&ef taumif;qHk;vrf;rSm oHvGiftaemufbufurf;&Sd rkdif;yef+rdK@rS um;vrf;=urf; wpdwfwykdif; &Sdxm;aom

15

oHvGifta&S@urf; 0rfqvmul;wkd@qdyf? ‚rS wqifh rkdif;wHkokd@ (6) ay us,fvm;vrf; twkdif;jzpfonf?5? rdkif;ykvHkESifh rsufESmcsif;qkdif oHvGiftaemufbufurf;txd um;oGm;Ekdif&ef vrf;ukdtenf;i,fjyKjyif±HkESifh &&SdEkdifonf?6? rkdif;ysOf;rS rkdif;ykatmifokd@ aEGOwk um;vrf;&Sd+yD; xkdrSwqifh rkdif;qwfokd@ vm;vrf;jzifhcsDwufEkdfifonf?i? &moDOwk? ? ppfwkdufrnfhtcsdefrSm aEGOwk jzpfojzifh taEG;xnfrvkd? ayghayghyg;yg; csDwufEkdifonf? okd@aomf arv 20

aemufykdif;/ rGefqGef;0if rkdf;p&GmEkdifojzifh wkdufyGJjrefjref r+yD;ygu awmifay:wGif qufwkduf&ef cJ,Of;onf?p? tcsdefESifh tuGmta0;? ? ppfqifa&;tcsdefrSm rwfv (1) &ufae@rS pygu arvv,ftxd tcsdefESpfvcGJ &rnf?

xkdumvtwGif; rdrdwkd@ &nfrSef;csufxajrmufavmufatmif ppfqifa&;vkyfcsdef vHkavmufonf[k ,lqonf? odrf;ykdufoifhaoma'orSmw±kwfjzLrsm; ArmjynftwGif;ydkif;odk@ xkd;0ifusL;ausmf aESmuf,SufEkdifrnfh tajccHa'otjzpf vkyfEkdifonfha'o rkdif;wHk/ rkdif;[ef/ yGefygusifajrjyef@ESifh aemufwqifh rkdif;qwfyg&u ykdvHk+cHKrnf?

q? EkdifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ usef;rma&;ponfhwdkufyGJESifh t}uHK;0ifrnfh tcsuftvufrsm;æ1 - urBmhtajctae-txufwGif tcsdK@tcsufrsm; azmfjy+yD;jzpfonf? tar&duef taeESifh ukd;&D;,m;ppf ta&;edrfh+yD;uwnf;u

=oZmusvmonf? txl;ojzifh tm&SwGif tm&Sjynfoltrsm;pku tar&duefrkef;wD;r_/ qef@usifr_'Da& pwifjrifhwufvmaeaom umvjzpfonf? urBmppfvkdvm;wJh tm;xuf/ +idrf;csrf;a&;tm;u v$rf;rdkd;vmaewJhumv jzpfonf? xdktwGif; zqyv tpdk;&u w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_ukd ukvor*~ukd wkdifvdkufojzifh tar&duef tusyftwnf; awG@ae&onf?

2 - ArmjynfwGif;wGifvnf; ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD. pwifv_H@aqmfr_a=umifhvnf;aumif;/ ajray:vuf0JygwDrsm;. v_yf&Sm;r_(Oyrm-q&m}uD;ocifudk,fawmfr_dif;. urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;) rsm;a=umifh Armjynfolrsm;t=um; tar&duefESifh aemufvkdufw±kwfjzLqef@usifa&;v_dif;rsm; }uD;xGm;vm&m/ Ttajctaersm;a=umifh ppfwdkuf&rnfh tpdk;&ppfwyftaeESifhvnf; pdwf"mwfjrifhwufapcJhygonf?

3 - zqyvtpkd;&xJrS tar&duefbuf,drf;onfh *dk%f;u w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_ukd rwkdufvkdaomfvnf; t*Fvdyfbuf,drf;onfh*dk%f;u tawmftoifhwkdufvkdonf? okd@aomf olwkd@vnf; wu,ftaotaus rwkdufbJ/ w±kwfjzLudpP +yD;oGm;ap vkdonf?ta=umif;rSm tar&duef. rsufrmef&Sjcif;ukdvnf; rcHcsif/ w±kwfjzLESifh ppfwkduf&v#if jynfwGif;ppfwkdufrnfh tiftm;awG avsmhenf;oGm;Edkif+yD;uGefjrLepfrsm;ukd racsr_ef;EkdifrSmvnf; pkd;&drfpdwfwkd@a=umifh jzpfayonf?

4 - pD;yGm;a&;? zqyvtpkd;&taeESifh pyg;aps;aumif;&aeojzifh jynfawmfomacwfvkd@yif aºu;a=umfaeaomtcsdef jzpf&mTppfyGJrsdK;ukd wkdufEkdifatmif b¾ma&;tajctae awmifhwif;onf? vlxkpD;yGm;a&; usyfwnf;r_ odyfrjyif;ao;onfh umvvnf; jzpfaeonf?okd@&mwGif w±kwfjzLwkd@bufwGif wyfrª;trsm;tjym;rS bdef;vkyfief;t&omawG@oGm;+yDjzpfI ‚wkd@. ukd,fusdK;pD;yGm;ESifh tar&duef. EkdifiHa&;qEN xyfwlusaeI TppfyGJ jrefjref+yD;jywfvdrfhrnf[k rar#mfvifhEkdif?

5 - &Srf;jynfvlxkrSm w±kwfjzLwyfrsm;. zdESdyfr_trsdK;rsdK;a=umifh w±kwfjzLudk qef@usifaomfvnf;/ apmfbGm;tcsdK@urlw±kwfjzLaemufwGif tar&duefygaeojzifh tm;udk;tm;xm;pdwfESifh zdwfac:r_rsm; &Sdaeonf?

6 - ArmjynfwGif;&Sd vufeufukdif ykefuefaeol vlrsdK;pktzGJ@tpnf;tcsdK@uvnf; rdrdwdk@twGuf tultnD&vkd&jim;pdwfjzifh yl;aygif;qufqHr_rsm; &Sd=uonf?3? ESpfbuf. tm;omcsuf/ tm;enf;csuf rsm;ukd oHk;oyfjcif;

(u) ESpfbuftiftm;? ? tiftm;wGif &efolu rdrdwkd@xufomonf? okd@aomf&efol taeESifh wyfukdae&m trsm;tjym;rSmjzef@cGJcs&yfxm;&ojzihfvnf;aumif;/ rdrdwdk@ xkd;rnfhbuf pkroGm;apbJ qufjyef@aeatmif [efjyvkyfief;rsm;ESifh xdef;csKyfxm;Ekdifygu rdrdwkd@bufu wyef;omEdkifonf? rxdef;csKyfEkdifygu tcuftcJ }uD;rm;Ekdifonf? tu,fI &efolu rdrdwkd@wkdfufrnfhbuf rodbJ ,ckvkd cGJjzef@xm;&v#if rdrdwkd@u &Sdor#tiftm;ukd tvHk;t&if;ESifh &efoltm;enf;onfh t"du ae&mukd xkd;azmufygu xkdppfrsufESmwGif tm;omEkdifonf?t"du &efol@wyfrsm; ,cktwkdif;jyef@aeatmif vkyf&efESifh &efol. aoe*FAsL[m t&HwyfESifh enf;y&d,m,ft&Hwyfrsm;ukd vkd&mroHk;EkdifbJaomifwifatmifvkyf&ef ta&;}uD;onf? xkdokd@vkyfEkdifygu rdrdwkd@u xkd;azmufppfupm;Ekdifonfh tm;omonfh tajctae a&mufEkdifonf?

(c) &efolwyfrª;csKyfta=umif; od&csuft& rdrdwkd@tm;omEkdifonf? xkdwyfrª;csKyfukd a&G;cs,f&mwGif tawG@t}uHK t &nftcsif;xufyk*~dKvfa&; ,Hk=unfr_tay: tajccHI a&G;cs,fcef@xm;jcif;jzpfojzifh xkdtawG@t}uHKr&Sdonfh wyfrª;tay: rdrdwkd@u tjrwfxkwf ppfupm;Ippfqifa&;rsm; vkyfoGm;Ekdifonf? TonfrSm rdrdwkd@twGuf tcGifhomcsuf}uD;wck jzpfonf?

(*) &efolatmufajc wyfrª;trsm;pkrSmvnf; ppfa&;tawG@t}uHK a,bk,s tm;enf;olrsm; jzpfonf? rdrdwkd@ ppfy&d ,m,fupm;r_aumif;v#if rdrdwkd@upm;&mukd ygvmEkdifonf? rdrdwkd@ zdzdpD;pD; vkyf}uHv#if &efolpdwf"mwfusvG,frnf? TonfrSmvnf; &efol.tm;enf;csufw&yfjzpfonf?

(C) &efolwkd@. pdwf"mwfwGif pkd;&drfa=umifhusr_ wck&Sdonf? ‚wkd@onf w±kwfjynfr}uD;wGif w±kwfjynfol@vGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmfom;rsm; (w±kwfuGefjrLepfwyfrsm;) ESifh wkdufcJh&mwGif av;bufav;wef0kdif;+yD; aemufESifhvnf; tqufjzwfum 0dkif;0ef;acsr_ef;r_ukdcHcJh&I 'grsdK;ukd tvGefa=umufonf? txl;ojzifh olwyg;EkdifiHwGif TuJhokd@0kdif;+yD; acsr_ef;cH&rSmukd tvGefa=umuf&GH@yHk &onf? xkd@a=umifhrdrdwkd@u Tenf;udkoHk;EkdifoHk;/ roHk;Ekdifv#ifvnf; 0kdif;ywfjzwfawmufrnfh[ef +cdrf;ajcmufv#if tjrefqkwfajy;zkd@ pdwfapmrnf? pdwf"mwf

16

tjrefusqif; ,drf;,kdifEkdifonf? (i ) pdwf"mwft& rdrdwkd@wyfu w&m;wJhppfyGJ qifE$J&ojzifh bufpHku omonf? EkdifiHwumuvnf; tar&duefukd ±_wfcsae?jynfwGif;jynfolvlxkuvnf; rdrdwkd@udk axmufcHtm;ay;aeojzifh rdrdwkd@wyfrsm; wufºuonf?

(p) awmifay:wkdufyGJtawG@t}uHKtaeESifhrl &efoluomI ykdIvnf; tyifyef;cHEkdifonf? okd@aomfppfyGJrSm ESpfv cGJomjzpfIrdrdwkd@odyfryifyef;Ekdif? (xkd@twGuf jyifqifonfhtaeESifh rdrdwyfom;rsm;ukd ae@pOfa&Al;xJwGif qm;enf;enf; cyfaomuf ap&rnf? a&&Sm;/a&jywfygu av,mOfrS a&pnfrsm;/ a&cJwkHk;rsm; csay;&efvnf; pDpOf&onf? awmwGif; a&&Ekdifonfh tyifrsm; (Oyrm-0g;yif) ukd ckwfIa&cH&efvnf; oif=um;ay;&onf?)

(q) ppfynmwGifrl ESpfbuf - wOD;ESifhwOD; odyfrxl;jcm;? okd@&mwGif rdrdwkd@wyfrsm;taeESifh tajrmuf/ av,mOfwkd@jzifh wGJzufwkdufckdufonfhtawG@t}uHK r&Sd? xkd@a=umifh ppfrwkdufrD pk&yfwGif 3 ywfr# &SdaepOf avhusifhay;cJh&onf?

(Z) okd@&mwGif pk&yfwGif wyfrsm;pka0; a&muf&Sd+yD;aemuf usef;rma&;ppfaq;aomtcg rdrdwyfrsm;onf ay (3,000) ausmfawmifwef;rsm;ay:wGif ppfqifa&;vkyfEkdifavmufatmif usef;rma&;tqifhrrDa=umif; q&m0efrsm;u ajymvm=uI tpnf;ta0;ac:um3 ywftwGif; usef;rma&;aumif;vm&ef enf;vrf;rsm;&Sm=u&m txl;&duQmE_ef; xkwfay;jcif;? wae@-ae@ tcsdef tenf;qHk; (4) em&Dr#em;csdeftdyfcsdefay;jcif;wkd@ vkyf&efjzpfonf? txl;&duQmwGif aepOftom;ESifht&ufenf;enf;yg ay;au|;arG;onf? avhusifha&;rsm;udkvnf;odyfyifyifyef;yef; rvkyfapbJ/ usef;rmolrsm;ukdom erlemjyap+yD;/ trsm;pkukd vkduf=unfh ckdif;±Hkom =unfhckdif;onf/ okd@jzifhtcsdefrDtoifhjzpfatmifvkyf&onf? Tusef;rma&; tajctae tajccHtm;jzifh awmifay: wkdufyGJ a&&SnfrqifEkdif? TonfrSm rdrdwdk@. tm;enf;csufjzpfonf?

(ps) vufeufwGif rdrdwkd@bufrS tajrmufESifh ava=umif;wGif &efolxuf ta&;omaeonf? okd@&mwGif oHvGifta&S@ bufurf;wGifum;vrf;razmuf&ao;I tajrmufrsm; o,fEkdifrnfr[kwfI t"du ava=umif;om tm;udk;&rnfjzpf&m uwkwfwkdufyGJrsm;wGif t}udwfte,fwkdufzkd@ tvGefcufrnf? xkd@a=umifh qifjzifho,f,lEkdifaom wifhum;ypf (6) aygif'g 2 vuf/ av,mOf (9) pD;jzifhom wkduf&ayrnf?&efolrSm tawG@t}uHKenf;olrsm;jzpfojzifh Tr#aom vufeuf}uD;rsm;jzifhyif wkdufckdufxkd;azmufEkdifp&m &Sdonf? aemuf &efol@xHwGifvnf;vufeuf}uD;r&SdbJ wyf&if;vufeuf (3) vufr armfwmrsdK;ukdyif usnf rsm;rsm;roHk;EkdifI rdrdwkd@tajrmuf2 vufukd &efoluwkwfem;wkduf±kdufuyf+yD; ypfEkdifrnf? rDwm 600 ESifh 1,000 =um;xd ,loGm;+yD; wkduf±kdufypfEkdifrnfjzpfI odyfrqdk;vSyg? aemufqHk;wyfxGufcgeD;,l*kdpvyf 76 rrawmifay:ypf tajrmuf 2 vufxyf&ojzifh tawmftoifh tm;&Sdvmonf?

(n) ajrtajctae1-&efol@bufu tajccH tm;vHk;eD;yg; ta&;omaeonf?2-yxr a&pD;oefvSaom oHvGifjrpf}uD; umxm;onf? okd@&mwGif &efolrSm wzufurf;wav#mufvHk; wyfjzef@xm;Ekdifjcif;r&Sdojzifh

&efolr&Sdonfh ae&mokd@ ul;+yD;rS tcsuftcsm ul;wkd@qdyfESifh urf;yg;wkd@Yom wyfpGJxm;onfh &efolukd wkdufEkdifonf? jrpfa=umifh ppft&Sdefrxdckdfuf&atmif "mwfqDyDygyHk;rsm;jzifh yJhcsdwfwyfxm;aom ul;wkd@azmifuav;rsm;pGmvnf; zefwD;+yD; vlESifhypPnf;rsm; ul;&onf? tcufqHk;rSmvufeuf}uD;o,f&ef qiftwGuf azmif}uD;vkyf&wm jzpfonf? Tenf;rsm;jzifh obm0 t&Htwm;jzpfaeaom oHvGif. twm;tqD;ukdtm;aysmhoGm;atmif vkyf&onf?

3 - awmifay:wkdufyGJ wkduf&rnfjzpfI rdrdwkd@u wyef;±_H;aeaomfvnf; xkdtm;enf;csufukd jyefaxrdEkdifatmif um;vrf;rsm;ukdwwfEkdifor# awmufav#mufazmufoGm;&ef &efjzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh wkdufuGufa&G;&mwGifvnf; um;vrf;tvG,f azmufEkdifrnfh ae&mukdOD;pm;ay;a&G;cs,f&onf?

4 - ajrtajctaet& rdrdwkd@wyfbufrS tm;omcsuf}uD;wckrSm w±kwfjzLwkd@u ‚wkd@. XmecsKyfukd rkdif;[ef - yGefygusifbufajymif;+yD; wyfpGJxm;ojzifh xkdae&mukd 0ifodrf;&ef vrf;rsm;yGifhoGm;jcif; jzpfonf? xkdae&mukd0if&ef wvrf;rSm rkdif;yef - 0rfqvmrSrkdif;wHkvrf;(xkdvrf;rSm um;vrf;jzpf+yD; tawmfaumif;onf?) aemufwvrf;rSm rkdif;yefrS ta&S@wnfhwnfh oHvGifausmf+yD; rkdif;[ef -yGefygusifbufokd@ wkduf±kduf0ifEkdifonfhvrf; (Tvrf;onf yxrvrf;xuf ydkeD;onf? ajrmufbufrSm wyfpGJxm;onfh w±kwfjzLwyfrsm;ESifhvnf;a0;aeI &efoltm;enf;onf?) xkd@a=umifh w±kwfjzLXmecsKyfukd wkduf±kdufxkd;Edkifonf? xkdvrf;ukdoHk;v#if [email protected];enf;csufrSmaxmufyHha&;vrf;zGifh&ef cufcJjcif;yif jzpfonf? xkd@a=umif rdrdwkd@ ppfqifa&;pOf;pm;&mwGif Tonfukd t"dutcsuftjzpf ,lq&rnf?okd@aomfrdrdwkd@wyf. &duQmaxmufyHhr_ukd ava=umif;rS csay;EdkifpGrf;&Sdojzifh rdrdwkd@. tm;omcsufw&yf jzpfvmayonf?

4? rdrdwkd@u vkyfEkdifrnfhenf;vrf;rsm;? ‚tay: &efolwkd@u wHk@jyefEkdifcsufESifh aemufqHk; rdrdwkd@vkyf&ef enf;vrf; rsm; oHk;oyfcsuf?(u) bk&ifhaemif ppfqifa&;. &nf&G,fcsufrSm - w±kwfjzLrsm; Armjynfrukd r+cdrf;ajcmufrv$rf;rkd;Ekdif&ef? 1954/ arv 15 &uf

rwkdifrD (1) t"du rkdif;wHk-rkdif;[ef-yGefygusif ajrjyef@uGif;ESifh (2) aemuf rkdif;qwfESifh rkdif;qwfuGif;ukdyg odrf;ykdufEkdif&ef owfrSwfxm;onf?(c) txufyg &nf&G,fcsuf atmifjrif&ef rdrdwkd@bufu vkyfEkdifrnfh enf;vrf;rsm;-1-txufyg a'oESpfckokd@ csDwufEkdifrnfh vrf;a=umif; t"du (4) vrf; &Sdonf?

yxrvrf; æ rkdif;jyif;-rkdif;ykatmifrS rkdif;qwfokd@ aemufrS rkdif;wHkuGif;?'kwd,vrf;æoHvGifjrpful;+yD;/ rkdif;ykvHkukdodrf;+yD; ‚rSwqifh rkdif;qwfokd@r[kwf rkdif;wHkbufokd@ wqifhpDodrf;&ef?wwd,vrf;æ0rfqvmul;wkd@rS rkdif;wHkukd odrf;/ ‚uGif;jyifudkodrf;+yD;aemuf rkdif;qwfuGif;qufodrf;&ef?

17

pwkwˆvrf;ærkdif;yefrS ta&S@oHvGifbufcsDjzwf+yD;/ wkduf±kdufrkdif;[ef-yGefygusifwkd@ukd wkdufodrf;&ef? aemufrS rkdif;qwfuGif;qufodrf;&ef?

2-txufyg vrf; (4) ckwGif E_dif;,SOfcsuft& vufawG@ykdI tcGifhomaom vrf;rSm wwd,ESifh pwkwˆ (2) vrf; jzpfonf?yxrESifh 'kwd,vrf;rSm rdrd&nfrSef;csufukd t"du wkduf±kdufra&mufbJ vufawG@vnf; rsm;pGmcufEkdif?

3-wwd,ESifh pwkwˆ ESpfvrf;teuf wkduf±kdufvrf;jzpfaom pwkwˆvrf;onf pdwful;t& pdwf0ifpm;zG,fjzpfaomfvnf; rkdif;yefrSoHvGiftxd um;vrf;vHk;0r&Sd? wzefoHvGifurf;rS rkdif;[efokd@vnf; vm;vrf;yif aumif;aumif;r&Sd? vrf;wGifvnf;aumif;/ rkdif;[ef-yGefygusifuGif;wGifvnf;aumif; &efolu tckdiftrm ae&mpGJ cHppf}uD;qifcJhaomf vufeuf}uD;rsm;o,f&ef cuffcJ? qufoG,fa&;vrf;/axmufyHha&;vrf;zGifh&efvnf; cufcJayonf? xkd@a=umifh wwd,vrf;ukd pOf;pm;&mwGif rkdif;yefrS 0rfqvmt=um; xuf0ufausmfrSmum;vrf;&Sd+yD;jzpfI tenf;i,f qufazmufv#if oHvGifurf;okd@ a&mufEkdifonf? aemuf0rfqvmrS rkdif;wHktxd (6) ayus,f vm;vrf;}uD;&Sdojzifh ay:wmtvkyform; (3,000) jzifh a'gh*spfoGm;um;vrf; azmufygu tvGefqHk; wywftwGif; aEGum;vrf; aygufEkdifonf? tu,fI&efolu (rdrdwkd@ tpkd;&drfqHk;jzpfaom) vrf;ckvwfrSvnf;aumif;/ rkdif;wHkuGif;rSvnf;aumif; ae&mpGJcHuwkwf tqifhqifh ppfyGJESifhckcHv#ifaemufqHk; aemufykdif;csefxm;rnfh (25) aygif'g tajrmuf}uD;rsm;udk um;vrf;twkdfif; qGJcsvmEkdif+yD; ypfcwfr_rD;tm; }uD;}uD;jzifh wkdufckdufEkdifonf?cJ,rf;±kyf0wK rsm;vnf; tvG,fwul o,f,lEkdifonf? xkd@jyif &efolu (aemufwenf;) rdrdaemufykdif;ukd 0kdif;ywf/ xkd;okwfacsr_ef;ppfqifv#ifrdrdwkd@u um;vrf;0ef±kd;wav#muf tckdiftrm tqifhqifh wyfpGJxm;jcif;jzifh ,if;okd@wkdufckdufrSmukdvnf; umuG,fEkdfifonf? aemuf rkdif;wHktpyftxd um;vrf;ayguf+yD;u/ ‚rS yGefygusiftxduGif;udk &Sif;&efvkdtyfygu aemufykdif;u oHcsyfumum;rsm;yif um;vrf;twkdif;qGJwifEkdifrnf? xkdokd@qkdygu xkduGif;ukd vHk;0v$rf;rkd;Ekdifrnf? xkd@a=umifh xkdwwd,vrf;ukd rdrdwkd@. t"duA[kdppfa=umif; 0ifxkd;&efowfrSwfvkdufonf? xkdvrf;. aemufxyftm;aumif;csufw&yfrSm um;vrf;aygufEkdifojzifh aemufquf+yD; axmufyHha&;vrf;a=umif; zGifhuma&S@wkdufyGJrsm;ukd qufwkdufEkdif/ xdef;xm;Ekdifayonf?

4-pwkwˆvrf;rSm &efol@bufu=unfhv#if pkd;&drfzG,f&m}uD; jzpfaeojzifh/ ‚ukdtoHk;cs ppfupm;v#if tusdK;&SdEkdifrnf? tu,fIrdrdwkd@u xkdvrf;u wkdufrnfh[ef/ [efjyvkyfEkdifv#if ‚wkd@. wyfrª;csKyfrSm tawG@t}uHK r&Sdolvnf;jzpfI/ ta&;&Sdu rdrdukd,frdrdumuG,fa&;om pdwfapmrnfjzpf&m ol@vufxJu aoe*FAsL[m t&Hwyfukd t"du ppfrsufESm rkdif;wHkokd@ rykd@awmhbJ xkd[efjyppfa=umif;ukdomumuG,f&ef vkyfayrnf? ‚rSm &efolwyfrª;tm;enf;csufESifh ajrtajctaet& rdrdbufu wyef;omr_tay:vnf;aumif;/ rdrdwkd@bufuava=umif;o,f,lykd@aqmifr_ ta&;omr_tay:wGifvnf;aumif;rDS;I rdrdwkd@u tjrwfxkwfjcif; jzpfonf? TuJhodk@aom awmifay:ppfyGJwGif&efolaoe*FAsL[m t&Hwyfukd ab;wae&m a&mufatmif vnf;aumif;/ ab;wGifaomifwifoGm;atmifvnf;aumif; vkyfEkdifv#if ppfyGJw0ufEkdif+yD jzpfonf?

5-xkd[efjy ppfa=umif;vkyfjcif;jzifh aemufxyf&Ekdifonfh tusdK;aus;Zl;rSm (t"duxkd;ppfbuf) rkdif;wHkrS &efolrsm;tzkd@ ‚wkd@ukdaemufujzwf0kdif;awmhrnf okd@r[kwf ‚wkd@XmecsKyfukd wkduf±kdufwkdufawmhrnf[k +cdrf;ajcmuf&m a&mufojzifh/ ‚wkd@ ta=umufqHk; t0dkif;cHacsr_ef;cH&rSmukd a=umuf&G@H+yD; pdwf"mwfysufjym;apEkdifjcif;yif jzpfonf? TonfrSm t"du xkd;ppf rkdif;wHkppfrsufESmwGif rdrdwkd@bufu rsm;pGmta&;omr_ukd &apEkdifonf?

6-tu,fI &efolu ol. aoe*FAsL[m wpdwfwykdif;ukd rkdif;wHkppfrsufESmbufokd@ ykd@+yD; xkdae&mwGif a&&SnfajruwkwfppfjzifhcHv#ifvnf; xkd[efjyppfa=umif;u rkdif;wHkESifh rkdif;[eft=um; 0rfrJcifukd 0ifodrf;+yD; &efolqufoG,fa&;vrf;a=umif;udk jzwfum awmifbufuaeI rkdif;wHkukd +cdrf;ajcmufEkdifonf? okd@r[kwf &efol@XmecsKyfukdyif qufvuf+cdrf;ajcmufa&; vkyfEkdifonf? okd@aomf &efol@wyfrª;.xl;jcm;csuft& ol@t&Hwyfukd ta0;rv$wf&JbJ teD;u&efolukdbJ &ifqkdifckdif;zkd@ rsm;onf? T enf;jzifh t&Hwyf}uD; aomifwifEkdifonf?

(*) okd@jzifh rdrdwkd@ taeESifh yxrtqifhtjzpf ta&;}uD;aom qHk;jzwfcsufESpfcsufukd csvkdufEkdifayonf?1-rdrdwkd@ t"duxkd;rnfh ppfvrf;a=umif;rSm wwd,vrf;-0rfqvmrS rkdif;wHkvrf;a=umif;ukda&G;cs,fvkduf+yD;-2-pwkwvrf;jzpfonfh rkdif;[ef-yGefygusifbufxkd;rnfh [efjyppfa=umif;wa=umif;udk c&D;wkdxkd;azmufenf;jzifh xkd;oGif;+cfdrf;ajcmuf+yD;

t"dutm;jzifh &efol@aoe*FAsL[m t&Hwyfukd xdef;csKyf&ef qHk;jzwfvkdufonf?(C) xkd@jyif wjcm;ppfa=umif;/ ppfrsufESmrsm;rS &efolrsm;ukd enf;rsdK;pHkjzifh qGJxm;&ef [efjy+cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;/ xdxdrdrd vkyf&efvnf;

qHk;jzwf=uonf? tckdiftrm vkyfief;rsm;rSm-1-rkdif;qwfokd@csDwufrnfh [efjzifh rkdif;ykatmifwGif av,mOfuGif;i,fwck wnfaqmufjcif;?2- rkdif;ykvHkukd xdk;rnfh[efjzifh oHvGiful;wkd@qdyfoGm;&m taemufbufum;vrf;ukd jyifqifjcif;/ ul;wkd@qdyfukd wkdufrnfh[ef (25)

aygif'g (2) vufqGJoGm;+yD; taemufbufurf;rS wkdif;xGma&; rD;ckd;AHk;rsm;jzifh ypfprf;=unfhjcif;? Tenf;jzifh xkda'o&Sd &efolenf;y&d,m,ft&Hwyfukd qGJxm;Ekdifvkdufonf?

3-xkd@jyif wmcsDvdwf ppfrsufESmrS &efolrsm;ukd xdef;csKyf&eftwGuf rkdif;jzwfwGif =um;jzwfaxmufyHha&; pcef;yHkpH wJi,frsm; xkd;apjcif;/wmcsDvdwfbuf wkdufrnfhowif; 0g'jzef@jcif;?

4-rkdif;ykatmifrS rkdif;qwfukd csDwufwkdufrnfh[ef/ rdrdwyfcsDwufpOf av,mOfrSvrf;wav#muf &duQmcsay;onfhtoGif&duQmtwkrsm;ukd csay;oGm;apjcif; ponfwkd@jzpfayonf?

18

(i) rdrdwkd@ t"duxkd;rnfh 0rfqvm-rkdif;wHkvrf;a=umif;wGif/ tv,fwGif&Sdaeaom ay (5,000) ausmfjrifh awmifurl (3) vHk;rSajruwkwfcHppfukd &efoluvkyfrnfh tEW&m,fESifh tvm;wl tjcm;ae&m tqifhqifhwGifvnf; TuJhokd@aom cHppfrsdK;ukd vkyfrnfhtEW&m,f&Sdaeygonf? xkdtEW&m,frsm;tm; avsmhoGm;ap&eftwGuf rdrdwkd@}udKwifjyifqif&rnfh vkyfief;rsm;rSm-

1-0rfqvmwkdufyGJwGif (25)aygif'g tajrmuf}uD; (8)vufESifh wyf&if;armfwm(3)vufr(8)vufavmufESifh jrpftaemufrsufESmcsif;qkdifawmifwef;ay:u vkdwmxufykd+yD; zdypfapjcif;jzifh &efoltvGefxdwfvef@oGm;+yD;aemuf tqifhqifh cHppfxkd;a&; aumif;pGmrvkyf&Jatmif pDrH&rnf?

2-tvm;wl 0rfqvm awmifbufuyfaewJh urf;yg;wae&m (&efol. awmifurl (3) vHk;ae&mukd xdk;0ifEkdifonfh urf;yg;ae&m)rS (6)aygif'gtajrmuf(2)vuf/ (3)vufrarmfwm(2)vufjzifh &efol@uif;wyfpdwfrsm;ukd jyif;jyif;xefxef ypfcwf&ef (wu,fawmhTvufeuf}uD;rsm;udk oHvGifjrpfta&S@bufurf;okd@ o,faqmif&efrSm rvG,fulyg? xkd@a=umifh yxrtqifh wkdufyGJrsm;wGif taemufbufurf;uaeI tpGrf;ukefypfjyvdkufjcif; jzpfygonf?)

3-rdrd. avwyfukdawmh 'kwd,tqifh awmifurl (3)vHk; ukdxkd;rnfh (,š2)ae@usrS ta&S@bufurf;yg;u vmrnfh vufeuf}uD;tenf;i,fESifh aygif;pyf+yD; xkd;zdk@&nf&G,fxm;ygonf? yxrqifh(,)ae@wGifrl avwyf. wm0efrSm rkdif;wHkESifh rkdif; [eft=um;&efol@aoe*FAsL[mt&Hwyfv_yf&Sm;r_ukd umuG,fzdxm;&ef? w}udrfv#if av,mOf(2)pif;(3)pif;jzifh wae@ywfvHk; zdESdyfxm;&ef qHk;jzwfxm;onf?

Tonfwkd@rSm &efol@cHppf tqifhqifhcHrnfh tEW&m,fukd }udKwifI ajz&Sif;xm;onfh enf;emjzpfonf?(p) [efjyppfa=umif;twGuf tpDtpOf1-rkdif;[ef-yGefygusif XmecsKyf(&efol@)bufukd wkduf±kdufxkd;rnfh[ef +cdrf;ajcmuf xkd;0ifrnfhc&D;wkd xkd;azmufa&;twGuf

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iSm;&rf;&&Sdor# 'gudkwmav,mOfrsm;jzifh ‚awmifxdyfay:okd@ vkdtyfrnfh &duQm/ cJ,rf;rsm;umuG,fa&; uwkwfwl;&ef ypPnf;rsm; tqufrjywfcsay;ae&ef? okd@jzifh &efolu xkdav,mOfysHrsm;udk =unfh&if; xkdbufwyfpGJxm;aom wyf&if;ukd wyfr[m wwyftjzpf ,lqEkdif+yD; ‚[email protected][kdXmecsKyfukd wkduf&ef ajcukwfpcef;}uD;wnfaqmufaeonf[k xifjrifap+yD; t&Hwyfrsm;ukd a&S@okd@rykd@awmhbJ rdrdukd,fukd umuG,fa&;twGuf toHk;jyKap&ef?

5-okd@jzifh &efol@t&Hwyfrsm;ukd xdef;csKyfEkdifap±Hkr#ru 0rfqvm-rkdif;wHkppfrsufESm&Sd a&S@wef;&efol@ wyfom;rsm;t=um;vnf;rdrdwkd@wyfu aemufuvSnfh0kdif;+yD; acsr_ef;rnftxifjzifh pdwf"mwfacsmufcsm; apEkdifygonf? &efol A[kdXmecsKyfwyfrsm;uvnf; [email protected]"duxkd;ppfonf ‚wkd@&Sd&m rkdif;[ef-yGefygusifudkom wkduf±kduf0ifvdrfhrnf[k xifaecJh+yD; aoe*FAsL[m t&Hwyfrsm;ukd A[kdumuG,fa&;twGufom udkfifxm;vdkdufrSm jzpfonf?

(q) 0rfqvm-rkdif;wHkt=um; ay(5,000)ausmf jrifhaomawmif(3)vHk;rS &efolu t}uD;tus,fckcHrnfh cHppfuwkwfrsm;ajz&Sif;&efenf;emrsm;-

1-&efol@aoe*FAsL[m t&Hwyf(3,000)ukd rkdif;wHkppfrsufESmbuf roHk;Ekdifatmif txuf(p)wGif azmfjycJhonfh enf;rsm;ukd oHk;Ixdef;csKyf&ef?

2-&efol@enf;y&d,m,f t&Hwyfukdvnf; [efjyv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh xdef;csKyf&ef?3-oHvGif ta&S@bufwGif ajruwkwfppfyGJ qifE$J&v#if rdrdwkd@bufrS rD;tm;tvGefaumif;rGef xda&mufzkd@vkd&m rdrdwkd@ rD;tm;.

t"dujzpfEkdifaom (25)aygif'g tajrmuf}uD;rsm;rSm oHvGifta&S@um;vrf;r&Sdojzifh qGJr,lEkdifI (6)aygif'g(2)vuf/ (76rr)awmifay:ypftajrmuf(2)vuf(pDrHudef;qGJpOfur&ao;)rdrdavwyf/ wkdufav,mOf(9)pif;ESifh ajcvsifwyf&if;ykdif (3)vufr armfwmrsm;om &Sd&m tawmfyiftm;enf;vSonf? Tr#ESifh wkdufckdufEkdifzkd@&m raocsmvSay? xkd@a=umifh &efolu ajruwkwfppfyGJ vkyfEkdifrnfh pdwf"mwfukdacsmufcsm;aeap&ef/‚(25)aygif'g tajrmuf}uD;rsm; rD;tm;jzifh wkdufEkdifrnfh wkdufuGufjzpfonf@ ‘0rfqvm’ul;wkd@qdyfwkdufyGJwGif ‚tajrmuf}uD;rsm;ukdoHvGiftaemufawmifwef;ay: cJ,Of;pGm qGJ wif+yD; jyif;xefrsm;jym;wJh rD;tm;ESifh wkdufvkdufv#if tawG@t}uHKenf;aom &efol@pdwf"mwft&a&S@wGifvnf; Tvkdyif twkdufcH&rnf[kxifum a=umufvef@+yD; pGJpGJ+rJ+rJ rckcH&Jatmif pDpOfonf?(txuftrSwf(i)ukdvnf; =unfhyg?)

4-xkd ‘0rfqvm’ull;wkd@qdyfwkdufyGJtwGif; tajrmuftm; zdoHk;+yD; xkdt&Sdefukd tjrwfxkwfum awmif(3)vHk;ukd yxr tqifhpDpOf&efrSm ‘0rfqvm’wkdufcsdefavmufwGif ‚awmif(3)vHk;ukd wkduf&efwm0efusxm;aom wyf&if;u xkdawmif (3)vHk;teuftcsuftcsmawmifukef;. ajc&if;wGif ykef;v#dK;ae+yD; 0rfqvmwkdufyGJrS ajy;vmaom &efolrsm; xkdawmifay: ajy;wufv#if(xkdawmifrSm

19

oHvGiftaemufawmifa=umwGif wifxm;aom tajrmufrsm;&Sdae&mrS ukduf(1,300)ausmfom &Sdojzifh (25)aygif'g-,rf;jyif;ESifh ypfygurDonf? tajrmuf(8)vufu (2)rdepfr# ypf=unfh&rnf? (,rf;jyif;ESifh =um=umypfu tajrmuf odyfemonf?) xkd@aemufawmifajcu ykef;v#dK;aeonfh rdrdwyfu wufI vHSpGyfxkd;&rnf? &efoltzdk@ a&S@ujyefajy;vmaom olrsm;. z±kdz&J a=umufpdwfESifh acgif;ay:usa&mufaeonfhusnfqHt&Sdefwkd@a=umifh acsmufcsm;vef@zsyfaepOf rdrdwkd@u vSHpGyfwuf xkd;ygu xkdpcef;uwkwfukd tvG,fwul&Ekdif odrf;ykdufEkdifonf?xkdtcsuftcsm awmif;ukef;&+yD;aomf usefawmifukef;(2)vHk; ukd qufwkdufoGm;&rnf?

5-tu,fI xkdenf;jzifh r&ygu oHk;&ef 'kwd,enf;vrf;rSm 0rfqvmwkduf+yD;aemuf (2)&uf(,š2)wGif rdrdrlv pDpOfxm;aom(6)aygif'g(2)vuf/ (76rr-2vuf)/ oHcsyfum b&if;*ef;(4)vuf/ wyf&if;(3)vufr armfwmrsm;ESifh avwyfrS av,mOf (9)pD;wkd@jzifh wkduf&ef?xkdwkdufyGJwGif rdrdwkd@ avwyfpGrf;tm;ukd t"duxm;&rnfjzpfI &efol}udK+yD; tawG@t}uHK r&Sdjzpfaeap&ef ‘0rfqvmyGJ’wGif avwyfukdxnfhroHk;bJ tajrmufukdom zdoHk;&ef jzpfayonf?

6-Tenf;jzifhvnf; r&ygu/ oHk;&ef wwd,enf;vrf;rSm ‘0rfqvmwkdufyGJ’+yD;v#if+yD;jcif;/ um;vrf;azmuf+yD; (2)&uf (3)&uftwGif;(25)aygif'g tajrmuf}uD;rsm; qGJvm+yD; urf;rS(3-4)rkdiftuGmae&maumif;rS avwyfyg-tyg/ zdtm; tm;vHk; aygif;+yD;/ tykdifwkduf&efjzpfonf?xkd@a=umifh‘0rfqvmyGJ’+yD;v#if +yD;jcif;/ 0rfqvm-rkdif;wHkbufcsufcsif; um;vrf;azmuf&ef? rkdif;yefrS 0rfqvmul;wkd@qdyfxd um;vrf;ukdvnf;(,-ae@) rSpI tjrefoHvGifjrpfxdazmufvkyf&ef pDpOf&ygonf?

7-ppfqifa&; yxrqifh-tykdif;(1) 0rfqvmESifh tykdif;(2) awmif(3)vHk;ukd &+yD;aomf &efolukd touf±SLayguf ray;bJ rkdif;wHktxdquf+yD;vkdufwkduf odrf;&ef? w+ydKifwnf;rSmyif 0rfqvm-rkdif;wHkvrf;ukd ay:wmtvkyform;(3,000) tm; ESifh tjrefazmuf&ef? rkdif;[efbufc&D;wkdxkd;azmufwyfu ‘0rffrJcif’pcef;&Gmukd odrf;&ef?

8-ppfqifa&;'kwd,tqifh-rkdif;wHkodrf;&ef?rkdif;wHk t0ifawmifukef;rsm;u &efolu cHppfxkd;zdk@vkyfaomf/ oHvGif ta&S@bufurf;ukd ygvmaom rdrdwkd@. vufeuf}uD;rsm;

tjyif avwyfyg yl;wGJwkduf&ef? xkdenf;ESif@rS r&aomf rkdif;wHkrS 4-5 rkdifuGmtxd vrf;azmufI (25)aygif'g tajrmuf}uD;rsm; qGJvm+yD;zdtm;pkaygif;wkduf&ef?

rdkif;wHk&+yD; vrf;vnf;azmufoGm;+yD;ygu Tppfqifa&;}uD;. xuf0ufausmf atmifjrif+yDjzpfonf? TwGif ta&;}uD;vSaomrkdif;wHk-rkdif;[ef-yGefygusifuGif;jyif0Srf;ukd rdrdwkd@ v$rf;rkd;Ekdif+yDjzpfonf? rkdif;wHk&+yD;ygu rdrdwkd@ t"du wyftaeESifh rkdif;[efc&D;ukd xkd;azmufwyfwkd@‘0rfrJcif’wGif aygif;pnf;=u&ef jzpfygonf?

9-ppfqifa&; wwd,tqifh-(a) rkdif;[ef-yGefygusifukd t&ifqufwkdufrvm;? (b) rkdif;qwfukd t&ifwkdufrvm;? rkdif;wHk&+yD;rS&efol@tajctae=unfhI qHk;jzwf&efjzpfonf? tu,fI &efolu ajruwkwfppfyG J acgif;rmrmESifh qufqifE$Jrnfqkdygu rdrdwkd@.&nfrSef;csufjzpfaom Armjynfrtay: w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfv$rf;rkd;Ekdifrnfh tajccHa'o jzpfaom rkdif;[ef-yGefygusifukd t&ifwkduf&ef? okd@r[kwf&efolpdwf"mwf +ydKuGJaev#ifawmh rkdif;qwfukd t&ifwkduf+yD;rS rkdif;[ef-yGefygusifukd wkduf&ef jzpfonf? ta=umif;rSm rkdif;qwfonf rdrdwkd@.&nf&G,fcsufESifh wkduf±dkuf t"du rusvSaomfvnf; urBmESifh Armjynfolrsm; t=um; *,uf±kdufcwfr_ tvGef}uD;rm;EkdifIwa=umif;/ a&&Snfw±kwfjzL tiftm;}uD;a&;twGuf tajccHa'o ray;&ma&muf ojzifhwa=umif;/ rkdif;qwfukd t&ifodrf;&ef pOf;pm;jcif; jzpfygonf? TonfrSm&efol@pdwf"mwf xdckdufae+yDjzpfI tvG,fwul odrf;Ekdifrnfjzpfaoma=umifh pOf;pm;jcif;jzpfonf? okd@aomf &efolu acgif;rmrmeJ@cHaomfrkdif;qwfrSm tawmfcufcJrnf? rkdif;[ef-yGefygusifrSmrl zrf;&efvufvSrf;rDaom iSufjzpfae+yDjzpfI odyfrcufcJvSawmh? xkd@a=umifh rkdif;[ef-yGefygusif wkdufa&; vG,fulrnfxifv#if rkdif;qwfukd t&ifwkduf+yD;rS rkdif;[ef-yGefygusifukd wkdufoifh ayonf?

Tonfwkd@rSm rdrdwkd@u vkyfEdkifrnfhvrf;rsm;/ ‚tay: &efolu wkH@jyefEkdifcsufESifh aemufqHk; rdrdwkd@ vkyf&efenf;vrf; rsm;ukdoHk;oyfxm;csufrsm; jzpfygonf?

5? ppfqifa&;}uD;. trnfukd a&G;cs,fjcif;ppfqifa&;}uD;. trnfukd a&G;cs,fjcif;ppfqifa&;}uD;. trnfukd a&G;cs,fjcif;ppfqifa&;}uD;. trnfukd a&G;cs,fjcif;ppfqifa&;}uD;. trnfukd a&G;cs,fjcif;Tppfqifa&;}uD;ukd usaemfu “bk&ifhaemif ppfqifa&;”[k trnfay;cJhygonf? ta=umif;rSm-Tppfqifa&;}uD;udk t"dutm;jzifh

“xdkdif;-jrefrm”e,fpyfwGif wkduf=u&rnfjzpfonf? xkdif;ESifh jrefrmvlrsdK;wkd@rSm twdwforkdif;uvnf; ppfwkduf cJh}u&ojzifh vlrsdK;ESpfrsdK;t=um;tcktcHrsm; &SdcJh=uonf? xkd@a=umifh xkdif;wkd@taeESifh e,fpyfwGif wkdufae&aom usaemfwkd@tay: pkd;&drfaomupdwf r&SdbJ/ wkdufyGJwGifvHk;0=um;ae&ef usaemfwkd@u vkdvm;ygonf? xkdif;-jrefrmvlrsdK;ESpfrdsK;t=um; em;vnf &if;ESD;a&; vkdtyfygonf?

xkdif;trsdK;om;rsm;t=um;wGif urBmay:Y olwkd@pHjytjzpf =unfndKav;pm;aom yk*~dKvf}uD;(4)OD; &Sdonf[k od&yg onf? ‚wkd@rSm- (1) urBmausmf jyifopfppfbk&if eydkvD,H

(2) tar&dueforRw}uD; vifuGef;(3) jrefrmbk&if bk&ifhaemif(4) olwkd@. &Sifbk&ifwyg;æwkd@jzpf=uygonf?jrefrmbk&if bk&ifhaemifrSm ppfa&;xl;c|ef+yD; ‘,kd;',m;’ukd ppfEkdif+yD; odrf;ykduftkyfcsKyfaomtcg ,kd;',m;jynfolrsm; tay:

rsm;pGmav;pm; =uifempGmESifh tkyfcsKyfcJhonf? ±kdif;pkdif;jcif; r&SdbJ ,Ofaus;cJhonf[k qkdonf? xkd@a=umifh ,kd;',m; (xkdif;) wkd@u bk&ifhaemifukd

20

av;pm;=unfndKcJh=u+yD; ‚wkd@. pHjyyk*~dKvfwOD; tjzpf owfrSwfcJhjcif;jzpfonf?xkd@a=umifh ,kd;',m; (xkdif;) wkd@u ‘bk&ifhaemif’[laomtrnfukd =um;v#if jrefrmtay: rkef;wD;r_/ r,HkouFmjzpfr_rsm;

oufomapEkdifojzifh Ttrnfukd usaemfay;vkdfufjcif; jzpfygonf?

6? usaemfwkd@. qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; usaemfwkd@. qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; usaemfwkd@. qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; usaemfwkd@. qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; usaemfwkd@. qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;usaemfwkd@onf pDrHudef;(rnfonfhpDrHudef;rqkd) wckukda&;qGJEkdifa&;twGuf txufwGif azmfjycJhonfhtwkdif; tqifhqifh oHk;oyf

tuJjzwf&ayrnf? ‚wkd@xJwGif yxrtm;jzifh tcsuftvuf owif;rsm; jynfhpHk/ euf±_dif;/ rSefuef wduszkd@vkd onf? (TtwGuf owif;&SmazG/axmufvSrf;a&;ESifh ‚tay:rSefuefpGm oHk;oyfwnf;jzwfEkdifr_rsm;onf tvGefta&;}uD;ayonf?) Tenf;jzifh tcsuftvufrsm; pkHvifpGm&&Sd+yD;v#if bufESpfbuf vkyfEkdifcsufrsm;ukd wGufcsuf+yD; rdrdwkd@taeESifh rnfonfukd vkyfEkdifonf? vkyfoifhonfwkd@ukd a0zefykdif;jcm;&rnf?‚wkd@+yD;v#if qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;csum pDrHudef;xGufvmEkdifayonf?

xkd@a=umifh usaemfwkd@taeESifh txufwGifazmfjycJhonfhtwkdif; tqifhqifh bufpHkoHk;oyf+yD;aemuf qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;ukd atmufygtwkdif; csrSwfcJhayonf?

(u) ppfqifa&; pwifrnfh (,)ae@ukd (rkd;&moDrusrD vkyfcGifhp&onfh) rwfv(1)&ufae@ pwif+yD;/ ppfqifa&;udk arv(15)&ufrwkdifrD+yD;pD;ap&ef?

(c) ppfqifa&; &nf&G,fcsuf - w±kwfjzLwyfrsm; Armjynfay:0ifa&muf usL;ausmfEkdifrnfh tajccHa'ojzpfaom rkdif;wHk-rkdif;yef-yGefygusif uGif;jyif0Srf;a'oESifh rkdif;qwfa'owkd@ukd wkdufckdufodrf;ykduf&ef?

(*) t"du xkd;ppf - ppfa=umif;ukd rkdif;yefrS 0rfqvm - rkdif;wHkvrf;ukd a&G;cs,f&ef (‚ukd txl;v#dK@0Suf vkyfaqmif&ef)(C) &efol@t&Hwyfrsm;ukd xdef;csKyf&efESifh t"duxkd;ppfukd ulnDEkdif&ef rkdif;[efbufodk@ (,) ae@ w+ydKifwnf;c&D;ukd xkd;azmufa&;

wyfwwyf apv$wfI [efjy+cdrf;ajcmuf&ef? (i) tjcm;ppfrsufESmrsm;rS &efol@wyfrsm;ukd qGJrxkwfEkdifatmif xdxdrdrdxdef;csKyf&ef? txufyg qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; taumiftxnfazmf&ef tckdiftrm enf;vrf;rsm;ukdrl txufwGif (rdrdvkyfEkdifonfh/ vkyf&rnfhtcsufrsm;tay: pOf;pm;csufrsm; tcef;wGif) tjynfhtpHk azmfjy+yD; jzpfygonf?

(p) wcsdefwnf; vkyfaqmif&rnfh tcsufwcsufrSm rdrdwkd@wyfrSm (&efolu xifxm;oavmuf tiftm;r}uD;ojzifh) tvGeftiftm;awmifhwif;jynfpHka=umif;/ wcsDwnf; wkdufckdufacsr_ef;awmhrnf jzpfa=umif; tar&duef vkdvm;aomowif; axmufrsm;u wqifh 0g'jzef@&ef?(Tvkyfief;udkrl tpkd;&u vkyf&ef)

‚wkd@rSm tajccHqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;jzpfonf?

7? usaemfwkd@. pDrHudef;usaemfwkd@. pDrHudef;usaemfwkd@. pDrHudef;usaemfwkd@. pDrHudef;usaemfwkd@. pDrHudef;TuJhokd@ tckdiftrm qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; cs+yD;aemuf pDrHudef;tjynfhtpHkukd a&;qGJEkdif+yDjzpfayonf? txufwGif pOf;pm;enf;rsm;

tjynfhtpHk a&;+yD;jzpfI pDrHudef;tckdiftrmukd xyfra&;awmhyg?(u) TpDrHudef;wGif xyfjznfhp&mrsm; &Sdygonf?-tcsif;csif;qufoG,fa&;pepfESifh yHkpH-vkdtyfaom axmufyHha&; tcsuftvufrsm;-aq;bufqkdif&m u,fq,fukoa&; enf;vrf;rsm; ponhftkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&m pDrHudef;rsm;æjzpfonf?rlvppfqifa&; pDrHudef;ukd pOf;pm;jyifqifuwnf;u rdrdwkd@bufrS tkyfcsKyfr_tcsuftvuf vkyfEkdif;pGrf;twGif;Y a,bk,spOf;pm;/

a&;qGJ=up+rJ jzpfaomfvnf; wcgw&Hxl;jcm;aom tajctaersm;wGif vkdtyfaom tkyfcsKyfr_tcsuftvuf awmif;qkdr_ukd rjznfhwif;EkdifIppfqifa&;pDrHudef;ukdyif wrsKd;wzHk jyKjyifjyKvkyf&onfrsm; &Sdayonf?

okd@aomfusaemfwkd@ Tppfqifa&;ukd qifE$J&mwGif zqyvtpkd;&u vHk;0axmufcHtm;ay;cJhonfhtwGuf usaemfu a&S@wef;ubmvkdvkd tcsdefra&G; awmif;qkd&,lEkdifcJhygonf? wjynfvHk; &Sdor#ae&mrS vkdcsifwJht&mtm;vHk; tcsdefrqkdif; awmif;qkd&cJhygonf?

8? ed*Hk;csKyfed*Hk;csKyfed*Hk;csKyfed*Hk;csKyfed*Hk;csKyf(u) Tppfqifa&;wGif rlvawG;ac:pDrHcJhonfhtwkdif; &mE_ef;jynfh atmifjrifacsmarmcJhayonf?(c) &efol. tm;omcsufESifh vkyfEkdifcsufrsm;ukd rdrdwkd@u rdrdtm;omcsufESifh vkyfEkdifcsuf/ &efoltm;enf;csufwkd@ESifh aygif;pyfI

tm;aysmhoGm;atmif oHk;oyfvkyfEkdifcJhonfhtwGuf jzpfygonf?(*) &efol. tm;omcsufESifh vkyfEkdifcsufjzpfonfh t"du (2)csuf1-acgif;rmaom ae&mpGJcHuwkwf ppfyGJqifE$Jjcif;ESifh2-twGif;0ifoGm;&aom rdrdwkd@. ppfa=umif;tm; tvpfxkd;okwf 0kdif;0ef;acsr_ef;pm;vkdufjcif;/ vkyfEkdifzG,f(2)rsdK;ukd rdrdwkd@tm;omcsuf

jzpfonfh vufeuf}uD;oHk;Ekdifjcif;ESifh &efol. tm;enf;csufjzpfaom tawG@t}uHKenf;yg;onfh a'owyfom;opfrsm; yg0ifaejcif; qkdonf@tcsuf

21

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22

(2) csufukd zGH@+zdK;ap+yD; pDrHudef;csEkdifojzifh acszsufEkdif+yD; atmifyGJ&,l EkdifcJhayonf?(C) rdrdwkd@. pDrHudef;t& t"duxkd;ppfukd 0rfqvm-rkdif;wHkvrf;a=umif;a&G;vkdufjcif;onfvnf; rSefuefoGm;ayonf? ta=umif;rSm

&efolu acgif;rmaom ajruwkwfppfyGJ qifE$Jaomf rdrd.rD;tm;ESifh ypfcwftm;udk xyfjznfhEkdif&ef um;vrf;aygufonfhae&mjzpfjcif;/ um;vrf;aygufygu rdrdwkd@u &efoltay: tzufzufu tay:pD;&Ekdifjcif;/ aemife,fajr xdef;odrf;a&;twGufvnf; tusdK;&Sdojzifh rdrd.omvGefcsufrsm;udk ckdifrmEkdifapjcif;rsm;a=umifh jzpfygonf?

(i) rkdif;[efc&D;wkd xkd;azmuf&mrSmvnf; &efol.vkyfEkdifzG,f wefjyefxkd;ppftwGuf aoe*FAsL[m t&Hwyfukd aomifwifoGm;ap&eftwGuf &efol@wyfrª;csKyf. tm;enf;csufESifh rdrd. tm;omcsuf ajrtajctaeudk toHk;cs+yD; wyfenf;enf;0ifwmukd trsm;}uD;0ifvmonf[kxifjrifap&ef ava=umif;&duQmypPnf;rsm; waeukefcsay;aejcif;wkd@onf rsm;pGmxda&mufoGm; +yD; &efol@t&Hwyfonf ppfyGJwGif vHk;0 toHk;r0ifjzpfoGm;&ayonf? okd@jzifh &efolwefjyef xkd;ppfukd zsufqD;vkdufEkdifonf? tqifhqifh cHppfvkyfrSmudkvnf; ysufoGm;apcJhygonf?

(p) 0rfqvm wkdufyGJwGif rdrdwkd@ rD;tm;ukd oHvGiftaemufbufurf;rS 'DwyGJom rD;tm;}uD;rm;wJh tajrmuf}uD;rsm;ESifhwkdufEkdifrnfjzpf&m (tawG@t}uHKr&Sd/ avhusifhr_r&Sd) pwJh tm;enf;csufrsm;&SdwJh &efolukd zdypfay;&m xkdypfrSwfwckwnf; wyfwcGJ usOf;usOf;av;ae&may:okd@ (25)aygif'gusnf (500) cef@/ (3) vufr armfwmusnf (1,000) cef@ wkd@ukd 15 rdepf=um ypfvkduf&m ar#mfvifhxm;onfhtwkdif;&efolrsm; tvGefwkefv_yfoGm;+yD;/ tv,f-awmifoHk;vHk;okd@ xGufajy;&mwGif (25) aygif'g tajrmufrsm;u ,rf;jyif;rsm;ESifh xyfrHypf+yD;awmifajcwGif apmapmuwnf;u ykef;v#dK;aeonfh rdrdwyfrsm;u vSHpGyfxkd;/ wufodrf;&m tm;vHk;acsmarmpGm &&SdcJhygonf? &efolwkefv_yfr_ukdykdjyif;ap&ef rdrdavwyfESifh &duQmypPnf;csay;aom av,mOfrsm; xkda'o aumif;uifwGif waeukef ysH0JaeapcJhygonf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyifrkdif;[efc&D;wkd xkd;azmufa&;wyfu v_yf&Sm;wkdufckdufvmojzifh &efolrsm;taeESifh olwkd@XmecsKyfukd wkduf±kdufwkdufae+yD[k ,lqum rkdfif;wkHppfrsufESmwGif t0kdif;cH&awmhrnf[k awG;xifum acsmufcsm;vmr_rsm;vnf; &Sdygonf?

xkdokd@aom xdwfvef@acsmufcsm;r_rsm;a=umifh &efolrsm;onf rkdif;wkHrSm jyefvnfpkpnf;jcif;aomfvnf;aumif;/ tqifhqifhcHppfvkyf&efaomfvnf;aumif; rjyKvkyfEkdif=uawmhbJ xkdif;e,fpyftxd xGufajy;=uygawmhonf? ppfrsufESm toD;oD;u &efolukd xdef;csKyf+cdrf;ajcmuf [efjyvkyfief;tm;rsm;tm;vHk;vnf; ydyd&d&d&Sdojzifh tm;vHk;atmifjrif&jcif; jzpfonf? TonfrSm ar#mfvifhxm;onfxuf ykdrkdatmifjrif+yD;/ ykdrkdtusdK;&SdoGm;&ayonf?

(q) okd@jzifh rdrdwkd@. &nfrSef;csufjzpfaom &efol@tajccH rkdif;qwfESifh rkdif;wHk-rkdif;[ef-yGefygusif a'o}uD;ukd odrf;ydkufEkdif+yD;w±kwfjzLwkd@. tajccHpcef;ukd a0;uGmaom xkdif;Arme,fpyfrsOf;awmifa=umrsm;odk@ wGef;xkwfEkdifcJhayonf? yGefygusif ta&S@e,fpyfteD;w±kwfjzLXmecsKyfukd pD;rd&m cJ,rf;aomif;odef; eD;yg;/ aq;0g;/ ppfoHk;ypPnf; tawmf rsm;rsm; &rd+yD;/ ‚wkd@tm; Armjynfukd +cdrf;ajcmufEkdifaomtaetxm;rS vHk;0wGef;z,fvkdufEkdifonf?

(Z) }udKwifjyifqifr_rsm;wGif tao;pdwfvkyf&onfh vkyfief;rsm;&Sdonf? xkdvkyfief;rsm;teuf Oyrmtjzpf (tvGefvnf;ta&;}uD;cJhaom) vkyfief; (2) ckukd azmfjyygOD;rnf?

1-&efolu ae&mpGJajruwkwfppfyGJ acgif;rmpGmvkyfv#if rdrdwkd@rsm;pGm cufcJrnf? vufeuf}uD;ygrS jzpfrnf? txl;ojzifhoHvGifta&S@buf urf;wGif TvkdppfyGJwkduf&ygu rnfokd@vkyfrnfenf;? }udKwifjyifqif&rnf? xkdpOfu ArmhwyfrawmfwGif (25) aygif'gtajrmufESifh 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;tusef wifhum;ypf (6) aygif'g tajrmufrsm;om &Sdonf? (25) aygif'g tajrmufrsm;rSm um;vrf;&SdrSqGJ,lEkdifonf? (6) aygif'grSmrl um;qGJtajrmufyif jzpfaomfvnf; jzKwfo,f,l&efjzpfonf? (6) aygif'g tajrmufwckvHk; tav;csdefrSmaygif (2,000)ausmf&Sd+yD; tav;qHk;tykdif;rSm ajymif;ykdif;jzpfonf? ajymif;onfvufr (100) ausmf&Snf+yD;/ tav;csdefrSm aygif (500) ausmfcef@&Sdonf? vleJ@xrf;u c&D;&Snf rxrf;Ekdif? xkd@a=umifh qifESifhxrf;&ef pdwful;rdonf? Armjynf&Sd qifawmfawmf}uD;}uD;rsm;om aygif (500) ukdwifEkdifrnf? qifrSm qGJtm;om&Sdonf? wiftm;r&SdvS? &Snfvsm;+yD;av;vHvSaom ajymif;wef}uD; qifay:wifEkdifatmif qifeH±kd;/ ausm±kd;wnfaqmufyHkESifh oifhawmfrnfh ykcufwrsdK; wDxGifEkdifrS jzpfEkdifayrnf? qifta=umif; u|rf;usifolrsm;ESifh n‡dE_dif;vkyfaqmifr_jzifh xkdykcufwrsdK;wnfaqmufEkdifcJhonf? xkd@jyif xkdqifrsm; oHvGifukdul;zkd@ qifazmif}uD;wckukdvnf; u|rf;usifolrsm;u pkaygif;vkyfaqmifcJh=uonf?xkdqifo,frnfh azmiftwGuf }udK;&Sm&mwGif }udrfukd oHvGifa&wGif wywfESpfywfpdrf&rnf[k qkfdvmojzifh tb,fa=umifhxkdokd@vkdtyfa=umif;ar;jref;+yD;/ xkd}udK;ESifhtvm;wlrnfh }udK;rsm;ukd &efukefokd@vSrf;rSmum av,mOfESifh csckdif;&ygonf? okd@jzifh oHvGifta&S@bufurf;wGif ajruwkwfppfyGJ qifE$J&v#if tvGefxda&mufrnfh (6) aygif'g tajrmuf2 vuf toHk;jyKEkdifa&; twGuf }uHpnfvkyf aqmifcJh&ygonf?

2-0rfqvmukd rdrdwkd@. (25) aygif'g tajrmuf}uD;rsm;jzifh tpGrf;jy ajcmufvSef@ypfcwf&ef tajrmufrsm; 0rfqvm taemufurf;awmifa=umay: ta&muf&efol rodatmif o,f,la&;jy\emukd ajz&Sif;&mwGifvnf; tvGeftao;pdwf pDpOfcJh &ygonf?

rkdif;yefrS 0rfqvmbufvmaom um;vrf;rSm oHvGifra&mufrD (6-7) rkdifavmuf um;vrf;jywfoGm;onf? xkd@a=umifhtajrmufqGJ&ef um;vrf;azmuf&v#ifvnf; ta&S@urf;rS &efolodoGm;Ekdifonf? taemufbufrS oHvGifbufpD; aom acsmif;wacsmif;onf‚vrf;jywf awmifa=umatmufu pD;+yD; oHvGifokd@ 0rfqvmtaemufurf; awmifbuf,Gef;,Gef;okd@ pD;0ifonf? xkd@a=umifh rkdif;yefrS 0rfqvm(oHvGif) oGm;&m um;vrf;jywfae&mrS acsmif;twGif;okd@ vrf;xGifI tajrmufrsm; ukdqGJcsum acsmif;xJa&mufaomtcg tajrmufajymif;rsm;ukdydwfqkd@+yD; acsmif;twkdif; oHvGifurf;pyfem;txd (7) rkdifr#aomc&D;ukd vltm;ESifhwjznf;jznf; cJ,Of;pGm qGJ,loGm;+yD; oHvGifurf;teD;a&mufrStaemufbufawmifa=umay:okd@ vrf;azmuf+yD; vltm;ESifhqJGwif=u&onf?

23

Tonfwkd@rSm &efol. tm;omcsufjzpf+yD; rdrd.tm;enf;csufjzpfaom awmawmifwGif ajruwkwfcHppfjzpfcJhaomf qkdonfhtcsuftay: wGef;vSefypf&ef pDrHcsufrsm;jzpfayonf?

5? Tppfqifa&;wGif atmifjrifr_&jcif;. tajccHtcsuf}uD; (2) csufrSmæ(1) txufwGifazmfjycJhonfhtwkdif; rdrdwkd@. tm;enf;csufjzpfaom vrf;r&SdonfhawmawmiftwGif; &efolu ae&mpGJ

ajruwkwfppfyGJqifaomf rdrdwkd@vkdtyfonfh tajccHvufeuf}uD;rsm; cufcJaer_rsm;ukd z,f&Sm;ajz&Sif;vkdufEkdifjcif;(2) &efolu rdrdxuftm;}uD;+yD; t&Hwyfjzifh wefjyefxkd;ppfqifum wGef;vSefypfrnfhtEW&m,fukdvnf; ppfupm;I (c&D;wkd

xkd;azmuf+cdrf;ajcmufjcif;) &efol@wyftrsm;tjym; aomifwifatmifvkyfEkdifcJhjcif; (xkd@a=umifh &efol@t&Hwyf a&S@wef;rykkd@Ekdif/ tqifhqifhcHppf/uwkwfppfrqifEkdifjzpfoGm;apjcif;)/ tjcm;ppfrsufESm toD;oD;rS &efolrsm;ukdvnf; xdef;csKyfxm;Ekdifjcif;wkd@ jzpfygonf?

Tonfwkd@rSm usaemfvGefcJhwJh (10) ESpfcef@u bk&ifhaemifppfqifa&;ta=umif; a&;om;xm;aom pmwrf;yif jzpfayonf?tawmfjynfhpHkojzifh Tusaemf. twˆKy`wWdwGif ul;,lazmfjyvkdufygonf? wcsdK@usefaomtcsufrsm;ukd atmufwGifqufvuf a&;om;azmfjytyfygonf?

1? usaemfwkd@ Tppfqifa&;}uD;qifE$Jaomtcg owif;pmq&mrsm; usaemfwkd@ESifhtwlygvm+yD; wkdif;jynfokd@ tqufrjywfa&;om;wifjyay;aeonfhtwGuf jynfolrsm;uvnf; tHkºuaxmufcH=uygonf? usaemfrSwfrdoavmuf jrefrmhtvif;OD;oef;nGef@/&efukefOD;ausmfpdefpolwkd@jzpfI tpkd;&uvnf; ±kyf&Sif±kduftzGJ@ukdyg apv$wfygonf?

2? a&S@wef;ulnDa&;tzGJ@rsm;/ rdcifESifhuav;apmifha&Smufa&;toif;rsm;/ wyfrawmftrsdK;orD;tzGJ@rsm;uv_H@aqmf+yD; a&S@wef;okd@axmufcHpmrsm;/ tm;ay;pmrsm;/ vufaqmifypPnf;rsm;ay;ykd@=u&m a&S@wef;&Sdwyfrawmfom;rsm; tvGeftm;wuf vef;qef;=uygonf?

3? Tppfqifa&;wGif t"duwkdufyGJ}uD;jzpfaom 0rfqvmul;wkd@qdyf wkdufyGJOD;pD;olrSm aoewfukdifwyf&if; (1) wyf&if;rª;/ 'kAkdvfrª;}uD;wifOD;jzpfonf? (,ck NLD 'kOuUÏ OD;wifOD;)

4? Tppfqifa&;}uD;rSm w±kwfjzLXmecsKyfESifhwuG w±kwfjzLwkd@. ArmjynfwGif ta&;}uD;qHk;cHwyfjzpfaom rkdif;qwf vGifjyifESifhrkdif;wHk-rkdif;[ef-yGefygusifvGifjyifESifh rkdif;ykvGifjyifpwJh vGifjyif (3) ckukd wvcGJtwGif; odrf;ykduf&&Sdygonf? 0rfqvm wkdfufyGJ+yD;uwnf;uw±kwfjzLrsm; b,fae&mrSmrS jyif;jyif;xefxef ckcHjcif;rjyKawmh? wqkwfwnf; qkwfoGm;ygawmhonf?

usaemfwkd@u rkdif;qwfav,mOfuGif;vnf; odrf;ykdufvkdufEkdifojzifh tay:pD; ykd&vkdufygonf? aemufqHk;olwkd@XmecsKyf yGefygusifukdvnf; usaemfwkd@u wqufwnf; vkdufodrf;&m tvG,fwulyif odrf;ykduf&&Sdvkduf+yD; w±kwfjzLrsm; xkdif;e,fpyf vG,fr[efcef awmifwef;ay:u pcef;wckokd@ xGufajy;oGm;=uygonf? olwkd@XmecsKyfrS ppfvufeufypPnf; trsm;tjym; odrf;ydkuf&&Sdyg onf? ‚wkd@wGif um;wpD;wkdufaq;0g;ypPnf;rsm;/ um; (2) pD;wkdufcef@ cJ,rf;usnfqefrsm;/ ,leDazmif;topfrsm; topfpufpuf av,mOfypftajrmuf (2) vuf/0kdif,mvufpufypPnf;rsm;tjyif bdef;pnf}uD; wpnf odrf;ykduf&&Sdvkdufygonf? usaemfu xkdbdef;rsm;ukd rD;wif±_d@cdkif;&m tcsdK@wyfom;rsm;utvGeftzkd;wefojzifh &ifbwfpnfwD; jzpf=uygao;onf?

5? vG,fr[efcefawmifrSm xkdif;Arm e,fpyfrsOf;ay:wGif wnf&Sdaeojzifh qufvkdufwkdufv#if xkdif;EkdifiHxJ usnfqefrsm;usa&mufEkdifojzifh usaemfwkd@ppfqifa&;ukd &yfvkduf&ygonf? 'ghtjyifusaemfwkd@ rkdif;wHkodrf;+yD;aemuf AkdvfcsKyfae0if;a&S@wef;okd@a&muf&Sdvmygonf? oluajymjy&mwGif xkdif;avwyfav,mOf (9) pD;cef@ armfv+rdKifESifh rkwWrukd tqufrjywf vm0Jaeonf[k qkdygonf?xkd@a=umifh usaemfwkd@taeESifh xkdif;e,fpyfwGif qufvufwkdufI rjzpfawmhyg?

6? usaemfwkd@ TuJhokd@ ppfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_atmifjrifvdkufIwa=umif;/ jynfolvlxk. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;a=umifhvnf;aumif;/w±kwfjzLwyfrsm; qkwfcGma&;twGuf oHcif;wrefcif;vkyfaqmifr_rsm; t&Sdefjrifhvm+yD; (w±kwfjzLwyfrsm; pdwf"mwfus z±kdz&Jjzpfr_rsm;vmojzifhwa=umif;) 1954/ pufwifbmvwGif tdrfaxmifonf trsm;tjym;yg0ifonfh w±kwfjzLwyfom; (5,000)ausmfonf vufeuf(800) cef@ESifhtwl xkdif0rfokd@ qkwfcGmoGm;=uygonf?

7? Tppfqifa&;ESifh wqufwnf;avmufrSmyif (1954ck/ arvukefwGif) xkdif0rfwGif XmecsKyfzGifh ±Hk;xdkifaeaom AkdvfcsKyfvDrDu“,leef uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;/ trsdK;om;u,fwifa&;wyfrawmf”ukd zsufodrf;vdkuf+yDjzpfa=umif; a=unmvkdufygawmhonf?

8? usaemfonf bk&ifhaemifppfqifa&;rSwfwrf; ed*Hk;csKyfwGif TppfyGJatmifjrifjcif;. tajccHta=umif;&if;(7)csuf azmfjycJh&m/jynfolvlxkwkdufyGJESifh ywfoufaom tcsuf (3) csuf xnfhoGif;a&;om;rdygonf? xkdtcsuf (3) csufukd usaemfrSwfrd oavmuf azmfjy&v#ifæ

(8 - 1) - wkdif;jynfvlxkv_yf&Sm;r_ t&Sdeft0ga=umifh wyfrawmftm; wufºu+yD; &JpGrf;owWda&m vHk@v0d&d,yg ppf+yD;acwf wyfrawmforkdif;wGif r}uHKzl;avmufatmif wufwufºuºu&Sdjcif;?

(8 - 2) - wkdif;jynfv_yf&Sm;r_onf &efol. pdwf"mwfudkyg ,drf;,kdiftm;enf;apjcif; (‚rSm ppfajrjyif&Sdwkdufaeaom w±kwfjzL&efolrsm;ukdom t"duqkdvkdaomfvnf; ol@aemufrS }udK;ukdifol e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;tzkd@vnf; xkdxufykdI pdwfxdckdufrnfjzpfonf?)

(8 - 3) - rdrdwkd@xkd;ppf}uD;paomtcg wu,ftm;xufykdrkdI tiftm;tvGef}uD;rm;av[ef owif;pmq&mrsm;jzifh 0g'jzef@jcif;æwkd@jzpfygonf?

9? wu,fawmh vlxkwkdfufyGJrsm; ygvmrSom wzufu ppfqifa&;a&m wkdufyGJrSmyg taxmuftul &&SdEkdifygonf? xkd@a=umifhppfa&;wkdufyGJaomfvnf;aumif;/ oHwrefa&;wkdufyGJaomfvnf;aumif;/ vlxk wkdufyGJay: rDSckd&yfwnf+yD; wkdufyGJ0ifrSom jywfom;pGm

24

atmifjrifEkdifrnfjzpfonf? xkd@a=umifhvlxkwkdufyGJrSm ta&;}uD;qHk;jzpfonf? usaemfhukd,fawG@t& jynfolvlxk axmufcHv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onfppfajrjyifwGif tusdK;rsm;pGm&SdcJhonf? vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_ESifh eD;uyfpGm qufpyfr_onf ppfa&;wGif wyef;omaponf? wyfrawmfom;rsm;onfzufqpfawmfvSefa&;aemufykdif; Tppfqifa&;wGifawG@&aom pdwf"mwfwufºur_rsdK; ,cifu rawG@&zl;ay? &efoltaeESifhvnf; pdwf"mwfwkefv_yfacsmufcsm;&ygonf?

Todk@ w±kwfjzLwyfrsm; xkdif;e,fpyfrsOf;ay:a&mufoGm;I usaemfwkd@qufwkduf&ef rjzpfEkdifawmhojzifh 1954 ckESpf arvv,fwGifTppfqifa&;}uD;ukd &yfqkdif;vkduf&ygawmhonf?

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(1) bk&ifhaemifppfqifa&;wGif e,fpyfrsOf;a=umif;ay: qkwfajy;aom &efolukd yGefygusifbufrS vkdufwkdufygonf? okd@aomfvufawG@rSm tdrfacgifrkd;rSm xkdifaeouJhokd@ awmifa=umay:xkdif wyfpGJaeojzifh ypf=ucwf=uv#if xkdif;bufu&Gmrsm; xdckdufrSmpkd;ae&ygonf?e,fpyftaetxm;t&vnf; xkdif;bufuqkdv#if usaemfwkd@wkdif;jynfbufESifh rwlyg? xkdif;bufu ajrjyef@vGifjyifjzpf+yD; &GmawG+rdK@awG &Sdygonf?usaemfwkd@bufrSmrl awmawmifawGom&Sd+yD;/ vlaetdrfajcr&Sdyg? xkd@a=umifh xkdif;tpkd;&xHrS cGifhjyKcsufr&v#if usaemfwkd@rwkdufEkdifyg? TonfrSmaoe*FAsL[m tcuftcJ}uD;w&yfjzpfonf?

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xkd@jyif xkdif;bufe,fpyfjcrf;rSm ajrjyef@jzpfI vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;vnf; aumif;onf? o,f,lykd@aqmifa&;vnf; aumif;onf?xkd@jyif wjcm;vkyfief;rsm;jzpfonfh bdef;vkyfief;/ ArmaiGpuULtwkvkyfief;/ u|ef;opf/ 0lz&rf;paom opfawmxGufukefrsm;/ "mwfowWKxkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief; pwmrsm;ukdvnf; vkyfukdifEk difonf? TpD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rsm;onf w±kwfjzLwpdwfwykdif; (txl;ojzifh)txuft&m&Sdrsm;ukd wnf+idrfatmif xdef;odrf;xm;Ekdifaom (rufvHk;) udpPrsm; jzpfaeayonf? xkdpD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rsm;wGif xkdif;rSppfbufe,fbuft&m&Sdtawmfrsm;rsm;vnf; yg0ifywfoufaeygonf?

Ttcsufrsm;a=umifh xkdif;-Arme,fpyfjy\emonf usaemfwkd@qufvufqifE$ Jrnfh ppfqifa&;}uD;twGuf tcuftcJ}uD;w&yfjzpfaeygawmhonf?

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25

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tpkd;&rSm “atmifrmCppfqifa&;”vkyf&efom tm;oefaeojzifh usaemfu tpkd;&xHrS wyf&if;w&if;cGJ/ rdrdxHrS ESpfcGJaygif;/ ESpf&if;jzifhwvESif ht+yD;wkdufrnf? rwfvqef;wGif w&if;jyefay;rnf? xkdtcsdefusrS “atmifrmCppfqifa&;”pwifyg&ef ppfOD;pD;csKyf±H k;okd@vSrf;ta=umif;=um;ygonf? TuJhodk@ e,fpyfwGif wkdufEkdifrnfhtcGifhta&; aemif&zkd@ raocsm? xkd@a=umifh xkd tcGifhta&; &wkef;/ usaemfwkd@vkyfEkdifoavmuf vkyfoifhonf[k usaemfu ta=umif;jywifjy&m cGifhjyKcsuf &&SdcJhygonf? xkd@a=umifh usaemfwkd@ xkdif;qufoG,fa&;tzGJ@ESifhyl;aygif;+yD;/ 1955 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dvv,favmufwGif &ef}uD; atmifppfqifa&;ukd pwifcJhygonf?

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aoewfukdif wyf&if; (1) rS wyfcGJ(2) cGJ/ 76 rr awmifay:ypf tajrmuf (2) vufjzifh wufwkduf&m tawmfcJ&mcJqpf wdkuf,l&ygonf?aemufqHk; vSHpGyfwufxkd;&mwGif wyf&if;rª;'kAkdvfrª;}uD;wifOD;ukd,fwkdif wufxkd;&ygonf? (xkd@a=umifh 'kAkdvfrª;}uD;wifOD;ukd usaemfuppfqifa&;rsm;+yD;aomtcg “oD[ol&bGJ@”ay;&ef axmufcHwifjycJhaomfvnf; “ol&bGJ@”om &cJhygonf?)

'kwd,tqifhtjzpf usaemfukd,fwkdif wyf&if;w&if;cGJESifh rkdif;a,mif;&Gmodk@ csDwuf&m vrf;ckvwfu awmifukef;wcku &efol@cHwyfukdvnf; rdrdu tajrmuf}uD; (2) vufjzifh wkdufckduf+yD; wufodrf;cJhonf? rkdif;a,mif;&Gm qif;cgeD; aemufqHk;awmifa=umwGif usaemfwkd@a&S@ajy;wyfcGJukd axmifacsmufqif odrf;oGif;+yD;pm;vkduf&m/ rdrdwkd@bufu vl (20) ausmfusum '%f&m trsm;tjym; &&Sdvdkufygonf?&efolu rdrdwkd@onf a&S@rSrxkd;? aemufrSxkd;rSm jzpfa=umif;? xkd;&mwGifvnf; wyfodyfrrsm;a=umif; od&SdoGm;+yD; wjcm;ppfrsufESm (rkdif;[ef)bufcsxm;aom wyfawGukd tjrefa&$@vm+yD; usaemfwkd@ wwyfvHk;ukd 0kdif;pm;zkd@ pDpOfwkdufckdufvm&m usaemfwkd@rSm t0dkif;rcH&atmiftvGefcJ&mcJqpfESifh qkwfcGmcJh&ygonf?

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26

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tJ'DtcsdefrSm qHk;jzwfzkd@ rdepfykdif;awmif tcsdefr&? puUef@ykdif;ESifh qHk;jzwf&wmyJ?usaemf[m ajy;0ifvmwJh &JabmfawGukd “rsufESmukd &efol@bufjyefvSnfhzkd@”ESifh “vSHpGyfwyfvkduf=uzkd@”atmf[pfaºu;a=umf+yD;

usdK;aygufvmwJh ppfrsufESmbufukd jrif;ESifhajy;&ygw,f? xkd;0ifvmwJh &efolESifh vrf;rSmawG@+yD; wkduf=u&awmhwmyJ? ab;ywfvnfrSmusaemfESifh&Jabmf (20-30) avmuf tajy;vkdufvmolrsm;ESifh aygif;+yD; wkduf=u&w,f?

tJ'DrSm w±kwfwyfOD;u|Hvmwmukd acwWwm;xm;vkdufEkdifwJhtwGuf twGif;pnf;0dkif; 'kwd,vkdif;rSm ckcHzkd@toifhjzpf=u+yD;aemuf/&efol aemufxyfwkdufvmwJhtcg wGef;vSefEkdifawmhw,f?

'DwkdufyGJtwGif;rSm usaemf[m &efolzrf;qD;rdjcif;cHcJh&zkd@ okd@r[kwf owfjzwfjcif;cH&zkd@wkd@rS oDoDuav; vGwfajrmufcJh&w,f?'DwkdufyGJ}uD;+yD;awmh wyfukd ‘cHwyf’awmifukef;ay: qkwfcGmvHk+cHKap+yD; aemufwae@ &ef}uD;atmif 'kwd,ppfrsufESm zGifh+yD; ‘vG,fvef;’

jyefodrf;zkd@ tpDtpOfawG vkyfzkd@ rkdif;qwfukd oGm;&w,f? rkdif;qwfrSm ppf±Hk;csKyfu OD;pD;t&m&Sdrsm; aqG;aEG;zkd@ apmifhaew,f? vrf;c&D; jrif;ay:rSmcHwyfawmifukef;u qif;vmawmh vGefcJhwJh (3-4) &ufu wkdufyGJ}uD;ukd ,ckrS at;at;aq;aq; awG;Ekdifawmhw,f? a=umufrufzG,faumif;wJhwkdufyGJukd ,ckrSyJ pOf;pm;Ekdifw,f? (3-4) &ufr# awG;csdef/ pOf;pm;csdefyif r&cJhygbl;?

usaemfhtzkd@ 'Dwkef;u pdwfodyfxdckdufwmyJ? b,fvkdpdwfxdckdufr_ jzpfay:cJhw,fqkdwmukdawmh razmfjywwfyg? usaemf[mrae@wae@u wkdufcJh&wJh ppfajrjyifbufvSnfh+yD; wcgrS rjzpfbl;wJh pdwfrsdK;jzpfvmw,f? a=umuf&G@Hvkd@qkddwmawmh r[kwfyg? usaemfwkd@b0udkem=unf;ygw,f? e,fcsJ@pepf}uD;&Sdvkd@ 'gawG vkyfae&wm? e,fcsJ@pepf}uD;ukd &GH&Smrdw,f? vl@b0ukd pdwfemrdw,f? ,ckrS trSefajym&r,fqkd&iftJ'Dwkef;u rsuf&nfawGawmif +zdKif+zdKifusqif;vm ygw,f?

wcgrS ,ckvkd rsuf&nfruscJhzl;yg? igwkd@bmawG vkyfae=uwmvJ? vl@b0[m b,frSmrGefjrwfvkd@vJ? bmtusdK;&SdovJvkd@vnf;em=unf;aerdw,f?

aemuf usaemf[m zsm;ovkd wkefvm+yD;/ jrif;ukdyif qufrpD;Ekdifavmufatmif tm;enf;vmw,f? wcgrS 'gavmuf ±kwfw&uf

27

tiftm;ukefcef;roGm;zl;bl;? opfyif}uD;wyifatmufa&mufawmh qufroGm;EkdifawmhwmeJ@ xkd;tdyfvkduf&w,f?(2) em&Davmuftdyf+yD; Ekd;vmawmhrS usaemfeJ@ygvmwJh &JabmfawGu ygvmwJhvufzuf&nftcsdK }udK+yD;wkdufw,f? aemuf

0kdif,mvuf &JabmfwOD;u olb,fu&vmovJ rodbl;? ‘emewf,kd’wbl; vmazmufau|;w,f? usaemf 'gawG pm;aomuf+yD; tiftm;jynfhvmwmeJ@ rjzpfbl;? tcsdefr&Sdbl;? 'DaumifawG qufwdkufrS jzpfrSm? tcsdefrjzKef;Edkifbl;qkd+yD; tdyf&mjyefodrf;/ jrif;ay:jyefwuf rkdif;qwfukdqufxGufcJh&ygw,f?

uJ-awmfavmufyg+yD? usaemfhcHpm;&csufukd wifjy+yD;yg+yD? ppfukdwkdufckduf&wm aysmfvkd@awmh rxifygeJ@? ppfqkdwm aoa=u=u&wmyg?rao&ifvnf; ypPnf;a&mtcsdefa&m jzKef;wD;ypf&wmygyJ?

'ga=umifh aphaphawG;&if ppfom;rsm;[m ppf&J@'kuQukd todqHk;yJ? wu,fwkduf&av wu,fodavygyJ?Tonfwkd@rSm &ef}uD;atmifppfqifa&;}uD;twGif; ukd,fawG@tjzpftysufwcsdK@ukd “urBmppfqef@usifa&;ae@”wGif a[majym

cJhcsufrsm; jzpfygonf?Tokd@ usaemfjyefqkwfcGm&+yD;aemuf usaemftajctae t&yf&yfukd oHk;oyf&mwGif Ttiftm;r#avmufESifh ppfqufwkdufI rjzpfEkdif?

rESpfu bk&ifhaemifppfqifa&;vkd tiftm;aumif;aumif;/ jyifqifr_aumif;aumif;ESifh a&S@uxkd;rS jzpfrnf[k em;vnf+yD; ppf±Hk;csKyfokd@ usaemfvSrf;ta=umif;=um;ygonf? ,cktiftm;ESifhawmh qufrwkdufEkdif? qufrwkdufv#if rdrdppfwyf pdwf"mwfusrnf? &efolu ykdacgif;rm/acgif;axmifoGm;rnf? xkd@a=umihf “atmifrmCppfqifa&;”ukd aemufwESpf a&$@ajymif;+yD;/ atmifrmCwkdufrnfhwyfrsm; rdrdbufay;+yD;,ckESpftwGif; xkdif;e,fpyftm;vHk;ukd &Sif;vkdufv#if aumif;rnfjzpfa=umif; wifjyvkduf&m/ ppf±Hk;csKyfu oabmwl+yD; tiftm;xyfjznfhay;ygonf?

aemufxyf (76 rr) -4 vuf/ (3 vufr) armfwm- 4 vufajcvsifwyf&if;(4)æwyf&if;rª;-'kAkdvfrª;}uD;xGef;wif (aemifrqvacwf-0ef}uD;csKyf)ucsifwyf&if;(4)æwyf&if;rª;-Akdvfrª;aemfvmajcvsifwyf&if;(21)æwyf&if;rª;-Akdvfrª;odef;'kwfajcjrefwyf&if; (106)æwyf&if;rª;- Akdvfrª;ol&atmifazæ æ

wyf&if; (4) &if; xyf&onf?avwyfrS qD;jzL&D; (9) pif; xyf&onf?pk&yftjzpf rkdif;wHkwGif xm;+yD; (3) ywfcef@ bk&ifaemifppffqifa&;uJhokd@ jyifqifum tvHk;t&if;ESifh wkdufcJh=u&onf? wkdufyGJ

wkdufenf;rSm wav#mufvHk; e,fpyfay:wkduf&ojzifh wkduf±kduf tajrmufESifhypf? av,mOfuul+yD; wkdufppfqif wkdufcJh&ygonf?usaemfvnf; xkda'oukd uif;axmufav,mOfjzifh ysHoef;+yD; pHkprf;uif;axmuf&m xkda'o&Sd aygufaomopfyifrsm;rSm

aygifvHk;cef@om &Sdojzifh w±kwfjzLwyf.cHuwkwfrsm;onf rdrdwkd@ tajrmuf'%fcHEkdifrnf r[kwf[k wGufqrdygonf?usaemfwkd@ESifhtwl xkdif;qufoG,fa&; t&m&Sdrsm;vnf; vkkdufygvm+yD; xkdif;e,fpyftem; odyfuyf&aomtcgrsm;/ wcgw&H

w±kwfjzLpcef;rsm; aemufukd0ifzkd@ xkdif;e,fpyfwGif; 0if&onfhtcgrsm;wGif xkdt&m&Sdrsm;rSwqifh cGifhawmif;cH&ygonf? Ttcsufrsm;uvnf;Tppfqifa&;ukd tawmfyif taxmuftuljyKcJhygonf?

1955ck/ {+yDv (22) &ufae@wGif w±kwfjzLXmecsKyf vG,fvef;pcef;}uD;ukd usaemfwkd@ wyfrawmfu wkdufckdufodrf;ykdufcJhygonf?usaemfwkd@ xkdae@wGif wkdufyGJrqifcif xkdif;qufoG,fa&; t&m&SdwOD;u usaemfhukd tJ'Dpcef;odrf;zkd@ b,favmuf=um=um

wkduf&rvJ[k ar;vmygonf? usaemfu “igwkd@ reuf (8) em&D pwkduf&if nae (4) em&DrSm igwkd@tvH tJ'Dawmifukef;ay:rSm wifr,f” vkd@jyefajymvkdufygonf? Tvkd usaemfwkd@. tmrcHcsufukd &aomtcg xkdif;t&m&SdwcsdK@ w±kwfjzLrsm;xH ajy;oGm; =u+yD; bdef;rsm;ukdtjrefqHk;a&mif;ypf&ef/ wkdufwGef;=ua=umif; =um;od&ygonf? xkdif;bufurf;rSmvnf; vltrsm; 'DwkdufyGJukd vma&muf=unfh±_=u+yD; t±_H;tEkdifavmif;upm;=uao;onf[kvnf; =um;&ygonf?(w±kwfjzLrsm;u olwkd@pcef;u-vESifhcsD cHEkdifonf[k xkdif;rsm;ukd ajymxm;ygonf?)

usaemfwkd@wkdufyGJukd eHeuf (8) em&DwGif pcJh+yD; tajrmufrsm;pk+yHKypfcJh=uygonf? tajrmufrsm;ukd cHwyfrsm;wnfhwnfh a&S@txdrDwm (600-800) txd qGJwifoGm;+yD;rS ypfjcif;jzpfonf? tajrmufypf &yfv#if&yfjcif; vSHpGyfwufxdk;ygonf? w±kwfjzL cHuwkwfrsm;c%twGif; a=uysufoGm;+yD;/ oHk;em&DtwGif;pcef;ukd odrf;rdygonf? ppfajrjyif&Sif;vif;a&; tcsdK@jyKvkyf+yD;aemuf nae (4) em&DwGif jynfaxmifpktvHawmfukd awmifxdyfrSm v$ifhxlvkdufEkdifygawmhonf?

Tawmifxdyfay:rSmyif usaemfwkd@ apwDwql wnfaqmuf xm;cJhygao;onf? xkdtcsdefrSpI usefw±kwfjzLrsm; vm tkde,fpyf/rJacgifjrpfbufa&$@ajymif;oGm;cJh=uygawmhonf? tiftm;(3,000)cef@om usefawmh&m wcsdK@tiftm;rsm;vnf; xkdif0rfokd@ jyefqkwfoGm;ygawmhonf?

TyGJwGif usaemfwkd@bufrS (44) OD;usqHk;+yD; '%f&m (100) ausmfr# &cJhygonf? w±kwfjzLwyfom; (1,500) ausmf vufeufcscJh=uygonf?

Tppfqifa&;}uD;twGif; tajrmuf(3) rsdK;ESifh armfwmusnfqef (1,500) ukefonfhtwGuf usyfaiGwoef; ukef&onf?tjcm;vufeufi,fusnfqef ryg/ tajrmufESifh armfwmusnfqefzkd;om &Sdao;onf? ±kdifz,fESifh pufaoewfusnfqefrSm oef; csDoHk;pGJcJh&onf?

28

tjcm;xif&Sm;onfh ukefusp&dwfrsm;rSm vm; (1,000) ausmftwGuf (5) odef;ausmf? tvkyform; (txrf; orm;) (2,000)ausmftwGuf(6) odef;ausmf? &Jabmfrsm; &duQmaiGtwGuf woef;? pkpkaygif; (3) oef;ausmf ukefuscJhygonf? TtxJwGif &JabmftoD;oD;. vpmaiG/vufeufi,fusnfqef/ avwyfukefusp&dwfrsm;ESifh pufqD/ acsmqD/ ,mOfp&dwfrsm;/ ypPnf;p&dwfrsm; rygao;yg? xkd@jyif wefzkd;ESifhrazmfjyEkdifaom om;aumif;&wemrsm; usqHk;cJh&ygonf?

usaemfwkd@ arvxJa&mufvmaomtcg ppfqifa&;}uD;ukd &yfqdkif;vkdufygawmhonf?Tonfrsm;rSm usaemfOD;pD;+yD; w±kwfjzLrsm;tm; wkdufckdufacsr_ef;cJhonfh “bk&ifhaemifppfqifa&;”ESifh “&ef}uD;atmif ppfqifa&;”

}uD;rsm;ta=umif; usaemfrSwfrdoavmufESifh &&Sdpkaqmif;xm;aom rSwfwrf;rSwf&mtcsdK@rsm;rS pkaygif;a&;om; wifjyjcif;jzpfygonf?jynfhpHkvHkavmufr_awmh r&Sdyg? usaemfhukd,fykdifrSwfwrf;rsm;ukdvnf; usaemfawmckdpOf (1976ckESpf) u tpkd;& oddddrf;,loGm;+yD; jzpfojzifh r&Sdawmhyg?wyfrawmf armfuGef;wkdufwGifawmh toifhtwifh &SdEkdifygao;onf? xkdumvuxkwfonfh owif;pm/ pmapmifrsm;rSvnf;aumif;/ xkdpOfuusaemfwkd@ESifh twlygvmaom ±kyf&SiftzGJ@ ±kduful;xm;aom ±kyf&Sifrsm;rSvnf;aumif; ykdrkdjynfhpHkaom tcsuftvufrsm; &&SdEkdifygonf?usaemfuawmh Tr#om wwfEkdifygawmhonf?

1955 ckESpf vGwfvyfa&;ae@wGif wyfrawmfrSt&m&Sd}uD;rsm;ukd tpkd;&u bGJ@xl;*k%fxl;rsm; csD;jr‡ifhcJhygao;onf? wkdif;rª;/Akdvfrª;csKyfrsm;ukd ‘oa&pnfolbG@J’? Akdvfrª;}uD;rsm;udk ‘pnfolbGJ@’pojzifh ay;tyfcJh&m usaemfhukdvnf; ‘oa&pnfolbGJ@’ ay;cJhygonf?xkdbGJ@wHqdyfrsm;rSm a&$rsm;ESifh vkyfxm;ojzifh ‘pnfol’bGJ@ &aom Akdvfrª;}uD;cspf+rdKifu ta&;ta=umif;&Sdvkd@/ vkdvm&if tJ'Da&$awG a&mif;pm;=uwmayghAsm[k aemufajymifcJhzl;wmukd owd&rdygonf?

1955 ckESpf/ pufwifbmvxJwGif w±kwfjynfol@orRwEkdifiH/ umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;zkefwuf0_dif (yifaw;[l;) . zdwf=um; csuft&umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AkdvfcsKyfae0if;OD;pD;onfh ppfrpf&SiftzGJ@}uD;wzGJ@ w±kwfjynfukd oGm;a&mufcJh&m usaemfvnf; tzGJ@0ifwOD;tjzpfyg0ifoGm;ygonf? qkd&S,fvpf wyfrª;tawmfrsm;rsm;vnf; yg0ifcJhygonf? usaemfwkd@onf w±kwfjynfwGif ppfypPnf;xkwfvkyfonhfpuf±Hkrsm;/ppfavhusifha&;cef;rsm;ukd wvcef@ vSnfhvnf=unfh±_=uonf? +rdL@}uD;/ jy}uD;rsm;jzpfonfh &Sef[J/ [efusdK;/ uGrfusdK;ponfh +rdK@}uD;rsm;ukdvnf;vnfywf=uygonf?

yDuif;rSm&SdpOf atmufwkdbmv (1) &ufae@ xiftefrifwGif usif;yonfh EkdifiHawmftcrf;tem;ukdvnf; wufa&muf=uygonf?xkdtcrf;tem;rprD Akdvfae0if;ESifh usaemfwkd@ (3-4) OD; OuUÏarmfESifh awG@qHkE_wfquf&ygao;onf?

xkdw±kwfjynf c&D;pOfwGif usaemfrSwfrdwm wck&Sdygao;onf? usaemfwkd@onf tcrf;tem;wck wufa&mufwkdif; wef;pDae&m,l=u&m r=umc% 0gpOftwkdif; (protocol) twkdif; &yf=uyg[k ajymoH=um;=um;ae&ygonf? usaemf tapmykdif; owdrxm;rdyg? aemufawmhouFmruif; jzpfvmojzifh tzGJ@xJrS AkdvfcifndK (aemif awmfvSefa&;aumifpDacwf/ rD;&xm;0ef}uD;) ukd ar;=unfh&m olu tm;emyg;emESifhusaemfhukd ajymwmjzpfa=umif;? Akdvfarmifarmifausmf0if; (B.D.AumvwGifrS wyfwGif;0ifvmaom a&S@ae/ ynmwwf}uD;/ aemifw±kwfjynfqkdif&m oHtrwf}uD;) ukd 0gpOft& usaemfha&S@u xm;-xm;a=umif; ajymjyygonf? ppf±Hk;csKyfrS qkd&S,fvpfwyfrª;rsm; vufcsufjzpf[ef&Sdonf? usaemfu 'gawGrodbJ Akdvfausmf0if; a&S@u&yfaerdaoma=umifh owday;ae&jcif; jzpf[ef&Sdygonf? usaemfvnf; tawmfpdwfqkd;ojzifh Akdvfae0if;ukd wkdifvkdufygonf? Akdvfae0if;u “[m'gawmh 'DaumifawG odyfvGefwmyJ” [kqkd+yD; oljyefaomtcg Akdvfausmf0if;udkjyefac:oGm;ygonf? Akdvfae0if;rSm usaemfwkd@ESifh wywfavmufom vkdufyg+yD; c&D;qHk;xd rvkdufyg? oljyefoGm;+yD; avwyfOD;pD;csKyfAkdvfcsKyfwDuvpfukd tzGJ@rª;tjzpf xm;cJhygonf? (,ck etzacwfxkwf wyfrawmforkdif; pmtkyfrsm;rSmvnf; xkdacwf xkdtcgu wyfrª;rsm;ukd0gpOftwkdif; wef;pD&m rSmvnf; xkdAkdvfarmifarmifausmf0if;ukd a&S@wef;rSmyJ ae&may;xm;wm awG@&ygonf?)

wjcm; &,fzG,fudpPrsm;vnf; jzpfcJh=uygao;onf? wnxrif;pm;yGJ oGm;cgeD; Akdvfcspf+rdKifrSm qHyif&Snfaeojzifh a[mfw,fatmufxyf qHyifn‡yfqkdifwGif qHyifoGm;n‡yfygonf? qHyifn‡yform;u apwemAvyGjzifh qHyifukdaumfwif+yD; tarmufaxmifay;vkdufygonf? oluvnf; rSefr=unfhbmr=unfh jyefvmygonf? tcef;a&mufrS rSef=unfhawmh tarmuf}uD; waxmifaxmif jzpfaeygawmhonf?tcsdefvnf; eD;ae+yD;jzpfaoma=umifh 0kdif;I qHyifaysmhatmif rD;jcpfurD;ESifh ±_d@=u&m qHyifwcsdK@ rD;avmifoGm;ojzifh tawmfyif uokwfu&ufjzpfvkduf=uygao;onf? xrif;pm;yGJt+yD; a[mfw,fcef;rsm; jyefa&mufrS usaemfwkd@wawG xkdtjzpfukdjyefajym=u+yD; waomaom&,f&ygao;onf? usaemfwkd@wawGrSm &mxl;}uD;jrifhaom wyfrª;}uD;rsm; jzpf=uaomfvnf; EkdifiHjcm;rsm;okd@ a&mufaomtcg wm0efrsm;vnf;r&Sdojzifh pdwfvGwfvufvGwf vli,frsm;vkd aemuf=uajymif=u &,farm=u&ygonf?

usaemfwkd@ ajrmufykdif;wkdif;u wyfrª;rsm;rSm tjyefc&D;wGif ,leefjynfe,fukd um;vrf;rS jzwfjyef=u&ygonf? xkdpOfu,leefjynfe,frSm tawmfqif;&J acwfaemufusaeygao;onf?

1956 ckESpftwGif; usaemfwkd@ e,fedrdwftwGif;okd@ w±kwfjynfol vGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmfom; tcsdK@0ifa&mufvmojzifh/ ‚wkd@jyefxGufoGm;a&;udpP/ w±kwf-Arm e,fedrdwfudpPrsm; ajz&Sif;&ef usaemf0jynfe,f rkdif;armokd@ oGm;a&mufcJh&ygao;onf? aemufykdif;wGifrSm;,Gif;0ifa&mufvmrda=umif; awmif;yefajymqkd+yD; w±kwfwyfrsm; at;csrf;pGm jyefxGuf oGm;=uygonf?

Tae&mwGif usaemfESifh AdkvfcsKyfbvdwf (xkdpOfu awmifydkif;wkdif;rª;) wkd@t=um; qufqHa&;ta=umif; a&;vkdygao;onf?AkdvfcsKyfbvdwfrSm t*Fvdk-tif'D;,ef;ujym; jzpf+yD;/ apmpGmuwnf;uyif Armjynf t*Fvdyftpkd;&vufatmufwGif ppfr_0if+yD;

xrf;cJhol jzpfygonf? ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&; &aomtcg ArmhwyfrawmfwGif ppfr_xrf;qufjzpfvmygonf?

29

AdkvfcsKyfbvdwfESifh usaemfrSm ,cift*Fvdyfacwfuwnf;uyif od&Sdvm=u+yD; aemufykdif;wOD;ESifwOD; tvGef&ifESD;=uaomrdwfaqG}uD;rsm; jzpfvm=uygonf? usaemfwkd@ESpfOD;vHk;rSm xkdpOfu ESpfckyJ&Sdao;onfh ppfwkdif;rª;rsm;jzpf=u+yD; &mxl;t&vnf; Akdvfrª;csKyfrsm;jzpf=uygonf? okd@aomf usaemfwkd@ESpfOD;rSm pdwft&if;cHjcif;rwl=uyg? olu uGefjrLepf0g'ukd rkef;wD;qef@ usifoljzpf+yD; usaemfu uGefjrLepf0g'ukdv#dK@0SufpGmav;pm; axmufcHoljzpfygonf?

okd@aomfusaemfwkd@ ESpfOD;onf rdrdwkd@pdwf&if;udk z,f&Sm;+yD; cspfcif&if;ESD;pGm qufqefcJh=uygonf? usaemfwkd@ESpfOD;rSm (usaemfpdwfxif)rlvvlwef;pm; ADZjcif; eD;uyf=u[ef wlygonf? olonfvnf; tawmftwef qif;&Jaom ZmwdrS vmonf[k od&ygonf?

olonf t*Fvdyfujym;jzpfaomfvnf; Armpdwf"mwf tawmf&Sdygonf? xkd@a=umifhyif Armwyfrª;/ wyfom;rsm;uvnf; ol@ukdav;pm;cifrif=uygonf? olonfEkdifiHa&;ukd pdwfr0ifpm;yg? Armjynf qkd&S,fvpfygwDudkvnf; qef@usifpdwf &SdaeyHk &onf? ol@pdwfwGifuGefjrLepfESifh Tqkd&S,fvpfawGqkdwm odyfruGmjcm;=u[kvnf; ,lqaeyHk&ygonf?

xkdpOfu Armjynfukd ppfwkdif;}uD; ESpfckyJcGJxm;&m ajrmufykdif;ppfwkdif;ESifh awmifykdif;ppfwkdif;wkd@jzpf+yD; AkdvfcsKyfbvdwfrSmawmifykdif;ppfwkdif;rª;jzpfae+yD; usaemfu ajrmufykdif;ppfwkdif;rª; jzpfaeygonf?

Armtpkd;&uvnf; t*Fvdyfu csefxm;&pfaom Armppfwyfukd qufukdif&mwGif t*Fvdyf-tdENd,/ t*Fvdyf-jrefrm paomujym;rsm;vnf; qufyg0if tr_xrf;=uygonf? AkdvfcsKyfbvdwfrSm xkdtxJrS jzpf+yD;/ ol.ppfoufwrf;0gpOft& &mxl;}uD;ukd qufay;xm;jcif;jzpfygonf?

ppfwkdif;rª;wkd@onf rdrdwkd@ ppfwkdif;twGif; wESpftwGif;jyKvkyfrnfh a,bk,sppfqifa&; pDrHudef;rsm;ukd ESpfpOfrdk;&moD tp ZGef-ZlvkdifwGif a&;qGJ=u+yD; ppf±Hk;csKyfokd@ wif&ygonf?

usaemfESifh AkdvfcsKyfbvdwfwdk@rSm wOD;ESifhwOD; ppfqifa&;rsm;ukd em;vnfzkd@&mtwGuf xkdpDrHudef;rsm; tcsif;csif; tjyefjyefzvS,fzkd@oabmwlxm;=uygonf? xkd@a=umifh ol@wkdif;wGif vkyfaqmifrnfh tpDtpOfrsm;ukd usaemf}udKwif od&SdEkdifcJhygonf?

aemufykdif; qkd&S,fvpfwyfrª;wcsdK@u AkdvfcsKyfbvdwf&mxl;ae&mukd ,lcsifvmyHk &ygonf? wae@wGif AkdvfcsKyfae0if;u usaemf@ukdac:+yD; AkdvfcsKyfbvdwfukd 'D&mxl;}uD;u z,f&Sm;awmhrnfhta=umif; ajymjyygonf? (ujym; jzpfaeI z,f&Sm;rnfhoabm ajymygonf?)usaemfu vlawGukd ckdif;wkef;u ckdif;=u+yD; wkdif;jynfat;aq;vmawmhrS ae&mz,f&Sm;onfh oabmuawmh raumif;vSyg[k ajymvkdufygonf?usaemfu AkdvfcsKyfbvdwfr&Sdv#if ol@wkdif;rS ppfowif;rsm; r&awmhrSmudkvnf; pkd;&drfrdygonf? Akdvfae0if;vnf; awGa0oGm;ygonf? xkd@a=umihfxkdtcsdefu AkdvfcsKyfbvdwfukd rz,f &Sm;ypfcJhyg?

usaemfonf usaemf&&Sdaom owif;rsm;ukd ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDokd@ v#dK@0Sufay;ykd@aecJhygonf? txl;ojzifh ukd}uD;jrifh/ &efukef-r*Fvm'HkusaemfhtdrfwGif twlaepOf ukd}uD;jrifhrS wqifhay;ykd@cJhygonf? txl;ojzifh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDESifh ArmhawmfvSefa&;ukd xdckdufEkdifrnfhowif;rsm;ukd OD;pm;ay;I tjrefay;ykd@cJhygonf? usaemfu ygwDxHokd@ usaemf.tjrifrsm; t}uHay;csufrsm;ukdvnf; ay;ykd@cJhygonf? usaemfonf AkdvfcsKyfbvdwfESifh &if;ESD;ae+yD;/ em;vnfr_vnf; ,lxm;ojzifh AkdvfcsKyfbvdwfu ol@ppfwkdif;. pDrHudef;rsm;ygusaemfhxHay;ojzifh xkdpDrHudef;rsm;ukdvnf; usaemfu uGefjrLepfygwDokd@ ay;ykd@EkdifcJhygonf? xkd@a=umifhvnf; ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDrSmusaemfhppfwkdif;ua&m/ awmifydkif;wkdif;ua&m ppfwkdif;ESpfwkdif;pvHk; (wenf;) wjynfvHk;. ppfa&;pDrHudef;rsm;udk }udKwifod&Sdaeygawmhonf?Tokd@jzifh ArmhawmfvSefa&;twGuf tusdK;&Sdaeygawmhonf?

usaemf ar+rdK@okd@ ajymif;&aomtcg uGefjrLepfygwDokd@ usaemfqufom;rsm;ESifh owif;qufvufay;ydk@&ygonf? uGefjrLepfygwDrSOD;bOD; (xm;0,fom;}uD;/ ,ckuG,fvGef) ESifh ukdvS+rdKif (aemufykdif; vufeufcs/ vkyfom;ae@pOfowif;pm t,f'DwmcsKyfjzpfoGm;) wkd@rSmusaemf. qufom;rsm;jzpfygonf?

xkdumvu tjzpftysuf (usaemfrSwfrdaewm) wcsdK@ukd jyefajymjycsifygao;onf?usaemf xkduJhokd@ ajratmufvkyfief;rsm; vkyfukdifae&if; owif;aygufoGm;ygu vkyf&rnfh tpDtpOftcsdK@ukd ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD

A[kdu pDpOfI usaemfhxHay;ykd@vmygonf? usaemf tEW&m,fwckckESifh &ifqkdifvm&ygu wae&modk@ oGm;wdrf; a&Smifae+yD; xkdtdrfrSwqifhusaemfhukd ygwDxHokd@ ydk@zkd@jzpfygonf? usaemfu tdrfuum;ukd ('±kdifbm&Jabmfukd rac:bJ) udk,fwkdifarmif;+yD; xkdtdrfae&mudk oGm;=unfh&mAkdvfAwif (vufoD;ykef;) . tdrfjzpfaeonfukd tHh=o0rf;ajrmufpzG,fodvkduf&ygonf? usaemfESifh AkdvfAwifrSm *syefacwfuwnf;uyifyJcl;pHjywyf&if;wGif tawmf&if;ESD;cJh=uolrsm;jzpfcJhojzifh usaemf tawmfpdwfat;oGm;ygonf? okd@aomf xkdpOfu ol@tdrfokd@ 0ifcJhjcif;vnf;r&Sd?ol@ukd Tta=umif;ukd aemufykdif;vnf; ajymrjy jzpfyg?

wcg ar+rdK@wGifvnf; qufom;ukdvS+rdKif a&mufaepOf jy\emwck jzpfygao;onf? usaemfwkd@ ar+rdK@tdrf}uD;rSm tay:xyfwGifoma&csdK;cef;/ tdrfomrsm;/ tdyfcef;rsm;ESifh wGJvsuf&Sdygonf? atmufxyfrSm tul&Jabmfrsm;/ atmf'vDrsm;om aewwf=uojzifh tdrfomukdtdrfjyifwGif xm;ygonf? xkd@a=umifh tdrfatmufxyfaeolrsm; tdrfjyifxGuftdrfom wuf&yg onf?

usaemfwkd@. tdrfaemufbufwGifvnf; vrf;omjcm;I ppfwyfrS t&m&Sdtdrfrsm; &Sdygonf? usaemfhtdrfaemufwGif aeolwOD;rSmAkdvfrª;}uD;ba&$(qkd&S,fvpfwOD;jzpf+yD;/ Akdvfrª;}uD;cifndKESifh orD;a,mufzawmfum awmfvSefa&;aumifpDacwfwGif oHtrwf}uD;jzpfoGm;)jzpfygonf?

ukdvS+rdKifukd usaemfu atmufxyfwGif xm;rd&m tjyifxGuf tdrfomtwufwGif Adkvfrª;}uD;ba&$u ol@tdrfrS awG@&Sd oGm;yHk&ygonf?

30

nykdif; usaemfukdvS+rdKifESifh {nfhcef;wGif xkdifpum;ajymaewkef;/ Akdvfrª;}uD;ba&$ ta=umif;r&Sd/ ta=umif;&Sm+yD; usaemfhtdrf a&mufvmygonf?usaemfuvnf;owd&SdpGmjzifh tdrftay:xyf tdyfcef;ponfhae&mrsm;wGif pum;rajymbJ/ at;at;vlvl xkdifpum;ajymonfhyHkpH atmufxyf{nfhcef;}uD;xJrSmyif ajAmifxkdifpum;ajymaewm jzpfojzifh olvnf;c%0ifxkdif+yD; jyefoGm;ygonf? jyefcgeD; usaemfhtm; b,folb,f0gjzpfa=umif;oG,f0kdufar;vmaoma=umifh usaemfu awmjyef&Jabmfwa,mufjzpfa=umif; +rdK@a&mufvm+yD; aiGa&;a=u;a&;usyfwnf;vkd@ vmtultnDawmif;wmjzpfa=umif; ajymvkdufygonf? okd@aomf oljyefoGm;onfESifh usaemfonf ukdvS+rdKifukd csufcsif;um;*dwfokd@ ykd@IrEWav;odk@qif;ck dif;vkd fufygonf? Tvkyf&yfrSmvnf; rSefuefoGm;ygonf? aemufae@reufwGif Ak dvfba&$tpDtpOfjzif h um;*dwftm;vHk;uxGufor#um;rsm;ukd ykdufpdyfwkduf &SmazG=ua=umif; usaemf=um;&ygonf?

usaemfArmh wyfrawmfrS tem;,l yifpifay;cH&+yD;xGufcJh&aomudpPusaemfArmh wyfrawmfrS tem;,l yifpifay;cH&+yD;xGufcJh&aomudpPusaemfArmh wyfrawmfrS tem;,l yifpifay;cH&+yD;xGufcJh&aomudpPusaemfArmh wyfrawmfrS tem;,l yifpifay;cH&+yD;xGufcJh&aomudpPusaemfArmh wyfrawmfrS tem;,l yifpifay;cH&+yD;xGufcJh&aomudpPw±kwfjzL wkdufyGJ}uD;rsm; atmifjrifpGm wkdufckduf+yD;aemuf 1955ckESpfrSpI usaemf. *k%foduQmESifh emrnfrSm wyfwGif; omru

wyfjyifjynfolrsm;t=um;ESifh EkdifiHjcm;txdyg ausmf=um;vmcJhygonf? xkd@a=umifhwyfwGif;wGif usaemfhukd 'kOD;pD;csKyf&mxl;ay;&ef ajymqkdoHrsm;&Sdvmygonf? xkd &mxl;rSm 1949 ckESpf AkdvfcsKyfae0if; (xdkdpOfu 'kOD;pD;csKyf) u OD;pD;csKyfAkdvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;ukd z,f&Sm;+yD; wufvmuwnf;urnfolr#ray;bJ uGufvyfxm;aomae&m jzpfayonf? 1956 pufwifbmvwGif jyKvkyfrnfh wyfrª;rsm;nDvmcHwGif usaemfhtm; 'kOD;pD;csKyfwifa&; 0kdif;I tqkdwif&ef pnf;±Hk;v_yf&Sm;vm&m wyfwGif;wcsdK@ qkd&S,fvpfwyfrª;rsm;yg axmufcHvm=uygonf? wyfwGif;rS qkd&S,fvpftcsdK@ray;csifaea=umif; od=uojzifh “olwkd@ray;csif&if olwkd@ AkdvfcsKyfausmfaZmvkd ppfwkdufjyygvm;”[lIyif qkd&S,fvpf wyfrª;tcsdK@uajymvm=ua=umif; =um;&ygonf? xkd@a=umifh usaemfhukd ykvdyfrif;}uD;cef@a&;/ +AdwdeftjrifhqHk;ppf ausmif;jzpfaom umuG,fa&;wuUokdvfokd@wufa&muf&ef v$wfa&; ponfhudpPrsm; ajymqkdae=u+yD; usaemfhtm;wyfrS uif;uGma&;twGuf pwifv_yf&Sm;vm=uygonf?

xkdpOfrSmyif “atmifrmCppfqifa&;”rS zrf;qD;&rdaom usaemfESifh ywfoufaom zkdifwGJudpPay:aygufvmjcif; jzpfygonf?“atmifrmCppfqifa&;”qkdonfrSm 1956 ckESpf - ESpfqef;wGif ArmhwyfrawmfrS txufArmjynf/ yckuUL c±kdifwGif; jynfwGif;

olykefrsm;/ txl;ojzifh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDXmecsKyfukd xkd;ppfqifaom ppfqifa&;}uD;jzpfonf? ajrmufykdif;wkdif;rS wyfr[m (10) uOD;pD;cJh+yD; wyfr[mrª;rSm Akdvfrª;}uD;=unf0if; jzpfonf? Akdvfrª;}uD;=unf0if;rSm wyfwGif;qkd&S,fvpfacgif;aqmifwOD;jzpf+yD; xkdtcsdefuacwW0ef}uD;csKyfvkyfaeonfh OD;baqGESifh tawmf&if;onfh aqGrsdK;jzpfonf? (olwkd@. tdrfaxmifzufrsm;bufrS awmfpyf=u[ef &Sdonf?)xkdppfqifa&;twGif; ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD XmecsKyfrS pm&Gufpmwrf;tawmfrsm;rsm; zrf;qD;rd&m xkdtxJwGif OuUÏocifoef;xGef;. xdyfwef;v#dK@0SufzkdifwGJwwGJ yg&Sdygonf? xkdzkdifwGJwGif yg&Sdaom pmtcsdK@rStcsuftvufrsm;t& ocifoef;xGef;xH usaemfua&;ay;onf[k xif&aomta=umif;t&mrsm; yg&Sdae&m xkdudpPukd ta=umif;jyKI usaemfhukd t}uD;tus,f ta&;,l&ef wyfwGif;wyfjyif&Sd qkd&S,fvpfrsm; pDpOf=uygawmhonf?

Tae&mwGif usaemfESifh xkdacwfxkdtcsdefu EkdifiHa&;ZmwfcHkrsm;wGif ta&;ygpGm a&muf&Sdaeolrsm;t=um; qufqHa&;udka&;jyygOD;rnf?

xkdtcsdefumv (1956) ckESpfonf qkd&S,fvpfrsm;u wyfwGif;wyfjyif =oZmv$rf;rkd f;a&; t}uD;tus,f}udK;pm;aer_ t&Sdef&aecsdefESif hvnf; wkdufqkf difaeygonf? olwkd@onf jyifytEW&m,fjzpfonfh w±kwfjzLwkdufa&;xuf jynfwGif;ppfukdom tav;ay;tjyKwfwkdufcsifolrsm;jzpf=uonf? jynfolvlxk Ekd;=um;+yD; awmif;qkdvGef;Iom (wzufuvnf; ArmjynfuGefjrLepf ygwDu azmfxkwfzGifhcsaeIom) w±kwfjzLwkdufa&;ukd vkyf=ujcif;jzpfonf? xkdwkdufyGJrsm;t&SdefESifh usaemf=oZm}uD;rm;vmr_ukd vnf; olwkd@pkd;&drfae=uonf?wyfwGif;rSm qkd&S,fvpfygwD qef@usifonfh wyfrª;rsm;vnf;&Sd&m usaemfESifh yl;aygif;pnf;±Hk;rd+yD; olwkd@qkd&S,fvpfrsm;ukd tmcHacgif;rmvm=urSmvnf; pkd;&drf=uonf? t"durSm qkd&S,fvpfrsm;taeESifh wkdif;jynfukd ‚wkd@pdwf }udKuf jc,fvS,fvkd=u&mwGif wyfrawmfudk yxrqHk;olwkd@pdwf}udKuf tkyfpD;Ekdifzkd@&mrSm ql;an‡mifhcvkwfjzpfaeaom usaemfhukd z,f&Sm;ypfzkd@ vkdayonf?

usaemf TuJhokd@ wyfrSxkwfypfa&;ukd yk*~dKvft& t"du}udK;pm; }udK;ukdifol (3) OD; &Sdygonf?1? OD;ausmf+idrf;-qkd&S,fvpfygwDrS OD;ausmf+iddrf;onf wav#mufvHk; usaemfhukd owdjzifh apmifh=unfhcJhygonf? OD;ausmf+idrf;onf

usaemfhukd ol.qkd&S,fvpfygwDwGif; a&mufatmifrsm;pGm tm;xkwfvHk;yef;}udK;pm;cJhygonf? qkd&S,fvpf ygwDrSm jynfolwkd@. tusdK;ukdaqmif&Gufzkd@xuf uGefjrLepfygwD qef@usifa&;/ tjyKwfwkdufa&;ukdom t"duvkyfaeaom ygwDjzpf&m (t"du ‚wkd@ukd,fusdK;pD;yGm;udkomvkyfae&m) usaemftaeESifh wkdif;jynfESifhjynfol@rsufESm raxmufbJ rdrdw0rf;wcg;twGuf qkd&S,fvpfygwD0if rvkyfEkdifay? OD;ausmf+idrf;taeESifhuvnf; usaemf. jyif;jyaom jynfcspfpdwf/ tusifhpm&dwW/ oDv/ &mxl;pnf;pdrf rrufarmr_ pwmawGudk=unfh+yD; olodrf;oGif;Ekdifrnfholr[kwf±Hkru ol@a&S@a&;&nfrSef;csufukdyg aESmuf ,SufEkdifol[k jrifaeojzifh xkdzkdifwGJudpP ay:vmaomtcg wyfwGif;qkd&S,fvpfrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;+yD;wufºupGm usaemfh ukd ta&;,lvkyfaqmifvmjcif; jzpfygonf?

2? Akdvfatmif}uD;-‚rSm EkdifiHa&;xuf yk*~dKvfa&; &mxl;twGufyg usaemfhukd qef@usifojzifh tvGefjyif;xef+yD;/ usaemfhtay:yk*~dKvfa&;t&vnf; tvGefrkef;wD;ygonf? usaemfwyfwGif;&Sdaeoa&G@ ol@taeESifh usaemfhukd ausmfum xdyfa&mufzkd@ rjzpfEkdifyg?

3? Akdvfae0if;rSm usaemfhukd *syefacwfuwnf;u rvkdvm;/ rESpf+rdK@aomfvnf; vufawG@xnf@oGif;pOf;pm;&rnfh tcsufrsm;&Sdygonf?(Adkvfae0if;onf wyfwGif;qkd&S,fvpfrsm;teuf ‚ukd,fusdK;pD;yGm;ESifhywfoufvmv#if tvGefvufawG@uspGm pOf;pm;Ekdifol jzpfonf?)

31

wkdif;jynfwGif ppfwyfu xrf;aqmif&rnfh wm0ef}uD;rsm; ay:vmygu ol@wGiftm;ukd;r&Sdfay? olukd,fwkdifu bmrS pGrf;&nf&Sdol r[kwf?ol@qkd&S,fvpfwyfrª;rsm;uvnf; tm;rukd;&? ta&;ta=umif;qkdu usaemfhukdac:+yD; wm0efay;&? usaemfuvnf; wcgr# rjiif;qkd? ac:wm0efay;or# wm0efaus¹yefatmif xrf;aqmifcJh? wcgrSvnf; &mxl;udpP ukd,fa&;udpPrawmif;qkdddzl;? xkdtcsufrsm;a=umifh usaemfhukdwyfrawmfrS xkwfypfa&;txdawmh olu tpykdif;wGif rvkdvm;cJh yg? okd@aomf aemufykdif; usaemf=oZm t&Sdef wufvmaomtcg olonfvnf;Akdvfatmif}uDd;ESifhtwl yl;aygif;+yD; usaemfhxkwfypfa&;udk wufºupGm vkyfvmygawmhonf?

Tolrsm;tjyif OD;EkESifh OD;AaqG (xkdtcsdefu 0ef}uD;csKyfvkyfaeol) wkd@uvnf; usaemfhukd rvkdvm;=ubJ jzpfaeygonf? OD;AaqGuawmhqkd&S,fvpfygwD*kd%f;jzpfojzifh w*kd%f;wnf;om;rsm;. qENjzpfaeojzifh odyfawmhrxl;qef;vSyg? OD;EktaeESif huvnf; wyfwGif;qkd&S,fvpf*kd%f;rsm;udk axmufxm;qufqHae&ol jzpfonf? olu tapmykdif;u usaemfhtaeESifh qkd&S,fvpf*kd%f;ESifh roifhjrwfvSojzifhol@xH csOf;uyfvdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifhyHk &ygonf? usaemfuvnf; ol@xHrcsOf;uyfay? OD;EkrSm vufu ykwD;ukdifxm;aomfvnf; jynfwGif;ppfukdzdwkdufaeojzifhwa=umif;/ e*g;eDacwfu wkd;wufaom rsdK;cspfyk*~dKvf}uD;jzpfaomfvnf; aemufykdif;wGifrl t*Fvdyfaemufvkduf vuf,morm;}uD;[ef aygufaeIjzpfonf? xkd@a=umifh usaemfu cyfrSefrSef cyfwef;wef; aecJh&m oluvnf; xkd ‘zkdif’ udpPay:vmaomtcg usaemfhukdz,f&Sm;ypf&ef vkdvm;yHk&ygonf?

xkd@a=umifh usaemfhtay: xkdacwfazmufjyefaewJh qkd&S,fvpfxdyfykdif;tm;vHk; (wyfwGif;wyfjyif) omru/ OD;Ekuyg rvkdvm;qef@usifcJh=u+yD;/ xkdzkdifudpPay:vmaomtcg tm;vHk;wnDwnGwfwnf; pkaygif;oGm;+yD; usaemfhukd wyfuxkwfa&; vHk;yef;=uygawmhonf?

TuJhokd@ olwkd@tm;vHk; 0kdif;I usaemfukdrJ=u&aom t"duta=umif;rSm usaemf. uGefjrLepf0g'tay:ESifh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDtay:xm;&Sdaom oabmxm;rsm;a=umifh yifjzpfygonf? usaemfonf uGefjrLepf0g'ukd rqef@usif±Hkru T0g' tay:aomfvnf;aumif;/ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDtay:aomfvnf;aumif; qef@usifjcif;/ ±_wfcsjcif;rsm; b,fawmhrS ajymqkdjcif; rjyKr_tay:/ ‚wkd@ tawmf r}udKufEkdifjcif;jzpfygawmhonf?

okd@jzifh 1956 ckESpf pufwifbmvwGif usif;yaom wyfrª;rsm;nDvmcHwGif TudpPay:aygufvm+yD; xkdnDvmcH wufa&muf&efr*Fvm'Hkokd@ a&muf&Sdaeaom usaemfhtm; tdrftus,fcsKyfcsxm;vkdufygawmhonf? xkd@jyif Adkkvfae0if; (xkdpOfu um uG,fa&; OD;pD;csKyf) uOD;pD;I xkdtr_ukd qufvufpHkprf;ppfaq;r_rsm; jyKvkyfygawmhonf?

olwkd@. yxrtpDtpOfrSm ppfcHk±Hk;zGJ@/ ±Hk;wifppfaq;/ t}uD;tus,fta&;,l tjypfay;+yD;rS (usaemfhukd axmufxm; onfqkdaomemrnfaumif;ESifh) wyfu yifpifay;vkduf&ef jzpfygonf?

okd@aomf wu,fjzpfvmonfrSmawmh xkdzkdifwGJukd Akdvfae0if;u ol@rdwfaqGt&yfom; a&S@ae}uD; OD;bpdefukd ay;zwf um usaemfhukdb,fvkdw&m;pGJ ta&;,lEkdifr,fqkdwmwkdifyifygonf? OD;bpdefqkdonfrSm *syefacwf (B.D.A) umvu ppfwyftjyifrS a&S@aeawGukd wyfwGif;qGJoGif;pOfu ygvm+yD;/ wyfrawmfppfOya'Xme}uD;wm0efcH/ a&S@aecsKyfcef@tyfcHxm;&o/l rsdK;cspfjynfcspfpdwf&SdolwOD; jzpfaeygonf? (B.D.A)umv wyfxJrSmaepOf usaemfvkyfyHkukdifyHkawGukd oabmus+yD; wyf.tem*wfwGif usaemfr&Sdrjzpf/ ta&;ygoljzpfonf[k ,lqxm;olvnf;jzpfaeygonf?

a&S@ae}uD;OD;bpdefu zkdifwGJukd ,lzwf=unfh+yD; 'Dpmwrf;rsm;t&awmh AdkvfausmfaZmukd ta&;,ltjypfay;zkd@ rjzpfEkdif? AkdvfausmfaZmemrnfvnf; ryg/ vufa&;vnf; ryg/ 'DzkdifwGJb,fu &ovJqkdwmyif cufaeonf[k Akdvfae0if;udk jyefajym+yD; zkdifwGJ jyefay;tyfcJhonf?(xkd “atmifrmCppfqifa&;”udk OD;pD;cJhol Akdvf=unf0if;rSm wyfwGif;qkd&S,fvpfwyfrª;/ trmcHwOD;jzpfa=umif; vltrsm;od&Sdxm;ojzifhxkdzkdifwGJudpPukd vltrsm;u r,Hkr=unf jzpfae=ujcif;vnf; &Sdygonf?)

okd@aomf Akdvfae0if;wkd@u usaemfonf vl±kd;vltjzpfI w&m;pGJvkd@ &Ekdifonf[k ,lq+yD; usaemfhukdppfaq; tjypfay;&ef cHk±Hk;w±Hk;zGJ@cJhygonf?

xkdtwGif;rSmyif usaemfaexkdifaeonfh r*Fvm'Hkppfwyfe,fajr/ {nfh&dyfom (Guest House) okd@ Armjynfayguf tdENd,vlrsdK;a&S@ae}uD; rpPwm*ef*lvDqkdol a&mufvm+yD; olonfOD;bpdef.wynfhjzpfa=umif;/ OD;bpdefu usaemfhukd tultnDay;&ef apv$wfvkdufjcif;jzpfa=umif; rddwfqufvm+yD; zkdifwGJta=umif;olodor# ajymjyvmygonf? usaemfukd bmrS rpkd;&drfzkd@/ w&m;±Hk;rSm Oya'a=umif;t&aumif;aumif;umuG,fEkdifonf[kvnf; tm;ay;ajymjyygonf?

xkd@tjyif usaemfhukdvnf; 0ef}uD;tcsdK@ESifhawG@pum;pjrnfajymzkd@ wkdfufwGef;ygonf? olu cifAsm;rsufESmukdjrif&if olwkd@wawGcifAsm;tay: r&ufpufEkdifygbl;[kvnf; qkdygonf? usaemf. wkdif;jynftay: aqmif&GufcJhr_rsm;tay: olwdk@wawG axmufxm;=uvdrfhrnf[k olu xifyHk&ygonf? usaemfuawmh rxifyg? okd@aomf ol@apwem t&if;cHESifh wkdufwGef;r_ukd vkdufavsmonfhtaeESifh ol@t}uHay;csufukdusaemfvkdufemcJh+yD; zqyv0ef}uD;tcsdK@ESifh olwkd@tdrfrsm;wGifaomfvnf;aumif;/ wif;epfupm;&if;aomfvnf;aumif; usaemfawG@qHkcJhygonf?xkdokd@awG@qHk&if; olwkd@uvnf; olwkd=um;xm;onfhowif;rsm;/ tcsuftvufrsm;ukd usaemfhukdar;jref;&m usaemfujyefvnf &Sif;vif;ajymjy&ygonf?

xkd@aemuf usaemfhukd ppfcHk±Hk;u ac:,lppfaq;ygonf? usaemfuvnf; rpPwm*ef*lvD oif=um;ay;onhftwkdif; b,fvkdar;v#ifb,fvkdajzqkdonfhtwkdif; xGufqkd+yD;/ olrSmvkdufonfhtwkdif; wcsdK@ar;cGef;rsm;ukd w&m;±Hk;udk jyefar;ygonf? TwGifw&m;±Hk;u usaemfhukdOya'a=umif;t& ta&;,ltjypfay;Ekdif&ef rvG,fulqkdonfukd odoGm;=uygonf? usaemfESif h0ef }uD;tcsdK@aqG;aEG;&mwGifvnf;

32

ol@wkd@tr_qifrnfhudpPrsm;ukd usaemftvG,fwulacszsufEkdifa=umif; olwkd@oabmaygufae=u+yD; jzpfonf?Tae&mwGif ta=umif;wkdufqdkifvmojzifh usaemfajymjyvdkonfh udpPwck&Sdygonf? usaemfhb0 tcuftcJawG@qHk aepOf/ usaemfhukd

w&m;Oya'a&;&mbufwGif ulnDcJh=uaom a&S@ae}uD;OD;bpdefESifh rpPwm*ef*lvDukd usaemft+rJowd& aus;Zl;wifvsuf &Sdygonf?rpPwm*ef*lvDrSm usaemfwyfuxGuf&v#if uav;w+yHK}uD;ESifh cufcJqif;&Jawmhrnfhtjzpfudk tvGef=uifempkd;&drfyHk &ygonf? xkdusaemfhtr_jzpfaepOftwGif; ar+rdK@rSmusefcJhaom usaemfhtdrfom;rsm;/ r*Fvm'Hka&mufvm+yD; uav;rsm;ukd ausmif;xm;a&;udpPrsm; pDpOfaepOfuusaemfhuav;rsm;. vG,ftdwfrsm;{nfhcef;twGif; wkdifrsm;wGif csdwfxm;onfukd =unfh+yD;-a=omfæuav;awGvnf; ausmif;wuf&OD;r,faemf[k tawmfrsufESmraumif;pGm ajymzl;wmukd usaemfrSwfrdaeygonf? usaemfhorD;ti,f pef;pef;ukdvnf; olutawmfcspfonf?pef;pef;u i,fpOfuwnf;u oyfoyf&yf&yfaewwfonf? olu pef;pef;ukdawG@v#if Princess Margret av;[k ac:+yD; pwwfaemufwwfonf? (xkdpOfu t*Fvefu rif;orD;av; rm*&ufrSm tvGefvSonf[k emrnfausmf=um;aeygonf?) tr_+yD;pD;I usaemfua&S@aec aiGwaxmifusyfay;onfukd b,fvkdrS ay;Ir&? r,lay?

xkdokd@ w&m;±Hk;taeESifh qufppfaq;&ef rvG,fulawmhaomtcg/ ppfcHk±Hk;taeESifh usaemfhukdw&ufyJ ac:,lppfaq;+yD; tr_ukdqufrppfaq;awmhbJ &yfvkdufygawmhonf? usaemfhukd w&m;pGJqkdkjcif;vnf; rjyKawmhbJ ppfOD;pD;csKyfAkdvfcsKyfae0if;. tkyfcsKyfcGifhtm%mESifhrdrdr}udKufolukd tvkyfu xkwfypfz,f&Sm;Ekdifonfh Oya'ESifh usaemf[m olykefwkd@ESifh qufoG,fowif;ay;aeonf[k ,lqp&m &SdaeIr,Hk=unf&ojzifh wyfrawmfu z,f&Sm;vkduf&onf[k a=unmvkdufygawmhonf?

okd@jzifh usaemfonf wyfrawmfrS 1957 ckESpf/ {+yDvwGif t+idrf;pm;ay;jcif;cHvkduf &ygonf? xkdpOfu usaemfhtoufrS (38) ESpfom&Sdygao;onf? ppfr_xrf;oufrSm (1941) rSpvkd@ (16) ESpft&wGif wyfrawmfrS xGufvkduf&jcif;vnf; jzpfygonf?

1

AdkvfrSL;csKyfa[mif;ausmfaZm.AdkvfrSL;csKyfa[mif;ausmfaZm.AdkvfrSL;csKyfa[mif;ausmfaZm.AdkvfrSL;csKyfa[mif;ausmfaZm.AdkvfrSL;csKyfa[mif;ausmfaZm.twˆKy`wWdtwˆKy`wWdtwˆKy`wWdtwˆKy`wWdtwˆKy`wWdtydkif; (5)tydkif; (5)tydkif; (5)tydkif; (5)tydkif; (5)

ZGef/ 2007 ckESpf?ZGef/ 2007 ckESpf?ZGef/ 2007 ckESpf?ZGef/ 2007 ckESpf?ZGef/ 2007 ckESpf?trSmtrSmtrSmtrSmtrSm

1989 ckESpf ygwDwGif; z±kdz&Jjzpfr_}uD; ay:ayguf+yD;aemuf A[kdaumfrwDacgif;aqmifrsm; tem;,l=u&ef A[kdu qHk;jzwfvkduf&ygawmhonf? u|efawmftem;,lzkd@ xGufcGmcgeD;wGif ygwDA[kdukd qufvufOD;aqmif&ef wm0efay;jcif;cH&onfh A[kdacgif;aqmifxJrSwOD;wnf;usef&pfol/ EkdifiHa&;OD;aqmiftzGJ@0if &JabmfxGef; (Akdvf=uifarmif) u “at;at;aq;aq; em;em;aeaeae&if; ukd,fa&;twÎKy`wWda&;ygvm;”[k wkdufwGef;cJhzl;ygonf?

jynfwGif;&Sd u|efawmfESifhacwf+ydKifrdwfaqGrsm;/ EkdifiHa&;vkyfazmfukdifzufa[mif;rsm;uvnf; vl}uHKrsm;ESifh vSrf;wkdufwGef;cJh=uygonf?

okd@aomf u|efawmfu twÎKy`wWdqkdwm ukd,faorS wjcm;vlawG a&;=uvdrfhrnf[k oabmxm;um a&;zkd@pdwfrul;cJhyg?2003 ckESpfa&mufawmh u|efawmf twÎKywWda&;csifvmygonf? xkdtcsdefwGif u|efawmfhtouf 80 ausmfaeyg+yD? tawmfarhavsmhp

jyKvmojzifh a&;zkd@rvG,fulawmhyg?okd@aomf u|efawmfa&;rnfqkdv#if a&;Ekdifonfhtcsuftvufrsm; &Sdygonf?1? u|efawmfhom;}uD; atmifausmfaZm (ukdjrarmif) rSm a&$vDwGif aexkdifae&mrS ArmjynfwGif;rS pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; &oavmuf

&SmazGpkaqmif;ay;ojzifh u|efawmf,cifu a&;om;xkwfa0zl;onfh pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; tm;vHk;eD;yg;r# jyefvnf&&Sd±Hkr#ru e0w acwf/etz acwf xkwfor# orkdif;pmtkyfrsm;vnf; &&Sdxm;ojzifh vkdtyfonfhtcsuftvuf taxmuftxm;rsm; &wefoavmuf &Ekdifygonf?

2? ygwDrS &Jabmfrsm;onf ygwDhtmabmf “jynfol@tm%m” “jynfol@tm%m” “jynfol@tm%m” “jynfol@tm%m” “jynfol@tm%m” *sme,fukd tqufrjywf qufvufxkwfa0=u&m xkd*sme,ftwGufvkdtyfonfhorkdif;ta=umif;t&m/ tcsuftvufrsm;ukd u|efawmfhxH r=umc% pma&;ar;jref;=u/ aqmif;yg;rsm;twGuf tcsuftvufrsm;awmif;cH=uvkyf=u&m/ u|efawmfhrSm xkdjyefpmrsm;. rdwWLrsm; &Sdaeojzifh tcsuftvufrsm; tawmftoifh pHkvifpGm&Sdaeygonf?

3? xkd@jyif ‘jynfol@bufawmfom;rsm;pmay’rS OD;atmifapmOD;onf ‘orkdif;jzpf&yfrSef ay:aygufa&;’ qkdaom aºu;a=umfoHjzifhpmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; r=umc%xkwfwwf&m olu ol@pmtkyfrsm;twGuf u|efawmfhukd trSmpmrsm;/ aqmif;yg;rsm; awmif;avh&Sdygonf?xkdaqmif;yg;rsm;rSmvnf; orkdif;0iftjzpftysufrsm;omjzpfojzifh u|efawmfhtwÎKy`wWda&;&mwGif rsm;pGmtaxmuftul &apEkdifygonf?

4? 199& ckESpf/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; vkyf}uHcH&r_ ESpfig;q,fjynfhtcsdefwGif BBC rS txl;tpDtpOfw&yftwGuf u|efawmfhukdpmjzifhar;jref;qufoG,f+yD; awG@qHkar;jref;cef;vkyf&mwGif orkdif;0ifta=umif;t&mawmfawmfrsm;rsm; yg0if+yD;/ xkdtar;tajzrsm;ukd‘w&m;cHtppfb,folvJ’qkdaom acgif;pOfjzifh pmtkyfwtkyfvnf; xkwfjzpfcJhygonf? xkdrS tquf&um usefowif;Xmersm;uvnf; tcg}uD;/&uf}uD;rsm; (Oyrm-vGwfvyfa&;ae@/ awmfvSefa&;ae@ ) wGif awG@qHkar;jref;cef;rsm; tqufrjywfvkyfvm&m/ u|efawmf. ajzqkdcsufrsm;rSmrdwWLrsm;&Sdojzifh tcsuftvuf pkaqmif;+yD;ovkd jzpfaeygawmhonf?

5? xkd@tjyif u|efawmfukd,fwdkifvnf; rSwfrdor#awGukd t=urf;zsif;csa&;xm;/ ae@pOfrSwfwrf;rsm;xJwGif a&;xm;rd pwmrsm;vnf;&Sdaeygonf? xkdrSvnf; tcsuftvufrsm; &ygonf?

xkd@a=umifh u|efawmf 2003 ckESpfrSpI ukd,fwkdifa&;twÎKy`wWdukd tykdif;rsm;cGJI a&;om;vm&m ,cktykdif; 5 +yD;oGm; yg+yD? 1976ckESpf/ Zlvkdif 20 &ufae@wGif u|efawmfvGwfajrmufa'o ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&Sd&mokd@ a&muf&Sdonfhta=umif; azmfjy+yD; tykdif; 5 ukdtqHk;owfvkdufygonf? TwGif u|efawmf. yk*~vdub0 +yD;qHk;oGm;+yD jzpfygonf?

u|efawmfygwDokd@ jyefa&muf+yD;aemuftykdif;rSm ygwDorkdif;ESifh qufpyfaeojzifh u|efawmfhom;orD;rsm;tygt0if aemufrsdK;quf&Jabmfrsm;u qufIwm0ef,l/ okawoejyK a&;om;oGm;=u&ef wkdufwGef;&ayonf? u|efawmf ,ck touf 88 ESpf &Sd+yDjzpfI u|efawmfqufra&;Ekdifawmhyg? u|efawmf em;yg&apawmh?

TwGif pum;csyftjzpf ajymvkdwmwck &Sdygonf? u|efawmfukd,fwkdifa&; twÎKy`wWdpmtkyfwGif u|efawmf aemufqufwGJtjzpfxyfxnfhcsifonfh pm&Gufpmwrf;tcsdK@ &Sdygonf?

yxrpmwrf;rSm u|efawmfygwDukd a&muf+yD;aemuf 1976 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv 10 &ufwGif “jynfol@toH” “jynfol@toH” “jynfol@toH” “jynfol@toH” “jynfol@toH” rSaeI toHv$ifhcJhaomu|efawmf. ‘wkdif;jynfokd@ wifjycsuf’‘wkdif;jynfokd@ wifjycsuf’‘wkdif;jynfokd@ wifjycsuf’‘wkdif;jynfokd@ wifjycsuf’‘wkdif;jynfokd@ wifjycsuf’jzpfygonf?

xkd@tjyif 1999 ckESpf/ 'DZifbm 3 &ufae@wGif touf 80 jynfhaom u|efawmfhtm; *k%fjyKuAsmwyk'fukd uAsmq&m (ukd)0if;wifhxGef;u pyfay;cJhzl;ygonf? u|efawmftouf 80 jynfh+yD;aemufae@ 1999 ckESpf/ 'DZifbm 4 &ufwGif uG,fvGefcJhaom u|efawmfhZeD;onfa':oef;pdefukd &nfn¸ef;+yD; xkduAsmq&muyif *k%fjyKuAsmwyk'f a&;ay;cJhzl;ygonf?

xkduAsmESpfyk'frSm u|efawmfhb0wGif ta&;}uD;aom tcsdefESifhtjzpftysuftrSwftom;tjzpf &Sdaeojzifh TpmtkyfwGifaemufqufwGJ 'kwd,pmwrf;ESifh wwd,pmwrf;tjzpf xnfhoGif;azmfjyvkdufygonf? xkduAsmESpfyk'fukd pyfqkday;cJhonfh ukd0if;wifhxGef;tm;vnf; aus;Zl;txl;wifa=umif; azmfjytyfygonf?

u|efawmfh Tpmtkyfjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf 0kdif;0ef;ulnDvkyfaqmifay;cJh=uonfh &Jabmfrsm;tm;vHk;ukdvnf;aumif;/ xkwfa0ay;onfh ‘"l0Hpmay’ukdvnf;aumif; aus;Zl;txl;wif&Sdygonf? AkdvfausmfaZm AkdvfausmfaZm AkdvfausmfaZm AkdvfausmfaZm AkdvfausmfaZm 24-4-07 24-4-07 24-4-07 24-4-07 24-4-07

2

yOPrykdif;yOPrykdif;yOPrykdif;yOPrykdif;yOPrykdif;1957 ckESpf/ Zlvkdifvqef;rSm u|efawmf &efukef+rdK@/ prf;acsmif;&yf/ qDqHkvrf;/ tdrftrSwf 36okd@ r*Fvm'Hk {nfhcHa*[mrS ajymif;a&$@

oGm;cJhygonf? u|efawmfpkaqmif;xm;wJh aiGav;u oHk;axmifausmfavmufyJ&Sdvkd@ tJ'Dtdrf0,fzkd@ vkdtyfwJhaiGukd u|efawmfhtpfukd}uD; OD;ykuxkwfay;ygonf? aemifusrS u|efawmfhajruGufukd a&mif;+yD; qyfEkdifygonf? u|efawmfhZeD;&J@ zcifvnf; uG,fvGefoGm;+yDjzpf+yD;/ ol@rdcif a':wifuu|efawmfwkd@rdom;pkeJ@twl vkdufaewmjzpfvkd@ olwkd@&J@ oHk;q,ftdrf}uD;ay: vliSm;wif+yD;/ tdrfaxmify&dabm*awGudkawmh u|efawmfwkd@tckaer,fh prf;acsmif;tdfrfukd o,f,l+yD; oHk;pGJcJh&ygawmhonf?

u|efawmfhom;orD;rsm;ukdawmh tdrfeJ@eD;onfh pdef@zDvkdrDemuGefAifhausmif; (aemifprf;acsmif; txu 2) rSm xm;ygonf? rdef;uav;ausmif;jzpfaomfvnf; a,musfm;av;rsm;ukd av;wef;txd vufcHojzifh armifESpfr ig;a,mufpvHk;ukd tJ'Dausmif;rSmyJ xm;vkdufygonf?u|efawmfhESpfr0rf;uGJrsm;rSm xkdausmif;xGufrsm;jzpfojzifh xkdausmif;rS c&pf,mefr,foDv&ifq&mr}uD;rsm;eJ@ &if;ESD;ojzifh olwkd@wm0ef,lausmif;tyfay;cJh=uygonf? om;orD;rsm; ausmif;udpP+yD;wmeJ@ u|efawmf a&S@a&;udpPtwGuf pOf;pm;vkyfaqmif&ygawmhonf?

tJ'Dacwf (zqyv tpkd;&acwf) wkef;u 'Drkdua&pDvnf; toifhtwifh&SdaewJhumvjzpfvkd@ a&S@av#muf wkdif;jynfeJ@ jynfolvlxktwGuf EkdifiHa&;vkyfrnfqkdv#if vkyfEkdifwJh tcGifhtvrf;awG &Sdaeygonf? 'DtwGuf jyifqifonfhtaejzifh u|efawmfwyfu rxGufrD trsdK;rsdK;ajymqkdcsufrsm;ukd &Sif;vif;ajymjy&ef owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJw&yfukd u|efawmfjyKvkyfcJhyg onf?

1957 ckESpf/ Zlvkdifv 6 &ufae@wGif u|efawmfaexkdif&m aetdrfwGifyif owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJ jyKvkyfcJhjcif; jzpfygonf? owif;pmwkduftoD;oD;rS owif;axmuftawmfrsm;rsm; wufa&mufcJhygonf? u|efawmfhtaeeJ@ t"duxm; ajymqkdcJhr_rsm;uawmh u|efawmfhtay:pGyfpGJcsufrsm; rckdifvHkyHk/ oufaorjynfhpHkyHk/ txl;ojzifh u|efawmfhukd pepfwus w&m;r#wr_ &SdpGm ppfaq;jcif;/ xkacscGifhjyKjcif;rsm; r&SdyHkawGukdu|efawmfajymqkd&Sif;vif;cJhygonf?

aemufae@owif;pmrsm;wGif u|efawmf. ajym=um;csuftjynfhtpHkukd xnfhoGif;azmfjy=u+yD; t,f'Dwmtmabmf tcef;rsm;rSvnf;u|efawmf. awmif;qkdcsufjzpfaom‘±Hk;wifppfaq;yg’qdkonfh tcsufukd txl;tav;ay;a&;om;=uygonf? txl;ojzifh vuf0Jbuf,drf;onfh owif;pmrsm;/ *sme,frsm;u u|efawmf. wkdif;jynftay:pGrf;pGrf;wrH aqmif&GufcJhr_rsm;tay: tus,fw0ifh a&;om;=uygonf?tcsdK@wyfrawmfwGif;u u|efawmfhukd av;pm;=unfndK=uonfh wyfrSL;wyfom;rsm;uvnf; u|efawmfeJ@twl wkdufyGJrsm;rSm yg0ifcJh=uyHk/u|efawmf. aqmif&Gufcsufrsm; pwmrsm;ukd tcef;qufaqmif;yg;rsm;tjzpf a&;om;=uygonf?

xkdpOfu zqyv tpkd;&twGif; jcpm;r_/ vmbfpm;r_/ tcsif;csif;tjyeftvSefpGyfpGJr_rsm;eJ@ emrnfysufpjyKvmcsdefeJ@vnf; wkdufqkdifaeojzifh tpkd;&ukdwkdufckdufa0zefonfh t&Sdefjzifhvnf; a&maeygonf?

xkdowif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJwGif owif;axmufwOD;u jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;eJ@ ywfoufI u|efawmf.oabmxm;ukd ar;jref;&mu|efawmfu oD;jcm;xkwfjyefygrnf[k ajymqkdvkduf+yD; u|efawmfru|rf;usifonfh EkdifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;jy\emrsm;ukdyg tus,fw0ifh tcsdef,lavhvm+yD;rS atmufwkdbm 27 &ufwGif ‘jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh ywfoufI u|efawmf. oabmxm;’qkdonfh pmwrf;wapmif xkwfjyefvkdufygonf? xkdpmwrf;ukd tykdif;rsm;cGJI owif;pmrsm;u azmfjy=u+yD; aemufykdif;wGifvnf; pmtkyftjzpf xkwfa0cJhygonf?

xkdpmwrf;i,fwGif tykdif;av;ykdif; yg&Sdygonf?1? yxrykdif;wGif jynfwGif;ppf 10 ESpfc&D;ukd t=urf;zsif; azmfjyxm;ygonf? 1948 ckESpfukefcgeD;rSpI wkdufcJh&aom autif'Dtkd

(KNDO) wkd@tygt0if tjcm;vufeufukdif tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;jzpfonfh tvHjzL/ tvHeD uGefjrLepf/ &JabmfjzL/ &ckdifolykefrsm;ponfh wjynfvHk;twkdif;twmeJ@ tESH@tjym;jzpfcJhonfh wkdufyGJrsm;ta=umif; azmfjyxm;ygonf?

2? 'kwd,ykdif;wGif ‚ 10 ESpfc&D;twGif; tpkd;&ESifholykefrsm; ESpfOD;ESpfzuf. vuf&Sdtajctaersm;ukd a0zefoHk;oyfxm;+yD;/ tu,fITtwkdif; qufwkdufckdufygu tem*wf. tvm;tvmukd u|efawmfa0zefwifjyxm;ygonf?

Ttykdif;wGif u|efawmfu “EdkifiHa&;onf jynfwGif;ppftwuftus. ausm±kd;r¾dKifjzpfonf? ppfa&;onf taxmuftultykdif;om jzpfonf? olykefta&;edrhfaprnfh xl;jcm;onfh EkdifiHa&;ajymif;vJr_ rygbJ ppfa&;oufoufjzifhom &ifqkdifaev#if olykefta&;rSmtvGef&Snf=umcufcJEkdifa=umif;/ vuf&Sdtpkd;&taeeJ@ ppfa&;oufoufcsnf; tm;rukd;bJ EkdifiHa&;t& }udK;pm;oifha=umif;/ Ttwkdif;qufoGm;aeygu jynfwGif;ppf}uD; &Snf=umoGm;rnfh tvm;tvm&Sda=umif;/ ppfwyfwkd;csJ@&I jynfwGif;pD;yGm;a&;vnf; usqif;Ekdifa=umif;”pwmrsm;ukd tao;pdwf tcsuftvufrsm; xkwfjy/ &Sif;vif;jy+yD;/ ppfa&;oufoufjzifh aemufxyf 7 ESpfqufwkdufv#ifvnf;/ olykeftiftm;rusqif;Ekdifa=umif; a&;om;xm;ygonf?

3? wwd,ykdif;wGif ppfESifhEkdifiHa&;. &nf&G,fcsufrsm;/ ppfESifhjynfolvlxk/ ppfESifhEkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;. wm0efqufpyfaeyHkrsm;ukdtus,fw0ifh a&;om;xm;ygonf?

txl;ojzifh EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;taejzifh ppfEkdifa&;twGufomru ppfukdrlv EkdifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufrS aoGzDroGm;atmifESifhppf+yD;aemuf +idrf;csrf;a&;umvwnfaqmufa&;twGuf wm0ef&Sda=umif;pwmawG yg&Sdygonf? ppfonf jzpf&efvG,fulaomfvnf; t+yD;owf&ef cufcJwwfa=umif;ESifh ppf.'%fukd jynfolvlxku t"du cH&a=umif;awG yg&Sdygonf?

4? pwkwÎykdif;wGifrl vuf&SdjynfwGif;ppfukd rnfuJhokd@ tqHk;owfoifhonfukd a&;om;wifjyxm;ygonf? xkdpOfu 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ekajym=um;onfh rdef@cGef;ukd ukd;um;+yD; jynfolvlxku ppftwGuf ay;&aomtzkd;tcrsm;ukd axmufjy+yD; “jynfwGif;ppfjzpf&jcif;tay: EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;taeeJ@ wm0ef&Sda=umif;/ EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;taeeJ@ ppfeJ@ ywfoufI xifjrif,lqyHk ayghqrSm;,Gif;jcif;ta=umif;&if;rSm

3

ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;&cgp tawG@t}uHK/ A[kokwenf;yg;r_ a=umifhvnf;aumif;/ pdwful;qENawGukdvnf;aumif;/ a'go - arm[rsm;ukda&S@xm;rdaoma=umifhvnf;aumif; rSm;cJh=uyHk/ b,fola=umifh/ b,f0gha=umifh[k qufvuftjiif;ryGm;oifhawmhbJ trSm;0efcH±HkrubJ?trSm;ukd &J&J0Hh0Hhhjyif=u&ef” wkdufwGef;xm;ygonf?

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(xkdtcsdefu q&m}uD;ocifukd,fawmfr_dif; OD;pD;I v_yf&Sm;aeaom jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_ vlxkqENjyyGJ}uD;rsm;vnf;w+cdrfh+cdrfhESifh wEkdifiHvHk; usif;yae=uygonf?)

u|efawmfxkdpmwrf;a&;om;&ef jynfwGif;ppfjy\emukd tao;pdwfavhvmavav jynfwGif;ppfa&&Snf+yD; jynfolwkd@. qif;&J'kuQtE W&m,frsm;ukd jrifavavjzpfum jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;onfom tem*wfEkdifiHopf xlaxmifEkdifa&;twGuf aomhcsufjzpfa=umif; ykdrkdIoabmaygufvmygonf? vuf&Sdjynfolvlxkwkd@. 'kuQrsdK;pHk qHkcsufjzpfaeonfh jynfwGif;ppf}uD;ukd jynfolvlxktusdK;pD;yGm;jyK EkdifiHa&;tajccHay:wGif &yfpJEkdifygu wkdif;jynftay:t}uD;rm;qHk; tusdK;jyKEkdifcsuf[kvnf; ,Hk=unfvmrdygonf?

xkd@a=umifhyif u|efawmfonf q&m}uD;ocifukd,fawmfr_dif;. “jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; &SpfOD;aumfrwD”tzGJ@0ifwcsdK@ESifh aqG;aEG;wkdifyif+yD; xkdtzGJ@ESifhyl;aygif;v_yf&Sm;&ef pDpOfygawmhonf?

okd@aomf 1958 ckESpf/ atmufwkdbmvwGif yxrt}udrf Akdvfae0if;OD;pD;I ppftm%modrf;yGJ ay:aygufvm&m v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;cufcJvm+yD; 1959 ckESpfwGif xkdjynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; &SpfOD;aumfrwDukd zsufodrf;ypfcJh&onf?

zqyv tpkd;&uGJ/ oef@&Sif;tpkd;&wufeJ@ tajctaeawG ±SKyfaxG;ae&mrS 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Eku AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;ukd tm%mv$Jajymif;ay;onfqkdum tdrfapmifhtpkd;&wufvmjcif; jzpfygonf? tdrfapmifhtpkd;&uvnf; 1960 ckESpf/ azazmf0g &Dv 6 &ufae@wGif a&G;aumufyGJusif;yay;cJhonf?

xkda&G;aumufyGJwGif u|efawmfonf woD;yk*~vtrwfa[mif;tjzpf =unfhjrifwkdifawmifykdif; rJqENe,frS yg0if,SOf+ydKifcJhygonf?oef@&Sif; zqyv rS ocifpHa0/ wnf+rJ zqyv rS Akdvfp=umESifh yrnw rS EkwfxGufvm+yD; woD;yk*~vtjzpf 0ifvmonfh OD;atmifoef;(AdkvfcsKyftpfukd) wkd@ESifh ,SOf+ydKif&jcif; jzpfygonf?

rJqG,fw&m;yGJrsm; jyKvkyf&mwGif tpyxrykdif;wGif u|efawmfu wkdif;jynfwnfaqmufa&;/ xlaxmifa&; vkyfief;pOfrsm;ukdomtav;ay;a[majym&m vltrsm;u }udKufESpfoufjcif;r&SdvSay? u|efawmf. a&G;aumufyGJulnDa&; tzGJ@0ifrsm;u EkdifiHa&;t&wkdufckdufajymqkdae=uonfh wjcm;trwfavmif;rsm;. a[majymcsufrsm;ukd oGm;a&mufem;axmif=u+yD; u|efawmfhukd jyefvnfajymjyum jyef&Sif;vif;ajym=um;&ef wkdufwGef;=uygonf? okd@jzifh u|efawmfrSm aemufykdif;rJqG,f w&m;yGJrsm;wGif EkdifiHa&;t&a&m/ yk*~dKvfa&;t&yg ajymqkdr_rsm;yg0ifvm&ygawmhonf? txl;ojzifh wnf+rJ zqyv (qkd&S,fvpfrsm;) ta=umif; ajyma[mojzifh wcsdK@jynfolrsm; todenf;ao;aomtwGif;a&;rsm;ygojzifh vltrsm; tawmfoabmus=uygonf? rJqG,fw&m;yGJrsm;rSmvnf; tvGefpnfum; }uD;us,fvmygonf?

u|efawmf. a&G;aumufyGJ ulnDa&;tzGJ@wGif u|efawmf. ,cifwyfrawmfxJwGif wm0eftwlxrf;aqmifcJhzl;onfh &Jabmfa[mif;rsm;/ wcsdK@rSm awmjyefvufeufcsrsm;/ xkd=unf@jrifwkdif awmifykdif;rJqENe,f &yfuGuftoD;oD;rS u|efawmfhtm; yk*~dKvft& av;pm;=unfndKolrsm;/ wcsdK@u&ifwkdif;&if;om; acgif;aqmifrsm; pojzifh tv$maygif;pHkrS vlyk*~dKvftrsdK;rsdK; yg0ifcJh=uygonf? EkdifiHa&;e,fy,ftxl;ojzifh vuf0Jbuf,drf;onfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS vlyk*~dKvftcsdK@vnf; vma&mufulnD=uygonf? vltm;eJ@ ulnDEkdifolu ulnD/ aiGtm;eJ@ulnDEkdifolu aiGtm;ulnDeJ@ bufpHku 0kdif;0ef;ulnDol tawmfyifrsm;jym;cJhygonf? xdkolrsm;tm;vHk;ukd u|efawmf,cktxd owd&aus;Zl;wifvsuf &Sdygonf?

okd@jzifh 1960 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv 6 &uf a&G;aumufyGJwGif taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ usif;ycJh&m u|efawmf±_H;edrfhoGm;+yD; yxptrwfavmif; ocifpHa0 EkdifoGm;ygawmhonf?

u|efawmfwkd@ Armjynfolrsm;onf EkdifiHa&;t& tvGefvufawG@uspGm pOf;pm;wwfolrsm; jzpfygonf? [email protected] wnf+rJzqyv (qkd&S,fvpfrsm;) tay: tawmfjywfom;pGmjrifxm;+yD; jzpfygonf? &&Sdvmonfh EkdifiHa&;tm%mudk ppfwyfESifhaygif;+yD; ukd,fusdK;pD;yGm;vkyfrnfholrsm;/ jynfolvlxktrsm;pkukd eif;zdxm;rnfholrsm;tjzpf (vufawG@t&) odjrifxm;+yD; jzpfonf?

1958 ckESpf ZGefv 9 &ufae@u wnf+rJ zqyv u v$wfawmfwGif oef@&Sif; zqyv ukd t,Hkt=unfr&Sd tqkdwifoGif;+yD;rJcGJcJhpOfu oef@&Sif;rsm;bufu tomrJ &SpfrJav;jzifhom tEkdif&oGm;cJhzl;ygonf? xkdae@u v$wfawmfwGif;tajctaersm;ukd a&'D,kdrS wkduf±kduftoHv$ifhay;&m wEkdifiHvHk; &ifwrrjzifh aecJh&onfukd wkdif;oljynfom;rsm;u rarhEkdifao;yg? tdrfapmifhtpkd;&vufxufwGifvnf;ppfAkdvfrsm;. rw&m;&rf;um;r_ukd trsdK;rsdK;cHcJh&onfh tjzpfoepfrsm;uvnf; &Sdaeygonf? jynfwGif;ppf}uD;twGif; txl;ojzifh wkdif;&if;om;a'orsm;ESifh e,frsm;wGif ppfwyf.vkyf&yfrsm;ukdvnf;aumif;/ jyLapmxD;/ vJAD;ponfh ppfwyf. vufukdifwkwfrsm;. ESdyfpufr_rsm;ukdvnf;aumif;/ a&G;aumufyGJjyifqifcsdefumvrsm;twGif; 'Drkdua&pDwpHkw&m zGifhay;xm;&csdefwGif jynfoltrsm;od&Sdatmif ajymqkdolrsm;/a&;om;olrsm; ay:aygufcJhygonf? xkd@a=umifhyif jynfolvlxku ppfwyf.axmufcHr_&aeonf[k xif&aom wnf+rJukd tjywfz,f&Sm;ypfvkduf+yD;/ oef@&Sif;ukd yHkatm+yD; tonf;=um;u rJjym;rsm;ukd ay;ypfvkdufjcif;jzpfonf? wEkdifiHvHk; 0gxdefoGm;ygawmhonf? (oef@&Sif;.ta&mifrSm t0ga&mifjzpfygonf?)

u|efawmf a&G;aumufyGJ±_H;&onfh t"duta=umif;&if;rSm Tjynfolvlxk. oef@&Sif; zqyv rsm;tay: tm;ukd;tm;xm;yHkatmvkdr_pdwf"mwf tajccHa=umifhh jzpfygonf?

4

tjcm;ta=umif; tao;tr$m;rsm;vnf; &Sdygao;onf? Oyrm wnf+rJtrwfavmif; Akdvfp=umtwGuf t&efxm;aomrJrsm;ukdrdrdwkd@ rEkdifEkdifawmhrSef;odvmwJh naeykdif;wGif oef@&Sif;trwfyHk;xJyJ xnfhay;vkdufr_/ oef@&Sif;rsm;bufu rJqG,fa[majymyGJrsm;wGif rdrdwkd@utpkd;&zGJ@zkd@om ta&;}uD;a=umif;/ rdrdwkd@tpkd;&jzpfvmv#if AkdvfausmfaZmudk ypfxm;rSm r[kwfa=umif;pojzifh a[majymr_rsm;/ u|efawmf.rJykHk;wGif u|efawmfppf0wfESifh ±kdufxm;aom "mwfyHkukd uyfxm;jcif; (wcsdK@u ppfqkdv#if a&awmif ppfraomufvkdyg[k ajymqkdaeaomtcsdef)ponfrsm;jzpfygonf?

wu,fawmh xkda&G;aumufyGJrSm jynfolvlxk. “toHrxGufaom awmfvSefa&;w&yf”om jzpfcJhygawmhonf? xkda&G;aumufyGJjzifhu|efawmfwkd@ Armjynfolrsm;u ppfwyfukd yxrOD;qHk;t}udrf EkdifiHa&;t& z,fcsvkdufjcif; jzpfygonf?

oef@&Sif;tpkd;& wufvm+yD;aemuf Akdvfae0if;onf xkdvlxk. wnf+rJqef@usifa&;v_dif;ukdpD;+yD;/ wyfrawmfxJrS “rdrd.bufrvkdufa&;n¸ef=um;csufukd rvkdufem”[kqkdum a&G;aumufyGJtwGif; wnf+rJbufu yif;ay;cJhonfh wyfrSL;}uD;rsm;ukd xkwfy,fypfvkdufygonf?Akdvfae0if;. wu,fh&nf&G,fcsufrSm ol@tm;+ydKifqkdifEkdifonfh ppfbuf0gcsif; rwdrf;r,drf;jzpfaeonfh wyfrSL;}uD;rsm;udk ol@&mxl; vHk+cHKa&;twGuf z,f&Sm;&efom jzpfygonf? xkdz,f&Sm;cH&onfh wyfrSL;}uD;rsm; tkyfpkwGif ,ck NLD OuUÏjzpfaeonfh OD;atmifa&$ (xkdpOfuajrmufykdif;wkdif; - wkdif;rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf) vnf; yg0ifoGm;ygonf? xkdpOfu jyKwfoGm;onfh wyfrSL;rsm;ukd EkdifiHjcm;okd@ oHtrwf}uD;rsm;tjzpfapv$wfcef@xm;r_rsm;a=umifh jzKwfcscH&onfh wyfrSL;}uD;rsm;uvnf; auseyf=uygonf? jynfoltrsm;.tjrifwGifvnf; Akdvfae0if;rSmawmfwnfhrSefuefol[k xifrSwfoGm;Ekdifygonf?

Tenf;jzifh Akdvfae0if;onf rdrdtm;wifay;cJhonfh jynfolvlxk. pGef@ypfjcif;cHvkduf&+yDjzpfaom q&m&if;wnf+rJrsm;ESifh vrf;cGJvkdufygawmhonf? wyfwGif;wGifvnf; wpHkw&m =oZm&Sdaeonfh qkd&S,fvpfwyfrSL;rsm;ukdvnf; z,fxkwfvkdufEkdif+yDjzpfonf? Akdvfae0if;.Tvkyf&yfonf ol@ukdf,fusdK;twGufawmh tvGefajymifajrmufonfhvkyf&yfwck jzpfygawmhonf? jynfolvlxktwGif;rSmvnf; ol@tay:EkdifiHa&;t& tjrifaumif;rGefap+yD; ppfwyfwGif;rSmvnf; ol@tm;,SOf+ydKif Ekdifonfh tvm;tvm&Sdonfh wyfrSL;tcsdK@ukd z,fxkwfvkdufEkdifygonf?

Ta&G;aumufyGJwGif tEkdif&vmaom oef@&Sif;tpkd;&wufvmaomtcg jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;vkyfief;rsm; jyefvnf touf0ifvmygonf? xkd@a=umifh 1959 ckESpfu ysufoGm;aom yxrjynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@tpm; 'kwd,jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ aqmif&Guf&efEkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmiftcsdK@ESifh aqG;aEG;wkdifyif=u+yD; “jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; E_d;aqmfa&;tzGJ@” ukd 22-5-60 ae@wGif u|efawmftyg yk*~dKvfajcmufOD;jzifh zGJ@cJhygonf? xkdolrsm;rSm 1? q&m}uD;ukdf,fwkdif OD;aqmifum 2? u|efawmf AkdvfausmfaZmu t}uHay;tjzpfvnf;aumif; 3?OD;baomf 4? OD;ausmf 5? v$wfawmfa&S@ae}uD; OD;xGef;wifESif@ 6? OD;oef@Zif (awmfbk&m;av;) wkd@ jzpf=uygonf?

xkdtzGJ@rSm E_d;aqmfa&;tzGJ@om jzpfygonf? xkdtcsdefu q&m}uD;ocifukd,fawmfr_dif;rSm touf 80 ausmfae+yDjzpfojzifh tawmftiftm; csnfheJ@ae+yDjzpfaomfvnf; u|efawmftygt0if vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm; yg0ifv_yf&Sm;vmojzifh vnf;aumif;/ 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ekukd,fwkdifuvnf; +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf urf;vSrf;csuftopfrsm; jyKvkyfvmojzifhvnf;aumif; tm;wuf&$ifvef;vmygonf? q&m}uD;tawmftwefusef;rmvmaomtcg rsufpdwGif;rS wdrfukd cGJpdwfuko&ef ta&S@*smr%Dokd@ xGufcGmoGm;ygonf?

u|efawmfwkd@ E_d;aqmfa&;tzGJ@onf jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tay: jynfolwkd@ jyefvnfpdwf0ifpm; wufºuvmap&ef E_d;aqmfjcif;/jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;atay: xm;&Sdonfh jynfolrsm;. oabmxm;ESifh EkdifiHa&; acgif;aqmifrsm;. oabmxm;rsm;ukd wD;acgufavhvmjcif;/aemifzGJ@pnf;rnfh “jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@”twGif; yg0ifrnfholrsm;udk &SmazGa&G;cs,fjcif;ponfh vkyfief;rsm;ukd qufwkdufvkyfukdfif=u&ygawmhonf?

xdkuJhokd@ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ zGJ@pnf;a&;twGuf vHk;yef;aepOfrSmyif ArmjynfY trsdK;om;a&;jy\emwck ay:aygufvmygonf? 1961 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&DvwGif Armhwyfrawmf. w±kwfjzLwkdufa&; rJacgifppfqifa&;}uD;twGif; w±kwfjzLppfXmecsKyftwGif;rStar&duefvkyfvufeufrsm; zrf;qD;rdjcif;/ tar&duefvkyf pufav;vHk;wyf w±kwfjzLav,mOf}uD;u w±kwfjzLwyfawGtay: &duQmcsay;aepOfArmhwkdufav,mOfESifhwkdufyGJjzpf&m xkdav,mOf}uD;vnf; ysufus+yD;/ Armhwkdufav,mOfwpif;vnf; ysufusoGm;ygonf? xkdav,mOfrSav,mOfrSL; AkdvfyDwm usqHk;oGm;&ygonf? xkd@a=umifh ArmjynfwGif w±kwfjzLta&;tcif;}uD; xyfrHay:aygufvm+yD; vlxku tar&duefoH±kH;a&S@ qENjyr_rsm; ay:aygufvmcJhygonf?

xdk@a=umifh xkdta&;tcif;ukd vlxkod&Sdyg0ifvmap&ef pnf;±Hk;v_H@aqmf&ef&nf&G,f+yD; &efukef+rdK@wGif;&Sd EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;/ ausmif;om;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ 1961 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv 27 &ufwGif pk±Hk;aqG;aEG;wkdifyif=u+yD; “Armjynf w±kwfjzL usL;ausmfr_ESifh e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;trsdK;om;aumfrwD}uD;”ukd zGJ@pnf;cJh=uygonf? u|efawmfhtm; OuUÏ wifajr‡muf=u+yD;/ 'kOuUÏrsm;tjzpfawmh Akdvftkef;wif/ Aef;armfwifatmifpolrsm; jzpfygonf? tvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@xJwGif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;/ jynfol@&Jabmfacgif;aqmifrsm;/ vlrsdK;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhxkdtcsdefu ao'%fu vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifh &vmonfh AkdvfrSL;cspfaumif;vnf; ygvmygonf? xkdtzGJ@wGif tv$mtoD;oD;rS yk*~dKvfpHk ygvm&m/pma&;q&mrsm;/ *Dwpm qkdrsm;/ owif;pmq&mrsm;/ trsdK;orD;tzGJ@ acgif;aqmifrsm;/ &[ef;oHCmrsm;pojzifh tawmfyifpHkvifygonf?tzGJ@tpnf;aygif; 29 zGJ@ESifh woD;yk*~v rsdK;cspfrsm; yg0if=uygonf? &efukef+rdK@ t&Siftm'dpP0Ho ausmif;wkdufwGif usif;yjcif;jzpfygonf?xkdtpnf;ta0;}uD;wGif u|efawmfu w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_orkdif;ESifh e,fcsJ@pGufzufr_rsm;ukd twkdcsKyfI ajryHkESifhwuG &Sif;vif;wifjy+yD; ,if;tE W&m,frsm;ukd rnfuJhokd@ckcHumuG,f&ef/ qef@usif&efenf;vrf;rsm;ukdyg aqG;aEG;wifjycJhygonf?

xkdrdef@cGef;. ed*Hk;ykdif;wGif u|efawmfu atmufygtwkdif; wifjycJhygonf?“,cktcg rJacgifppfqifa&;rSm qDwkd;.vuf&mjzpfa=umif; vufyl;vuf=uyf jynfolwkd@a&S@arSmufwGif rdxm;+yD;jzpfygw,f? Arm

tpkd;&bufu oufqkdif&myk*~dKvfrsm;uvnf; 'D[mawG[m qDwkd;vufatmufcHjzpfa=umif;eJ@ w±kwfjzL[m tar&duef&J@ wynfhvuf&if;awG

5

jzpfa=umif; ajymcJhygw,f?”“'Dawmh &efol&J@ &nfrSef;csufrsm;ukd tcktcg usaemfwkd@oJoJuGJuGJ od=u+yDjzpfygw,f? ”“e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;[m ArmjynfrSm ol&J@vufeufukdifzdESdyfa&;wyf w±kwfjzLwyfukdom csxm;wmr[kwfbl;? rdrdwdk@&J@ trsdK;om;a&;

rausreyf yËdyuQjzpfae=uwJh vlrsdK;pkrsm;&J@ wcsdK@aomtpdwftykdif;rsm;ukdvnf; jzm;a,mif;aoG;aqmif+yD;/ olwkd@&J@ ppftiftm;ukd wkd;csJ@+yD;wzufu jynfwGif;ppfeuf±_dif;atmif vkyfaew,f?”

“'Dr#eJ@yJ &efol&J@ &nf&G,fcsuf[m a&&SnfzdESdyfusL;ausmfa&;jzpfvkd@ tvGef}uD;rm;a=umif; xif&Sm;ygw,f? &efol[m wu,fvnf;tiftm;}uD;wJh &efoljzpfw,f? 'Dvkdtiftm;}uD;wJh &efolu jywfom;wJh EkdifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufeJ@ usL;ausmf pGufzufaewmukd ayghayghqq,lq&if rSm;ygvdrfhr,f? 'Djy\em[m tE W&m,f}uD;rm;vSygw,f?”

“'D&efol&J@aemufrSm }uD;rm;wJh ppfa&;/ EkdifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;tiftm;&Sdaevkd@ 'D&efolukd ppfa&;wckwnf;eJ@ b,fvkd enf;eJ@rS t+yD;wkdifajz&Sif;Ekdfifr,fr[kwfyg? ppfa&;oufoufqkd&if &efolqDwkd;ppftkyfpk[m ppfa&;tiftm;}uD;oljzpfygw,f? a=umuf&GH@rnf r[kwfyg? aemuf+yD;abmf'ge,fpyfrsm;rSm aemufqHk;EkdifiHa&;enf;rygbJ/ oHwrefa&;&m v$rf;rkd;r_rygbJ &efolukd tukefarmif;xkwfEkdifonfxm;OD;/ tiftm;}uD;wJh&efol jyefr0ifEkdifatmif qufvufxdef;odrf; umuG,fxm;zkd@[m rvG,fygbl;? ”

“'ga=umifh ppfa&;oufoufomru wwkdif;jynfvHk; jynfolvlxk pnf;±Hk;tHkºuv_yf&Sm;r_rygbJ t+yD;wkdif armif;xkwfajz&Sif;Ekdifr,fr[kwfyg? e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;[m Twkdif;jynfay:rSm ol@&J@ukd,fusdK;pD;yGm;rsm;&SdwJhtwGuf jynfolawGu tHkºuv_yf&Sm;vmrSmukd ta=umufqHk;jzpfygw,f? aemuf+yD; urBmt&yf&yfrS e,fcsJ@usL;ausmfr_rsm;ukd wrsdK;om;vHk; jynfoltrsm; pnf;±Hk;v_yf&Sm;rSom atmifjrif=up+rJjzpfygw,f?e,fcJs@orm;rsm;[m wjcm;t&mxuf jynfoltrsm; Ekd;=um;odjrif+yD; pnf;±Hk;qef@usifvmrSmukd tpkd;&drfqHk;jzpfw,f? ta=umuf&GH@qHk;jzpfygw,f? 'g[m usL;ausmfvmol e,fcsJ@wkd@udk wkdufxkwfa&;rSm txda&mufqHk;vufeuf jzpfw,fvkd@ ,lqygw,f?”

“'Dvkd vlxkwkdufyGJrsm; 0ifrSom wzufu ppfqifa&;ESifh oHwrefa&;&mwkdufyGJrsm;rSm rsm;pGmtaxmuftul&apygw,f? 'ga=umifhppfrsufESm 3 &yf/ ppfa&;/ oHwrefa&;/ vlxkwkdufyGJeJ@ wkdufyGJ0ifrSom jywfom;pGm atmifjrifEkdifr,fjzpfyg w,f? ”

“'DtxJrSm vlxkwkdufyGJ[m ta&;t}uD;qHk; jzpfygw,f? usaemfhukd,fawG@t& jynfolvlxk&J@ axmufcHv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;[m ppfajrjyifrSm rsm;pGm tusdK;&SdapcJhygw,f? 1954 ckESpf/ bk&ifhaemifppfqifa&;rSm vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_eJ@ eD;uyfpGmqufpyfr_eJ@ awG@}uHK&vkd@ ppfa&;rSmrsm;pGm wyef;omcJhygw,f? wyfrawmfom;awG[m zufqpfawmfvSefa&;aemufykdif;rSm 'Dwkef;uavmuf pdwf"mwfwufºur_ wcgr# r&SdcJhyg?”

“&efolqkd&if pdwf"mwfwkefv_yfygw,f? olrsm;EkdifiH usL;ausmfzkd@vmwJh&efol[m tdrf&SifwtdrfvHk;u qef@usif&if b,fvkd a&&Snfaexkdif tjrwfxkwfzkd@ jzpfEkdifyghrvJ? tenf;qHk; 'DEkdifiHrSm olwkd@ukdvufcHr,fh opPmazmufenf;enf; &SdrS/ 'DopPmazmufawGuvnf; tdrfrSm=oZm&SdOD;rSom jzpfEkdifwm? 'Dawmh 'Dvkdjynfolvlxku qef@usif&if ola&m ol@ukdvufcHcsifwJh opPmazmufa&m vuf&GH@aemufqkwf&rSm"rRwmyg?”

“usaemf&J@ bk&ifhaemifppfqifa&;rSwfwrf; ed*Hk;csKyfrSm 'Dppfqifa&; atmifjrifjcif;&J@ tajccHta=umif;&if; (7) csufteufjynfolvlxkwkdufyGJeJ@ ywfouf+yD; (3) csuf xnfhoGif;a&;om;rdwmukd zwfjyvkdygw,f? wcsufrSm ‘wkdif;jynfvlxk v_yf&Sm;r_ t&Sdeft0ga=umifhwyfrawmftm;wufºu+yD; &JpGrf;owWda&m/ vHk@v0D&d,yg ppf+yD;acwfwyfrawmforkdif;wGif r}uHKbl;avmufatmif wufwufºuºu&Sdjcif;’?aemufwcsufrSm ‘wkdif;jynfv_yf&Sm;r_[m &efol@pdwf"mwfukdyg ,drf;,kdiftm;enf;apjcif;’(‚rSm ppfajrjyif&Sdwkdufaeaom w±kwfjzL&efolrsm;ukdom t"duqkdvkdcJh[ef &Sdonf? ol@aemuf }udK;ukdife,fcsJhorm;tzkd@ xkdxufykdpdwfxdckdufrnfjzpfonf?) aemufwwd,tcsufrSm ‘rdrdwkd@uxkd;ppf}uD;paomtcg wu,fhtm;xufykdrkdI tiftm;tvGef}uD;rm;av[ef owif;pmq&mrsm;jzifh 0g'jzef@jcif;rsm;’jzpfygonf?”

'gha=umifhyJ 'Djy\em&J@ t&if;cHtajzeJ@ t"dutiftm;[m vlxkwkdufyGJomjzpfa=umif;/ aemuf 'DwkdufyGJ[mvnf; a&&Snfwkduf&rSmjzpfa=umif; wifjycJhygonf?

'ghtjyif 'Dtpnf;ta0;}uD;rSm u|efawmfhtaeeJ@ b,fvkd yg0ifr,fqkdwJhta=umif; uwdopPmpum;eJ@twl tpkd;&ukdvnf;wkdufwGef;yef=um;&mrSm atmufygtwkdif; ajym=um;cJhygao;onf?

“usaemfhtzkd@ t&ifwkef;uqkd&if tckvkde,fcsJ@usL;ausmfr_rsm;ukd wyfOD;uae+yD; ppfom;}uD;wa,muftaeeJ@ wkdufckdufumuG,fcJhygw,f? wkdif;jynfwm0efukd ausyGefpGm xrf;aqmifcJhygw,f? ,ckvJ EkdifiHom;wa,muftaeeJ@ usaemfEkdifiH&J@ e,fcJs@usL;ausmfr_tE W&m,frsm;ukd b,fvkdumuG,fEkdifrvJqkd+yD; usaemfenf;vrf;&Smawmh txufuajymcJhwJh jynfolvlxku usL;ausmfqef@usifr_wkd@ukdqef@usiftHkºuv_yf&Sm;wJhtcg vlxkwkdufyGJrSm usaemfyg0ifEkdifa=umif; jrifvmygw,f? 'DwkdufyGJ[m usaemfaqmif&GufcJhzl;wJh ppfa&;wkdufyGJxufyif v_yf&Sm;Ekdif&if wefckd;}uD;rm;vSa=umif; usaemfxifjrifrdygw,f? 'DwkdufyGJ[m usaemfaqmif&GufcJhzl;wJh ppfa&;wkdufyGJxufyifv_yf&Sm;Ekdif&if wefcdk;}uD;rm;vSa=umif; usaemfxifjrifrdygw,f? 'ga=umifh 'Dvkde,fcsJ@ usL;ausmfr_&efukd umuG,fqef@usifzkd@ usaemf&J@cGeftm;ukdjynfolvlxkeJ@twl toHk;jyK+yD; qef@usifumuG,foGm;zkd@@ 'Dtpnf;ta0;}uD;rSm usaemfuwdjyKygw,f?”

“aemuftpkd;&ukd usaemfyef=um;wkdufwGef;vkdwmuawmh-(u) ,ckwkdufaewJh ppfqifa&;eJ@ ppfa&;t& usefao;wJhw±kwfjzLrsm;ukd t+yD;tykdif wkdufxkwfa&; }udK;yrf;&ef? (c) EkdifiHa&;tm;jzifh ‚wkd@tjrefqHk; vHk;0qkwfcGmoGm;&ef ukvor*~wGif xdxda&mufa&muf ta&;,laqmif&Guf&ef? (*) tpkd;&[m tHkºuwkdufyGJ0ifvmaom jynfolvlxkESifhtwl AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;acwfuvkdyl;aygif;vufwGJ+yD; usL;ausmfol&efolrsm;ukd qef@usif=uzkd@ jzpfygw,f?”vdk@ ed*Hk;csKyf ajym=um;cJhygonf?

TtrsdK;om;aumfrwDuyif 1961 ckESpf/ rwfv 12 &ufwGif wkdif;jynfokd@ E_d;aqmfyef=um;v$mwapmif xkwfa0+yD; w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_orkdif;tusOf;csKyfukd azmfjyum w±kwfjzL.aemufrS }udK;ukdifv_yf&Sm;aeol tar&duefe,fcsJ@. t}uHtpnfrsm;ukd azmfxkwf&Sif;vif;+yD; wrsdK;om;vHk; pnf;vHk;nDnGwfpGmjzifh tHkºuqef@usif=u&ef E_d;aqmfcJhygonf?

6

xkdtwGif; jynfol@v$wfawmfvnf; usif;yae&m rwfv 13 &ufae@wGif 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Eku v$wfawmfwGif w±kwfjzL usL;ausmfr_ESifhywfoufI rdef@cGef;&Snf}uD;wck ay;ygonf?

0ef}uD;csKyf. rdef@cGef;wGif xkdtcsdefu wjcm;e,fcJs@tusL;ausmfcH EdkifiHrsm;jzpfonfh uGef*kdESifh vmtkdEkdifiHrsm;ta=umif;om &Snfvsm;pGm ajymqkdoGm;+yD; rdrdwkdif;jynf. tE W&m,f}uD;jzpfaeaom w±kwfjzLudpPukd 10 rdepfr#om ajymoGm;ay onf? ajymor#tykdif;uav;wGifvnf; TtE W&m,f}uD;ukd omrefjy\emav;tjzpfom wifjyoGm;onf? 0ef}uD;csKyfwOD;taejzifh rdrdwkd@EkdifiH tusL;ausmfcHae&r_tay:rsdK;cspfpdwfaemufcHjzifhvnf;aumif;/ tcsKyftjcmtm%mykdif EkdifiHtjzpfvnf;aumif; em=unf;cHcufpGm ajymaejcif;eJ@rwlbJ EkdifiHwEkdifiHtm;awmif;yefaeonfhoabmom zHk;v$rf;aeayonf?

xkd@tjyif w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_rsm;ukd ,ciftcgrsm;u w±kwfjynfol@orRwEkdifiHukdom &nf&G,fa=umif; ajymcJhaomfvnf; Trdef@cGef;wGifrl Armjynfukd &nf&G,fonf[k qkdvmygonf? okd@aomf tb,fa=umifh Todk@ usL;ausmf&onfqkd onfh&nf&G,fcsufukd tus,fw0ifh aqG;aEG;xm;jcif; r&Sdyg? Tokd@ ppfrufa&;wGif &efol. EkdifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufukd rSefuefpGm roHk;oyfEkdifygv#if xkdjy\emukd atmifjrifpGmrajz&Sif;Ekdiff±Hkr#ru ykdIyiftE W&m,fusa&mufEkdifygonf?

xdk@a=umifh u|efawmfwkd@ trsdK;om;aumfrwDu rwfv 15 &ufae@wGif owif;pmrsm;okd@ xkwfjyefcsufwapmif xkwfjyef+yD; OD;Ek.rdef@cGef;onf tE W&m,f&Sda=umif;/ w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_. aemufuG,frS e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;. olwkd@tusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf urBmt&yf&yf wkdif;jynftrsm;tjym;wGif Tenf;rsm;twkdif; ppfa&;/ EkdifiHa&;/ aoG;cGJa&;enf;aygif;pHkjzifh aESmifh,SufzdESdyf+cdrf;ajcmufaea=umif;/ TtE W&m,f}uD;ukdppfa&;enf;jzifhomru EkdifiHa&;enf;jzpfonfh wrsdK;om;vHk; pnf;vHk;nDnGwf+yD; qef@usifv_yf&Sm;=u&efvkda=umif;wkd@ukd wifjyvkdufygonf?

xkd@tjyif u|efawmfwkd@onf &efukef+rdK@twGif; &yfuGuftoD;oD;wGifvnf; tzGJ@cGJrsm;udk zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmifcJhygonf? &yfuGufvkdufaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;a[majymyGJrsm; jyKvkyf&m/ tif;pdefc±kdifonf twufºuqHk;jzpfcJhonf? aqG;aEG;a[majymyGJrsm;rprD *Dwpmqkdrsm;jzpfonfhukdjrwfav;/ pEN,m;cspfaqG polrsm; acgif;aqmifonfh tzGJ@u aw;oDcsif;rsm;/ oDqkdajzazsmf=uygonf? tvGefwufºuvef;qef;onfhEkdifiHa&;ywf0ef;usifw&yfukd zefwD;EkdifcJhygonf?

Tw±kwfjzL usL;ausmfr_ESifh e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;trsdK;om;aumfrwD. ±Hk;ukdvnf; u|efawmf.aetdrf (prf;acsmif;/ trSwf 36 -qDqHkvrf;) rSmyif owfrSwfxm;ygonf?

xdktrsdK;om;aumfrwD rzGJ@rDav;rSmyif u|efawmfu yk*~dKvfa&;E_d;aqmfcsufpmwrf;wapmif xkwfjyefcJhygao;onf? 1961 ckESpf/Zefe0g&DvtwGif; rJacgifppfqifa&;eJ@ ywfoufI u|efawmf.oabmxm;ukd xkwfjyefjcif; jzpfygonf?

xkdpmwrf;wGif w±kwfjzLrsm;onf e,fcsJ@tm;ukd;jzifh u|efawmfwkd@. vGwfvyfa&;}uD;ukd +cdfrf;ajcmufaea=umif;/ wyfrawmfonfjyif;xefpGm tm;rxkwfbJ atmifjrifxajrmufEkdifrnfr[kwfa=umif;/ xkd@a=umifh jynfolvlxktaygif;ESifh ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;toD;oD;u TuJhodk@cJ,Of;yifyef;pGm wkdufckdufay;aeonfh wyfrawmfukd 0kdif;0ef;axmufcHtm;ay;&ef yef=um;a=umif;/ oufqkdif&m tm%mykdifrsm;uvnf;,cifppfqifa&;}uD;rsm;uJhokd@ owif;axmufrsm;ukd ppfajrjyifv$wfI jynfoltrsm; pdwf0ifpm;vmatmif wifjyapvkda=umif; ponfwkd@yg&Sdygonf?

xkd@tjyif wyfrawmfwGif;&Sd wyfrSL;wyfom;taygif;ukdvnf; atmufygtwkdif; yef=um;xm;ygao;onf?“wyfrawmfESifh a&S@wef;ppfqifa&; uGefrif'grsm; trSL;jyK+yD; &Jabmfrsm;/ t&m&Sdrsm; wyfrSL;rsm;tm;vnf; yef=um;ygonf?

ppfqkdonfrSm raumif;aomt&m/ aoG;xGufoH,kd jzpf&aomt&m/ tenf;ESifhtrsm; pGef@pm;&aomt&mjzpfygonf? okd@&mwGif u|efawmfwkd@rSm e,fcsJ@pepfatmufrSm vljzpfvm&ojzifh rv$JomI T&efolukd toufay;wkdufckduf&ygonf? u|efawmfwkd@ bkd;ab;rsm;vnf; ol@acwfeJ@olwkdufcJh&ygonf? xkd@a=umifh &Jabmftaygif;rSm tcuftcJrsm;ESifh &ifqkdif&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; xufoefaom rsdK;cspfpdwfjzifh aemufqHk; Te,fcsJ@&efolukd }udK;pm;+yD; wm0efausyGefpGm wkduf ckduf=uvdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifh,Hk=unfonf?”

“Tokd@&J0HhpGm wkdufckduf=u&mwGif wzufwGif rvkdtyfaom xdckdufqHk;±_H;r_rsm; rjzpf&atmifESifh atmifyGJukd rdrdbufrS tustqHk;enf;pGmjzifh &&Sdatmif tpGrf;ukef aphpyfaocsmr_ESifh }uD;rm;aom vHk@v0D&d,wkd@jzifh }udK;pm;tm;xkwf=uvdrfhrnf[k ,Hk=unfygonf?”

“ppfOD;pD;Xme&Sd &JabmfnDaemif ppfOD;pD;t&m&Sdrsm;tm;vnf; yef=um;ygonf? u|efawmfrSm ,ck‘rJacgifppfqifa&;’ ae&mrsm;ukd1955 ckESpfuyif ava=umif;uif;axmufr_jzifh aphpyfpGm =unfh±_avhvm+yD;jzpfIvnf;aumif;/ w±kwfjzLwkd@. vkyf&nfukdif&nf tusifh"avhrsm;ukdvnf; ,cifwkdufyGJrsm;. tawG@t}uHKt& od+yD;jzpfIvnf;aumif;/ wpHkw&m od&Sdar;jref;vkdaomf tcsdefra&G;ulnD&ef toifh&Sdygonf?”

“EkdifiHom;wa,muftaejzifhvnf;aumif;/ u|efawmfhtaejzifhvnf;aumif; Tokd@ulnD&ef rsm;pGmvkdvm;ygonf? 0wW&m;vnf;&Sdonf[k ,lqygonf”[k a&;om;yef=um;xm;ygonf?

EkdifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyfESifh umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;jzpfaom OD;EkxHokd@vnf;aumif;/ ppfOD;pD;csKyfAkdvfcsKyfae0if;xHokd@vnf;aumif; oD;oef@pmrsm;vnf; a&;om;ay;ykd@cJhygonf? twGif;oabmuawmh txufygyef=um;v$mESifhtwlwlyif jzpfygonf?

xkdpmukd 1961 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv 19 &ufae@pGJjzifh xkwfjyefcJhygonf?xdktrsdK;om;aumfrwD}uD;uyif OD;pD;+yD; 1961 ckESpf/ {+yDv 9 &ufae@ uefawmfrifyef;+cHwGif +rdK@vHk;u|wf qENjyyGJ}uD;w&yfukd

pnf;±Hk;usif;ycJh&m vlxkodef;csDwufa&mufcJhygonf? &efukef+rdK@wGif; &yfuGuftoD;oD;rSvnf;aumif;/ &efukefywf0ef;usif&Sd +rdK@e,ftoD;oD;rSvnf;aumif; vltiftm;trsm;tjym; wufa&muf&m owif;pmrsm;u vGwfvyfa&; }udK;yrf;onfhumv 46-47 ckESpfrsm;aemuf t}uD;rm;qHk;aom vlxkqENjyyGJ}uD;[k a&;om;=uygonf?

xkdqENjyyGJ}uD;wGif u|efawmfrdef@cGef;ajymqkd&m ta=umif;t&m tawmfrsm;rsm;rSm ,cifwifjycsufxJrSyif jzpfygonf? trsdK;om;aumfrwD zGJ@pnf;onfhae@u u|efawmf &Sif;vif;wifjycJhonfh rdef@cGef;ay:tajcwnf+yD; ajym=um;cJhjcif; jzpf ygonf?

7

xdkae@u u|efawmfwkd@ wifoGif;=uonfh aºu;a=umfoH 3 &yfrSm-- w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_ wkdufckduf=u/ wkdufckduf=u- tar&duefe,fcsJ@pGufzufr_ qef@usif=u/ qef@usif=u- trsdK;om;nDnGwfa&; wnfaqmuf=u/ wnfaqmuf=u æ æ [lI jzpfygonf?Te,fcsJ@qef@usifa&; trsdK;om;aumfrwD vkyfief;jzifh u|efawmfwkd@wawG tvkyfrsm;ae=u+yD;/ wwkdif;jynfvHk; vSnfhvnfpnf;±Hk;

a[majymae&ygonf? TonfrSm e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;tajccHjzpf+yD; jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_twGufvnf; taxmuftul jzpfaeygonf?xkd@aemuf jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; 'kwd,tzGJ@ukd 1961 ckESpf/ rwfv 9 &ufae@wGif q&m}uD;r_dif;.aetdrf/ prf;acsmif;/ trSwf 5 csrf;omvrf;wGifzGJ@pnf;cJhygonf?

xkdtzGJ@wGif yg0ifolrsm;rSm OuUÏrSm q&m}uD;ukd,fwkdifjzpf+yD;/ 'kOuUÏtjzpf u|efawmfu aqmif&Gufonf? useftzGJ@0ifrsm;rSm1? OD;baomf (,cif &SpfOD;aumfrwD0if) 2? OD;xGef;wif (v$wfawmfa&S@ae}uD;/ tzGJ@. taxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL;) 3? OD;ausmf (Ed_;aqmfa&;tzGJ@0if)4? OD;oef@Zif (awmfbk&m;av;/ aemif OD;atmifaZ[k trnfajymif;) 5? a':tdrfpkd;(q&m awmf OD;OwWr. ESr) 6? ref;ausmftHk; (u&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmif) 7? OD;bausmf (v$wfawmfa&S@ae}uD;) 8? OD;vSausmf (v$wfawmfa&S@ae}uD;) wkd@ jzpfygonf?

xkd'kwd, jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@wGif twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJ@ukdvnf; zGJ@pnf;xm;ygonf? xkdolrsm;rSm - 1? pma&;q&m}uD; Aef;armfwifatmif 2? v$wfawmfa&S@ae}uD; OD;vSwif (uavmiftrnf armifarmifwif) 3? OD;wifa&$ (rHk&Gm) 4? OD;pkd;rif; (Avp) 5? apmausmfpkd;(tif;pdefrS u&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmif) 6? u|efawmf trnfrrSwfrdawmhaom wGHaw;rS u&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifwOD;wkd@jzpf=uonf?xkdtwGif;a&;rSL;tzGJ@0ifrsm;. wm0efrsm;rSm vkdtyfonfh tultnDrsm;jzifh tzGJ@ukd ulnDyHhykd;jcif;/ EkdifiHa&;ESifh +idrf;csrf;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ukdbufpHku avhvmoHk;oyf+yD; tzGJ@ukd t}uHay;wifjyjcif;/ a'otoD;oD;Y +idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@rsm;zGJ@&mwGif vufvSrf;rDoavmuf ulnDzGJ@pnf;ay;jcif;/ tzGJ@0ifrsm;ESifhtwl e,fvSnfha[m ajymyGJrsm;okd@ vkdufyga[majym&jcif;wkd@ jzpf=uygonf? u|efawmfwkd@. tzGJ@ukd yifwkdiftultnDay;aeaom yk*~dKvftcsdK@vnf; &Sd=uygao;onf? ‚wkd@rSm 1? ocifbarmif 2? ocifaxG;ESifh 3? usHKrai; ocifwifarmifwkd@ jzpfygonf?wjynfvHk;&Sd EdkifiHa&;wufºuolrsm; tm;vHk;avmufeD;eD; yg0ifvm=u+yD; aiGa&;a=u;a&;t&vnf; tultnD tawmf&vkdufygao;onf?e,fc±kdiftawmfrsm;rsm;wGif tzGJ@cGJrsm;vnf; ay:aygufvmygonf?

wu,fawmh u|efawmfwkd@ T'kwd,jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ zGJ@a&;jyifqif&mwGif xifwmxuf tcsdeftawmf=umoGm;&onfhta=umif;&if;rSm yxrjynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ ysufoGm;onfukd pdwfysufoGm;aom xkdpOfu tiftm;t}uD;qkH; twkduftcH EkdifiHa&;ygwD}uD;u awmfawmfESifh axmufcHr_ray;aoma=umifh jzpfygonf? xkd@a=umifh u|efawmfwkd@rSm 'kwd,tzGJ@ukd rv$Jra&Smifom zGJ@vkduf&aomfvnf; tm;r&vSyg? okd@aomf u|efawmfwkd@ xkdtzGJ@zGJ+yD; pnf;±Hk;v_H@aqmf&mwGif u|efawmfwkd@ ar#mfrSef;xm;onfxuf vsifjrefpGmouf0ifv_yf&Sm; }uD;xGm;vmygawmhonf?

TwGif u|efawmf oifcef;pmwck &&SdcJhygonf? TonfrSm jynfolwkd@ vkdvm;awmifhwaom vrf;pOfta=umif;w&m; rSefuefygv#ifvlxk}uD;u vsifjrefpGm v_yf&Sm;xºu+yD; axmufcHvmwwfonfqkdonfh tcsufyifjzpfygonf? txl;ojzifh vlxku rdrdwkd@bufu &yfwnfaeolrsm;[k owfrSwfxm;cH&olrsm;u OD;aqmifygu xkd,Hk=unfr_ESifhyif ykdrkdjrefqefpGm axmufcHvmEkdifygonf?

xkdoifcef;pm &rSyif e*kdu tm;r&w&jzpfaeaom u|efawmfwkd@wawGvnf; pdwfoufom&m&+yD; wufºuv_yf&Sm;aeaom vlxkESifhtwl qufvuf}udK;pm; v_yf&Sm;&ygawmhonf?

u|efawmfwkd@. TtzGJ@ukd yxrqHk;pwif+yD; zdwfac:aom e,fc±kdifrSm ykodrf+rdK@ jzpfygonf? 1961 ckESpf/ arvukefykdif;wGif pwifoGm;a&muf=uonf? ykodrfc±kdif jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ukd pwifzGJ@pnf;+yD; zdwfac:olrSm OD;atmifrkd; jzpfygonf? yrnw rS acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfygonf? *syef BDA acwfu u|efawmfhwyfrS ppfAkdvfa[mif;wOD; (emrnfarhae) uvnf; wufºupGm OD;aqmifvmygonf? aemufykodrfc±kdif/ omaygif;+rdK@e,fu zdwfvmI wqufwnf;oGm;&ygao;onf? u|efawmfESifhtwl OD;baomf/ OD;oef@Zifwkd@yg0ifygonf?xkd@aemufwGifawmh atmufArmjynf/ txufArmjynf wcGifwjyif tESH@/ e,ftoD;oD;u zdwfac:vmojzifh u|efawmfESifhtwl tzGJ@0ifrsm;oGm;a&mufa[majym pnf;±Hk;v_H@aqmf=uygonf? u|efawmfrSm w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_ESifh e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&; trsdK;om;aumfrwDukdvnf;OD;aqmifae&ojzifh wcgw&H xkdESpfzGJ@ (trsdK;om;aumfrwDESif@ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;) ukdaygif;I zdwf=um;cH&jcif;rsm;vnf; &Sdygonf?tajccHvkyfief;csif;uvnf; ruGJjym;vSyg?

&efukefc±kdiftwGif; wkdufe,fwkdif;vkdvkdrSmvnf; a[majympnf;±Hk;vm&m 1961 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv 20 &ufae@wGif &efukefc±kdif/jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ wkdufe,fau'gaygif;pHk tpnf;ta0;}uD; vkyfEkdifcJhygonf? &efukef+rdK@ =unfhjrifwkdif&Sd pvif;ausmif;wkduftwGif;jyKvkyfcJh+yD; wdyfacGESifhoGif;xm;aom q&m}uD;. rdef@cGef;ukdvnf; zGifhjy=uygonf? jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@rS twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJ@0ifESifh &efukefc±kdifjynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;[email protected];a&;rSL; OD;wifa&$ (rHk&Gm) u jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ ay:ayguf&yHkta=umif;ESifh &efukefc±kdifjynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ zGJpnf;vm&yHkta=umif;rsm;ukd wifjyygonf?

xkdtpnf;ta0;}uD;wGif u|efawmfonf jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@. oabmxm;rsm;tay:tajccHI ta=umif;t&m tawmfpHkvifonfh rdef@cGef;w&yfukd ajym=um;cJhygonf?

xkdrdef@cGef;wGif jynfwGif;ppfjzpf&jcif;ta=umif;rsm; txl;ojzifh e,fcsJ@pepf. aoG;cGJa&;ESifh wkdufckdufzdESdyfa&;enf;vrf;rsm;ukd ArmEkdifiHwGifomru wjcm;ukdvkdeDEkdifiHrsm;. tawG@t}uHKtjzpftysufrsm;ESifhyg wifjyajymqkdcJhygonf? xkdrdef@cGef;twGif;rS wcsdK@tcsufrsm;ukdxkwfEkwfwifjy&aomf -

“ArmjynfwGif AkdvfcsKyfusqHk;oGm;&jcif;rSm e,fcsJ@orm;ESifh wkdif;&if;om;opPmazmufrsm; yl;aygif;vkyf}uHr_jzpfa=umif; tm;vHk;od&Sd+yD;

8

jzpfygw,f? 'Dvkd AkdvfcsKyf usqHk;oGm;&wm[m u|efawmfwkd@wkdif;jynfukd jynfwGif;ppf}uD;&J@ wHcg;0ukd ykd@aqmifvkdufjcif; jzpfygw,f? AkdvfcsKyf[mvuf0Jtiftm;pkrsm; nDnGwfa&;eJ@ wrsdK;om;vHk; pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;udk qufvufxdef;odrf;umuG,f+yD; ArmjynfrSm ºuif;usefwnf&SdaewJhe,fcsJ@pepfukd t+yD;wkdifpm&if;&Sif;/ armif;xkwf+yD;awmh jynfhpHkwJh trsdK;om;vGwfvyfa&;eJ@ e,fcsJ@trSDckduif;wJh trsdK;om;pD;yGm;a&; xlaxmifa&;ukd csDwufoGm;EkdifwJh tvm;tvmukd e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;u odcJhygw,f? 'Dvkdom csDwufoGm;Ekdifr,fqkd&if e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;[m vlaygif;oef;20 &SdwJh aps;uGufu olwkd@tusdK;pD;yGm;tm;vHk; vufvGwfqkwfcGmoGm;&r,f jzpfygw,f? ”

“Armjynfukd +zdKcGJ&mrSm AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;vkyf}uHcH&jcif;[m yxrtqifhom jzpfygao;w,f? 'daemuf +Adwdo#tpkd;&eJ@ Armtpkd;&wkd@ csKyfqkdwJh EktufwvDpmcsKyf[m u|efawmfwkd@ +ydKuGJa&;twGuf 'kwd,tqifhjzpfygw,f? 'DpmcsKyf[m +Adwdo#tpkd;&tay: aphpyfcsKyfqkd&wJhtwGuf ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;eJ@ e,fcsJ@trSDckduif;wJh trsdK;om;pD;yGm;a&; wnfaqmufr_twGuf wkdif;jynfopfwnfaxmifEkdif/ rwnfaxmifEkdifwkd@tay: oabmuGJvGJ+yD; jyif;xefwJh yËdyuQrsm;/ EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;t=um; ay:xGufcJhygw,f? 'gukd jynfolawGukdwifjypnf;±Hk;=u&if; EkdifiHa&;tusyftwnf;/ 'Drkdua&pDtusyftwnf; qkdufa&muf+yD; jynfwGif;ppf}uD; jzpfvmwmyg?”

“'ghtjyif tm%mykdif tkyfcsKyfolawG[m ta&;w}uD; ajz&Sif;&r,fh vlrsdK;pka&;&m jy\emukdvnf; rSefuefpGm rajz&Sif;EkdifcJhbl;?e,fcsJ@orm;u 'DtrsdK;om;a&; yËdyuQrsm;ukd olwkd@tusdK;twGuf 0iftoHk;cscJh=uvkd@ jynfwGif;ppf}uD;[m ykdeuf±_dif;cJh&w,f? tcsKyfrSmawmh'DjynfwGif;ppf}uD;[m e,fcsJ@orm;ESifh wkdif;&if;om; azmufjyefa&;orm;rsm;a=umifh jzpfcJh&jcif; jzpfygw,f? ”

wjcm; vGwfvyfcgp EkdifiHrsm;twGif; e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;. EkdifiHa&;enf;t& aoG;cGJyHkrsm;ukdvnf; Oyrmay; wifjy&mrSm -- w±kwfjynfukd azmfrkdqmu|ef; (xkdif0rf) ESifh tar&duef 7 eHygwf a&wyf}uD;eJ@ cGJjcm;xm;+yD; ukvor*~rSm vlOD;a& oef; 600

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tdENd,rSmvnf; 1949 vGwfvyfa&;ay;+yD;aemuf rlpvif-[dENLcGJyHk/ ygupPwefESif tdEdN,cGJvkdufyHk/ ta&S@ygupPwefESifh taemufygupPweftjzpf xyfrHcGJvkdufyHk/ uuf&SrD;,m;jy\emwef;vef;jzpfatmif vkyfxm;+yD; [dENL-rlqvifyËdyuQ/ t"du±k%f;rsm;a=umifhvltrsm;tjym;aoausae&yHk?

tm&Swkduf&Sd jyifopf. t}uD;qHk;tifykdif,m}uD; tif'kdcsdKif;em;ukd vGwfvyfa&;ay;wJhtcg tpdwfpdwftjr$mjr$mawG cGJyHk/ AD,uferf/vmtkd/ uarBm'D;,m; 3 ykdif;tjyif/ AD,uferfukd ajrmufydkfif;/ awmifykdif;xyfcGJvkdufao;yHk/ ,ckvnf; vmtkdukd ESpfykdif;xyfcGJzkd@ tar&duefu}udK;pm;aeyHk?

tmz&durS uGef*kdrSmqkd&ifvnf; uGef*kdtrsdK;om;acgif;aqmif e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;orm; vlrGefbmukd owfypf+yD;/ wkdif; jynfukdvnf;tpdwfpdwftjr$mjr$m cGJypfyHk?

ta&S@tv,fykdif; tm&yfEkdifiHawGxJrSmvnf; enf;rsdK;pHkcGJzkd@ }udK;pm;=uyHk/ ,cifu r&SdcJhwJh tpPa&;EkdifiHukd tm&yfawG =um;xJrSmwnfaqmufay;+yD; yËdyuQawG tqufrjywfatmif zefwD;aeyHkrsm;ESifh e,fcsJ@pepf. ppfa&;enf;rsm;/ pD;yGm;a&;enf;rsm;jzifh wkdif;jynfwkdif;tm;0ifa&mufjc,fvS,f vkyfaqmifaeyHkukd u|efawmf tus,fw0ifh &Sif;jyygonf?

'ghtjyif wkdif;jynfwnfaqmufa&;twGuf vlxkukdtm;rukd;bJ e,fcsJ@ukd tm;ukdwJh tpdk;&rsm;[m e,fcsJ@tultnD eJ@ acs;aiGrsm;ukdacs;,l+yD;/ e,fcsJ@pD;yGm;a&; pufuGif;atmuf epfoxufepf&yHk/ aemufqHk; jynfolrsm;u pD;yGm;a&;usyfwnf;I pD;yGm;a&;wkdufyGJrsm;/EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; }uD;xGm;vmwJhtcg xkdv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ukd ygvDref'Drkdua&pDrsdK;eJ@ rxdef;odrf;EkdifawmhwJhtcg toifh&Sd+yDjzpfwJh ppfwyfrsm;eJ@tm%modrf;=uojzifh/ 'Drkdua&pD crf;ajcmuf&yHkrsm;udkyg u|efawmf &Sif;jyygonf?

xkd@tjyif u|efawmfwkd@ vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;aemuf qufvufav#mufvSrf;&rnfhvrf;rSm jynfolwkd@ csrf;om0ajymwJhEkdifiHjzpfzkd@ e,fcsJ@trSDckduif;wJh trsdK;om;pD;yGm;a&;ESifh 'Drkdua&pD wnfaqmufa&;omjzpfa=umif;/ TawmfvSefa&; vrf;a=umif;rSeftwkdif;om csDwufEkdif=ur,fqkd&if ,ckvkdjynfwGif;ppf}uD;vnf; ay:aygufp&m r&Sda=umif;/ jynfwGif;ppfa=umifh ay:aygufvmonfh tusyftwnf;rsm;jzpfonfhpD;yGm;a&;jy\em/ vlrsdK;pkjy\em/ ynma&;jy\em/ 'Drkdua&pDa&;jy\emrsm; ay:aygufvmp&mr&SdbJ/ wrsdK;om;vHk; wufwufºuºujzifhtrsdK;om;pD;yGm;a&;ukd xlaxmifEkdifrSm jzpfa=umif;awGukdvnf; ajymjyygonf?

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9

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10

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Tenf;jzifh zqyv tpkd;&onf e,fcsJ@orm;ESifhaygif;I pDrHudef;trsdK;rsdK;/ vkdifpiftrsdK;rsdK;xGifum AsL±kdu&uft&if;&Sifvlwef;pm;w&yfukd arG;jrLay;vkdufygawmhonf? rdrdukd,fusdK;pD;yGm; wkd;wufa&;ay:rSmom tajccHvm=uojzifh jynfolvlxkukd tm;rukd;EkdifawmhbJ/e,fcsJ@orm;ukdom vHk;0pD;yGm;a&;/ EkdifiHa&;/ ppfa&; tm;vHk;rDSckd&onfh tajctae jzpfvmygonf? e,fcsJ@orm;rsufESmom =unfhae&onfhb0a&muf&ygawmhonf?

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11

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13

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14

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15

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rif;om;}uD;rSm vlyHkyef;uav;u EJG@EGJaemif;aemif; ykykysyfysyfuav;om jzpfonf? pum;ajym tvGefcsdKomat;aq;+yD; ±kd;om;yGifhvif;olvnf; jzpfygonf? tvGefcspfp&maumif;ol jzpfygonf? vlyHku at;at;aysmhaysmif;aomfvnf;/ pdwf"mwfuawmh tvGefrma=umckdifrmoljzpf+yD; ol@woufwmvHk; jynfolrsm;bufu wpkdufrwfrwf &yfcHoGm;olom jzpfygonf? zrf;qD;axmifcs/ n‡Of;yef;r_rsm;vnf;cHcJh&ol jzpfygonf?

4? a'gufwmqifzkd;? ? a'gufwmqifzkd;? ? a'gufwmqifzkd;? ? a'gufwmqifzkd;? ? a'gufwmqifzkd;? ? u|efawmfwkd@t=um;wGif EkdifiHa&;orm;r[kwfbJ t+rJwef;uef@vef@uef@vef@ ygaeolwOD; &Sdygao;onf?oluawmh a'gufwmqifzkd; jzpfygonf? olonf q&m}uD;r_dif;tm; yk*~dKvfa&;t& tvGefav;pm;=unfndKolwOD;jzpfum/ q&m}uD;. yk*~dKvfa&;q&m0ef}uD;tjzpf arwWmjzifh olbmomol owfrSwf+yD; vma&mufapmifha&Smufukoay;aeol jzpfygonf?

olonf vef'efokd@ ynmawmfoif apv$wfjcif;cH&aomfvnf; vef'ef&Sd “um;vfrmhufpf” .tkwf*lukd oGm;a&muftav;jyKrdojzihfbGJ@r&&SdbJ jyefvm&oljzpfygonf? aemufykdif; ukd,fykdifaq;cef;av; zGifhxm;&m EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;/ awmjyefrsm;ESifh olwkd@rdom;pkrsm;rsm;ponfhaiGa&;a=u;a&;racsmifvnfolrsm; tm;vHk;. tm;xm;rSDckd&m aq;cef;av;jzpfvm ygawmhonf? olu aq;tvum; ukoay;±HkomruwcsdK@vlemrsm;ukd qkdufum;cyif qD;ay;&onfhtjzpfrsdK; r=umc%}uHK&ygonf? tvGefapwem}uD;onfh q&m0efwOD;jzpfygonf?

q&m}uD;r_dif;tm; yHkrSefvma&muf =unfh±_ppfaq;+yD; tcsdefrSefrSef tm;aq;xkd;/ tm;aq;oGif;ESifh vkyfukdifukoay;ygonf? q&m}uD;Tr#txd touf&SnfI temrJhpGm aexkdifoGm;Ekdifr_rSm a'gufwmqifzkd;.aus;Zl;yif jzpfygonf? q&m}uD;. EkdifiHjcm;c&D;rsm;wGifvnf;olu vkdufygapmifha&Smufay;ygonf?

ol r=umc% ajymwwfonhf pum;wcGef; &Sdygonf? “avmurSm a&rcsdK;vkd@aowJhrom r&Sdbl;? a&csdK;rSm;vkd@ aowJhromyJ&Sdw,f? 'ga=umifh u|efawmf vef'efrSm aecJhwJhumvwav#muf wcgrS a&rcsdK;cJhbl;” qdkaompum; jzpfygonf? u|efawmf r=umc%owd&aerdygonf?

u|efawmf ,ckae&aomt&yfrSm aqmif;wGif;rSm tvGefat;wwfojzifh ('gawmif w±kwfjynfwGif tawmfaEG;aom t&yfjzpfonf?) u|efawmf a&csKd;a=umufaoma=umifh a&csdK;cgeD;wkdif; ol@pum;ukd owd&aewwfrdjcif; jzpfygonf?

5? OD;wifa&$ (rHk&Gm)? ?OD;wifa&$ (rHk&Gm)? ?OD;wifa&$ (rHk&Gm)? ?OD;wifa&$ (rHk&Gm)? ?OD;wifa&$ (rHk&Gm)? ? ukdwifa&$ukd u|efawmf +idrf;csrf;a&;vkyfief;rsm; yg0ifvkyfaqmif&ef pwifavhvm csdefupIausmif;om;acgif;aqmifa[mif;wa,muftjzpf od&SdcJh&ygonf? v$wfawmfa&S@ae}uD; OD;xGef;wifESifhawmh tapmuwnf;u od&Sd&if;ESD;+yD;jzpf[efwlygonf? aemifjynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ukd zGJ@pnf;&mrSmvnf; xkdtzGJ@}uD;ukd xdxda&mufa&muf us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ tultnDay;aqmif&GufEkdif&eftwGuf &nf&G,f+yD; twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJ@w&yfukd zGJ@pnf;&m xkdtzGJ@wGif ukdwifa&$ yg0ifvmygonf? xkdtzGJ@xJwGif xli,frsm;jzpf=uaom udkwifa&$ESifhOD;pkd;rif; (Avp) wkd@rSm toGufvufqHk;/ tvkyftrsm;qHk;jzpfum taxGaxGwm0efrsm;ukd tao;tr$m;txdtm;vHk;odrf;usHK; vkyfaqmif=uolrsm; jzpf=uygonf? u|efawmfwkd@tm;vHk; tawmfyiftm;xm;&ol jzpfygonf?

u|efawmf jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@wGif 0ifv_yf&Sm;aomtcsdefwGif q&m}uD;r_dif;rSm usef;rma&;t& tawmfusqif;p jyKvm+yDjzpfojzifh tzGJ@. tpnf;ta0;rsm;ukd u|efawmf. prf;acsmif;/ qDqHkvrf;tdrfwGifom jyKvkyfwmrsm;vmygawmhonf? wcgw&H u|efawmfwkd@e,frsm;rS jyefvmonfhtcg (okd@r[kwf) q&m}uD; pdwf&$ifvef;apcsifonfh tcgrsm;wGifom q&m}uD;. csrf;omvrf;tdrf/ q&m}uD;. tdyf&mab;wGif jyKvkyf=u+yD; ta=umif;t&mtm;jzifhvnf; ayghayghyg;yg; ta=umif;t&mrsm;om aqG;aEG;=uygonf? rsm;aomtm;jzifh e,frsm;rSvlxkrsm;u q&m}uD;tm; qkawmif;arwWmykd@onfh ta=umif;t&mrsm;/ vufaqmifypPnf;rsm;/ vrf;c&D;twGif;}uHK&onfh &,fp&m/armp&mrsm;om ajymqkd=uygonf?

Tokd@jzifh ukdwifa&$onf u|efawmfhtdrfokd@ r=umc% 0ifxGufoGm;vm&mrS u|efawmfhrdom;pkrsm;ESifhyg odu|rf;cif rif&if;ESD;vmygonf? u|efawmfhZeD;u wcgw&H aemufajymif+yD; ol@ukd ‘vlysdK}uD;’[k ac:vmygonf? OD;xGef;wifuvnf; wcgw&H ac:a0:aemufajymifwwfygonf? Tvkd aemufzefrsm;vmawmh olu u|efawmfhrSm vufxyfr,fh ZeD;avmif; &Sdygw,f? u|efawmfwk@d +idrf;csrf;a&;&+yD;rSvufxyfr,fvkd@ pDpOfxm;ygw,f’ vkd@ u|efawmfwkd@ukd &if;&if;ESD;ESD; ajymjyygonf?

xkdpOfu ukdwifa&$onf &efukef&Sd qkdAD,ufoH±Hk;wGif bmomjyefwOD;tjzpf 0ifa&mufvkyfukdifaeygonf? okd@&mwGif xkdtcsdefuqkdAD,uf±k&Sm;rSm jyefvnfjyifqifa&;orm;[k emrnfqkd;ESifh ausmf=um;aeojzifh urBmhvuf0Javmu. a0zef±_wfcsjcif;udk cHae&&mukdwifa&$rSm jyefvnfjyifqifa&;orm;rsm; vufatmufwGif raevkd/ tvkyfrvkyfvkdojzifh &awmifh&cJ xkdtvkyfrS EkwfxGufvkdufygawmhonf?

xkdqkdAD,ufoH±Hk;tvkyfrS EkwfxGuf+yD;v#if+yD;csif; u|efawmfhtdrfokd@ a&mufvmum tvkyfxGufvm+yDjzpfa=umif; tm;&yg;&ajymjyygonf? u|efawmfvnf; Tvkyf&yfrSm csD;usL;zG,fjzpfaomfvnf; ol@pD;yGm;a&;twGuf ylyefrd&m cifAsm;bmvkyfpm;rvJ[k ar;rd&molu a&S@aevkdufrnf[k qkdygonf?

ola&S@aevkduf&mwGifvnf; EkdifiHa&;orm; tr_onfrsm;/ aiGa=u;rwwfEkdifolrsm;xHrS tca=u;aiGr,l±Hkru xkdolrsm; twGufpm;zG,faomufzG,frsm;yif 0,fjcrf;ay;wwfao;onf[k =um;od&ygonf? olu wzufu a&S@aevkduf&if;/ wzufu pmaypmwrf;/ bmomjyefrsm; a&;om;xkwfa0&m tawmfatmifjrifwmukd awG@&ygonf?

16

olESifhu|efawmf &efukefc±kdiftwGif;a&m e,f+rdK@rsm;okd@yg twlwl c&D;xGuf pnf;±Hk;a&;qif;&zl;ojzifh ykdrkd&if;ESD;vmygonf?olESifh ol.ZeD;avmif; rjrolwkd@ +idrf;csrf;a&;&rS vufxyf=urnf[k pDpOfxm;aomfvnf; 1963 ckESpf/ Akdvfae0if;. +idrf;csrf;a&;

aqG;aEG;yGJ ysufoGm;aomtcgwGifrl vufxyfvkduf=u&ygawmhonf? olwkd@ vufxyf+yD;aemuf olwkd@ZeD;armifESH u|efawmfwkd@tdrfokd@ vma&mufvnfywf=uygonf? u|efawmfhorD;rsm;u ukdwifa&$.ZeD;ukd ‘rr-rr’ [k ac:a0: E_wfquf&m ukdwifa&$u u|efawmfhorD;rsm;ukd rif;wkd@uighukdawmh OD;av;ac:+yD; ol@ukdawmh ‘rr-rr’eJ@ac:aewm rw&m;bl;[kajym&m u|efawmhforD;rsm;u 'guawmh rru vSwmukd; æ vkd@jyefajymygonf? 'gukdawmh olu oabmusyHk &ygonf? w[J[J &,faewm awG@&ygonf?

u|efawmf awmckdvm+yD;aemuf olESifha0;uGmoGm;&m 1990 ckESpf/ a&G;aumufyGJt+yD; ukdwifa&$ tzrf;cH&+yD;aemuf axmifxJrSmyifuG,fvGefoGm;a=umif; =um;od&ygonf? jynfol@bufu xm0pOf&yfwnfcJh+yD; pum;ajymqkd&mwGif +yHK;+yHK;+yHK;+yHK;ESifh tvGefoabmoum,aumif;vSonfh ol@ukd u|efawmft+rJtrSwf&aerdygonf?

u|efawmf olwdk@tm;vHk;udk trSwf&aerdygawmhonf??xkdtawmtwGif;u u|efawmfESifh e,fc&D;vkdufolrsm;vnf; rsm;ygonf? usKHrai; ocifwifarmif/ a';'&JrS OD;cifarmifjrifh/ jynfol@

&Jabmfacgif;aqmifa[mif;rsm; pojzifh tawmfrsm;rsm; yg0if&m/ u|efawmfvnf; xkdv_yf&Sm;r_ukd tawmf yif tm;&auseyfcJhygonf? e,frsm;uw&m;yGJrsm;omru &efukef+rdK@wGif; w&m;yGJrsm;uvnf; =umav t&Sdefaumif;av jzpfvmygonf? 'D=um;xJwGif wuUodkdvfwGif wuorS }uD;rSL;Iusif;yonfh a[majymyGJrsm;wGifvnf; u|efawmfhukd zdwf=um;wwfojzifh r=umc%oGm;a&muf a[majymcJh&ygonf? Tokd@pnf;±Hk;v_yf&Sm;vmcJh&m yxrt}udrf +idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ (q&m}uD;r_dif; OD;pD;cJhaom 1954 ckESpf tapmykdif;rsm;umv v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;) . t&Sdeft0grsdK;v_yf&Sm;tHkºuvm+yD;/ &efukefc±kdif jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; tiftm;jyyGJ}uD; vkyf&efwmplaepOf 1962 ckESpf/ rwfv 2 &ufae@wGif Akdvfae0if;.'kwd, t}udrfppfwyftm%modrf;r_}uD; ay:aygufvmygawmhonf?

1962 ckESpf/ rwfv 1 &ufae@nu u|efawmfwkd@wawG urm&Gwf+rdK@e,ftwGif; a[majymyGJvkyfaewJh ae&mukd urm&Gwf&Jpcef;u&JtzGJ@0if tcsdK@a&mufvm+yD; u|efawmfwkd@ a[majymyGJukd apmapmodrf;&ef ajymcJhygonf? u|efawmfwkd@vnf; a[majymyGJ+yD;v#if vkyfaeusaqG;aEG;yGJrvkyfawmhbJ w&m;yGJukd±kyfodrf;+yD; tdrfjyefvmcJh=uygonf? u|efawmf tdrfjyefa&mufcsdefwGif AkdvfrSL;atmiftdrfrSa&m/ Akdvfrif;acgifqDrSa&m v$wfvkdufonfhvlrsm; a&muf&Sdae+yD; u|efawmfhukd apmifhae=uygonf? +yD;aemuf ppfwyfu tm%modrf;+yD;jzpfa=umif;/ 0ef}uD;rsm;tm;vHk;ukd zrf;oGm;+yDjzpfa=umif;/ 0if'grD,mukdvnf; ppfwyfeJ@ 0kdif;xm;a=umif; ajymjy=uygonf?

1960 ckESpf/ a&G;aumufyGJt+yD; OD;Ek&J@ yxp tpkd;& wufvmonfhtcg OD;EktaeESifh 1958 ckESpf/ tdrfapmifhtpkd;&ukd tm%mv$Jay;&onfh jzpf&yftay: oifcef;pm,l+yD; EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;tcsif;csif;t=um; jyefvnfnDnGwfzkd@ tm;xkwfr_rsm; vkyfvmygonf? jynfwGif;ppf&Sdaeojzifh ppfwyftaeESifh tiftm;}uD;aewmukdvnf; oabmaygufyHk&ygonf? xkd@a=umifh awmwGif;tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh aphpyf&eftm;xkwfr_rsm;vnf; vkyfaqmifvmygonf? okd@aomf OD;EkESifh ol. yxp tzGJ@0ifrsm;rSm jynfolvlxk tusdK;xuf/ rdrdwkd@ukd,fusdK;pD;yGm;ay:wGifomtm±Hkpkdufvkyfaqmifr_a=umifh olwkd@tcsif;csif;t=um; tuGJt+yJrsm;uvnf; rxdef;Ekdifrodrf;Ekdifjzpfum tjyeftvSef tykyfcsr_rsm;a=umifhvnf;xkdacwf zqyv/ yxp EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm; *k%foduQm t}uD;tus,f usqif;cJh&ygonf? uGJ&+yJ&onfh tajccHrsm;rSmvnf; pm;cGufvkr_rsm;upygonf?

ppfwyftaeESifhuvnf; jynfwGif;ppfjzpfr_a=umifha&m/ w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_ukd wkdufay;ae&r_a=umifhyg ArmjynfEkdifiHa&;avmuwGif EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkw&yf jzpfvm&ygonf? xkd@tjyif ppfwyfukd 1950 ckESpfaemufykdif;wGif qkd&S,fvpfwyfrSL;rsm;u tkyfpD;oGm;ygonf? ppfwyfxJu ae&maumif;[lor#udk qkd&S,fvpfwyfrSL;rsm;u &,loGm;ygonf?

ppfwyftaeESifh jynfwGif;ppfukdwkduf&if; ppfwyfukd oufomacsmifcsda&;qkdwmukd ta=umif;jyum D.S.I vkyfief; rsm;/ B.E.D.C

vkyfief;rsm;ukd 0ifa&mufvkyfukdifvm=uygonf? TwGif ppfwyftm%mESifhaygif;+yD; ppfAkdvfrsm; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfvmum ppfAsL±kdua&pDpepftpkd@tan‡mufrsm; ay:aygufvmygawmhonf? 1958 ckESpf/ tdrfapmifhtpkd;&vufxufwGif ppfwyfu txufv$mrsm; Tvkyf&yf. t&omukd+rKd;+rKd;jrufjruf cHpm;rdoGm;ygawmhonf?

zqyv/ yxp acwfrsm;wGifvnf; ‚wdk@. pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDt& vkdifpifolaÏ;rsm;ESifhaygif;I EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;u t&if;tESD;pkaqmif;}uD;xGm;vm&m ppfwyf. pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh yËdyuQrsm; jzpfvmygawmhonf? TwGif ppfwyfu rcHr&yfEkdifjzpfvm+yD; pD;yGm;a&;vnf; vkyfvkd@&/ ppfwyftm%mvnf; vufv$wfp&mrvkdwJh ppftm%modrf;r_awG jzpfvm&jcif; jzpfygonf?

EkdifiHwumh tajctaet&uvnf; tm&SwkdufwGif uGefjrLepf'Dv_dif;}uD; (xkdacwfu AD,uferfppfyGJ +cdrfh+cdrfhoJoJ jzpfaeonfhumv)ukd wm;qD;Ekdifonfh/ uGefjrLepfukd tjywftowfrkef;+yD; wkdufaeonfh jynfwGif;u azmufjyefa&;tif tm;pkrsm; tm%m&r_ukd azmufjyefonfhtiftm;}uD;EkdifiHrsm;u vkdvm;aeonfhtajctae jzpfygonf? xkduJhokd@aom tiftm;pkrsm;ukd 0kdif;IyHkI tm;ay;aecsdefESifhvnf; wkdufqkdifaeygonf?

Armjynf jynfolvlxkuvnf; tawmfEkd;=um;wufºuae+yD; jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;/ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;rsm;ukd awmif;qkdv_yf&Sm;vm=u&m pD;yGm;a&;uvnf; bufpHk c|wf+cHKusvmojzifh ykdrkdrwnfr+idrf jzpfaeygonf? 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ekonf e,fcsJ@tvkdus vuf,morm;}uD;wOD;yifjzpfaomfvnf; Twufºuvmaeaom jynfolvlxk}uD;ukd jywfjywfom;om; &uf&ufpufpuf ESdrfeif;zkd@qkdwmukdawmh vkyfEkdifr,frxifyg? ypfowfzkd@ qkdwmawmh ykdIyif rjzpfEkdifyg?

TumvwGif jynfwGif;ppfa=umifh EkdifiHa&;t&/ pD;yGm;a&;t& tusdK;tjrwf&&Sdaeonfh ppfwyfu tm%modrf;vkduf+yD; jynfolvlxkukd ppftm%m&SifpepfESifh tjywfESdrfeif; zdESdyfypfvkdufjcif; jzpfygonf? ukd,fa&;}uD;yGm;vkdpdwf jyif;xefvSonfh Akdvfae0if;onfppftm%m&Sifpepfukd xlaxmifvkdufygawmhonf? 1956 ckESpf/ a&G;aumufyGJrsm;t+yD;/ twkduftcH yrnwtrwfrsm;/ tawmfrsm;rsm;

17

ta&G;cHvm&aom tcsdefu Akdvfae0if;ukd,fwkdif u|efawmfhukdajymonfrSm “'Dtwkdif; qufoGm;&ifawmh 'DaumifawG (yrnw rsm;ukdqkdvkdonf) aemufa&G;aumufyGJ ESpf}udrfavmufqkd&if tpkd;&zGJ@oGm;EkdifawmhrSm”[k jzpfygonf? Akdvfae0if;. tajccHpdwfaepdwfxm;rSmTuJhokd@yif jzpfygonf? ol. tusihfoDv pm&dwWrSm vnf; 'Drkdua&pDtvif;a&mifatmufwGif aeEkdifolwOD; r[kwfojzifh TuJhokd@aom'Drkdua&pDpepfukdvnf; r}udKufEkdif jzpfyHk&ygonf?

awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpkd;&onf ‘pxGufuwnf;u ,Ofoukd’qkdovkdyif wufvmvmjcif;yif tm%m& yxp acgif;aqmifrsm;ukdomru vlrsdK;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;/ ajray:EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rS acgif;aqmiftrsm;tjym;ukdyg zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;vkdufygonf? xkd@jyif ppfwyftm%modrf;wufvmjcif;ukd uef@uGufa=umif; a=unmcsufxkwfjyefcJhonfh ausmif;om;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ukdvnf; zdzdpD;pD;zdESdyfzkd@ }udK;yrf;vmygonf? ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; =oZm}uD;aer_rsm;udkvnf; xdef;odrf;wm;qD;vkd=uygonf? xkd@a=umifhyif taqmifpnf;urf; trsdK;rsdK;xkwfjyefvm+yD; &efpvmygawmhonf?

xkd@a=umifh wzufowfxkwfjyefonfh taqmifpnf;urf;rsm; ±kyfodrf;ay;&ef qENjyyGJrsm;ukd ausmif;om;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; (Auo/wuo/ &uo) OD;pD;I 1962 ckESpf Zlvkdif 6 &ufae@ &efukefwuUokdvfwGif; ay:xGufvm&mrS ausmif;om;rsm;tay: &ef+idK;}uD;pGm xm;&Sdaeonfh Akdvfae0if; OD;aqmifaom ppftkyfpk0ifrsm;onf Armjynforkdif;wGif xkdtcsdeftxd ray:zl;ao;onfh =urf;wrf;&ufpufvSaom“Zlvkdif 7 &uf ypfowfr_}uD;” ukd usL;vGefvkduf=uygawmhonf? xkd@jyif aemufae@ Zlvkdif 8 &ufae@ reufvif;tm;}uD;tcsdefwGif ausmif;om;trsm;tjym; ykef;atmif;ckdv_Haeonf[laom ta=umif;jycsufjzifh wuUodkvfor*~taqmufttHk}uD;ukdvnf; 'kdif;erkdufrsm;jzifh azmufcGJzsufqD;vkdufygawmhonf?

ppftpkd;&u ol@bDvl;±kyfukd txift&Sm; azmfjyvkdufjcif;yif jzpfygonf? okd@aomf Ttjzpftysuf}uD;rSm tvGeft±kyfqkd;tusnf;wefvSojzifh xkdtcsdefu awmfvSefa&;aumifpD0if acgif;aqmifrsm;taejzifh ol@wm0ef/ ukd,fhwm0efyHkcs ajymqkdaer_rsm;ukd Tta&;tcif;}uD;+yD;aemuf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm qufvufay:xGufaeonfukd awG@&SdEkdifayonf? (1988 ckESpf rwkdifcif AkdvfrSL;csKyfa[mif;atmif}uD;. tdwfzGifhay;pmrsm;ukd =unfhyg? OD;ae0if;. v$wfawmfwGif; ajymqkdcsufrsm;ukdvnf; =unfhyg?)

TZlvkdif 7 &uf vlowfyGJ}uD;ESifh or*~taqmufttHk}uD;ukd AHk;cGJzsufqD;vkdufr_rsm;+yKvkyf+yD;aemuf awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpkd;&onf rdrdwkd@. qkd;0g;vSaomyHk&dyfukd jyifqifEkdif&eftvkd@iSm 1963 ckESpf/ ZGefvwGif awmwGif;vufeufukdif tiftm;pkrsm;okd@ “+idrf;csrf;a&;urf;vSrf;csuf”ukd xkwfjyefvkdufygonf? xkd@tjyif u|efawmfwkd@ +idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ukdvnf; olwkd@ESifhtwl wufwufºuºu zdwfac:&efwkdufwGef;onfh ajymqkdr_rsm;/ vkyf&yfrsm; vkyfaqmifvmygonf? okd@aomf q&m}uD;tygt0if u|efawmfwkd@ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf Akdvfae0if; ppftkyfpk. aumufuspf vSnfhzsm;wwfaom trltusifhukd owd&Sd/ owdxm;rd=uojzifh &J&J}uD;a&S@xGufzdwfac: jcif;rjyKbJ/ cyfrSefrSefyif &yfwnfcJhygonf? u|efawmfwkd@wawG vufeufukdifawmwGif;tzGJ@rsm;ukd Akdvfae0if;vufokd@ 0uGufay;tyfvkdufovkdjzpfrSm/ orkdif;aºu;wifcH&rSmukd tvGefpkd;&drf=uygonf?

TumvtwGif;rSmyif Zlvkdif 7 &uf wESpfjynfh tcrf;tem; a&muf&Sdvmygonf? ausmif;om;tcsdK@u +zdKcszsufqD;jcif;cHxm;vkduf&aom or*~taqmufttHkae&mwGif ausmufwkdifi,fav; wwkdifxlvkduf+yD; "mwfyHkjyyGJrsm;/ txdrf;trSwf tcrf;tem;rsm; vkyfvm=uygonf? ausmif;om;rsm; v_yf&Sm;r_t&Sdef jrifhwufvm+yD; wnrSmawmh taqmifwHcg;rsm;udkydwf+yD; awmif;qdkcsufrsm;wifI qENjyyGJpwifvk dufygawmhonf? tm%myk di fr sm;uvnf; taqmifwHcg;rsm;uk d z Gi f hc k di f ;ygonf? ausmif;om;rsm;uvnf; ‚wd k @awmif;qkdcsufrsm;r&ygu wHcg;rzGifh[k wif;cHae&m 0kdif;xm;aom ppfwyfu twif;tusyf 0ifa&mufpD;eif;rnfh vuQ%m ay:aygufvm&mwif;rmr_rsm; jrifhrm;vmygonf?

Towif;ukd u|efawmfwkd@ =um;od&aomtcg u|efawmfESifh OD;xGef;wifwkd@ESpfOD; q&m}uD;r_dif;tdrfokd@ oGm;a&mufum q&m}uD;udktusdK;ta=umif; wifjycGifhawmif;+yD; ausmif;om;ta&; q&m}uD;. n¸ef=um;csufjzifh 0ifa&mufjzefajzay;&ef OD;xGef;wif.um;av;jzifh&efukefwuUokdvfokd@ oGm;a&mufcJhygonf?

‘jrefrmhtoH’a&S@a&mufonfhtcsdefwGifrl rnfonfhum;ukdrS qufoGm;cGifhrjyKbJ ppfwyfu wm;qD;ydwfqkd@xm;wm awG@&ygonf?u|efawmfu uif;wm0efcHukd u|efawmfb,folb,f0gjzpfa=umif;/ q&m}uD;r_dif;. n¸ef=um;csufjzifh ausmif;om;rsm;xH oGm;a&muf+yD;wHcg;rsm;zGifhay;&ef arwWm&yfcHzkd@oGm;rSmjzpfa=umif; ajymjyvkdufygonf? uif;wm0efcH ppfAkdvfav;vnf; uysmu,m jrefrmhtoHtaqmufttHktwGif; ajy;0ifoGm;ygonf? xkdtxJwGif awmfvSefa&;aumifpD0iftcsdK@ &Sdae+yD;/ ausmif;om;rsm;ta&;udk ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;zkd@aqG;aEG;yGJxkdifaea=umif; aemufrS u|efawmfod&ygonf?

r=umrDrSmyif ppfAkdvfav; jyefxGufvm+yD; u|efawmfwkd@ukd oGm;cGifhjyKvkdufygonf? u|efawmfwkd@ &efukefwuUokdvf ausmif;0if;wHcg;r}uD;a&S@ a&mufaomtcg wHcg;}uD;udk ydwfxm;+yD; ausmif;om; 14 - 5 a,muf uif;apmifhaewm awG@&ygonf? u|efawmfuOD;xGef;wif. arm&pfrkdif;em;um;uav;ay:wufum u|efawmfwkd@ um;a&mufvmoH=um;I taqmiftoD;oD;rS pka0;xGufvm=uaomausmif;om;rsm;ukd u|efawmfwkd@ vma&muf&onfh ta=umif;&if;ukd ajymjy+yD; olwkd@. acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;vkda=umif; ajymaomfvnf;emrnf}uD; ausmif;om;acgif;aqmiftawmfrsm;rsm;ukd olwkd@ ykef;a&Smifxm;ckdif;+yD; jzpfonf? u|efawmfwkd@ukd xGufrawG@yg? ausmif;om;rsm;uwHcg;zGifhqkdv#if zGifhay;rnfjzpfa=umif; okd@aomf olwkd@wHcg;zGifhay;+yD;v#if ausmif;0if;xJodk@ ppfom;rsm; 0ifrvmzkd@vkda=umif;/ ausmif;om;rsm;ukdvnf; rzrf;qD;&ef uwday;zkd@vkda=umif;ajymojzifh u|efawmfESifh OD;xGef;wif ‘jrefrmhtoH’ukd wacgufjyefum ausmif;om;rsm; ajymqkdcsufukd u|efawmhftm;xGufawG@onfh ppfAkdvf (Akdvf}uD;wOD;) tm; ajymjyvkdufygonf? r=umrDyif xkdppfAkdvf jyefxGufvm +yD; ausmif;om;awGawmif;qkdonfh tcsufESpfcsufukd vufcHa=umif; ajymygonf?

xkd@a=umifh u|efawmfwkd@ ausmif;okd@jyefoGm;=u+yD; tusdK;ta=umif;ajymjyum wHcg;rsm;ukd zGifhckdif;vkdufygawmhonf? u|efawmfwkd@

18

jyefvmaomtcg ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif ukdwifarmif0if;qkdolukd u|efawmfwkd@um;xJ xnfhay;vkduf=uygonf? u|efawmfwkd@ ol@ukdum;aemufcef;wGif 0SufI ac:vmcJh&ygonf?

u|efawmfwkd@um; ajreDukef;okd@ a&mufaomtcg vrf;ay:u vlwOD;u rsufESmukd vuf0g;ESifhtkyfI um;&yf&ef vufjyygonf?u|efawmfwkd@um;ukd &yfay;aomtcg xkdolonf rsufESmudk vuf0g;ESifhtkyfvsufyif um;em;uyfvm+yD; u|efawmfwkd@ tdrf&Sd&m vrf;xdyfrsm;wGifppfwyfu um;rsm;ESifhydwfI apmifhaea=umif;/ qD;zrf;rSmjzpfa=umif; ajymqkdum tarSmifxJ 0ifa&mufaysmufuG,foGm;ygonf? tcsdefuvnf;vif;tm;}uD;tcsdefeD;ae+yDjzpfojzifh u|efawmfwkd@ tdrfrjyef=uawmhbJ/ q&m}uD;tdrf&Sd&m csrf;omvrf;okd@ oGm;vkdufum eHeufrkd;pifpifvif;rSu|efawmfwkd@tdrfrsm;okd@ jyefvmEkdifygawmhonf? xkdppfum;rsm; rkd;rvif;cifyif jyefodrf;oGm;a=umif; owif;&+yD;rS u|efawmfwkd@ tdrfjyefEkdifjcif;jzpfygonf? aemifrS u|efawmfwkd@od&onfrSm u|efawmfwkd@um;xJ ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwcsdK@ygoGm;a=umif; owif;tpte &oGm;ojzifhxkdolrsm;ukd zrf;qD;&ef apmifhqkdif;ae=ujcif;om jzpfygonf?

u|efawmfESifhygvmaom ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrSm u|efawmhftdrfwGif ESpf&ufcef@ae+yD;rS tquftoG,f&&m vlwcsdK@ vma&mufac:,loGm;ygonf? aemifwGif trsdK;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJ@csKyfrS c&rf;trwf OD;wifarmif0if;jzpfvmolrSm xkdolyif jzpf[ef&Sdygonf? u|efawmfodyfraocsmyg?

xkd@aemufrSmawmh jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu urf;vSrf;ojzifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;&ef awmwGif;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; wokwf+yD;wokwf a&muf&Sdvm&m/ a&muf&Sdonfh tzGJ@wkdif;vkdvkduvnf; q&m}uD;r_dif;tm; OD;pGmyxr vma&mufawG@qHkE_wfquf=u&m/ u|efawmfwkd@ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; tzGJ@0ifrsm;rSm rtm;rvyfEkdifatmif tvkyfrsm;oGm;ygawmhonf?

yxrqHk; a&mufvmonfhtzGJ@rSm tvHeDuGefjrLepfygwD y%mrukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@jzpf+yD; &JeDausmf0if; OD;aqmifvmygonf? aemufrSocifpkd; vkdufvmjcif; jzpfygonf?

xdktcsdefwGif +idrf;csrf;a&;awmif;qkdonfh vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;vnf; w+cdrfh+cdrfh wEkdifiHvHk; ay:xGufvmaeygonf? yrnw/ yxp/zqyv ponfh EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pk tm;vHk;avmufeD;eD; yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf=uojzifh tawmfnDnGwfonfh v_yf&Sm;r_[k ajymqkdEkdifygonf?

vlrsdK;pk tzGJ@tpnf; toD;oD;u ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@rsm;vnf; a&muf&Sdvmygonf?xkd@aemuf 1963 ckESpf =o*kwfv 28 &ufae@rSmawmh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDrS y%mrukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@ &efukefokd@ a&muf&Sd

vmygonf? &JabmfaX; OD;aqmif+yD; AkdvfaZ,svnf; ygvmygonf? =o*kwfv 31 &ufae@wGif q&m}uD;tm; vma&muf*g&0jyKrnf[kaxmufvSrf;a&;u ta=umif;=um;xm;ojzifh u|efawmfESifh OD;xGef;wiftygt0if vltcsdK@ q&m}uD;tdrfwGif oGm;apmifhae=uygonf? olwkd@uq&m}uD;tm; OD;oHk;}udrfcs uefawmh=u+yD;aemuf u|efawmfwkd@wawG a&S;jzpfaESmif;jzpfawG ajymqkdrd=uygonf?

u|efawmfwkd@ ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@ESifh awG@qHkpOfu txl;ojzifh AkdvfaZ,sESifhawG@qHk+yD; wOD;ESihfwOD;zuf+yD; ESpfa,mufpvHk; rsuf&nfusrdygonf? Tu|efawmfwkd@ESpfOD; wOD;ESifhwOD;zufI rsuf&nfusaeonfhyHkukd owif;axmufwOD;u "mwfyHk±kdufvkduf+yD; aemufae@owif;pmxJ ygvm&m awG@jrifzwf±_&onfh vltawmfrsm;rsm;vnf; rsuf&nfus=uonf[k =um;&ygonf? aemufykdif; +idrf;csrf;a&;ysufoGm;+yD;aemuf+idrf;csrf;a&;umvtwGif;u ±kduful;cJhonfh "mwfyHkjyyGJESifh "mwfyHk+ydKifyGJwGif xkd"mwfyHkonf wwd,qk&a=umif; od&ygonf? yxrqk&onfhyHkrSm+idrf;csrf;a&; ysufoGm;+yD;aemuf xkdArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@ aygufacgif;acsmif;udk jzwful;I awmwGif;okd@jyefoGm;onfhyHkjzpf+yD;/xkdyHkukd ‘jynfoludk ausmckdif;=uav+yD’ [laom acgif;pOfjzifh ±_a'gifh*sme,fu rsufESmzHk;tjzpf azmfjycJhonfhyHk jzpfygonf?

xkdukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@ &efukefrSm&SdaepOf u|efawmfu u|efawmfhtdrfukdzdwfI xrif;weyfau|;ygonf? OuUÏocifoef;xGef;qDrSvnf; u|efawmfhxH yk*~dKvfa&;pmwapmif ygvm&m/ olwkd@. +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifhywfoufonfh oabmxm;rsm;/ t"du aqG;aEG;rnfh ta=umif;t&mrsm;ukd xnfhoGif;a&;om; ajymjyxm;ygonf? pm. aemufqHk;ykd'fwGifrl u|efawmfhZeD;tm; E_wfqufa=umif;/ olwkd@a=umifh u|efawmfwkd@rdom;pk 'kuQa&mufoGm;&onfhtwGuf u|efawmfhZeD;udkawmif;yefa=umif; a&;om;xm;ygonf?

awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf awG@qHkaqG;aEG;&ef urf;vSrf;zdwfac:onfh &nf&G,fcsufukdu olwkd@ ppfbDvl;yHk&dyfukdav#mhcsoGm;&eftwGufom jzpfojzifhwa=umif;/ vufeufukdif wyfzGJ@toD;oD;ESifh awG@qHkaqG;aEG;pOf jynfolvlxkukd wpHkw&m vGwfvyfcGifhay;xm;&ojzifh EkdifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf; toD;oD;u (ppftm%m&Sifpepf tE W&m,fukd jrifvmojzifh) jynfolvlxkukd pnf;±Hk;v_H@aqmf vmEkdif+yD;/vlxkuvnf; wcJeuftHkºuvmum jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; awmif;qkdv_yf&Sm;r_}uD; us,fjyef@}uD;rm;vmr_a=umifhwa=umif;/ aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGJumv vwcsdK@ (4 - 5 vtwGif;) t=umrSmyif awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;ukd wzufowf &yfqkdif;ypfvkdufygawmhonf?

awmwGif;rS vma&mufaqG;aEG;onfh ukd,fpm;vS,frsm; jyefoGm;+yD;aemuf xkdumvtwGif; wufwufºuºu v_yf&Sm;cJhonfh EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;tm;vHk;ukd ykdufpdyfwkduf &SmazGzrf;qD;cJhygonf?

u|efawmfwkd@ +idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@vnf; vkyfief;tm;vHk; &yfqkdif;oGm;ygawmhonf? q&m}uD;vnf; pdwftawmfxdckduf oGm;+yD; tdyf&mxJvJoGm;ygawmhonf? xdktcsdefrSpI q&m}uD;onf xlxlaxmifaxmif jzpfrvmawmhbJ wa&Smifa&Smif jzpfae&mrS 1964 ckESpf/ Zlvkdifv 23&ufae@wGif uG,fvGefoGm;ygawmhonf? Ttjzpftysuf tao;pdwfrsm;ukd u|ef awmfu “q&m}uD;r_dif;. aemufqHk;ae@&ufrsm;”“q&m}uD;r_dif;. aemufqHk;ae@&ufrsm;”“q&m}uD;r_dif;. aemufqHk;ae@&ufrsm;”“q&m}uD;r_dif;. aemufqHk;ae@&ufrsm;”“q&m}uD;r_dif;. aemufqHk;ae@&ufrsm;”[laomacgif;pOfESifh aqmif;yg;wapmif r=umrDuyif a&;om;xm;&m xkdaqmif;yg;ukdyif jyefvnfazmfjyvkduf&ygawmhonf?

q&m}uD;r_dif;. aemufqHk;ae@&ufrsm;q&m}uD;r_dif;. aemufqHk;ae@&ufrsm;q&m}uD;r_dif;. aemufqHk;ae@&ufrsm;q&m}uD;r_dif;. aemufqHk;ae@&ufrsm;q&m}uD;r_dif;. aemufqHk;ae@&ufrsm;q&m}uD; oufawmf 130 jynfh pmapmif xkwfa0zkd@ jyifqifaeonfh &Jabmfrsm;u u|efawmfhukd q&m}uD;ESifhywfoufI aqmif;yg;

wkdav; wapmif a&;om;ay;yg&ef awmif;qkdvmygonf?1964 ckESpf/ Zlvkdifv 23 &ufae@ eHeuf 1 em&D (oef;acgifausmfcsdef) wGif uG,fvGefoGm;aom q&m}uD;onf u|efawmf.vufay:

19

u|efawmfhrsufpdatmufwGifyifjzpfojzifh xkdrarhEkdifzG,f ta=umif;ukdom u|efawmf a&;&ygawmhrnf?q&m}uD;onf woufwmywfvHk; oltifrwef cspfjrwfEkd;aom Armjynfolrsm;.ta&; pGrf;pGrf;wrHaqmif&GufcJh&mwGif ol.

aemufqHk;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;rSm jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;&&Sda&; jzpfygonf?jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf aqmif&Guf&mwGif q&m}uD;onf 1956 ckESpfrSpI yxr (8) OD; aumfrwDzGJ@+yD; aqmif &Gufygonf?

xkdtzGJ@ ysuf+yD;aomtcg 1961 ckESpfwGif 'kwd,jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ukd xyfrHzGJ@pnf;+yD; aqmif&GufcJhygonf? xkdtzGJ@wGif q&m}uD;uOuUÏ jzpfygonf? u|efawmfonf xkdpOfu wyfrawmfrS yifpiftem;ay;cHxm;&+yD;jzpfojzifh xkdtzGJ@wGif 'kOuUÏtjzpf yg0ifcJhygonf? r=umrDuuG,fvGefoGm;ol v$wfawmfa&S@ae}uD;OD;xGef;wifrSm xkdtzGJ@. taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; jzpfygonf? OD;xGef;wifrSm yxr (8) OD;aumfrwDwGifvnf; twGif;a&;rSL;wm0ef,lcJhojzifh +idrf;csrf;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif tawG@t}uHKtawmf&Sdaeol jzpfygonf? wjcm;olrsm;vnf; trsm;tjym; yg0if&m pma&;q&m}uD; Aef;armfwifatmif/ awmfbk&m;av;/ rHk&Gm OD;wifa&$/ OD;pkd;rif; (Avp)/ OD;vSausmf/ OD;bausmf/ OD;vSwifponfhv$wfawmfa&S@ae}uD;rsm; jzpf=uygonf? u&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfaom ref;ausmftHk;/ apmausmfpdefwkd@vnf; yg0ifygonf?

xkd'kwd, jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@}uD;ukd vltiftm;rsm;rsm;ESifh zGJ@pnf;+yD; wjynfvHk;wGif vSnfhvnfpnf;±Hk;v_H@aqmfEkdifojzifhe,fc±kdifawmfawmfrsm;rsm;wGif jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; tzGJ@cGJrsm; wnfaxmifEkdif+yD; &efukefc±kdifwGif; wkdufe,fwkdif;vkdvkdwGif tzGJ@cGJrsm; zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmifvmEkdifygonf? TuJhokd@ t&Sdefaumif;aumif;ESifh v_yf&Sm;aepOfrSmyif 1962 ck/ rwfv 2 &uf Akdvfae0if; tm%modrf;r_ ay:aygufum awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpkd;& wufvmygawmhonf? jynfwGif; +idrf;csrf;a&;vkyfief;vnf; wkH@aES;oGm;&ygawmhonf?

Akdvfae0if;. awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu 1963 ckESpfwGif awmwGif;tzGJ@rsm;ESifh [efjyaphpyfaqG;aEG;yGJrsm; vkyf+yD; 1963 Ekd0ifbmwGifaphpyfaqG;aEG;yGJrsm; ysufum/ r=umrDrSmyif tzGJ@tpnf;tm;vHk; zsufodrf;onfh trdef@xkwfjyefvkdufojzifh u|efawmfwkd@ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@vnf; v_yf&Sm;r_ &yfvkduf&ygawmhonf?

q&m}uD;rSm xkdumvwGif tawmftiftm; csnfheJ@ae+yDjzpfojzifh u|efawmfwkd@u xkdtzGJ@tpnf;rsm; zsufodrf;onfhtrdef@ta=umif;wvHk;wyg'r# rajymbJ zHk;zdxm;=uygonf? q&m}uD;.aetdrf/ prf;acsmif;/ csrf;omvrf;okd@ u|efawmfwkd@wawG oGm;+rJoGm;um aqG;aEG;=u/wkdifyif=uawG vkyfaeygonf?

xkdumvu q&m}uD;tdrfwGif tpOft+rJ rjywf0ifxGuf oGm;vmaeolrsm;xJwGif trsm;qHk;ESifh yHkrSeftusqHk;vl oHk;OD; &Sdygonf?yxr wOD;rSm q&m}uD;. usef;rma&;ukd teD;uyfapmifha&Smuf jyKpkaeaom a'gufwmqifzkd; jzpfygonf? a'gufwmqifzkd;rSm

q&m}uD;ESifh aqGrsdK;awmfpyfolr[kwfaomfvnf;/ rsdK;cspfyk*~dKvf}uD;jzpfI q&m}uD;.aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;ukd =unfndKav;pm;+yD; q&m}uD;.orm;awmf}uD;wm0efukd rdrdqENESifh rdrdbmom vmcH,lxm;ol jzpfygonf? wcsdefwGif a'gufwmqifzkd;tm; tpkd;&u e,fajymif;zkd@ pDpOf&m/u|efawmfu xkdpOfu awmfvSefa&;aumifpD usef;rma&;0ef}uD;/ AkdvfrSL;}uD;vS[efxH yk*~dKvfa&;pmwapmifa&;I a'gufwmqifzkd;rSm q&m}uD;.ukd,fa&;q&m0ef}uD; jzpfaeI wwfEkdifv#if rajymif;bJxm;ay;yg&ef yef=um;&m/ AkdvfrSL;}uD;vS[efu oabmwlnD+yD; a'gufwmqifzkd;tm;&efukefrSmyJ xm;ay;cJhygonf? AkdvfvS[efrSm u|efawmfwyf&if; 4 wyf&if;rSL; jzpfpOfu aq;rSL;wm0ef,lcJhzl;ojzifh u|efawmfESifh wpHkw&m&if;ESD;r_ &Sdygonf?

'kwd,rSm v$wfawmfa&S@ae}uD;OD;xGef;wif jzpfum/ wwd,rSm u|efawmf AkdvfausmfaZm jzpfygonf? u|efawmfwkd@ ESpfOD;rSmprf;acsmif;&yfuGufxJrSmom aeolrsm;jzpfojzifhwa=umif;/ usefvltawmfrsm;rsm;rSm +idrf;csrf;a&;aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGJ ysufoGm;+yD;aemuf tzrf;tqD;rsm;cH=u&ojzifhwa=umif; jzpfygonf?

u|efawmfwkd@ oHk;OD;onf q&m}uD;qD t+rJqkdovkd oGm;a&muf=u+yD;/ q&m}uD;ESifh pum;pjrnfajymqkd=u/ aqG;aEG;=u vkyf=uygonf?q&m}uD;uvnf; u|efawmfwkd@ oHk;OD; tzrf;tqD;cH&rSm tvGefpdwfylojzifh owd0dD&d,ESifhae&ef rjywfowday;wwfygonf? u|efawmfwkd@w&ufESpf&uf ol@tdrfra&mufv#if ol@orD;ajr;rsm;ukdv$wfI u|efawmfwdk@ tajctaeukd ar;avh&Sdygonf? xkd@a=umifhyif u|efawmfwkd@uvnf;rjywfoGm;a&mufae&ygonf?

q&m}uD;rSm +idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJrsm; ysufoGm;uwnf;u tawmfpdwfxdckdufoGm;ygonf? xkd@a=umifhyif u|efawmfwkd@u tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; zsufodrf;onfhta=umif; rajymjyjcif; jzpfygonf? okd@aomf wae@ q&m}uD;twGuf uGrf;oD;0,f&m wGif uGrf;oD;xkwfvmonfhowif;pm&GufwGif xkdowif;yg&Sd&mrS q&m}uD; od&SdoGm;ygawmhonf?

q&m}uD;u wkdif;jynfawmh ykdqdk;awmhrSmyJ[kqkdum tdyf&mwGif vJoGm;ygawmhonf? xkdtcsdefupI q&m}uD; xlxlaxmifaxmifjzpfrvmawmhbJ/ wa&G@a&G@ usef;rma&;qkwf,kwfvmygawmhonf? u|efawmfwkd@wawG q&m}uD;tdyf&mab;wGifyif 0kdif;0ef;xkdif+yD;q&m}uD;tm; pdwfoufom&m oufoma=umif; ayghayghyg;yg;udpPrsm;om ajymqkdaqG;aEG;=u&ygonf?

wcgu u|efawmfq&m}uD; tdyf&mab; xkdifaepOf q&m}uD;u u|efawmfhvufukd av#mufprf;=unfh+yD; vufpGyfvnf; r&Sdyguvm;[k ajymygonf? u|efawmfu u|efawmfwcgrS vufpGyfr0wfzl;a=umif;ajym&m olu at;-igvnf; r0wfzl;bl;uG[k jyefajymygonf?

q&m}uD;rSm rSwf^m%faumif;vS+yD;/ &$wfaemufaemufvnf; ajymwwfqkdwwfygonf? wcgu u|efawmfwkd@ a&mufoGm;pOf oluc&D;a&mufrqkduf u|efawmfwkd@ukd “ighqD reufu ocifwif vmoGm;w,fuG”[kajymygonf? u|efawmfwkd@uvnf; ±kwfw&ufjzpfojzifh“b,focifwifvJ q&m}uD;”[k jyefar;&m/ olu &,f&$ef;zwf&$ef;jzifh “b,focifwif jzpf&rvJuG? rD;cGufr_wf ocifwifaygh” [k qdkvkdufygonf? u|efawmfwkd@vnf; 0kdif;0ef &,farm=u&ygonf?

1964 ckESpf/ Zlvkdifvqef;avmufupI q&m}uD;tajctae tawmfqkd;0g;vmygonf? u|efawmfwkd@ oHk;OD;rSm waeukef q&m}uD;tdrfrSmyif ae&+yD; ntawmfrkd;csKyfrS tdrfjyef=u&ygonf? tajctaeraumif;aomae@rsm;wGif nawmif tdrfrjyefjzpf=uyg?

a'gufwmqifzkd;rSmvnf; ae@a&mnyg q&m}uD;em;wGifaeI jyKpkygonf? tmZmenfae@ESifhvnf; eD;aeojzifh &ufrxyfatmif

20

txl;}udK;pm;+yD; aq;0g;rsm;oGif;um qGJEkdifor# tcsdefukdqGJygonf?Zlvkdifv 22 &ufwGifawmh q&m}uD; owdodyfr&Sdawmhyg? a'gufwmqifzkd;u u|efawmhukd q&m}uD;. vufarmif;aoG;a=umukd

zdukdifxm;ap+yD;/ tajctaexl;jcm;&ifajymzkd@ ajymxm;ygonf? olvnf; toufu,faq;trsdK;rsdK; xkd;ay;aeygonf? q&m}uD;.ywfvnfwGif q&m}uD;. rdom;pkrsm;tjyif u|efawmfwkd@oHk;OD; &Sdaeygonf?

u|efawmfvnf; q&m}uD;vufarmif;aoG;a=umukdukdif+yD; aoG;ckefE_ef;ukd owdxm;ae&m ±kwfw&ufaoG;ckefwm [kda&muf/ 'Da&mufjzpfum &yfoGm;ygawmhonf? u|efawmfvnfvef@+yD; wcsufatmfvkduf&m a'gufwmqifzkd; tajy;tv$m;prf;oyfppfaq;+yD; uG,fvGefoGm;+yDjzpfa=umif; ajymcsvkdufygonf? 1964 ckESpf/ Zlvkdifv 23 &uf eHeuf 1 em&Dtcsdef jzpfygawmhonf?

TwGif teD;&Sd q&m}uD;.orD;i,f a': jroDu wcsuf[pfI ikdvkduf&m/ teD;tem; tdrfywf0ef;usifwGif apmifhaeaom a=u;rHkowif;axmufu owif;pmwkdufajy;+yD; owif;ykd@ojzifh aemufae@reuftapmxkwf a=u;rHkowif;pm rsufESmzHk;jynfh q&m}uD;yHkjzifhtxl;xkwf xGufvmygawmhonf? jrefrmhtoHuvnf; eHeuf&Spfem&D owif;wGif q&m}uD;uG,fvGefa=umif; xkwfjyefay;&m xkdowif;wjynfvHk; ysH@ESH@oGm;ygawmhonf?

TonfrSm q&m}uD; u|efawmf.vufay:wGif uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonfh ta=umif;t&mrsm;ukd u|efawmfrSwfrdoavmuf jyefvnfa&;om;ay;ykd@vkdufjcif; jzpfygonf?

2005 ckESpf/ atmufwkdbm 3 &ufcGefrif;?

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tapmqHk; a&mufvm=uolrsm;xJwGif rE Wav;rS vlxkOD;vSonf xkduG,fvGefonfhae@rSmyif a&mufcsvmygonf? u|efawmfwkd@vnf;q&m}uD;OD;a,mukd trSL;jyKI psmyeaumfrwD zGJ@vkdufygawmhonf? xkdpOfu +idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@0ifrsm; vlpHkwufpHk rygEkdifawmhacs? wcsdK@vnf;tzrf;cH&+yD;jzpfum/ wcsdK@vnf; wdrf;a&Smifae&csdefESifh oGm;wkd;aeygonf?

+idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJ wzufowf &yfypfvkdufr_twGufa&m/ aqG;aEG;yGJysuf+yD; vlzrf;yGJ}uD;rsm; w&pyf qufvufvkyfaer_twGufa&m vuQ%myHk&dyf qkd;0g;aeonfh awmfvSefa&;aumifpDonf q&m}uD;uG,fvGefonfhudpPwGif 0ifa&muf tjrwfxkwfvmygawmhonf?uG,fvGefonfhae@wGifyif awmfvSefa&;aumifpDOuUÏ Akdvfae0if;.o0%fv$mESifhtwl tokbulnDaiG usyfwaomif;ukd ykd@vmygonf? xkdpOfujyef=um;a&;Xme twGif;0ef OD;apmOD;u q&m}uD;tdrfokd@ a&muf&Sdvm+yD; q&m}uD;OD;a,mukd vma&mufay;tyfygonf? oluyif q&m}uD;.psmyeukd EkdifiHawmfpsmyevkyfv#if odyf}uD;rm;us,fjyef@oGm;rSma=umifh psmyeaumfrwDzGJ@+yD; xkdaumfrwDuyif }udKufovkdpDpOf&ef vkdtyfonfhtultnDrsm;udk olwkd@u ay;ygrnf[k urf;vSrf;ajym=um;vmygonf?

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u|efawmfwkd@vnf; psmye crf;crf;em;em; usif;yEkdifa&;/ *lAdrmef aumif;aumif; wnfaqmufEkdifa&;twGuf tvSLcHxGuf=uygonf?u|efawmfonf 0d"l&ocifcspfarmif/ vlxkOD;vSwkd@ESifhtwl EkdifiHa&;orm;a[mif;rsm;/ q&m}uD;. vkyfazmfukdifzufa[mif;rsm;/ pme,fZif;avmurSvlrsm; polrsm;qDokd@ ukd,fwkdifukd,fus oGm;a&muftvSLcH=u&m tvSLaiGrsm; &uf&ufa&ma&m ay;vSL=uygonf? owif;pmrsm;xJrSa=u;rHk/ vlxkponfh owif;pmwkdufrsm;uvnf; tvSLaiGukd ulnDvufcHay;&m e,frsm;rS tvSLaiGrsm; a&muf&Sdvmygonf? u|efawmfwkd@onfwywfESpfywftwGif;rSmyif tvSLaiG usyfaiGwodef;ausmf &&Sdvmygonf?

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q&m}uD;. ±kyfuvmyfukd csrf;omvrf;rSm wywfxm;+yD; Zlvkdifv 29 &ufae@rSm tpkd;&uay;wJh prf;acsmif;abmhvHk;uGif;(y'krRmuGif;) xJ a&$@+yD;/ wjynfvHk; jynfolawG *g&0jyKEkdifzkd@ 10 &ufxm;ygonf? xkduGif;xJu r¾yfrSm tpkd;&uyif aqmufay;xm;ygonf?tvSLaiGvnf; aemufxyf ig;axmifusyf xyfay;oGm;ygonf? xkdr¾yfxJwGifyif jycef;av;wck xm;&Sd+yD; q&m}uD;touf&SifpOfuaqmif&GufcJhonfh owif;"mwfyHk/ rSwfwrf;/ q&m}uD;. toHk;taqmifypPnf;rsm;/ EkdifiHjcm;c&D;pOftwGif; &&SdcJhonf vufaqmifrsm;tawmfpHkpHkvifvif jyoxm;ygonf?

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21

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22

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23

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u|efawmf wyfuxGuf&+yD; xkdtdrfav;okd@ ajymif;a&mufvmpu u|efawmfhZeD;u tdrfazmfav;wa,mufawmh&SdrS jzpfrnf[kajymvmygonf? u|efawmfhtaeESifh tdrfvHk+cHKa&;twGuf vlykdxm;vkd@ rjzpfa=umif;ESifh tdrftvkyfawGukd u|efawmf ulvkyfyghrnf[kqkdumESpfodrfh+yD; wm;jrpf&ygonf? olu TudpP wcgyJajymzl;+yD; aemufxyf b,fawmhrS xyfajymqkdjcif;vnf; r&SdawmhbJh tdrftvkyf[lor#wa,mufwnf; usHK;vkyfcJhygonf? ol@rdcif a':wif usef;rmpOfuawmh ol@ukd tawmftwef ulnDEkdifcJhygonf? &efukefwGif ausmif;vmae=uaom aqGrsdK;eD;pyfuav;rrsm;vnf; 0kdif;0ef;ulnDEkdifor# ulnD=uygonf?

u|efawmf wyfuxGuf&onfh 1957 ckESpfwGif u|efawmfhorD;t}uD;qHk; vSvSu ig;wef;r#om &Sdao;+yD; ti,fqHk; om;av;wGwfwGwfrSm xkdESpfurS ausmif;paejcif; jzpfygonf? om;orD; ig;a,mufpvHk;ukd omoemjyKausmif;jzpfonfh jynfvrf;&Sd pdef@zDvkdrDemwGifxm;&m ausmif;p&dwf/ ausmif;um;cuyif u|efawmf&onfh yifpifvpm. xuf0ufcef@ &Sdygonf? ausmif;zGifhp&ufrsm;qkdv#if ESpfpOfa=u;/

24

t0wftpm;zkd;/ pmtkyfzkd;/ tm;upm;zkd;pojzifh eifhaeatmifay;&&m u|efawmhfZeD;u 'Dvawmh qifeJ@qGJ&rf;ovkdyJ[k nnf;wGm;wwfygonf?u|efawmf wyfxJrSm &SdpOfuwnf;u wyfrSL;}uD;rsm;twGuf ajrrsm;cGJa0ay;xm;&m/ u|efawmfhwGif ajrESpfuGuf &Sdaeygonf?

u|efawmfhemrnfESifh *&efxGufxm;+yD; jzpfygonf? wuGufrSm ewfarmufvrf;oG,frS jzpf+yD; wuGufrSm csif;acsmif;&dyfomwGif;rSm jzpfygonf?u|efawmfu ewfarmufvrf;oG,fu ajruGufukd a&mif;cs+yD; qDqHkvrf;tdrf0,fpOfu wifcJhonfh aºu;ukdqyfum/ usefaiGrsm;ukd b%fxJoGif;xm;+yD; vpOfvkdtyfor#ukd zJhxkwf&ygonf? xkdaiGukefoGm;aomtcg csif;acsmif;+cHukd wjcrf;zJh a&mif;&ygawmhonf?

1970 ckwGif u|efawmfhorD;t}uD; aq;wuUokdvfrS bGJ@&+yD; orD;ti,fpef;u pD;yGm;a&;wuUokdfvfrSbGJ@&+yD; enf;jyq&mr tvkyfyg&&Sdum qufwkdufom;orD;rsm; ausmif;+yD;oGm;ojzifh usefajrwjcrf;ukd a&mif;csp&mrvkdbJ jzpfoGm;ygawmhonf? (e0w acwfwGif xkdusefajrukd EkdifiHykdiftjzpf odrf;oGm;ygonf?)

TumvtwGif; u|efawmfhtwGuf tyifyef;qHk; tvkyfrSm om;orD;rsm; pmjyay;&aom udpP jzpfygonf? u|efawmfwkd@ Armjynf.ynma&;pepfrsm tvGefcsdK@wJhay&m ausmif;om;rsm;ukd usL&Sifay;Ekdif&ifay;/ ray;Ekdif&if ynmjzpfjzpf ajrmufajrmufwwfzkd@ rvG,fyg? xkd@a=umifhu|efawmfhrSm tykdusL&Sifcvnf; rwwfEkdifojzifh ukd,fwkdifukd,fus oifay;&ygawmhonf? xkdacwfuawmif ynmwwfjzpfzkd@ tvGefyifrvG,ful&m ,ckumvwGifawmh qkdzG,f&m r&Sdawmhyg?

aemufykdif;usawmh olwkd@ukd pmomru EkdifiHa&;pmayrsm; zwfvmatmifvnf; enf;ay;vrf;jy vkyfay;&ygonf? wvw}udrfvnf;olwkd@ESifh tpnf;ta0;oabmrsdK;xkdifum [email protected]@,Gif;csuf/ tm;enf;csufrsm;ukd axmufjy+yD; jyKjyifay;cJh&ygonf? wuUokdvfa&mufukefonfESifh u|efawmfu om;orD;rsm;ukd rdrdwkd@wae@wm awG@}uHKcJh&onfh tjzpftysufrsm;/ ta=umif;t&mrsm;ukd jyefajymjyckdif;ygonf?txl;ojzifh olwkd@bmomolwkd@ rajz&Sif;Ekdifonfh udpPrsm;ukd bmrqkd jyefwkdifyif&ef tm;ay;&ygonf?

u|efawmfwkd@ ZeD;armifESHESpfa,mufpvHk; om;orD;rsm; ynmwwfajrmufa&;/ vdrfrma&;jcm;&Sda&;twGuf tm;pkdufvHk;yef;=u&aoma=umifh u|efawmfwkd@ rdciftkd}uD;rsm;tay:rSmawmh wm0efvpf[if;cJh=uygonf? u|efawmfha,muQr a': wifrSm ol@oHk;q,ftdrf}uD;ay:vliSm;wifI xkdtdrfvcav;ESifhyif aexkdifoGm;&&Smygonf/ u|efawmfhrdcif a':wifhrSmrl qkdif;pk&Gm&Sd tdrfESifh+cHukda&mif;um &efukef &Spfrkdif&Sd^m%pm*Dausmif;wkdufwGif Z&yfuav;waqmifaqmuf+yD; aexkdifoGm;&Smygonf? u|efawmfwkd@onf uav;rsm; ausmif;ydwfcsdef/ tcg}uD;/&uf}uD;rsm;wGif olwkd@ (a':wifESifha':wifhwkd@ ESpfa,muf/ xkd&SpfrkdifZ&yfwGif twlae=uwmrsm;onf?) qD oGm;a&mufuefawmhonfhtcgrsdK;awmh &Sdwwfygonf? olwkd@ aexkdifraumif;v#ifawmh u|efawmfhorD;u oGm;ac:vm+yD; tdrfrSmxm; ukoay;&ygonf? useftcsdefrsm;wGifawmh u|efawmfwkd@ odyftm±HkrjyKEkdifyg?

1963 ckESpfwGif wyfrawmfyifpifESifh ywfoufI Oya'opfwck ay:vm&m/ u|efawmhf yifpifvpmwkd;aiG aemufjyefa=u; (Back

pay) usyfaiG oHk;axmifausmf &vkdufygonf? u|efawmfu xkdta=umif;ukd bmrSrodyg? wyfrawmf rSwfwrf;±Hk;u pma&;rsm;u olwkd@bmomolwkd@wGufcsuf av#mufv$mwif/ aiGxkwfvm+yD;rS vmykd@ygonf? u|efawmfvnf; xkdaiGESifhyif om;oHk;a,mufukd prf;acsmif; jrodef;wef"rRm±HkrSm &SifjyKay;cJhygonf?

1970 ckESpfrSmawmh u|efawmhfa,muQr a':wif vl}uD;a&m*gjzifh uG,fvGefoGm;+yD; 1972 ckESpf/ =o*kwfvxJrSmawmh u|efawmfhom;ti,fqHk; wGwfwGwf (xGef;at;ausmfaZm) tdyfaq;rsm; tvGeftu|HaomufI owfaooGm;ygonf?

xdkESpfu wGwfwGwfonf &efukef0dZ…mESifhodyHwuUokdvf/ "mwkaA't"du 'kwd,ESpfpmar;yGJajzt+yD; oltawmf ajzEkdifojzifh *k%fxl;xGufvdrfhrnfjzpfa=umif;/ trSwfaumif;v#if pufr_wuUokdfvfokd@ ajymif;vkd@&a=umif; u|efawmfhukd ajymjyxm;ygonf? atmifpm&if;xGufvmaomtcg ol@*k%fxl;ygrvmyg? TwGif ol@pdwf"mwf tawmfxdckdufoGm;+yD;/ ol@tpfukd atmifausmfaZm tdyf&matmufwGifxm;onfhtdyfaq;rsm;ukd ,laomuf+yD; aoa=umif;}uHpnfoGm;jcif; jzpfygonf? xkdpOfu ol@touf 20 yif rjynfhao;yg?

u|efawmfwkd@vnf; b,fvkd ajz&rSef;yifrod jzpfoGm;ygawmhonf? u|efawmfhZeD;vnf; ±l;rwwf yHkusoGm;ygawmhonf? tawmfjyif;xefvSonfh avmu"Hw&m;udk u|efawmfwkd@ tvl;tvdrfh cHvkduf&ygonf?

u|efawmfhrdcif}uD;uawmh u|efawmfwkd@wawG awmwGif;a&mufaerS 1983 ckESpfwGif ol@touf 93 ESpf t&G,frSm uG,fvGeftedpPa&mufa=umif; owif;pmxJu ema&;a=umfjimukd awG@&ygonf? u|efawmfhrdcif}uD;rSm bma&m*grS }uD;}uD;rm;rm; r&SdcJhzl;yg? u|efawmfhorD;i,fpef; jyefajymI od&oavmufrSmvnf; acsmif;enf;enf;qkd;+yD; tpm;taomuf ysufoGm;&mrS wntdyf&mxJwGifyif tdyfaysmf&if;uG,fvGefoGm;onf[k qkdygonf? rD;ZmukefqDcef; jzpfoGm;yHk&ygonf?

AkdvfcsKyfuawmf a':AkdvfcsKyfuawmf a':AkdvfcsKyfuawmf a':AkdvfcsKyfuawmf a':AkdvfcsKyfuawmf a':cif=unfcif=unfcif=unfcif=unfcif=unfu|efawmfwkd@onf tapmykdif;u tpfr}uD; a':cif=unfESifh odyf&if;ESD;jcif; r&Sdyg? u|efawmf wyfxJaepOf u|efawmfhZeD;uvnf;

rdcifESifhuav;apmifha&Smufa&;toif;/ wyfrawmf trsdK;orD;rsm;toif; pwmrsm;rSm 0ifa&mufvkyfudkif&&if; tpfr}uD;ESifh vkyfief;t&/awG@qHkcifrifr_awmh &SdcJhygonf? xkdpOfuwnf;u u|efawmfhZeD;u ajymzl;onfrSm tpfr}uD;tm; vltawmfrsm;rsm;u 0kdif;=unfndKav;pm;jcif;a=umifh zqyv 0ef}uD;uawmfrsm;u tawmfr±_pdrfhjzpfa=umif; od&ygonf? aemufykdif; oHtrwf}uD;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmif+yD;t+idrf;pm;,ljyefvmonfhtcgusrS u|efawmfwkd@ESifh ykdrkd&if;ESD;u|rf;0ifoGm;jcif; jzpfygonf?

tpfr}uD;u wuUokdvf &dyfomvrf;wGif rdef;uav;tazmf ESpfOD;oHk;OD;ESifh aexkdifum/ yef;pkduftvGef0goemygojzifh +cHxJwGifyef;trsdK;rsdK; pkdufum/ yef;rsm;ukdvnf; tvSw=unfh=unfhESifh aewwfygonf? u|efawmfwkd@ rdom;pkawGukdvnf; rvmwm=umv#if zkef;qufac:wwfygonf? txl;ojzifh Zlvkdif 19 &ufteD;ywf0ef;usifwGif olt&if;ESD;qHk; rdom;pkrdwfaqGrsm;ukd w&ufpDcGJI rdom;pkvkdufzdwfxrif;au|;wwfygonf? wcgw&H =o*kwfvtxd rjywfqufwkduf xrif;au|;&onfhtcgrsm; &Sdwwfygonf?

25

tpfr}uD;tdrfwGif EkdifiHa&;orm;a[mif;}uD;rsm;/ oHwrefa[mif;rsm;/ wyfrawmfrS yifpif,loGm;olrsm;/ awmjyefrsm;/ vlpHk0ifxGufoGm;vm&m/ owif;pHk &wwfygonf? txl;ojzifh rqv acwf tpkd;&. rawmfrwnfh jyKrlcsufrsm;tm;vHk;ukd ol@a&S@wGif vlrsm;uvmI&ifzGifhajymqkdwwf&m u|efawmfwkd@ ol@tdrfoGm;vnfv#if owif;pHk=um;&wwfygonf? ol@tdrfonfab;rJhawmuJhokd@ jzpfae+yD; tpkd;&qef@usifonfhavoHrsm;/ ajymqkdr_rsm;/ ol@tdrfwGif vGwfvGwfvyfvyf ajymqkdEkdifouJhokd@ jzpfaeygonf?

rqv tpkd;&uvnf; 'gukd odyHk&ygonf? wcgawmh a':cif=unftdrf olckd;ckd;cH&onf[k owif;xGufvm&m/ u|efawmfESifhu|efawmfhZeD;wkd@ uref;uwef; oGm;a&mufowif;ar;&ygonf? ol@tdrfwGif tjyifvlqkdI O,smOfapmifh (rmvD) wOdD;om &Sdonf? olckd;u tdrftay:xyfukd 0&efwmrS ckdIwuf+yD; tdyfcef;bD±kdav;xJwGif xnfhxm;onfh trSwfw&ypPnf;av;rsm;ukdom ,loGm;ygonf? xkdypPnf;av;rsm;rSmtpfr}uD;oHtrwf}uD;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifpOfua&m/ aemufykdif;umvrsm;wGifa&m/ EkdifiHjcm;oHwrefrsm;u trSwfw&ay;onfhvufaqmifypPnf;rsm;om jzpfygonf? tzdk;wefypPnf; rygyg?

u|efawmfhtjrifuawmh TudpPukd ppfwyfaxmufvSrf;a&;uyJ vkyf[ef&Sdonf? a':cif=unftm; tpkd;&qef@usifa&;rsm;rjyKvkyf&ef/ rajymqkd&ef/ [ef@wm;jcif;/ +cdrf;ajcmufjcif; jzpf[ef&Sdygonf? O,smOfapmifhu vufaxmufcsyHk &ygonf? a':cif=unfukd,fwkdifuvnf; TuJhokd@yif xifcJhygonf?

u|efawmfonf a':cif=unfESifh aemufykdif; &if;&if;ESD;ESD;qufqHvm&if; olr. rsdK;cspfpdwf&Sdr_/ wnfwnf=unf=unfESifh ÁajENoduQm&SdpGmae&if; olrtm; vma&muf=unfh±_=uonfh AkdvfcsKyf. wynfhom;ajr;tm;vHk;tay: pdwfaumif;/ ap wemaumif; jynfh0pGmESifh ay;wefay;/au|;wefau|;/ t}uHay;p&may;ESifh em,u*k%f jynfh0pGm aexkdifaer_/ vma&mufor# vltm;vHk;uvnf; olrtm; av;pm;=unfndKr_pwmrsm;ukd jrifawG@vm&ygonf? TuJhokd@ jrif&awG@&onfh tcgrsm;wGif a=omf æ AkdvfcsKyfrsm;/ 'gawGukd jrifawG@&&if b,favmufrsm;0rf;om&SmavrvJ [k AkdvfcsKyftm; wrf;wrdygawmhonf?

1991 ckESpf/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf EkdA,fqk&a=umif; a&'D,kdowif; a=unmpOfrSmvnf; u|efawmfonf a=omfæ tpfr}uD;rsm;&Sd&ifb,favmufrsm; 0rf;om&SmavrvJ[k tpfr}uD; a':cif=unftm; wrf;wrdjyefygonf?

xkdwuUokdvf&dyfom0if;xJwGif u|efawmfwkd@oGm;wkdif; aemufwtdrf 0ifa&mufvnfywf&ygao;onf? xkd0if;xJwGif wxyftdrfuav;aqmufI rDSckdaeaeaom a':cif=unf.tpfr a':cif}uD; (ocifoef;xGef;.ZeD;) . tdrfjzpfygonf? a':cif}uD;rSm odyfusef;rma&;raumif;vSbJ om;orD;av;rsm;ESifh xkdtdrf0if;twGif;rSmyif aecJhygonf? a':cif=unf. usefnDrrsm;vnf; xkd0kdif;xJwGifyif oD;jcm;tdrfuav;rsm;aqmufI ae=uygonf?

u|efawmf awmxJa&muf+yD;aemuf u|efawmfhZeD;vnf; yHkrSefrysuf oGm;a&mufvnfywfa=umif; u|efawmfhZeD;u jyefajymjyzl;ygonf?

u|efawmfwkd@onf awmwGif;rSzrf;rd axmifus+yD; vGwfvm=uonfh awmjyefrdom;pkrsm;ESifhvnf; &if;&if;ESD;EDS;cifcifrifrifaecJh=u&ygonf? xkdolrsm;xJwGif u|efawmfwkd@rdom;pkESifh aqGrsdK;om;csif;uJhokd@ awmufav#mufcifrif&if;ESD;cJhonfh rdom;pkwck &Sdygonf?xkdolrsm;rSm AkdvfrSL;cspfaumif;.ZeD; a':cifrsdK;nGef@ESifh om;orD;oHk;OD;wkd@ jzpf=uygonf?

u|efawmfESifh AkdvfrSL;cspfaumif;rSm bD'Datuwnf;u od&SdcJh=uaomfvnf; odyf&if;ESD;jcif; r&Sdyg? olaxmifu vGwfvmpOfuu|efawmfwkd@ e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;/ w±kwfjzLqef@usifa&; trsdK;om;aumfrwDzGJ@onfhumvESifhwkd;ojzifh vma&mufyg0ifcJhzl;aomfvnf;r=umrDrSmyif awmjyefckdoGm;+yD; awmwGif;wkdufyGJwae&mwGif usqHk;oGm;cJh&Smygonf?

ol@ZeD;onf a':cifrsdK;nGef@rSm om;orD;oHk;a,mufESifhtwl tawmfqif;&Jyifyef;pGm vkyfukdifpm;aomuf&ygonf? u|efawmfomru u|efawmfwkd@ wrdom;pkvHk;u olwkd@tay: tvGef=uifempGm apmifha&SmufcJh=uygonf?

u|efawmfh om;ESpfa,mufzGifhonfh ajreDukef;u pmtkyfqkdifwGif [email protected];av;ukdac:I tvkyfay;xm;+yD; u|efawmfhorD;}uD;tvkyfvkyfonfh ta&S@ykdif;aq;±HkrS q&m0efrsm;twGufay;onfh tdrfcef;wGifrl a':cifrsdK;nGef@ESifh orD;ESpfa,mufukd ac:xm;ygonf? u|efawmfawmckdvmpOf u|efawmfhZeD;wa,mufwnf; xm;cJh&pOfu olrusef;rrmjzpfaewkef; a':cifrsdK;nGef@u orD;}uD;cifrat;ESifhtwl u|efawmfhZeD;tm; vma&mufapmifha&SmufaexkdifcJha=umif; u|efawmfhZeD;u u|efawmhfukd jyefajymjyygonf?

a':cifrsdK;nGef@rSm tvGefpdwf"mwfckdifrm aumif;rGefoljzpf+yD;/ EkdifiHa&;&yfwnfcsufvnf; jywfom;ygonf? olwkd@rdom;pk csdK@wJhrSef;odojzifh xkdpOfu vkyfom;jynfolowif;pm t,f'DwmcsKyfudkvS+rdKifu ol@ukdowif;pmukd,fpm;vS,f ay;ygonf? olu vufrcHyg? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDukd tykwfcwfqHk;a&;om;aeonfh owif;pmu au|;onfhxrif; rpm;csifyg[k qkdcJhygonf? ol@vkyftm;ESifhyif yifyifyef;yef;vkyfukdifpm;aomuf&Smygonf?

avxD;Akdvftkef;armifavxD;Akdvftkef;armifavxD;Akdvftkef;armifavxD;Akdvftkef;armifavxD;Akdvftkef;armifavxD;Akdvftkef;armifrSm axmifouf&Snf±Hkru u|ef;vnf;ESpfu|ef;oHk;u|ef;jyefjzpfum aemufqHk;rS axmifuvGwfvmol

jzpfygonf? olaxmifu vGwfvmawmh u|efawmfwkd@wawG bmEkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rS vkyfIr&awmhyg? wcgwcg u|efawmfhtdrfwGif qHkwwf=u+yD;a&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpfrsm;om ajymjzpf=uygonf?

ol@ZeD;vnf; tawmfawmfonfh trsdK;orD; jzpfonf? ukdtkef;armifrSm axmifuvGwfvm+yD;vnf; bmrSrvkyfbJ ZeD;u aps;a&mif;au|;wmyJ &Sdonf? olwkd@wGif orD;av;wa,mufvnf; &Sdygonf?

ukdtkef;armifrSm tvGefoabmoum, aumif;+yD;/ pdwfESvHk;ESdrfhcsoljzpfum pum;vnf; rsm;rsm;rajymwwfyg? u|efawmfonf1973 - 74 ckESpfavmufu ol@tm; u|efawmfhtwGuf uGefjrLepfygwDESifh qufay;&ef ajymqkd&m olu}udK; pm;ay;rnfqkd+yD; txufArmjynf

26

wufoGm;ygawmhonf? wvausmfausmf t=umwGifrS jyefa&mufvm+yD; b,fvkdrS tqufr&[k qkdvmojzifh u|efawmfvufav#mhvkduf&ygonf?

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AkdvfrSL;csKyfa[mif;ausmfaZm. trSmpmAkdvfrSL;csKyfa[mif;ausmfaZm. trSmpmAkdvfrSL;csKyfa[mif;ausmfaZm. trSmpmAkdvfrSL;csKyfa[mif;ausmfaZm. trSmpmAkdvfrSL;csKyfa[mif;ausmfaZm. trSmpm

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Tenf;jzifh u|efawmfonf &JabmfoHk;usdyf0if AkdvfausmfaZmjzpfvm+yD;/ oluawmh avxD; Akdvftkef;armif jzpfvmyg awmhonf?u|efawmfwkd@onf acwf+ydKifEkdifiHa&;orm;/ awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;jzpfcJh=u+yD; 20 &mpk aemufqHk;ykdif;umvrsm;. rsdK;quf&Jabmf

&Jbuf/ wkdufazmfwkdufzufrsm;tjzpf wm0eftoD;oD; xrf;aqmifcJh=u+yD; xkdrsdK;qufrsm;. orkdif;ay;wm0efjzpfaom ukdvkdeDArmEkdifiHukdvGwfvyfonfh ArmEkdifiHtjzpf ajymif;vJay;EkdifcJh=uayonf? u|efawmfonf u|efawmfh b0twGuf Torkdif;ay; wm0ef}uD;ukd xrf;aqmifcGifh&cJhjcif;tay: tauseyfqHk;jzpf&ovkd/ &Jabmf}uD; Akdvftkef;armiftwGufvnf; tvm;wl auseyfp&mESpfodrfhp&m jzpfayvdrfhrnf[k xifygonf?xkd@a=umifhyif olu “u|efawmf jzwfoef;cJh&wJhb0twGuf u|efawmf*k%f,lygw,f”“u|efawmf jzwfoef;cJh&wJhb0twGuf u|efawmf*k%f,lygw,f”“u|efawmf jzwfoef;cJh&wJhb0twGuf u|efawmf*k%f,lygw,f”“u|efawmf jzwfoef;cJh&wJhb0twGuf u|efawmf*k%f,lygw,f”“u|efawmf jzwfoef;cJh&wJhb0twGuf u|efawmf*k%f,lygw,f” [laom pum;ukd ajymcJhjcif; jzpf[efwlygonf?

u|efawmfwkd@onf trdEkdifiH}uD;ukd EkdifiHa&;t& vGwfvyfonfhEkdifiHtjzpf ajymif;vJEkdifcJhaomfvnf; acwfrDwkd;wuf zGH@+zdK;aomacwfopfArmjynf xlaxmifa&;vkyfief;rsm;ukdawmh atmifjrifatmif rvkyfEkdifcJhyg?

u|efawmfwkd@ rsdK;qufa[mif;rsm;. Tr+yD;qHk;ao;aom orkdif;wm0efrsm;ukd 21 &mpkopfrS rsdK;qufopfvli,frsm;u +yD;pD;atmifqufvufxrf;aqmif vkyfukdifayvdrfhrnf?

vlom;rsm;onf rdrda&S@rsdk;qufa[mif;. yckH;xufrSaeI vlom;wm0efrsm;ukd xrf;aqmif&ojzifh xkda&S@rsdK;qufa[mif;rsm;xufomatmif vkyfukdifaqmif&GufEkdif&rnf? xkd@jyif aemifvmaemufom; rsdK;qufopfrsm; rdrdwkd@xufomatmifvnf; twwfEkdifqHk; ulnDaxmufyHhay;cJh&ayrnf? okd@rSom vlom;wa,muf. wm0efausyGefonf[k qkdEkdifayrnf?

&Jabmf}uD; Akdvftkef;armif. “tESpf 50 =um+yD;aomtcg”“tESpf 50 =um+yD;aomtcg”“tESpf 50 =um+yD;aomtcg”“tESpf 50 =um+yD;aomtcg”“tESpf 50 =um+yD;aomtcg” onf/ aemifrsdK;qufopf vli,frsm;tm; pdwf"mwfcGeftm;jznfhwif;ay;&m oifcef;pmrsm;,lp&m orkdif;tawG@t}uHK/ tjzpftysufrsm;ukd olyg0ifcJhonfh tcef;u jynfhpHkpGm a&;om;azmfjyxm;ojzifholruG,fvGefrDajymcJhonfqkdonfh “cifAsm;wkd@ESifhtwl u|efawmf&SdaeOD;rSmyg” “cifAsm;wkd@ESifhtwl u|efawmf&SdaeOD;rSmyg” “cifAsm;wkd@ESifhtwl u|efawmf&SdaeOD;rSmyg” “cifAsm;wkd@ESifhtwl u|efawmf&SdaeOD;rSmyg” “cifAsm;wkd@ESifhtwl u|efawmf&SdaeOD;rSmyg” qkdonfhpum;. t"dy`m,fukd tjynfht0qHk; tav;eufqHk;azmfxkwfjyoaeayonf[k u|efawmfxifjrifaerdygonf? xkdpum;pkonf ol.pdwf"mwf }uH@ckdifr_/ ZGJeyJ}uD;r_/ Armjynf}uD; acwfrDwkd;wufaomEkdifiH rjzpfEkdifao;jcif;tay: wm0efrausavjcif;[k tm;rvkdtm;r&jzpfaer_wkd@ukd azmfjyae+yD;/ aemifrsdK;qufopftwGufawmhtvGefxda&mufonfh tm;ay;0kdif;&H axmufcHoGm;onhf pum;pkvnf; jzpfayawmhonf?

&Jabmf}uD;Akdvftkef;armifum; wrsdK;om;vHk;twGuf ol@wm0efol@tcef;ukd b0wav#mufvHk; ausyGefpGm xrf;aqmifoGm;onfhArmjynf}uD;. *k%f,lzG,f om;aumif;wa,muf jzpfygonf?

&Jabmf}uD; Akdvftkef;armif. “ukd,fusdK;rzuf/ ±kd;&kd;ukyfukyf aexkdif/ owWd&Sd&Sd vkyfukdifonfh pdwf"mwf” “ukd,fusdK;rzuf/ ±kd;&kd;ukyfukyf aexkdif/ owWd&Sd&Sd vkyfukdifonfh pdwf"mwf” “ukd,fusdK;rzuf/ ±kd;&kd;ukyfukyf aexkdif/ owWd&Sd&Sd vkyfukdifonfh pdwf"mwf” “ukd,fusdK;rzuf/ ±kd;&kd;ukyfukyf aexkdif/ owWd&Sd&Sd vkyfukdifonfh pdwf"mwf” “ukd,fusdK;rzuf/ ±kd;&kd;ukyfukyf aexkdif/ owWd&Sd&Sd vkyfukdifonfh pdwf"mwf” xm0pOf t"Gef@&Snfygap?oGm;ESifh+yDjzpf=uaom &Jabmf}uD;wkd@tm;vHk;ukd owd& vGrf;qGwfvsuf-

ausmfaZm (AkdvfausmfaZm)

16-3-07

u|efawmf xkdtdrfav;rSmaepOf u|efawmfhqD yHkrSefvma&mufvnfywfolwOD;uawmh u|efawmfwkd@ *syeftwlwloGm;cJhzl;onfh&JabmfoHk;usdyf0if Akdvfapmaemif jzpfygonf? u|efawmfwkd@onf *syefrSm ppfynmoifpOfuwnf;u &if;ESD;cJhygonf? olonf ocifxGef;tkyfwkd@tzGJ@rS jzpfaomfvnf; u|efawmfwkd@wawGESifh tawmfaumif;rGefpGm &if;ESD;pGm qufqHcJholjzpfygonf?

ol@ukd Akdvfae0if;u txl;t&m&Sdwae&m ay;xm;aomfvnf; t&ufpGJaeolwOD;jzpfojzifh b,fawmhrSavmufijcif; r&SdbJ/ t+rJusyfwnf;aewwfygonf? u|efawmfhqDvnf; r=umc%vmvm+yD; aiGawmif;wwfygonf? wae@ olvmvnfaomtcg ajcvSrf;awmifrrSefbJrl;±l;aeygonf? u|efawmfu cifAsm; u|efawmhfqDrl;vm&ifawmh wHcg;zGifhray;bl; jyefayawmh[k ESifxkwfvkdufygonf? olu u|efawmfhtdrfa&S@

27

avSum;xpfwGif xkdifcs+yD; “AkdvfausmfaZm usKyfukd ESifxkwfw,f[kwfvm;/ cifAsm; u|efawmfhukd ESifxkwfw,faemf”[k xyfcsnf;wvJvJajymumikdkk,kdygawmhonf? u|efawmfvnf; rwwfEkdifawmhbJ wHcg;zGifh+yD; tdrfay:ac:wif&ygawmhonf? +yD;awmh xHk;pHtwkdif; awmif;wJhaiGay;vkduf&ygonf?

ol@ZeD;onfrSm tawmf awmf&Smoljzpfygonf? om;orD;rsm;ukd aps;a&mif;au|;+yD; ausmif;xm;ygonf? om;rsm; t&G,fa&mufvmaomtcg &SifjyKtvSLyGJjyKvkyf&m u|efawmfwkd@udkvnf; zdwfojzifh oGm;a&muf&ygonf? tvSLyGJukd urm&GwfrS bkef;}uD;ausmif;wausmif;wGif jyKvkyf&m naeykdif; armif&ifavmif;rsm;ukd qHcs+yD;aomtcg a&pufcszkd@ ol@ZeD;ukd ac:aomtcg ol@ZeD;u olESifha&puftwlrcsvkd[k qkdvmonf? u|efr 'Db0awmh &Sdapawmh oabmxm;ygw,f? olESifhtwl a&pufcs&if aemifb0 olESifhu|efr xyfqHkrSmpkd;vkd@yg?olESifh xyfrqHkvkdawmhygvkd@ ajymygonf? xkdtcg Akdvfapmaemifonf rsuf&nfpufvufESifh wOD;wnf; a&pufcs&ygawmhonf? u|efawmfol@ta=umif; jyefpOf;pm;rd+yD; ol@ukd w}udrfwcgu ESifxkwfrdr_tay: pdwfraumif; jzpfaerdygawmhonf?

» » » »wcgrSmvnf; u|efawmfhqDukd xl;jcm;onfh {nfhonfwa,muf oHk;bD;um;ESifh aygufcsvmygonf? xkdtcsdefu Akdvfae0if;u

jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpf vrf;pOfygwD zGJ@pnf;rnfhta=umif; a=unmxm;csdef jzpfygonf?xkd{nfhonfrSm Akdvfae0if;. ZeD;}uD; (uGm&Sif;xm;ol) a':wifwif jzpfygonf? u|efawmf ar+rdK@rSm wkdif;rSL;wm0ef xrf;aepOfu

a':wifwif tawmfcsK@dcsddK@iJhiJh ae&a=umif; =um;&ojzifh xkdpOfu zqyv ynma&;0ef}uD; OD;oef;atmifqD odk@ ol@ukd u|efawmfpma&;ay;+yD;p&dwfygay;um v$wfcJhygonf? OD;oef;atmifpDpOfay;ojzifh ar+rdK@wGifyif a':wifwif q&mrtvkyf &&SdcJ hygonf? a':wifwifrSmom;ESpfa,mufudkvnf; ausmif;xm;&ygao;onf? aemifawmh Akdvfae0if;u uav;rsm; ausmif;p&dwf axmufyHh[ef &Sdygonf?

xkdae@u a':wifwifu u|efawmfhukd 0rf;omtm;&ESifh ajymonfrSm ukdukdwkd@u (Akdvfae0if;ukd ol@tac:) tck qkd&S,fvpfvkd@ajymae+yD? tJawmh AkdvfausmfaZmukd ypfxm;rSmr[kwfbl;? u|efr 0rf;omvkd@ vmajymwm[k qkdygonf? u|efawmfvnf; ol@ukd {nfhcH+yD;tvmyov†myajymum c%wjzKwfae+yD; oljyefoGm;ygonf? oljyefoGm;rS u|efawmfwkd@ a&tkd;pifu aiGzvm;av;xJwGif aiGw&musyfESifholar+rdK@rSmaepOfu u|efawmfxkwfay;vkdufaom c&D;p&dwfaºu;ukd vmqyfa=umif; pmav;wapmif a&;xnfhxm;wm awG@&ygonf? olujyefumeD; tjyifxGufcsifonfqkdI u|efawmfhorD;wa,mufu tdrfomykd@ay;+yD; ol@udkxm;cJhonfh c%wGif olu aiGukdxm;jcif;jzpf[ef&Sdygonf?

xkdpOfu vGwfvyfa&;armfuGef;0ifrsm;vnf; ay;aeojzifh u|efawmfhqD axmufcHpm vmawmif;olrsm;vnf; rsm;vSygonf? *syefacwfu vpmxkwfpm&if; twdtus&Sdonfhwkdif;rSm wkdif; 4 wwkdif;yJ &Sdojzifh u|efawmf. axmufcHcsufrSm tawmfyif ta&;ygaeygonf?u|efawmfuvnf; taotcsmppfaq;+yD; u|efawmfukd,fwkdif ,Hk=unfrS axmufcHcsufay;aoma=umifh u|efawmfhaxmufcHcsufygoltawmfrsm;rsm;rSm armfuGef;0if&=uwm rsm;ygonf?

u|efawmhfukdvnf; vGwfvyfa&;armfuGef;0if vm,l&ef zdwfpmwcg&zl;ygonf? u|efawmf wufr,lcJhyg?wcgYvnf; Akdvfae0if;u u|efawmfwkd@ *syefjynf ppfynmoifpOfu q&mwmum[m&SDukd zdwfac:+yD; *syefjyeftm;vHk;ESif@ pka0;

awG@qHkyGJwyGJvkyf&ef pDpOfygonf? u|efawmfhukd vmzdwfolrSm xkdpOfu axmufvSrf;a&;wm0efcH Akdvfcspfcif jzpfygonf? u|efawmfu zdwfpmukdvufcHxm;vkduf+yD; xrif;pm;yGJokd@ oGm;rwufcJhyg? u|efawmf rwufa&mufojzifh wmum[m&SdDu (xkdtcsdefu pD;yGm;a&;orm; jzpfaeyg+yD)u|efawmfhtwGuf vufaqmiftcsdK@ ay;xm;cJhojzifh xkdvufaqmifrsm;ukd vmay;&if; Akdvfcspfcifu ajymjyonfrSm xkdae@u {nfhonfrsm;pHkvifaomtcg ol Akdvfae0if;ukd tdrfay:wufac:a=umif;/ Akdvfae0if;u AkdvfausmfaZma&m vmovm;[k ol@ukdar;a=umif;/ olurvma=umif;ajymawmh Akdvfae0if;u pdwfqkd;+yD; olu b,fol@tm;ukd;eJ@ 'Davmufrkdufae&wmwkef;[kqkda=umif; ajymjyygonf? wqufwnf;Akdvfcspfcifu qufajymonfrSm AkdvfcsKyftay: (u|efawmfhukd qkdvkd) AkdvfcsKyf}uD;u (Akdvfae0if;ukd qkdvkd) oHa,mZOf rjywf&Smygbl;? aemifol zdwf&if AkdvfcsKyfvmjzpfatmifvmyg[kvnf; ajymoGm;cJhzl;ygonf?

Akdvfae0if;uvnf; b,fol@ukdrqkd ESpfbufrsufESm vkyfwwfol jzpfygonf? (OD;Ek. wmawpaeom;wGif 1962 ckESpf ppfwyfutm%modrf;pOf oltzrf;cHae&pOfrSmawmif OD;Eku Akdvfae0if; yg[efr&Sd[kxifa=umif; a&;om;xm;wmukd =unfhyg? OD;Ekukd ol b,favmuft,HkoGif;xm;vJ rodyg?)

u|efawmf 1957 ckESpf/ ppfwyfu xGufcgeD;/ ppf±Hk;csKyfY u|efawmf Akdvfae0if;ukd oGm;E_wfqufpOf Akdvfae0if;u at;Asmtjyifa&muf+yD;&if u|efawmfhqD at;at;aq;aq;vmawG@vSnfhygOD;[k rSmv$wfygonf? xkd@jyif twGif;0ef±Hk;Y tvkyfvkyfaeaom u|efawmfhOD;av;udkvnf; =um;yGJpm;wOD;u csOf;uyf+yD; AkdvfausmfaZmemrnfESifh yJcl;±kd;ru opfuefx±kdufav#mufyg? &&ygaphr,f[k vmajymzl;ygonf?xkd@jyif u|efawmfwkd@ wyfrSL;}uD;rsm;twGuf ay;xm;onfh ajruGufrsm;wGif tdrfaqmufrnfqkdu vkdtyfonfh tdrfaqmufypPnf;rsm; tpkd;&aps;E_ef;ESifh xkwfay;rnf[k u|efawmfESifh tvGef&if;ESD;onfh AkdvfrSL;}uD;jr0if;u u|efawmfhZeD;ukd vmajymygonf? xkdp&dwfukdvnf; rdrdupkdufp&mrvkd/ iSm;&rf;rnfh oH±Hk;rsm;ukd oHk;ESpfpmav;ESpfpm iSm;&rf;p&dwf/ pmcsKyfcsKyf}udK,l+yD; aqmuf±Hkom jzpfonf? xkdaºu; oHk;av;ESpfESifhausoGm;ygu rdrdtdrfykdifwvHk;&+yD; tdrfiSm;p&dwf qufpm;&efom jzpfygawmhonf? Tenf;jzifh wyfrSL;}uD;rsm; tdrfwvHk;uae ESpfvHk;/oHk;vHk; aqmufEkdif=uonf? wyfrSL;}uD;rsm;tm; Akdvfae0if;u jynfol@b¾maiGoHk;+yD; 0,f,lonfhenf;rsm; jzpfygonf? xkd enf;jzifh ppfwyfrSxGuf&onfh wyfrSL;rsm;ukd +idrfatmif olvkyfxm;EkdifcJhygonf?

u|efawmf bmwckrS vufcHjcif; r&SdbJ &onfhyifpifav;ESifhyif avmufiatmif aeygonf? &&Sdxm;onfh ajruGufukd awmh u|efawmfwyfxJrSm aepOfuwnf;uyif u|efawmfhaiGay;+yD; *&efxGufatmif vkyfxm;jcif; jzpfygonf? xkdajruGufrsm;ukd zJhzJha&mif;+yD; tdrfpm;&dwfjznfh&ygonf?

28

jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; ysufoGm;pOfuvnf; zrf;qD;rnfh vlpm&if;ukd Akdvfae0if;qDwif&mwGif pm&if;xdyfwGifyg0ifonfh u|efawmfhemrnfukd Akdvfae0if;uyJ zsufypfay;vkdufonf[k =um;&ygonf?

1973-74 ckESpf/ rqv zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk a&;qGJ+yD; jynfol@qENcH,lyGJ usif;yzkd@ pkdif;jyif;aepOf u|efawmfhtdrfokd@ prf;acsmif; vtuOuUÏ AkdvfausmfaqGqkdol a&mufvm+yD; xkdqENcH,lyGJtwGuf }uD;=uyfonfhaumfr&SifwGif OuUÏvkyf&ef vmzdwfygonf? u|efawmfvnf;pdwfwkdwkdESifhyif “a[h-rif;wkd@vufxufrSm vlawG'Davmuf 'kuQa&mufaewm 'Dvkdtpkd;&rsdK;ukd igu yckH;eJ@xrf;wifay;&OD;rSmvm;? ightaeeJ@bmrSrwwfEkdifvkd@ xkdif=unfhaewm? wwfEkdif&if rif;wkd@tpkd;& jzKwfcszkd@awmif ighrSm 0wW&m;&Sdw,f”[k ajymcsvkdufygonf? olvnf; jyefoGm;+yD;txuftqifhqifhukd wkdif=um;ygawmhonf? vltawmfrsm;rsm;vnf; 'DwcsDawmh u|efawmf tzrf;cH&awmhrnf[k xifae=uygonf? u|efawmfvnf; tawmfowdxm; aexkdif+yD; tajymtqkdvnf; qifjcifygonf? xkdae@uawmh pdwfaygufvm+yD; ajymcsvkdufjcif; jzpfygonf?

xkdowif; Akdvfae0if;qD a&mufoGm;aomtcg Akdvfae0if;u “[kwfom;yJuG/ rif;wkd@u oGm;pwmukd;? AkdvfausmfaZmqkdwma¹rayG;uG? ol@xdrS aygufwm? ol@[mol at;at;aeyap” [kqkda=umif; =um;&ygonf? u|efawmfhqDvnf; b,folrS xyfvmjcif;vnf;r&Sdawmhyg? b,favmufawmif jzpfvmovJqkdv#if xkdqENcH,lyGJrJ±Hkukd u|efawmfhab;tdrfu um;±HkwGif vmzGifh+yD; u|efawmfwkd@ tdrfom;awGrJvmrxnfhrcsif;apmifhum naetcsdefukefrS rJ±Hkydwfygonf? aemufrJpm&if;xGufvmaomtcg rJrxnfhol ajcmufa,muf[k u|efawmfwkd@tdrfom;rsm;ukd pm&if;jyxm;wm awG@&ygonf? u|efawmfwkd@ukd rJxnfh&ef vmrac:0Hhyg? wjcm;rJ±Hkrsm; vlukefvmxnfhojzifh tapm}uD;ydwfoGm;=uaomfvnf; u|efawmfwkd@ tdrfem;u rJ±HkrSmrl vlukefvmrxnfhao;ojzifh apmifh&onfqkd+yD; tcsdefukefonftxd apmifh+yD;rSrJ±Hkodrf;&ygawmhonf?

u|efawmfwkd@ qDqHkvrf;rS tdrfav;rSmyif u|efawmfhorD;ti,f pef;pef;ukd tdrfaxmifcsay;ygonf? pef;pef;u ol@tpfrukd oloGm;q&m0efav;wa,muf (xkdpOfu tvkyfoifq&m0efav;) ESifh arwWm&Sdaea=umif;/ ol@ta=umif; pHkprf;=unfh+yD; }uD;}uD;rm;rm;tjypfr&Sdv#if xkdolESifh olvufxyfvkda=umif; ajymvmygonf? xkdpOfu pef;pef;rSm pD;yGm;a&;wuUokdvfY enf;jyq&mr vkyfaeygonf?vSvSu ol@oli,fcsif; oGm;aumvdyfY q&mr vkyfaeolrSwqifh xkdoli,fta=umif; pHkprf;&mwGif Aef;armfrSjzpf+yD; jynfe,fpwkdifyifESifhausmif;wufae&ol jzpfa=umif;/ ±kd;om;}udK;pm; oljzpfa=umif; odvm&ojzifh u|efawmfwkd@vnf; xkdtdrfav;rSmyif tusOf;±Hk; vufxyfay;cJhygonf?

orD;i,f vufxyf+yD; wESpft=umwGif om;ti,f ausmfaZmOD;u olESifharwWm&Sdaeonfh pDpDqkdonfh rdef;uav;ESifh vufxyfvkda=umif; ajymvmojzifh u|efawmfwkd@rSm aemufr*FvmudpPukd pDpOf&ygawmhonf? pDpDrSm zwqkd;av;jzpf+yD; tarwck/ orD;wckESifh }uD;jyif;vm&ol jzpfonf? rdcifjzpfolrSmvnf; tpfr}uD;jzpfolESifh wpD;yGm;wnf; twlaevmol jzpfonf? uefawmf}uD; xDvkyfief;ykdif&Sifrsm;jzpf+yD;/yJcl;bufwGifvnf; aq;vdyfcHkrsm; &Sd=uonf? (aemifrS u|efawmfod&onfrSm pDpD.zcifrSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD0ifwOD;jzpf+yD; awmckd&mokd@ygoGm;um ysOf;rem;Y iSufzsm;ESifh usqHk;oGm;ol jzpfygonf?)

u|efawmhfZeD;rSm xkdumvu ta=umufqHk;udpPrSm r*Fvmaqmifzdwfpm jzpfygonf? u|efawmfwkd@onf r*Fvm aqmif zdwfpm&ygupdwftawmfnpfoGm;wwfygonf? wcgw&H wvwnf; zdwfpmESpfapmifoHk;apmif &wwfygonf? cifrifav;pm;aomtm;jzifh zdwf=um;=uwmjzpfojzifh roGm;Ivnf; raumif;yg? oGm;jyefuvnf; r*FvmyGJESifhtnD xkdufxkdufwefwef vufzGJ@rS aumif;ayonf? vufzGJ@onfhpepfonfr&Sdoifhawmhyg?

xkd@a=umifh u|efawmfwkd@ ZeD;armifESHu ukd,fhom;orD;rsm; r*Fvmaqmifawmh r*FvmzdwfpmwGif “vufzGJ@jcif; onf;cHyg”[laompmwef; xnfh±kdufcJhygonf? orD;pef;pef;wkef;uawmh bmrSjy\emray:yg? u|efawmfwkd@yJOD;pD;/ u|efawmfwkd@pdwf}udKufyJ vkyf&ojzifhtqifacsmcJhygonf? tdrfrSm tusOf;±Hk;vufxyfvkd@vnf; jzpfonf?

okd@aomf u|efawmfhom; r*FvmyGJusawmh rdef;uav;bufu ajymp&mawG jzpfvmygonf? pDpDh }uD;a': }uD;rSm ol@orD;wOD;vnf;r*Fvmaqmif+yD;+yDjzpf&m a[mfw,f}uD;wckckwGif aqmif&rnf[k qkdvmygonf? }uD;a': }uD;bufu =unfhawmhvnf;orD;us wcrf;wem;vkyfay;cJh+yD; wlrusrS jzpfuwwfqef; vkyfay;onf[k tajymcH&rSmpkd;[ef &Sdygonf?

pDpDrSm u|efawmfwkd@ vl}uD;rsm;t=um; tawmfAsmrsm;oGm;ygawmhonf? aemufawmh a':odef; (pDpDh }uD;a': }uD;) u a[mfw,frSmtcrf;tem;usif;ya&;ukd tav#mhay;+yD; u|efawmfwkd@u “vufzGJ@jcif; onf;cHyg”ukd u|efawmfwkd@ a,mufsm;av;bufu zdwfonfhzdwfpmw0ufwGifyif ±kdufESdyf&ef tav#mhay;vkduf&ygonf? r*Fvmaqmifukd pDpDwkd@tdrf ausmufajrmif;tdrfwGifyif usif;yjzpfcJhygonf?

1974 ckESpfwGif u|efawmfhom;orD;rsm; tukefbGJ@&ukef+yD;/ tvkyftukdifrsm;ESifhjzpfum/ tdrfaxmifusolrsm;vnf; usoGm;ukef+yDjzpfygonf? u|efawmfh qDqHkvrf;tdrfrSmvnf; tdrfuav;u ao;i,f+yD; ab;ywfvnf axmufvSrf;a&;0kdif;aeojzifh tdrfrS u|efawmfw&ufaysmufr&yg? xdk@a=umifh u|efawmftdrf}uD;}uD;wvHk;0,f&ef pOf;pm;+yD; u|efawmftdrf&Sm&m prf;acsmif;/ ajrmif;jrvrf;xJwGifyiftdrft}uD;}uD;wvHk; &SmawG@ygonf? ay 50 ywfvnf ajruGufwGif [kdbuf'Dbuf 10 aypDcsefum tjynfhaqmufxm;onfh ESpfxyftdrf}uD;jzpfonf? a&S;u|ef;ukr%Du refae*smwOD;u aqmufcJhojzifh opfrsm;u taumif;pm;rsm;jzpfayonf? u|efawmfhqDqHkvrf; tdrfav;udka&mif;/tdrfrSm&Sdor# ypPnf;tm;vHk;csa&mif;um u|efawmf xkdtdrf}uD;ukd aiGwodef;eJ@ 0,fvkdufygawmhonf? u|efawmf vufaqmif&xm;onfhypPnf;rsm;/ wHqdyfrsm;/ bGJ@rsm;/ EdkdifiHjcm;uygvmaom vufaqmifypPnf;rsm;pojzifh tdrfwGif&Sdor# tukefcsa&mif;&ygonf?

1974 ckESpf/ ESpfvnfykdif;avmufwGif u|efawmfwkd@rdom;pk xkdtdrf}uD;okd@ ajymif;a&$@cJh=uygawmhonf? xkdtdrf. um;*kda'gifwGif&SdaomtdrfiSm;rsm;u awmfawmfESifhz,fray;ojzifh u|efawmfwkd@ tawmf'kuQ a&mufvkdufygao;onf?

u|efawmfwkd@ xkdtdrfajymif;+yD;aemuf ArmjynfEkdifiHa&;rkefwkdif; ykdrkdjyif;xefvmygawmhonf? u|efawmfonf q &m}uD;r_dif;psmyeudpP/*lAdrmefudpP +yD;uwnf;u bmEkdifiHa&;pum;rS rajymawmhbJ EkdifiHa&;udpPrsm;wGifvnf; ab;a&Smifaeygonf? u|efawmfhtwGuf vufeufukdif

29

awmfvSefa&;rSvGJI bmrSvkyfp&mr&Sdqkdwm u|efawmfod+yD; jzpfygonf? xkd@a=umifh u|efawmfygwDESifh tquf&atmif }udK;pm;aomfvnf;tqufr&yg? u|efawmfhtaeESifh ygwDESifh tquf&zkd@udpPrSm tvGefv#dK@0SufI vkyfudkif&ojzifh rvG,fulvSyg? t}udrftcsdK@ }udK;pm;cJhaomfvnf;ratmifjrifcJhyg? u|efawmfhyHk owif;pmxJ rygatmifvnf; tawmf}udK;pm;aeygonf? tdrfrSmvnf; r=umc% tjyifxGufxGuf=unfh+yD;/w&ufESpf&ufaysmuf+yD;rS jyefvmwmrsdK;vnf; vkyfygonf? xkdpOfu u|efawmfhorD;t}uD;vSvSrSm &efukefta&S@ykdif; aq;±Hk}uD;wGif vufaxmufq&m0ef vkyfae&m/ ol@twGuf aq;±Hku ay;xm;aom tdrfcef;wGif u|efawmfwkd@ZeD;armifESH vkdufaewwfygonf? u|efawmf tdrfrSm r&SdwmyHkrSefjzpfaeatmif vkyfaqmifjcif; jzpfygonf?

u|efawmfhtdrfu zkef;ukdvnf; apmifhem;axmifrSef;odojzifh bmudpPrS zkef;ESifhrajymrdzkd@ owdxm;&ygonf? u|efawmf u b,fvkdyifEkdifiHa&;ESifh a0;atmifaeaomfvnf; xkdumvEkdifiHa&; rkefwkdif;jyif;xefvmaomtcg u|efawmftaeESifh wa=umif;r[kwfwa=umif; ywfoufvm&ygawmhonf?

1974 ESpfukefykdif; OD;oef@ta&;tcif; ay:vmawmh 'Dta&;tcif;ukd OD;aqmifaeonfh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;u bGJ@ESif;obifcef;rrSaeI u|efawmfhqD zkef;quf+yD; t}uH^m%frsm; awmif;ygonf?

1976 ckESpf/ r_dif;&mjynfhta&;tcif; t+yD;rSmawmh axmufvSrf;a&;wm0efcH (rsufrSef) AkdvfwifOD;u tac:ckdif;Iygqkd+yD;axmufvSrf;a&;u AkdvfrlS;&Jaq$ESifh txl;pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;Xme n¸ef=um;a&;rSL;OD;oef;wifwkd@ u|efawmfhukd vmac:ygonf? ausmif;om;rsm;ESifhu|efawmf tquftoG,f &Sdonf[k owif;&ojzifh ar;jref;vkdaoma=umifh[k qkdygonf? u|efawmf xkdae@u AkdvfwifOD;ESifh awG@&ygonf?rif;wkd@ ig w,fvDzkef; ajymor#awGukd wdwfeJ@zrf;xm;w,fvkd@ =um;w,f? tJ'DrSm tukef&SdwmyJ[k u|efawmfuajymawmh AkdvfwifOD;u[m - u|efawmfwkd@ twwfynmu ajymoavmuf r[kwfygbl;vkd@ ajymygonf? olwkd@ xkdae@ ae@vnfavmufwGif u|efawmfhukd tdrfjyefykd@ygonf?

xdkuJhokd@ EkdifiHa&;rkefwkdif;rsm; jyif;xefaepOfumvrSmyif 1976 ckESpfZGefvqef;/ we*FaEGae@ wnaewGif u|efawmfh om;ti,fausmfaZmOD;u “azaz u|efawmhfukd ygwDA[kdu qkwfckdif;vkd@ u|efawmf oGm;awmhr,f”[k E_wfqufvmygonf?

xkdpOfu ausmfaZmOD;rSm vufxyf+yD; om;OD;ol&defausmfaZm (,ck vef'ef bDbDpDY tvkyfvkyfae) ukd arG;+yD; wESpfrjynfhwjynfhtcsdef jzpfonf? olonf vufxyf+yD;aemuf pDpDwkd@tdrfwGif vkdufaeaomfvnf; aoma=umae@nae ±Hk;qif;wmESifh ol@ZeD;ESifhtwlu|efawmfwkdf@tdrf jyefa&mufvm+yD; wevFmae@reufrS ±Hk;wuf&if; tdrfjyefoGm;wwf=uygonf? u|efawmfwkd@ ajrmif;jrvrf;tdrfwGif olwkd@twGuf tcef;wcef; xm;ay;ygonf? olESifhol@tpfukd atmifausmfaZmwkd@ ESpfa,muf }udwf}udwf}udwf}udwfESifh EkdifiHa&;vkyfaerSef; u|efawmf&dyfrdaomfvnf; u|efawmfwcgr# ar;r=unfhyg? u|efawmfhorD;}uD; vSvSukdvnf; olwkd@ESifh EkdifiHa&;pum;rajym&ef u|efawmfESifhyJ ajymp&m&Sdajym&ef rSm=um;xm;ygonf?

olwkd@nDtpfukdESpfa,muf tpkd;&qef@usifa&;vkyfief;awG vkyfaea=umif; owif;awGxGufaewm tawmf=um+yD jzpfonf?OD;oef@ta&;tcif; +yD;uwnf;u ausmif;om;ta&;tcif;rsm;ukd vuf0Jvuf,m ESpfbufpvHk;u v_H@aqmfaea=umif; rqv ygwD0ifrsm;t=um; cscsaqG;aEG;ae=u+yD; vuf,mbufuawmh OD;ausmf+idrf;om;rsm;u OD;aqmif+yD;/ vuf0Jbufuawmh AkdvfausmfaZmom;rsm;uOD;pD;a=umif; ajymqkdae=uoH u|efawmfwkd@ jyef=um;xm;+yD; jzpfygonf?

r_dif;&mjynfhyGJwGifvnf; olwkd@ESpfa,muf ygyHk&onf? olwkd@ukd,fwkdif yg±Hkru u|efawmfhtdrfwGif vmausmif;wufaeonfh u|efawmfhwlav; (u|efawmfhnDti,fqHk; ukdodef;a&$-om;) armifjrwfausmfukdvnf; [kdckdif;'Dckdif; ckdif;wwf&m/ u|efawmfhZeD;u wqlqlwylyleJ@ wm;qD;uef@uGufwwfygonf? (u|efawmfhwl armifjrwfausmfrSm EkdifiHa&;pdwf0ifpm;yHk &onf? yxrykdif; ol@tpfukdrsm; ckdif;or#ukd vkyfukdif+yD;/aemufykdif;olukd,fwkdif wufwufºuºu yg0ifvkyfaqmifvm&mrS r_dif;&mjynfh ta&;tcif;t+yD; ausmif;om;rsm; vkdufvHzrf;qD;&mwGiftzrf;tqD;cHoGm;&ygonf?)

xkdtxJwGif vuf0Jpma&;q&m}uD; ocifjroef; uG,fvGef&mwGif olwkd@nDtpfukdESpfa,muf psmyeaumfrwDxJyg+yD; 0ifa&mufv_yf&Sm;=u&mu psmyeudpPrsm;+yD;aomtcg xkdpsmyeaumfrwD0ifrsm;tm; zrf;r,fqD;r,f jzpfvmojzifh olwkd@ESpfa,muf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD ajratmufuvmyfpnf;u awmckdckdif;jcif; jzpf[ef&Sdygonf?

u|efawmfonf ausmfaZmOD;. E_wfqufpum;ukd =um;wmeJ@ &ifxJwGif 'dwfceJjzpfoGm;um ol@vufukdvnf; zrf;qGJxm;+yD; “rif;ukdygwDA[kdu b,folrSef; taotcsm odovm;” [k u|efawmfuar;&m olu “odygw,fazaz? u|efawmfhukd azazhom;rSef; od=uygw,f”[kjyefajzygonf? xkdtcg u|efawmfu “'gqkdæighac:wm jzpfrSm? igqufaewm =um+yD? igvnf; vkdufr,f”[k qkdvkdufygonf?

ausmfaZmOD;u ol@qDvmwJh ta=umif;=um;pmrSm azazta=umif;rygyg? 'ga=umifh u|efawmft&ifoGm;+yD; ygwDA[kdukd azazvmcsifa=umif; tpD&ifcHr,f? +yD;rS vlv$wf+yD; azazhvmac:r,f[kqkdum u|efawmfwkd@om;tz tpDtpOfrsm; tao;pdwfa&;qGJ=uygonf?

yxr olwkd@tpDtpOfrSm nDtpfukdESpfa,mufvHk; twlxGuf=u&ef jzpfaomfvnf; tckESpfa,mufpvHk; aysmufoGm;v#if axmufvSrf;a&;u tdrfukd rsufjcnfrjywf apmifh=unhfrSmjzpfojzifh aemif u|efawmfxGuf&ef vG,fawmhrnf r[kwfyg? xkd@a=umifh zrf;umrS zrf;qkd+yD;atmifausmfaZmukd yHkrysufxm;cJh+yD; ausmfaZmOD;wa,mufwnf; xGufoGm;ygawmhonf? axmufvSrf;a&;rsm;uvnf; awmckdv#if nDtpfukdESpfa,mufpvHk; oGm;vdrfhrnf[k wGufxm;ojzifh wa,mufu v_yf&Sm;aewmukd apmifh=unfhaeygonf?

'D=um;xJ ol&def@ wESpfjynfh arG;ae@ukd usif;y&ef u|efawmfhZeD;ESifh pDpDtdrfom;rsm; wv_dif;v_dif; jyifae=uygawmhonf?u|efawmf ausmfaZmOD;ESifh aqG;aEG;onfhae@rSmyif u|efawmfhorD;}uD;vSvStm; ajymjy&m orD;u azazoGm;&if olvnf;vkdufrnf[k

qkdvmygonf? xkdpOfu vSvSrSm &efukefaq;±Hk}uD;Y bGJ@vGefoifwef;wufaeygonf? u|efawmfu azazu tpuwnf;u azazoGm;&iforD;ukdyg ac:oGm;zkd@ pOf;pm;+yD;om;ygvkd@ajym+yD; vSvSaq;±HkrS cGifh&&Sda&;/ rSwfyHkwiftwkrsm; jyKvkyfa&;udpPrsm;ukd aqG;aEG;=uygonf?

30

u|efawmfwkd@onf atmifausmfaZmtm; zrf;rsm;zrf;rvm;[k &ifwxdwfxdwfESifh ae=uygonf? xkdtcsdefu atmifausmfaZmrSmajreDukef;Y pmtkyfqkdifav; zGifhxm;&m olvnf;t&Sdrysuf pmtkyfta&mif;t0,f vkyfaeygonf?

ausmfaZmOD;xGufoGm;+yD; wvrjynfhwjynfh tcsdefrSmyif u|efawmfhom;}uD; atmifausmfaZmu wnaewGif “azaz qufom;a&mufvm+yD”[k owif;ykd@ygonf? u|efawmfu xkdqufom;ukd u|efawmfhtdrfab;um;*kda'gifwGif zGifhxm;aom u|efawmhfom;ruf a'gufwm0if;vGif. oGm;aq;cef;rSwqifh tdrfay:ac:wifoGm;&ef ajymvkdfufygonf?

Tenf;jzifh u|efawmfwkd@tdrfokd@ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDrS qufom;wOD; u|efawmfwkd@ukdac:&ef a&muf&Sdvmygawmhonf?

u|efawmf vGwfajrmufa'ookd@ xGufcGmjcif;u|efawmf vGwfajrmufa'ookd@ xGufcGmjcif;u|efawmf vGwfajrmufa'ookd@ xGufcGmjcif;u|efawmf vGwfajrmufa'ookd@ xGufcGmjcif;u|efawmf vGwfajrmufa'ookd@ xGufcGmjcif;Akdvfae0if;onf EkdifiHa&;t& tvGeftuif;yg;ol jzpfygonf? ol@wukd,fa& }uD;yGm;r_twGufqkdv#if b,fol@ukdrqdk bmrqdk

vkyfoljzpfonf? b,ftcsdefwGif b,fol@ukd cGmI b,ftcsdefwGif b,fol@ukd uyf&rnfukd aumif;aumif; wGufcsufwwfolvnf; jzpfonf?ol@tm;qef@usifol rSefor#ukda&m axmufcHolrsm;ukdyg bmawGpOf;pm;aeonf? bmawGvkyfaqmifaeonfukd t+rJapmifh=unfh+yD; tpOfrjywfod&Sdae&rS auseyfol jzpfonf? axmufvSrf;a&;bufwGif tvGeftuGufaphol jzpfygonf?

u|efawmf wyfuxGuf&uwnf;u u|efawmfhukd rsufjcnfrjywf apmifh=unfh+yD;aeonfukd u|efawmfukd,fwkdifvnf; odonf?u|efawmfhqD 0ifxGufoGm;vmae=uolrsm;vnf; od=uygonf? odatmifvnf; wrifvkyfonfhtcgrsm;vnf; &Sdonf? +cdrf;ajcmufonfhoabmvnf; jzpfygonf?

TuJhodk@ vlodxif&Sm; rsufjcnfrjywf apmifh=uyf=unfh±_aeonfh=um;u u|efawmf uGefjrLepfygwDokd@ vGwfajrmuf xGufajy;Edkifonfhtcg vltawmfrsm;rsm;u tawmfyif tHhtm;oifhoGm;=uygonf? xkd@a=umifhyif taemufEkdifiHom; pma&;q&mwcsdK@u u|efawmfhukdAkdvfae0if;u wrifv$wfay;vkduf[ef &Sdonf[kyif a&;om;xm;wm awG@&ygonf?

wu,fawmh u|efawmf TuJhokd@ vGwfajrmufvmEkdifonfh tajccHta=umif;&if;rsm; &Sdygonf? xkdta=umif;rsm; rSmæ1? u|efawmf tdrf}uD;wvHk; 0,fvkdufonfhudpP? ? 1974 ckESpfwGif u|efawmfu tdrf}uD;wvHk; 0,fvkdufjcif;onf u|efawmf

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31

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32

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um;armif;olrSm u|efawmfwkd@tm; bmrSar;jref;pyfpkjcif;r&SdbJ vm±_d;+rdK@xJ a&mufvmaomtcg b,fykd@ay;&rvJ[k u|efawmfwkd@tm; ar;ygonf? u|efawmfwkd@u um;*dwf (wuUpD*dwf) wckck ykd@ay;yg[kajymawmh oluwae&mwGif um;ukdxkd;&yf+yD; 'Duae a&Swnfhwnfhqif;+yD;av#mufoGm;&if *dwfawG@vdrfhr,fqkdum u|efawmfwkd@tm; csxm;cJhygonf? (aemifrS u|efawmfwkd@ od&onfrSm u|efawmfwkd@aysmufqHk;aea=umif;/ awG@&Sdolrsm;u ta=umif;=um;&ef tpkd;&u "mwfyHkrsm;ESifhwuG owif;pmrsm;u a=unmaomtcg u|efawmfwkd@&efukefrS rE Wav;okd@ tvmiSm;vmaom um;orm;u vufOD;r_&Sd&Sd tpkd;&ukd tusdK;ta=umif; ajymjyojzifh xkdrSwqifh rD;ckd;ºuufav#mufvkduf&mwGif xkdu|efawmfwkd@ vm±_d;t0if um;}uHK ac:wifcJhaomolvnf; tzrf;cH&um axmifus+yD; pD;yGm;awmif ysufoGm;&Smonf[k=um;&ygonf?)

u|efawmfwkd@ wuUpDwpD;iSm;+yD; a[mfw,fwckokd@ ykd@ckdif;&ygonf? xkda[mfw,f wnf;ckdcef;wGif tcef;wckiSm;+yD; u|efawmfESifhvSvS om;tzESpfa,muf wnf;ckd+yD;/ u|efawmfwkd@ESifh ygvmaom qufom;av;u tjyifxGuf penf;em&efESifh tpm;taomufrsm;0,f&efxGufoGm;ygonf? oljyefvmawmh nwkdif;wnf;ckdcef;rsm;ukd ppfaq;wwfa=umif;/ rae@nuwif xkdwnf;ckdcef;ukd ppfaq;a&;0ifao;a=umif;/olESifhrsufESmodwa,muf wkd;aeojzifh ol u|efawmfwkd@ESifh twlrwnf;ckdbJ wae&moGm;wnf;rSmjzpfa=umif;/ ol reuf 8 em&DrS ay:rvmv#ifrdrdwdk@bmom erfhcrf;um;*dwfokd@oGm;&ef rSm=um;ygonf? olajymjyI od&ao;onfrSm u|efawmfwkd@aemufrSm usefcJhonfh ukdatmifESifhqufom;wOD;rSm &Jum;wpD;ukd wm;pD;vma=umif;/ olwkd@vnf; +rdK@t0if bmrStppftaq; r&Sda=umif;/ acsmarma=umif;/ tckvnf; wjcm;wnf;ckdcef;wckwGif wnf;aea=umif;/ reuf 8 em&DwGif um;*dwfwGifqHk&ef csdef;xm;a=umif;ajym+yD; xGufoGm;ygawmhonf?

u|efawmfwkd@ om;tz wnvHk; =uuftdyf/ =uufEkd; tdyf=uygonf? reuf 7 em&DcGJavmufwGif xkdqufom;av; a&mufvm&mu|efawmfwkd@ tawmf0rf;omoGm;ygonf? u|efawmfwkd@oHk;OD; a[mfw,fteD;&Sd qkdifwqkdifwGif reufpmpm;=u+yD; wuUpDjzifhyif erfhcrf;um;qdyfokd@ oGm;a&muf=uygonf? um;qdyfwGif ukdatmifwkd@ a&mufESifhae+yD; jzpfonfukd awG@&ygonf? u|efawmfwkd@ um;vufrSwf0,f+yD;tokwfESpfokwfcGJ um;ESpfpD;ay: wuf=uygonf? u|efawmfwkd@um;ay: wGif erfhcrf;rS vm±_d;okd@ vmoDcsif;qkdonfh &Srf;rdef;rysdKav;wtkyfygvmygonf? uav;rav;rsm;rSm ±kyf&nfom;om;em;em;ESifh oGufoGufvufvufuav;rsm;jzpf&m vrf;wav#mufawG@&onfh ppfaq;a&;orm;rsm;onf xkduav;rav;rsm; ESifhom w&if;wESD;E_wfqufa&maESm ajymqkdaeojzifh u|efawmfwkd@wawGtawmf uHaumif;cJhygonf?usefc&D;onfrsm;udk rnfol@udkr# *±krpkdufvSawmhbJ 0wfauswef;ausom ppfaq;wmawG@&ygonf?

u|efawmfwkd@ vm;±_d;u txGuf emrnf}uD;vSonfh at'D (A.D) *dwfwGif um;ay:rS c&D;onftm;vHk; qif;&+yD; ppfaq;a&;*dwfwGiftppfaq;cH&ygonf? u|efawmfwkd@ om;tzESpfa,muf ppfaq;ola&S@a&mufaomtcg vSvSu ol@vufukdiftdwfxJrS rSwfyH kwiftxkwfvkdufwGif tdwfxJwGifygonfh q&m0efoHk;em;=uyf xGufusvm&m ppfaq;aeolpma&;u armh=unfhvkduf+yD; a=omf- tpfr}uD;u

33

tpkd;&tr_xrf;vm;[k ar;ygonf? vSvSu [kwfuJh? u|efr erfhcrf;jynfol@aq;±Hk}uD;ajymif;vmwJh (A.S) vufaxmufq&m0efyg? u|efrrSm(Transfer Order) a&$@ajymif;trdef@vnf; ygygw,f? 'DrSm =unfhOD;rvm;[k qkdaomtcg xkdpma&;u ysmysmovJESifh [m-rvkdygbl;/ rvkdygbl;?oGm;yg tpfr}uD; &ygw,f[k qkdygonf? vSvSu u|efawmfhvufqGJ+yD; 'guawmh u|efrukdvkdufykd@wJh u|efrOD;av;/ u|efrwdk@ oGm;awmhr,faemf/aus;Zl;wifygw,f[k E_wfquf&m xkdpma&;uav;u tpfr}uD; a&S@uuif;awGrSmvnf; (Government service) tpkd;&tr_xrf;vkd@omajymyg? bmrS ppfaq;rSm r[kwfygbl;[k rSmvkduf&Smygao;onf?

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u|efawmfwkd@ vrf;wav#mufvHk; wHwm;wkdif;/ +rdK@t0iftxGufwkdif; um;ay:rSqif; vrf;av#muf&+yD; *dwfwGifxkdif apmifhaeolrsm;a&S@ujzwfum rSwfyHkwifjy tppfaq;cH+yD;rS um;ay: jyefwuf&ygonf? xkdae@rSm wevFmaehjzpfojzifh ±Hk;ydwf&uf zGifhpae@jzpfojzifhppfaq;oltm;vHk; Holiday mood 0ifum/ ayghwD;ayghq ppfaq;=uygonf? u|efawmfwkd@ =um;xm;wmeJ@ rwlyg? erfhcrf;u tqkdawmfuav;rav;rsm;rSm xkda'owGif a&yef;pm;olrsm; jzpf[ef&Sdygonf? olwkdav;awG=um; u|efawmfwkd@ om;tz ra,mifrvnf a&mav#mufygvm&m olwkd@av;awGESifh E_wfqufzkd@/ pum;pjrnfajymzkd@om pdwftm;oefae=uonfh xkduif;orm;rsm;/ vl0ifr_}uD;=uyfa&;*dwfapmifhrsm;uu|efawmfwkd@om;tztm; iJhapmif;Iyif r=unfhyg? u|efawmfwkd@xkwfjyaom rSwfyHkwifu'fjym;rsm;ukdvnf; aoaocsmcsm r=unfhyg? [kdvSnfh'DvSefvkyf+yD; u|efawmfwkd@tm; jyefay;+yD;/ vufjzifhtjref um;ay: jyefwuf&efom n¸ef;aeygonf? u|efawmfwkd@ESifhygvmaom qufom;uav;rSmvnf; &Srf;uav;yifjzpf&m xkdtqdkawmftkyfESifh &Srf;vkd w&if;wESD;qufqHajymqkdaeojzifh ol@twGufvnf; tqifajyaeygonf?

ukdatmifwkd@ESpfa,mufvnf; aemufum;ESifhyif ygvm&m u|efawmfwkd@a&S@u ppfaq;a&;wck+yD;IxGufv#if olwkd@um;u aemufu0ifvmwwfygawmhonf? Tokd@oGm;ae&mu u|efawmfwkd@ erfwGef@wHwm;ukd ausmf+yD;aomtcg ukdatmifwkd@ESpfa,muftm; wHwm;wzufxdyf tay:bufwGif&Sdaom wJwef;vsm;qDokd@ ppfAkdvfwa,mufu ac:oGm;wmukd awG@vkduf&ygawmhonf? xkdppfAkdvfu olwkd@ESifh &,f&,farmarm ajymajymqkdqdk pum;wajymajymESifh ac:oGm;aewm awG@&ojzifh pdwfxJtenf;i,fat;&aomfvnf; pdwfawmhwxihfxifh jzpfaeygonf? (aemifrS od&onfrSm ukdatmifh oli,fcsif; D.S.A qif;wa,muf jzpf+yD; ukdatmifhukdawG@ojzifh 0rf;omtm;&ac:oGm;+yD; pum;pjrnfajymwmomjzpfa=umif;/ ukdatmifu tvkyfjyKwfoGm;ojzifh pdwfnpf+yD; xGufvnfaea=umif; ajymjy+yD; jyefqif;vmcJha=umif; od&ygonf?ukdatmifrSm bGJ@&+yD;cgpu urm&Gwf pD;u&ufpuf±Hkw±HkwGif tvkyfoift&m&Sdtjzpf tvkyfvkyfaecJh+yD; 1974 - 75 tvkyform; ta&;tcif;t+yD;wGif tvkyfjyKwfcJhygonf?)

TvkdESifh u|efawmfwkd@ c&D;ESifvm&m ae@vnfxrif;ukd uGwfckdifwGif 0,fpm;+yD; erfhcrf;okd@a&mufcgeD; 10 rkdifcef@tvkdwGif u|efawmfwkd@qufom;uav;u um;&yfckdif;+yD; u|efawmfwkd@ 'DrSmyJ qif;awmhrnf[k ajymqkd+yD; um;ay:u qif;=uygawmhonf? u|efawmfwkd@ qif;aomtcg um;py,f,mu a=omf æ cifAsm;wkd@u 'Dvkdukd;vkd@ qkdvkdfufygonf? xkdae&mrSm u|efawmfwkd@ ajratmuf&Jabmfrsm; oHk;aeusvrf;jzpfojzifh um;py,f,mav;u Tonfukd &nf&G,fI ajym[ef&Sdonf? u|efawmfwkd@ oHk;+yD;aemuf xkdvrf;ukd rnfolr# roHk;awmh?u|efawmfwkd@vnf; &ifxJ'dwfueJ jzpfoGm;aomfvnf; [efrysuf um;ay:rSqif;um um;vrf;b,fbuf&Sd awmifukef;wukef;ay:&Sdbkef;}uD;ausmif;&Sd&m oGm;aomvrf;okd@ qif;av#muf=uygonf?

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u|efawmfwkd@ESifh ausmfaZmOD;/ olESifhtwlygvm+yD; }udKapmifhaeaom ygwDajratmufXme au'gwOD;jzpfonfh &JabmfaZmf0if;wkd@tusdK;ta=umif; ajymaepOfrSmyif u|efawmfhom;t}uD; ukdatmifESifh qufom;&Jabmfwkd@ a&mufcsvmygonf? xkdae&monf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD. a&S@wef;pcef;axmuf&Sd&m ref[kdif;&Gmav; jzpfygonf?

xdkae@onf 1976 ckESpf/ Zlvkdifv 20 &ufae@ jzpfygawmhonf?u|efawmfonf tcuftcJtrsdK;rsdK;/ tauG@taumuftrsdK;rsdK;ukd jzwfausmf+yD; ESpf&Snfvrsm; cGJcGmcJh&onfh “tdrf” (ygwD) okd@

jyefvnfa&muf&SdcJhygawmhonf? ?

34

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35

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aemufxyf+yD; Armjynf&Sde,fcsJ@qef@usifa&; AdrmefwckjzpfwJh/ orkdif;0if or*~taqmufttHk}uD;ukd Zuf&Jvuf&J +zdKcGJvkdufw,f?aemufae0if;uxyf+yD; t±l;trl; aoG;±l;aoG;wef; jynfolawGukd qef@usifjyvkdufyHku aemifvnf; "m;"m;csif;/ vSHvSHcsif; acsr_ef;ypfr,fvkd@a&'D,kdu }udrf;0g;vkdufw,f?

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'g[m bmukdjyvkdufovJ-'g[m jynfoltusdK;jyKr,fqkdwJh rqv vrf;pOfvm;?'g[m acwfajymif;awmfvSefa&;qkdwmvm;?'g[m jynfoludkcspfygw,fqkdwJh jynfol@wyfrawmfvm;?'g[m ae0if;&J@ zufqpfbDvl;±kyf bGm;bGm;ay:wmyJ r[kwfvm;?'g[m tm%mukd bmESifhrSrvJEkdifwJh irf;irf;wuf tm%m±l;}uD;qkdwm ay:wmyJ r[kwfvm;?'g[m jynfolawGtay: ae0if;wkd@u b,fvkdoabmxm;w,fqkdwm jyvkdufwmyJr[kwfvm;?e,fcsJ@orm;awmif rvkyf&Jvkd@ aemufwvSrf;qkwf&wJh umvrSm ae0if;[m yg;uGufom; vlpGrf;aumif;}uD; vkyfjycJhw,f?e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;wkdufyGJtqifhqifh *k%fa&mifajymifcJhwJh owWdajymifcJhwJh u|efawmfwkd@&J@ ausmif;om;vli,fawGukd 'Dvkdt=urf;zuf

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36

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=uwJh vufeufawGukd jzKwfypfzkd@eJ@ jynfolw&yfvHk;ukd vSnfhpm;zkd@ 1963 ckESpfrSm [efjy+idrf;csrf;a&;twkukd vkyfcJhw,f? aemufqHk; olomv#if+idrf;csrf;a&;ukd zsufqD;wJh w&m;cHtjzpf ay:cJhw,f?

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tvkyform;ESifhjynfol 100 avmuf aoausysufpD;&jyefw,f?ae0if;wkd@&J@ vufawG[m txyfxyfaoG;pGef;cJh=u+yD?aemuf 1974 'DZifbm ausmif;om;ta&;tcif;rSm ae0if;tkyfpkd;r_ukd &efukefwuUokdvfrsm;ESifh ausmif;aygif;pHk ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh

&[ef;oHCmrsm; yl;aygif;+yD; wkdufyGJ0ifcJhw,f? rE Wav;u tvm;wlausmif;om;rsm;ESifh oHCmrsm;yg0ifvmw,f? 6 &uffvHk;vHk;tefwk+yD;oydwfarSmufqENjycJh=uw,f? 'Dausmif;om;ta&;ukd ae0if;wkd@u t=urf;zuf+zdKcGJvkdufvkd@ &efukef+rdK@vlxktcsdK@[m a'goxGuf+yD; qef@usifqENjyw,f? wcsdK@u 0ef}uD;rsm;±Hk;ESifh *gwfwJtcsdK@ukd 0kdif;0ef;qENjyzkd@ }udK;pm;w,f? tcsdK@u vrf;pOfygwDESifh aumifpD±Hk;rsm;ukd rD;±_d@zsufqD;ypf=uw,f? owWd&SdpGmESifh vSHpGyfawGukd tefwkvkdufw,f?

tJ'DjynfolawGukd aoG;at;at;ESifh vlowftzGJ@u vkdufvHypfowf+yD; ESdyfuGyfvkdufw,f? tenf;qHk; 'Dta&;tcif;rSm jynfolESifhausmif;om; 150 ausmf aoaus'%f&m&cJh=uw,f? txufyg 1974 ckESpf tvkyform;ta&;tcif;ESifh 'DZifbmausmif;om;ta&;tcif;[mae0if;wkd@=oZmESifh oduQmukd xyfrH+yD; t}uD;tus,f usqif;apcJhjyefw,f?

aemuf ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh tvkyform;rsm;[m tcGifhtcg&wkdif; ae0if;zdESdyfr_ukd awmfvSefwkdufckdufcJh=uw,f? 1975 ck ZGefvrSmrESpfu aoG;acsmif;pD;cJhwJh tvkyform;ta&;tcif; ESpfywfvnfqENjyyGJ}uD;ukd ausmif;om;awGu usif;y+yD;/ ae0if;wkd@ukd tefwkvkdufjyefw,f?

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37

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39

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40

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awG;=unfh&if cifAsm;wkd@b0u ykdqkd;w,f? jynfolawGvkd tzdESdyfcH&/ aoG;pkyfcH&vkd@ wxdwfxdwfwvef@vef@ iwfjywfqif;&JwJhb0a&m/ aemufjynfolawGukd owfjzwfae&wJhb0a&m jzpfaew,f?

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41

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42

&Spfq,f æ æ wJhtESpfºu,fºu,f vl@b0rSmvSywJh orkdif;a=umif;eJ@EkdifiHom;aumif; yDopGmvlxkacgif;aqmif yDopGm*k%fajymifpGm jzwfoef;rkefwkdif;vrf;ay:u =u,feDtrdjynftwGuf *k%f,lp&mu|efawmfwkd@twGuf *k%f,lp&m=unfndKpGm OD;ckdufE_wfcGef;qufovkdufygw,f OD;av;a&

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(1)

1919 rS 19391919 rS 19391919 rS 19391919 rS 19391919 rS 1939

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(2)

1939 rS 19591939 rS 19591939 rS 19591939 rS 19591939 rS 1959

e,fcsJ@qdk;ukd qef@usif

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43

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(3)

1959 rS 19791959 rS 19791959 rS 19791959 rS 19791959 rS 1979

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awmfvSefa&;orm; yDcJhw,fæ

(4)

1979 rS 19991979 rS 19991979 rS 19991979 rS 19991979 rS 1999

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44

aemufqufwGJ (3) aemufqufwGJ (3) aemufqufwGJ (3) aemufqufwGJ (3) aemufqufwGJ (3)

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t=umqHk;cGJzl;wm1976 uae 1980 æ ?

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45

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0if;wifhxGef;(14-12-99)

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