nuqu qun{o eir..ltaqr ni n q A uaar*gfi n&9

alrd's 6sratu

rfieua.irr oaaruafit

ninsrn notuf{nmrwqalanilna fl zsqs 6}r'}n:..rrfi?le5nrnflfril{lryryatyrtL uiltzzs-zsz

aa u au d u I

ry a il6 a n r u-ui d'e ufr o n I ernrTou ur rl es lyr fily e

Offprint No. 24

Fruou ou a{rorirs'l:o r n?nqfi rn:ugfi o terufu dnqru

fiuutit.t nrsuafita a t tiu i {u fi o n t t ytw u t il t y m /l n u

uir 6": r rri r fi n i n q r' r n: u g n' o l uij yr. a. z s +o r fl u 6,u, r 1 d,fi n.: i r yr o r u r u fi n u rff{Hnn:vilrcro.:inqn'rn:ugfirriogrurnrrurfluoEirLo.:rJ:vy

rryurflud:hJ ,:rui,tulr':arufinurfr':ruan:vvrurionr:fi,:rurilras:cd'uriri'r{ rla.luf;nurn,rr.raeio:;6,!n':rrrfl uodrrorurlRruqr.rnn,yil1l I'u: rilfriyrr,rd,iurn:ugfr o*or,i,oou

l n n': r r fi n s d n u r fi { r.r a n : v n u t o l i n q ei^r a: u g fi r oio nn r.r v fi.l r u u r n o u(povertv incidencc) Jnu*?uhJfinr:tir::o:rarruii'afi1d'rirlirrd.: rraytauorirofruoflod'ofir4r1#^anr: f;nu r,nrirriurr'nsir.rri'uri.:lud',",,l"a,,.rrrrr-,u,*

u r'r n'r r u fii : s n o u d'r o a r l nr u fi o ri: u r r : n rfl u n r : ri r : r r,: r u i o-o rfi u r fildnrrsn rrurJrnouro ':l ru ji'uluo6sr rirud ao.rrflu nrlr0 nrr0.: drrHql0inlrltrlnnrir'r]1ru11r:finurnr:indnr?vn?rrurnru rrruosrrnnqr.la.,o.:nr:fi,u.*,,rio,riunoufiriol#rfinnrrl - ' q v ;rn:usnorioan,.,o.,ul'lj'i];HT,ffi ',,HHTlJilTrl'ffiry;_nir rn; r:u qn r?r urfl u un oq u

I . u yr ci r : r o.r r ui i'ardo { 6rR r ? v n ? r ilu r no ulu o 6 sr^-.i

': r u J 0'u liu r r : n l lu rf o.r an r rv n'r u a r n r u fl d r r o r n r n :.: n r : i frt,,io.: fi r, o.rturnt:lnn lno Mecsook (1979) rror \\,orld Bank t texot d.:ritlrJrlrujfrulunriosiorrrio rlG rrav rJ:ril (:-s:t) turascrini and Jirsuchon (l9gg) Krongkacrv cr.al( t sq:) lu drur o.:if; nr: inn:ru0rnru rqurn vrrviG nr: ri.,u r* ..,#u*rtuurn

0u(povcrrv tine )" rhl'rruifi'rro.:tutnr:ionldrrr,frn0rniruron

orshansky ( r965)d.: ld'ri r u'r 0r n r r r a r r o u 1 u r, i r r?r fl dli f$ o *i n r 1 u ry r.rTi r, ; ;;; ; ;;;;'

"tA

lu'd*:0trtflnt?tnttlJUtn0u(povcrtvincidencc) ilarrulyrpi.rriourir.:lrnrio: s riu r#u n r r l a r n o u fi ldl un r : ri r u : u ri',: fu n r : ri r u u n r du n r r ,., 0 r n o u 6r rfl urJ:;rdurirri'qrJ:srduuu'.rff:,fluiin,rr6u.:ri'urrnru'ui;r,+.,1

rr'flco.rrJ:rrdud'rrfiuruio':riun'o rJ:vrduiinr:rirurarrdun:ruurnor:r#urrJfl (o.grnalpo'crtv lincs) rravil: vrdufi oo.:fi 0 n r : il:-ur #u rrrr'urnrurioldin an nrrr -Jr!ur n oulufl 6u n

?luva mqvu, tnauilltn ttiu?gtv

nr:rilfi uFr:vd'urdunrtuurnoufinrsrir6'runr: firyuel "rdu nrr rl u r n lumr{lnvurn'r:" ttio food novertv lines 6'rrflu:vd'rd'umu1o.:or.n:r?o jntu rnr:i q a 4 9 qEi n " e ,

frnfrtSouu5ounnn60.:lrlvroeroufluo.:eron?rueroinr:vn'ror11r:riueir (minrnunr

nutrirional requlremen$ lqfl lunr:riturcud'o'rfl riorynfiEofi o (n) rJirrarnrrrdo.: nr:9l

dr:orHt:'i'ugitu5o minimum nut ition drfinrilruorfludru?uttnao;sio;usionu tt )

ilSrtare r:ot1ir:luorHr: usiayrfiorliorrsinyfiil':el (n) rlorarrrrrrnu ni: li'in nzi qYr a I q o 4s : :

n{ o rtr,J : i n o u n u r o u n do.r sq rr : n l u n r r ri', u a * *',,,r rir r^r u n r : r i'i n l r u n r

(minimum consumptionilanl 6.: ortfl urtlrttplu nt: l?lnn I o {n ;x[io u uio n u fi o d

lurdun':ruarnouilo6 rrdv ('r) :rnrfiudrvu?elolfir: rn'o1drtila.:rrr,r,,rrn.,,4s J I qyt4 t

1 t: tnnqJu9l I tfi tuu: lllJo l9t?[.tu,l

c7u n o u fi a o { 60 n r : ri 11.r u n rdu n ? r! u r n 0 u ri ru :-u fi u tir ri'hi 1 "i o r r i r : ri i o

nonfood povcrty tines 6rit.frfiarLfi'ufi01#rfluii'Fld'lufiur#ur-t:tt,t,tniluttt.rs s : ut o s]nryurnt: tqud'od:uilo t0"[Fr0rnnr:nruunr tnur]ifru tuiul#'vi tr]u I 1t,r'iil

rlo.t orshansky (1965) luarigonrinr riorvirriu zz: 1r:n:fiqio'l Kakuani and

Medhi ( I 9e8) rrnv NESDB ( l 999)') riol#rvirfiriii'oa:uoir o rn{otnn r: ldij rl@ 4 i< uy v d ;^ uyj .i | ld 4

10nfl :?r: 0u11n0 to'llulfl 0ulTufl: ?t: 0ulltJ:tu [9r9n11 qq ]0 [lJ 0 : rryu nr [: n ( il111 0.]

world Bank ua u.: tued'sfi il :-l rdu n r tl ur n 0 u I o i world Bank d'': ud'ryfi fi u r fi o

a 149! rq ! :n0 t9l?tog tufl0ultuu)

J o " j,ay J A @ qydr e)

01fluu0.:u-tFra11 [o0tn1u910u11 I [[a3 2 ilr:tilnu [orlJuldun]1ilu ]n0u,)4otut.-ojjaoooov

t ta-r 0{ u rnran nar?il rn ru-rol l.nn ru uf, n r ?& n ?'uJ U r n 0 uqn n }J r r n r : n rlr': 0r ldri a r uAd

'.i- qgeJ j a - aja '

j d -?I [[9ll]UUlJ lry01.10.:nuillnmqgn0fl'bu11t:Ufl?'l head count ratio crn[!Unl: ?n

ti'naru toril:svrn:fifi:r416'pirn'iruiorvirfiurdur.n'rlrurn0urfiorriril:;"u r,r:

il{Hru916 UYt o I Y I

0 y [1.] u to ? 1 fl r : n I u'] Bl tdu n ? til u I n 0 u 9t 0.: n I : I 0 lJ n 1i a I uuFt tro 3 ]J 11 a I uy9

@ u @ 4 ^ j1,?9 1 v a I @ q 4 11 I

'tJ u 9l o u : 1 u 11.1 u': lJ U 0 U n t du u qt $ t u 1 0 i ry'l 0 u t u 1J t.: 1J u 9t 0 u 0 rt 9t 1 u q.t u xl 0.t l il u t

r qit[! nn tillt{nnt: tf,urln dyfiufin: r:r,'sr'rsi nfruld'ni.ru{rlri rn nr: rr ffifrr:o r,r'fi0'rld

{oryaoir':qorriux$o1dauruor'grufisir.:riu ncir':leruaqilruanr:rirursu'anr?cfl?rilurfl

' dodru z: rfluii'rreirunxrl?ruror firndosnr:ilr?i'orirutouLnrir d'orriildro:s6'udrfi:rfllyl0.ltlu (sparial pricc indiccs)

autu tua tot;:,l'b otninq6 nt u g fr u z

,0 u o r o il r n r fl n ? r u [ [a n ei r.: x o.: il r o-o si r,r I 6'i fi

99l. {0il dn ?ttldol nr: dr: o rur: riudr (minimum nutritional rcquirement)

2. rio ry a rl i u r a, a t : o r r r : 1u fi u tlr o r u r : r rsi a y yu-rr ( nutri tion contents)

3. {otattulrrruunt: t;'innx 0':Flu urfl 0u (consumprion pattern of the poor)

4. riorya:rnrfiurltotrt: rrn; fiurirfihjl,ilonrr: (food and nonfood prices)

^j5. arufig ruriorn'qii?unr:uiinnfi \rilriorrr:

rddqa2. n I : o 5 u lu ft ? I tJ [[n n n I $fl o {l r^f a n 1 : fi nu I [: o { r"t a n 5 v Yt u fl o { ? n q 9l

6ltfl :u{ n0n0crnt?rn?t}JU tnou4

rfi o 16'n : r u riu n o u n r : ri r u ?ol dn r :i o -l r u u r n o u rrdr r: r fi aru r : cr d tr r< -iq9o\rv v --;oruru?-)?ru[[nnnrq10.1ilaflt:flnut1r t9lllt t][rn]10.1.:'ru?0urnu?nudnr?vn?lu

urn0uhiil:vurn'lnurrfr'lornnrr;innqr'rir.:ra:urfio 6.:.:ruifi'ofifinnndr.rd.:frod

ao.rfrurio .:tutoil lsara Santisarr t,nnol ,,url-luto.:rto.:ri:s,uu^un'trri'*r.,-; Jv,,

d I U n n I U d n't 11 FJt U I n I : rfl : U 0 fl 0 t I A 3 fl .t f't ]J r r].t.1 Y I 91 ry': 0 g t: u n n 0 0 I n u t il ? l.: 1 u

NESDI] ( I999)

.nuii'uao.:firrfih?Hna:rJfirrnrrrirrriuorir.rfiurfr.rruio:1#r?oro.rn16o':riu

fionr:rir:ronnrnrn:uSriodrrrrleu6ininirunfifrrni.:ryrfifl rqse n:iurfilil Iqqg'

nd ttfio.: tu to.: tsara ytLt i tdn I lrfi'ltuu tr-r ou 6.:n.: aoo rr rrTlrr,ilr,:rr fr.:int6 rrridn: r

nttoeaitoi proverry inciclcncc'hirirtrirrrurlriulud:.:liouinqfr tiru.rruto.r

N ES DB yt 1J -lldn rlsf-l.',ro.,n or,,nirdulrr{l r q98 rfi uu iiuij I qqO

I q ad , &,2.1 a2 rljlrnnfl r{11{ rint:ilny1J0{d}1 tIrr r : o fr tt r un l r u r rfl nFi r { 1u r{ n i r : fi ilrl r r o.: r ru i fro R o.: fr u il' rilr r r rr n r :

o I a dq I d 4 4llil:tullJl,lFl01.ltlllrlllJltlltfrlIf'llllJUlrl0l.l t9]U0gl tlltllUtl .l:lUnUt0UFlflllll

t {olnornnr:dr:rlluiJ tqssd{'liln:udrrrfion:orrnqrrfiolrrdlrrrrrrr:nroinr:rir:rlflr!efi orfl urioX n: rrrirrr6ou r.unrfiuf,dlrfi ouqornl iJ t cert bN tlsDll r t cqq) u rir t )

'nr:rirulardorrrnruorrrrulurruiiuro.rNEsDll(r9e9)ildrrgrr,rrrl,::rfitrn.:rutorJ.

Kak*,ani and N.tcairi ( t99ft) 4.:rilu.r nri{ufinurc,u,rti'ltdorrnxio.rro.tiirrr:ri ru rorttarn t:: iliu9l

tduftltlJUtnnu! tn n'l I ttll:1rrt0u,l

tuiu inqvu, 6uut-;Tt nttutaiv

run nei r.r r r ?r'j r.: ii n r : ri r u rar t o.r': r ui 6'u fr'{ a o': fi u n r u d l dr td Ft i r1o 4 a il : ; n o n4-.- q g.t-. ---- ^-.i. o

:lUAsr0u9t t? tugn:1.:11 I

ri rn u nl# pl r r?r 1J : v dil rdu n ?rrl u r n 0 u I o.r n ir riou fi r, d.t tfl u il n : r ri t o.:h

9rJtrdunrruornounr':6ru lnvurnr: rpL. uastdun:ruurnoutirtilnr:l:^Jnnfiudt

fihjlriornr: NFPLh

PL : FPL +NFPLhhh

: FPL .11+ NFPL ' 1,L FPL,)

CAL h: :ALBHT '

'( I + NFA h)

* i a u as 9loufr NrR nodntiruto.::ttriironr:li lnn (u :sPtt.ttdunlt!ulntu)

- y in,q, aS a tr'

ro{dunrm tu ttorv r:rfr ur#l:rtliirunr:lilnnaunrorur:rdu n : r u u r n o u n rl 6'ru I n tu I fl t: o I 0 tr dn.r'ldtfl u H a n t : t o I ili l r u o r:"1 ;- dr '

o r llr i lr u en n n ru u un a oi ti lr iu n ir rS o u fi t n r : dr o rji u r il r rn a oi ri n ir rio u fiI \ee , 4 <{ s .i-

drur:rrfrour-[prprrgtiu I ult nallfiotiluHaut:ton CAL nu CALBHT n]:1191?rh n

ruil:vi.:ao',oro'ftitvirfiulugrinsn:nriou (d.:tnnornnr:fifld'r#ou n rirfrld'rrp]:J . ,i , {t t q dnle o':og) ttjo{nlnil:vnl:$:nlulattasoaflil:tnouljo.ltlnaSn:11:outtannl':nuoqe Y J Jh" - I

lqr 114fl?rugro{fl"l:f,r:or}r1:lluglr tutrrnu u:vn r:fido{ fl?tutlnnsit{1u:;ril:rnra 9 tt )"' ' iy +9 ,--------vl-1.-l-,--.t4?a=udrorvr:nrur4o.:vrvrrl#nit6oufioqjeir':aorufiri'uild'uTu1to.:orl'll:'[rjnrrnu lsr

j -- 4 td ,l -ru o': 0 1 n.: ]u ? 0 tjl, 0 il Isara ( I 999) til u n 1 : il f U tdU n r ril Ul fl 0 lJ 1J O.: worl d

Bank (1980) d?ud'ryfiriurfio rlorynn':iu6'o{nt: dr:otHl:rTudr (sioniliousio16ou)<rqoS0'rrnrnuqnnl?ru9 t9lu

765CAL = CAL HS : 1978.=.HS

h h I./ h

' {oXnfirirurarlfr'rj'.rnunlunr:r'rfi t (:rr,fr'::;dudorrcnrrilornlutrnr:rlsiol 'l:J) oro

!in:.:fi'lioXalu NESDB ( t sqq) ,rl'uro.tnnr:rirrri1Hfnriola0rn socio-Economic Suwevs 'lu

rrv'or1rfiliffinr:rirlriufnrrlrLr6urfiu'lu Isara (1999) d'r}Jrrn'ourillu NESDB (1999)

lsiodr{1: finr! uio.rornlnrJ:tatdtowrnlldoon'',,do-r',r,,"nrirlto.:Haalilto.r.rruiiuri.r

as{d{ifi11rilridruiinr:druror nr:rirnirnrinfirfionl#6.rfi1rirJ:rtdu<irri'ryn:rllnfi1dnr:rirl

drxrinrruu6 urfiufi'rii nr: riru-r*ri.tnu.t,,ru

n u tu o ud to d 1.t b n ni n'q6 m u g fr t

lood worta Bank ( I 980) rirnusr1#nu lyr u .,Inurqd u,' rlo I nr: I 978 ufl nor'

sioiurionu nr:nord':u,ilruruaurfinto.:nfrriou HS rrds :ostr z firfiorjiuhi'hdl 9rq4r4

rljufi'ltuFr0{nr:non:triousrornou aru{ruid'utl0,: NESDB (lg9g) filu?0r cALeh

9ltlu

CAL: 2 ctLA'6

t n u l CA L ril u n r r u 6 o.: n r : d't 5 o 1 tl 1 : r I u I n n a fr I { u riu o I qr ra 3 r}\ fl t di fu

Fd\Jnr:nliurrfruurdunrruurnou:;il'ir.rflInui6ro.: Npsoe ( t 99s) 6{a;}i'0,:d{arruril6 uurril n{ yrr{il:smn: ludruru rer, o.ror-.,iour.urioorriil:s n ouynaorqrroE

rn ar o q n ir rio u lu r or v fi .: r u ii'ofi 1dr ru r il r q nr : il iu rdu n r rru r r n o il I o l wortd

sant ri I fr { fr .: rfi o.: n r I l nJ 6 uu r ril n { 1 o.: I u rer n :-rrio u u s,ri rriu,h

u : : frnrr: nrolnr: r.: fi t rrcn {rilqduyilil: :rnsr o,:sr-ruil: cei- nJE uu4 , -- J i d , n

,rlr01jt3H?rnqtu-l0uytnffoiau or[Hu?1n1u10.: NESDB rJfl1 cAL d.:n?tatu

lro.r Isara rJ::uror s uJoirdue{d'{rfunlur,r'nrir.rlurJ:;rdufirrrilldanlrrorl,j.sad

urniurynfltutiu [9lu-]f nt:1J0n NESDB dnn?1

sr r : rsfi t ril-:' uu rfi uu Er : r u r ln n si n n o.r do ry o d1 #ri ru r sur #un? r ilu r n$u

filt, n:dtor tsara lCltnnr:dru:orfilundurrn:;iulorriunrrlornlulu lsara (l999) nuiinr:1u world Bmt fl980)d:un:dtor xesus lCrtnnt:rirurarlaaliioqnlu Kakwani and Ntcdhi (t998) nrOldnr:ritrirxrinluuri3rfir-rlulsrrr I 1999)

tirn i'rjiuru o-,, u',n'rrduirriou crur: o4on r1d6'ruriu i urn rioJ

cALBHT, utu drurarrrndounuurrrHunr:rilnniudr {oryarJilruer:or}rr:lufiudro.tn'r:,,sinyyun (nutrition conrents) rra;ioXomr.:6'',ufiuriru.,nr: 6.:.:ruifi'a

ton World Bank (:?udlnturon Isara dru) rraslruifrurol NESDB (1999) ld

' q{0ilnnrrldonnt:flt:otx'l:irri',:toqooattnnr:tlfi I 'lu Kak*,ani and Medhi (I99s)

!0!nl99l I sq4 | 996 r 9931 il

lsara NESDI ls.ra NESI)l Isara NESDI Isara NESDT

rJiu rs ir r : o r x r r iud r i r rn o oi io n :- rri o ui ora'n u )

rlilrurrnooiiorlu r u rr (rqiuriril::rnrr)r!u: ritolHlJrqn0 099: n1ilnn = t0{))

i'yir ra r fruilr'hjliorrr',r,odo ( rnsl r)1irnn = ru))

ri'r ri:u: ror'ro1lh'o rx t: io: rud ruo rx r: rsin ("i)

9..r0.{ 9.76u

106.6 t11.6

| 00.0 86.9

10s.0 8s l51.2 67.0

E.e80 9.{5.1

t8lr.9 l7l I

t0t{.6 i)t.{)

t0E.6 95.9

-5t.i 69.7

Ii.7-55 9.1 97

t6tic t190

t21.6 u l. l

12t.6 l0{.5

5t1.: 61 0

li.957 S,414

149.2 t07 l

117.6 [8.8

|]7.6 | 16.9

5t.4 56.2

tu#a 6nEvu, fiauaiw nztutfrY

, , -;-.{l^ "x",--"" '

{o ry a fi oi x fi u fr'.: n t, do ry n' ti r u n r : rJ :-u ri 11 o n c A L B HT, ] T ul u n u t 3 1'l ? 1 { n I u

i i'#u a o u n^ o q i u l o': N ES DB ( 1 9s9) il iu dr trdsr : rri u rrt olu fi u fr rn u : n o r v r : ry't

dufi'urrHci.:fi oq]to':nirrSoudru (rood spatial inflation rates) fi o

CALBHThI: CALBHT,, INFI , ?

lu'oryd.:ruro,t Isara t r SgSl l,fidet: rriurrlo: rl' o.:fr'{il: vtYls (general

inflation rate) rfiu.:dn:16ufiJiu1#fiurdufl?-luuln0ulo.iuna;?6ou r^la1onfl?ru

rrnneililunrsdrurarudnloqiluu::fr'erfiauunuor,r,ud t 6.:rtao{1#rfiu'jri;nr:

loi NESDB Orb{rirdurlunuuu,n]rfi q,ln'jr1o.t Isara riou{r':uln rdurSu t

;;;# ;; *r"-'r.;, rd tt .ounooi lucJ*rvfi ii nr:'or Isara 0Y fi o'16'0'':

,ou u *uu; d.:gir.rfiurj: yuralio uas t 6 rroyfi rjrauha{fi ufl.o:l fiunr rurtn n

;-.: ;,,;;;#; d; i;;l"fl Lssa d.:,fl ufl '

d'.:inqfi ra: u s fi o n r u t tnr n gi r': rvi u

durflufi.iott az 3s (t49.2tfioufru toz': rtnao3)

",rrui{ 2 dn: I nr: tdutolfrrfi : rnr&udrorrr r: ttocohndorfi r:

3.1

7.5

9.2

t.r 9

7.4 ll 9

1.6 ti. I

lJ.l 8 0

$.6 ll.0

'r t I-t17 r i

I

iru]l-r.1

|I

ll l

14. i

xl'tutttq ' arfi -aa* d.l*orrrndorln spatiat price ;n,1i.cs 6,:'ldlrnnorrl:gt!-rtttotr t:

frqrur iirrTnrrunsrsn: : unr:riruu lnl: ra:ug fi tttavdlnlrrrirv tfr

n r: ff 6',u 1 u o I n r : n r r: i6 t o n N E S D B fl ri r ri o u {r.: q.: rj r o I tfl u tvt :,r 3 d I rH E

aolil:;nr:60NesoelduulrrHunr:l,;lnn1,ufl tqszffoloosfiii'srrirurviudruto':)a q - Sulrfiul (giu fiuruiofrn jrrnfiu) rl'orfiulrluttltlttHuorul:nunutludn taulil

. qr]-"6r"-d"{"XaxOi Wort<t Bank 0to World I}ank (1980) ttastlx.ir{oXolol NESDB

(1999) lln Kakwani and Medhi ( l99tt)

l9g2-91 l99'1-% 1+)6-qS

6'1fl : rnrfi udr x !lff o r11 I :

NESDB''

n: rta:u3 fi or (tqnrsn:-?tiou:rtr'ldrirlurtnqr'rrfr urn)

n:ltn:u g fi tr (1nnil5ou)

dryff : rnrfi udrnrrre'hi1dorrr:

NESDU"

n : r tn: u I fi t'l 1to vt r: a :-rti o u : ru ldd I lu rt el q t I fi rr I o )

n:lrn: u3 fi lr (1nnil5or;

6'rfl : ror{uilnorirlil (cPt)

nu tu tua latiNb n ninq6nt u g fi vz

nr: u?Innlu world Bank ( r 9s0) il: s nr: fi ao{ Npsog rJiurdunruorn oumr,:dru19e{ay'tnsutnt:9r'tuon:rriurflono.:duf,ruu.:nolH t:uunntilnufioqj (spatial food price

.J I qindices) fr .ru rnndorolun r: r.:fi 2 dxuuwnuirlu:yosrrnr:!H iriij t qsa fi .:iJ

tggg :tntfiurirurrerornr:firirurar Iould spatiul food price inolces'ld'rfr-rfiu

rfluotirqrrn (Inufln:uL1n dr6o.:rird'n: rn''r,n"u,,oor-,nrfiudrxrrnor?n:ronnirrioulu rrerqrrfi rra; riqrrafi .:1un r: r.:fi z lutorsd d'sr : rriurfi o#rilnn-e-r4 14 - i; yYr ? tljU5 ynulln tn?tfi 0ulJt,:utn

4ynr: fr 6uluorrr:nruTGto.: NESDB a.r n.jr:.r rndorlfl ruarir1#r#ufl ?lr urnI s i u,,y0uyr r,rFrtu tnyil1n1: (IIn3 dfl I ?yn ] rlornou) q Irlu'tilri:on r : ri r u r or N rn. 6.r rfl u ii'n d r u c, o.: : r u ii r u fi u ri'r fi hi l ri o r u r : rri o u rir : r o

dtua-udrorr r: ro.:nirr: ouulJrdunlrrl ornou fu worrd Bank ldii'nriru n lfidrn:-ur1n1 iJ (rdo.rr rnnr:1d6'vfir.:'urfiodsr: 16u.,,lirriu,duor.,uo-,nrunr,:dru

l n vu r n r : u o v r du n r r r u r n ri r rr iu fi u dr fi hi lrio r n r : rvi r rir rfl u n r : n,: ii'n d r uty

: ; v i r { r eiu n r r u u r n o u fr .: d o.: rdu 1 fl u dsr : lfi rL ) 6 r ril u iq ri r u fi 1 d d r n :-r do u o

fl n.a. rs;o rreil#fin':rurrnnrir.:to.rii'neirufi::uir.:n:-rrioulu,nr,fioo (,n,rv au r a : r r frl rr n qt rfi l r o ) riu n ir r? o u 1u rt n,vu u rr' 1 u I sr : d .l r u i i'ot o.:

NESDB (t99s) rilrunhYii'noruilijrir 2/3 riruirn:-rrioulurrnn:nmHrl,nurr:luiJ tqszrr#':rJ:-!d'ruii'Frcrr:to.:spatialpriccindiccs:rrjr.:fruiirhildorur:rro;4I -:aufltHU?a0t?il: nnu

:P,\/R^ 1ih

Tnu pn"'- p' = too druiunirrioulurtnn?inr?rullrlrrr: alunr:rliu:rn'ir.:iJrir16'lour]iud'rud'n: rGurfiorrlSourfiuutor'frurirlrilriorrrr:rra: fiudrrrr:rnorur: fio

;VlRr.= NFR|, , '!+lelufi tNlr rfludsr:iriurrlorrulJ gross inflation rarc

h

2.2 ruanr:ronorudurno.:nr rrurrnnsirrludRl?yn?ruu lnou;^nr:r.:fr 3 [tflo.rr{dnr:rirtr-:oldntlln']ruurn0u|[1Ju hcad counr 'inuriut'rr'r

'rutotltntutnto.tttntiorttnsrr,ntrrlnnJduu'lilnrlnrarrorrirbiirrrilrrnfiofirhulolor:ruiirofi'hildorrn:rfiuuriu:ruiiruornr:lul::,rTorqnriruto.rnr:rrii rnjdur,hJ

urnrulurilnulffi6riru.lsln.:rldo,:nr:dr:ornr:iusir CALh nlulilUllo': NESDB

(1999)lnu:ruo;16uonr:riruro,eirudun.:'l{nr:Jttlut6il1o{lsara (rSSS)frlfirfio

,l#arlr: nrfi u Hatolnr: rildouuila{1u: sdudnr':snrtuurntufi fi lril'u,u-' no

-'n

nrr,rJ6orluln: {air.:il:s.r1n5uOsfilllJdo.:n:rjiuroru,ru",n',rriudr:; rr-ir ':

1 ! r' tnou6nniolnutfiunr:njfiuu1u

.: rui i'oril a o { ei o t r n du fi fi ii r u r sr en rrs fl ? 1lr tl

duluorur: CALBHT' uov1ufi qr,fi rfi unr:ril6uu'o.:d'nri':unr:uilnnfi u frI1j

fuiorxr:cionr:uilnnorur: 6'.:riul::fr'nqnfiroiltflu:r6'uanr':ln..tuo''ntu'i

auia inrPu, tfiuuaht nztutfrv,_

nr:dtu'lslettuiitlo': Isara (1999) luu::fr'ntr:n ornfui':riruloldnl?3n11!

riru:orlnuiixo{ NESDB ( I 999) fr'lvun

'l r ' f;u"uunr:drursustluiGtornr:r{fi 3 Hasioant?efl2llJUlnoilloill9ldu"NESDB

lcqsll ]

13.13 10.56

+1.20 +{'74

l4.li I l..l I

4.24 +2.3R

20.56 11.6)

+4.29 +4.48

24.34 l8.l?

5.71

+0.:57

6 :ll

+4 l5

10.,41

'1.a6l? 119

5r\:'{* i

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utntururnrin fi"rllt#on.rrro.t""""'t"du'=T'ir{3o0as 0'4 fil r'z'virdu

6',lriu{oncirrfi-irfin rrudltflufios6',o.:iliuiinr:iirularrdunfluorntu1,on world

gank rdolorn ln:qair.:il:yrrn:il0*iurrqrnsir.:ornln:':air':lui1 tgro riou{r't

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dnl.)3n.nuulnourfio{ornIn:.:airlil::iln:iluurh?}Jana.:slllJfllal'lartrnioua;

r.zo luiJ rssz rflu3o0as o.q+ luij lees fiO.:f l1#rirnrirrdr'rdr':duanrilrHrina':

' s' ilndt}itl''fir'd''uoouornnr:'fiudutoldnri':uil::stn:riruartuqto.:Itu1 tulJr

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{luxon NESDB firirq':n'jr (qnr:rlfi t u::fr'nq

Poverty lncidence (fi101 IeE)

* Hailisrnnl:'ld "alorie requirement 1lo{ NESDB

d nr2:fl ilJ Utn tu fi rl:'urrdr ( t )

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dn'r1rfl 1lr utn t! fi riilrrdr tz)

* Hoiutrnnr:'lidotiru nonfwvfwl lsr NESDB

Poverty lncidmce (i;!or NESDB)

tbn u i u o u a fi ti rr'b n ni n q 6 n r u g fr o z

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01n-nuro,: Isara dFr o.r'1il6'ru Iournn rt odr.rS,:1uij 1 998 n?tuunnrir.:1uj q - joo y "dnt?3ft?llJUtnouru-0.:lrnu00uuurnunrouaE l.l t rvirriu ann.:lrniouo: g.2g

tuu 1992J".id;,rJu n o u nr : ri r u ?ot fr il r{n n : r vrul r n fr qnrri o dn t ?e fl i tu rJ r n ou fi ri r u ror 1d

n^o n r : rJ ir 1 ddu r1 u o tr r : n r u {o ry a t o r N ES DB ( r sss I 6l ri o 1#rfi n n r r u si r { 1u

dnr?rnlrlJs-rnouurnd.::s14'irqiouay z.ra o'rgouac g.qz rra;frlrfluelnnfirir1#st q , dl

rrur tuux0.rdnr?sn?ruurnoulu:yrir.:iJ t sso-ss ril6uu'hJornuu:l#uriounrJr

:;n'ir,:iJ t9s2-s6

z.: il:yrfiunr:?6'uto.r NESDB

lnu: ru1 rrd'l.r ruii'ur o n N ESDB t r qqs) fi o 16''j rrilu.: ruii'urdo r nr: io_ dvt I 914 I I q ae

dnr rvn ? ruurnoufr 'ldrrn'ttriounn: 0.:lu r ru riuiuriouil yro dun]: lnurqfl rc' d- A v qad

orrrqd':ilrruryrr.:frdonnaolnil?rnt:?on?tlJ0tn!urrulllnrifirauolnu..norsriti^ead.:tu[:0'tr[1]?flft xo{o [[ay"]rlF]fl?tt]Utnnuil0snt:d.:tfi:t5l.tFtt0lJfr:? (pencl on

Povcrty and Family Assistance Conccpts, Information Needs, and Measurement-i 4 " ;- - Jl

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odri!'ineioanr?yn?lJUrn0u:rn'ir.:ij r996ua3 r9sadldn.irrrr#r1fi.:ruir;rflury Jq ,n y , J, u r o q yioXofr"[ri}irHurryrjfrrlilrirl#urnrrrinr:n:?0dou usid'.:fiuoer.:'l]lunr:r.:fi z

spatial price indices fint:rn6oulurfiriou{r.r1nfirfiu.rfild'rfi:rnrfrurirriruiufifivtyy q a J 4 y A ';hroqy I o i ',

:'lu lFluou tu[1Jn{1tn!rnrynl!ul,8un]trHu[[]l:]11 tu yn t]tln00u lurro.:fl?ujutAa y l

t!00010.:u0uautu1. nnr

t ruant:f,nurrotnotttixrulnfii:rnno{luxrilfioMeasuringPoverry:ANewApproach(1995)

l::orrinl:lnu Constance Citro antl Robcrt Michael ttnlfr:ruo;r60slu websires xorottil.t

tdu fi w*,w. nao. edu,/read i n eroom,/books/povertv tfl U tiu

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a ^ j

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j

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^ y

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r sss fi 16'rfrnfiunru{rilinqnra:ugfi orrdr dn t?rr'1'r.rlrBrnrur;'hinlfi ourrilarodr.:

ilrioiiiriiyn'oo:ogj1u:r6'uioaar 12.58 luiJ rsqs rfiauriuioonr t2.8e lu{l reso_-l^-v1-d a y a -ae-i -i he0 ut{ t: nfl tu}il n: lfi t dufi ltnHn : r-t: : u t n il ! tfi t}t ulJlt 5 tu lfl r 0.t f'] 5 f, r: 0 u

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yl

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r.tn!nn tu! 1998'

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xrnnirriournuer:firr:lnllolrniriiorr.,o'r.rur',o1ddrn'jrnlrrfluri.:1ln: fifiil: ro16'q.:dua ,.ia -!rn: rfir?rlHo rrnurruurulriod'rrrrnrih;arur: on:rraou'ld

rtflrnflr'ro rtnqlriuro nrnn{rirv *,rJr",no

z r*'rnro.r: rtrldni:riourqiu

z rvillolirifi udrfi :,r?aorur:; - aa yi'a'

% lnril0lnt!d1.lfl1 llr ltotl'n:

looasnirriouurnoullfl r s9o (Nusoet

looo:nirriouornluluil t qss

n:d NESoe.;n: qJ: rRrDrrnlrrrrlrnr: rnrnudr!i1do rxr:

122 17.5 t1.5 t1.0

lE.5 26.1J 26.3 24.9

12.4 lt.z lt.6 lt.9

r.88 6.5,1 t6.46 12.89

1.11 8.75 19.15 15.01

r.61 7.10 t6.17 t2.5lt

iluva lndvu, tnauellN nrru2av

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u-)n0ur?n [eertlnu [u (overestimation) ttio{orndr.:ni.:iJtt:novn:{liu'd':.:fin-on::u

il r a n r : rn u fl : d r ru^o rfi ur fir cir { il a r uiJ 6.: o c rfl u dr.: fi rn u sr : n : a : u ln ai r fi u rfi u rHaHfinrravfi:ru'1fr'o uacA.rrdofior:arr:rufi'r{orfiooi.rfi'ir:rnrfiud.,otn,r,i,fiuurlrlrLana.:ludr{ilaruil ts9s (6'{il:rnqlugrJfi I dr.:cir':) norJ:ri'rnr:dud'r

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200

150

100

50

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cost consumprion partcrn *'.rxu ruil.:'jrfi.rfi,;0.:nt.:nndrnludrrt:-lnr:uiinnrniol#r4v "l ,l nvr'[ner:orur:rucir'[d lun:dro.:.:ruiiuNrsoe{o1nfildair.:rruurrruunr:uilrrn

o u',, rlu d.,,il u io ry a 1ufl r qsz d{ fi o 1 d.j ufl uiJ fi ra: u g fi r 1 n r o qj lu r.: r : r : fi r r ry"t,a ^-y dt 4 ; i yd1ru (cxpansion phrasc) 0frn.:riluryx2,:r;q:rittrilrriiq,:nir"ir.r:.:o:riou1 rnirolr6':u d.:dolrirb?rl::vrn:rfinnr:rrrnnr:alnrlra:u3n-ofi6rfiuhJ (o'cr.prir.isitc

- J d d( uexpccr.rtron)et:uu0iruuhJ1dfirruurrHrrrrr:rr?lrtrrlrrij I,),):rflrr,'rrrr,,ruuijrrllt:n

ts td q i/t t1 |q n il iu ril d u u'l 6 I q u

"[ rj n : s n ! il 1J : r Fr u 1 o.r d r i o r ]r r : fi n :i r?o u 1 6'ir r l r n r7rr r r iir t n

odu0Hunnl:indnltt?-t?tlrutnoulu{J lggir ndrll tqqs lflgldrurrur.ru'l:rrilnrtluiJt qsz fi o to o c ld'ri tnrrl o r n lu ii n.rrfi u li,: (ovcrcsr irnrrion )

.:tuiioaur:n1#nriunrlurru:fiqlirrdr,,flrlro.:nclrrrnrrn(t(),)s)dINrrjIq i a r abluntr:iirn: ug frorJnfr thi1d1unnrorrr:1l'urrr nu) nrnLdnrr{urio: ro'iduo,:,r r:uilnnat:otxr: (incorre clasticity of nutrienr consunrprion) firili rlrn 'ierojrn jrnrrl6nrri{uria:ru'ld'to.:nr:uilnnfrudro-l}it: (inc.r.'c clasticin, of tbod

consumption) rfi o6n nioortndt:6nriuufr.:6o rfi o: ruldan n r,r t: uiJnrro ln:os nna.:rrnn'irnr:lilnnar: oru r:6orfisrnr:riiruJiuurnJlruHli rn: uilnno rrn:

duva tnqvu, tnaun?N fr,1ulavj- , 4 , c, i; i, i di .ir e eqfrfrqorrilrr.ro"r14r:ilrnilud:od'u1ufrdral{uto.: ryltilunrrutiluo5.:rnL 1un{nu

nufiqrru (Behrman (1988) rlril l8-19)

or. n r : rJ iu 6'r r o r m Ya ti o u u r n o il yt r.: Flt il n I : il':^In fl Io u *tl illu.rruii'oto.r NESDB ( rsss)'ldeil{ol#ii'neirurJiurarnr:riInnfi udru

ldo r ri r : rfi ur rirL rJi l r or fi u dr o r n r : fi ri r n': fi l n uldtn q H n'j r rfl u n r : 6 n n r u n n

Engel's Law (Kakwani and Krongkaew (1998)),fiuduun'tr,rJiultfiul:rd'l welfare

:st'itnitriouq .i . iA ro 4 | u d q 9lurarvfr nr:BnnAfi til'onr: til5 ourfi or: vm'jr.:nfrtioulu#r.: tra ttri arnu

(cross-sectional comparison) ortflntqHarfiu.:fl0 treilunr:nl3 uurfiuuarr ru n t: ailu':u'-'q4rr',,c?----.:-en.:r?atnurtltuol0 turfiilteailrin ril:lctYirrilrflunr:"[rjorlqrnhinl:15 innto.:

q 4 J J tt 'r'

r4t.n:2ltOUlJUOgnull.:ruA11-l{9llU5lfllltA3t'lATlilFllU:lU l9l (substrtutron and Income

cffects) lutnrvfinr:6nflfl Engel's La* lun:fi cross-scctional corttparison,fiullri

oUtUtn il alt l.tdru: rn r (substitution efecD rvi rriu

n r : f; nu rt o r "n at v vi t': ru tio.: uu'l6q rio ry a uo ; iG io n ? trl u I n i) u I I n r fl I :

drrn:rvr{n:oun:-?" ludfi:-goruinr rirauol#l#{oryanr:ldiirooi.: iirrr itrfiu irfi '{lflu' 'ld'uri ornr: rnio.:rj.rriu fio{orfru" rrar1dililrJ:"'rnuriorynli.:b?

ri'uariooqjrarorrvrunr:lda:Lqer^gruto.:{ii't6.:firjrw:':rLd.:nr:fin6on! Lngel's

La* 6'11u.:tuifi'oto.r NESDB dtu

rfl u fi r rri u o u'ir nr: in wel fare t o.r n frri o u io 0 ri rfi .: CI' I n'l rrl d I ll I I tt I 0.1

ni':rioulunr:ra^onnJ6uuvrqnn::unr:liJnndolovb?ri-r:v6'l wcllarc fiq.rn-jr

fl r l irr we I fare i o a a u ry

fi 'j r n :i ri o u d'o idq fi o n q n or^ n r d n r o 6'r o qi r r d':

.:. n r : rJ Yu fi'r u o n fl Y? t; o u u r n o uI or s o r fr'u n r : fr'6 u1 u n o r o ri u

.r r u i i'o ri o r n r : ;fl dn r ?i n r r il u r n 0 u tfi o u rfr .: n il fl 1 il 1 6'1 #n : I L u r il'n u t fi o rt

" dorau ofi'il: rnno qjlu Recommendation t .z d.r rrrj rr'lii r

"..the poverty measure should havc the tbllowing characterlstics:

o The poverty thrcshold r!-prcscnt a budget fbr fbod, clothing, sheltcr (including utiiilics).

and a small additional amount to allow for other nr'ctls (e.g., houschold supplies, pcrsona

carc. non-work-relatcd transport.ll ion).

o A threshold for a reference family should be developed using actual consunrcr cxpcnditure

data and update<t annually to reflect changes in expenditures on tbod, clothing, and shclter

over the nrcvious J vears."

nu orr orJovoor tb r ninqi mz u X fi t t

rfi'.:xrnhildl#nrruiirri'qrionqor'n::Inr: 116l (rras nI:oouI ro.:ni:rioud.rrflu.i aa

rn5o':u*olunt:r: :rrtnt'lyn ?tilurn0ura0lnurqnrylun:dfi : tuldfi du&rorr:(permanent shocks ro i ncom e ) o u n :i rio u''[ :.j d r l t : o rl r : r o'l d'l u o u r n gr l t l dri o u l dloor^irunr:fio'rLrrdrriooldfiurirunr:oorluournsr 6,:rl:;rdufiorrfiold'.irrflu

lneiou6nrJ:vnr:10.:rrurfinfi1#:;d'u: ruld'rrvrufiryrflu:yd'rL:raiiurlflu6':rnJ:ttnurit:vd'r werfare rro.:nirriou (orir.r1:finrunr:1d:ruiirunilioufifilnciourri u riu n r : n n 16 o.: ii'u 1 u rJ : : rd u : r o 1 d'n i o : r o ii r u o d u o n rn u^o r o u rt Fr r o q

,nor',rfi)nr:io rnr':yn:rrurnou Inold:ru16'rfl ufi oht;fi ilqur overcsrimation lnfl

n i:rf ou ur n r u a nr r : o ddu lu u r u fi : ru 1 6'fl n d r n ri r'rn'on ir r$ o u hi o Ejlu n r-: : n n-inInam.tndurso (crcdit constraincd) rfl ufi rjlfiunro'jrlun:fi rJ:yrnalvrufr,:1r;il.:ru

::/_..a--l o t r.ly" : u d * -i,,iTtur6.:rl:cfrnri trvirfi{riuun:rl) fifinurlurio.ru rrerouti rTnatxrljullutrro?r1u fr.:nufinrrr

^nriu:yu'jr.:iy rfrfir?0.:u6o:; u dr.:r1nnn'lun: orniri.:fioqjxo

a u n r : r.iu l u ii'.: a r'l n u n r : b?n': r t.r,i r uru 6 o l u u r r yr n riu r n il r o s fi .: fi o ti d.: fi 0 1 d'-i rdtr.in

I lJll il1U].lU ilJO irl d lfl inlbnrrll socirl setr'rvncr

o. n?tilutnou fi'rury : nirra;n : rlu tnoulouril-:'uurfi uu (absolure and

relative povcrtv)

n r: innlrrurnrulu.: ruir*uinurTrlilrilu nr: inn rruurrrouaurt: ui 6onr rlu r n 0 u r o r ll nn n ln q n n n u d,: u Lifi u o qj fi'u an ru y n r r u ril, u qin u u u u dr l lu r or ;iio r.,uo',,',ur le urili uurfi uu o; fiu oEj,irg rus lnurili ourfiurlu ri'.: nrx 0.:unn dJ vt 't e4rlul drr''-irrurinnnwffrnir.rrqrrnau'rrrn'hiarrr:nuilnnuiuu:oroto,:fr.:

fi nu'rirlrl' uiinnrrion: oun:o.r_ ;. _ , ddn u si y ii ii r n'nr il : r n r : u ffu r o r i n q n rn: u g fi r 1 u n i.: fi 6 0 l d'ri r h?r nn j rir.r

nr:ril6ournlollunr: n:y r ro: ru'16'toln:-:riou (rqfiuriorru ) rlu'Iil r rrrrl,u rl#r

'' ttulfrotn?tu0tnlu'iFruufiuurfiurfifillrrurrinbrrirrsildiunr:nrirrfi.rruiluuri.rfioror..ru",n

Snrith (An lnquiry into thc Naturc and Cluscs ol'the Wcalth ol'Narions. n;itrdti6i1il Srr""r.u(l9ti9) lflil s) rrnlrro'rrir6,,n:ilrrurjnrRrrrgnrrni:r.rioiulllar A. K Scrr ('.r,opr. Rclarr'cr'

Sprcaking". c)xlirrti Econoniic Papcrs 15. l5l-i69. nrirtiir.:6.:1u Srrccrcn (tqxq) tn?r x) rro;ilnrrufur[udriuttutfinrio.t rclarive inconrc hyporhcsis lunquflnr:uiJnrrrrayrrurrfnrrrrldpreference rrullnrifiGun'it habir formation lurtr:oirrruri.lnqin::rrnr:ui'inrt,rrroorr rrnr

nr: n.r11u1ur firrnintintol#rrrtlkirnju ou

rruia inclru, fiautit,t rttutfrr

:cx'ir.:iJ tssz 6{iJ tsso druaorl#r#uodlu:rjd z {r.rrir.r Inorcr#uld'ir1u"Jr.:

riourfinrinqorflsH!fio riruurir:ru'l,inuon{uou;4oron'o'16''jrrflrnu'.fi'rnu',0'4 | J usj 'i a se '

16on{u{u:rold'fi : rra; + nrr:rJfi z) firrurhilrn'ruq.rfiunaonr':nr Inudrurni.:

fi rfi ufiuro.rnun{rfi ldurornn1: ananxorriruuri.::ru'ld'rLoonu nrilfi :':ufi qn

tfu : r uldfi s) uriu d'r o r nrfi nri n q o' o u n 4, fi fi ltiir Ha n : r n u E u r r :.: d q o niu riu

lnufiriruuri.::ru'ld'ona.rlurowfin{ru:ruld'dr triu:ru16'd r r,a, z) f,.rn.:fleiru' ,rytr j 4 tt y J .,J a1 q J ,nyi .qy rttu'l:lu l9ltllulutanu0u fi{uufi]n 'nu0u'(ry{tuuflu tuYu:tu tFtll l) ty:lJ[[1J1J

flr:uilnnnr:uilnnro':nui'unar.:rflud''rdruuer:s6'u 'n?r!111flrrflau' rornurrd:

n?rilurnnuIouril; oilrfi uufi #.:rn^qinqnfi oc an#ouno ua{ 16'

; il d z n r : nJd I u urJ a d u dr u uri{'r r u'l eiuu n n r u'itu : r u'l ei

ull6I:il' i d ' q eq d

uYrn?luulJ1Fr\':?ruIurltotltlJFr?llJn:301I tufi Iru[lJ-1 t0o.:ilnnt3]11J1,0.:

inqnra:ugfioriodntrynrrrurnnuluil:snrn'lvro lerariuornnr:rrunuucl#rfiu6.:919t9

otrrqfinolnrfinnrurrnnnr.:lutoaqrJil:g16ufiro,:iruid'o1uo6sr rra16.:rfiou-

I o.:u r dr n r: irn : ry rir rayi r r: aiHa n: r n u t o ri n q n rd: u g fi o ri o n ilio u ur n r u luA y 3 i qrdr r d q . ^- ei - - -'" a d

uu11 n? t.11lu ry{0 1003 tsluuu: 3tptu [untsyn?0ur: o{tnu?fl uu turyqa ngro'Iillu

0uln9r

t

5n

,3 -1

2

lrwq

I'F&

O resrr

.llJfrlfi2 inuiit intdrturu'lIlt

nu vu sun totirlb atninqi nt uX fi o ?

u::6nrqn:nBehrman, Jere, "Nutrition and Incomes: Tightly Wedded or Loosely Meshed?," a

paper in PEWCornell lecture series on Food and Nutrition policv. october

I 988.

Citro. Constance F. and Robert T. Michael (editors), Measuring poverry: A New

Approach, a report on study by the Panel on Poverfy and Family Assistance

Concepts, Information Needs, and Measurement Methods, Commission on

Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Washington, D.C.: National

Academy Press, 1995

Kakwani, N. and Medhi Krongkaew (1998)"Povert.v in Thailand : DeJining, Meusunng

and Analyzing", Working Paper No.4, Asian Devclopment Bank and

Development Evaluation Division, NESDB

rur' n: o':rrfir rray il: tfi fi u n:, "an rJy fi ? 7y a 1 nn u tray ni J il,s 0 N, .ra'li1u

iltymt'lna iJ zs t ails ilaz 2524,"'lrrdr:rfl:ugflrdnfr::rrflrflflf,f,urrnr 2sz8

Medhi Krongkaew, Pranee Tinakom and Suphat Suphachatasai, "Rural poverry rn

Thailand: Polic-v Issues and Responses, " Asian Development Review, vol. 10,

no. l,1992

Meesook, Oey A., "lncome, Consunrption and Poverty in Thailand, 1962/63 to 197-5/

76," \Yorld Bank Staff Working paper no.364.1979.

NESDB, "Povcrty and Inequality During the Economic crisis in Thailand," in Indicators

of l{ell-Being and Polia,Analysrs, r.'ol J, 2o.1, Development Evaluation Division.

t999.

Reyer, Celia, "Social Impact of the Regional Financial Crisis in the philippines," paper

presented at a conference on Monitoring social Impact of rhe Financial Crisis,

Thailand Development Rcsearch Institute, 1999

Isara Samtisart, "Socio-Economic Consequences of the crisis", paper presented at the

Thailand Update : Thailand Beyond the Cnsrs, April 21,1999.

Streeten, Paul P., "Poverty Concepts and Measurement," Discussion paper no. 6,

Institute for Economic Deveelopment, Boston University, 1989.

fluya 8nEvu, tnaud2ll ntru?uv

Thailand Development Research Institute, "Social Impact Assessment of Economic

Cisis in Thailand, " A synthesis report by the Natural Resource and Environment

Program, 1999.

World Bank, "lncome Growth and Poverty Alleviarion in Thaitand: Resulrs of Some

Speciat Studies, " Country Program Department, I980.