Медиация и диалог на Южном Кавказе
DESCRIPTION
С середины 1990-х годов представители международного и местного гражданского обществ занимались большим количеством различных инициатив, направленных на трансформацию конфликтов на Южном Кавказе. В данной книге отображены точки зрения и оценки как западных фасилитаторов этих инициатив, так и местных участников с противоположных сторон конфликта. Не претендуя на всеобъемлющий охват, инициативы, описанные в данной книге, выбраны для демонстрации разнообразия миротворческих работ, выполняемых гражданским обществом, в числе которых работа с политикамTRANSCRIPT
Understanding conflict. Building peace.
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?"5' ='%G –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– "4.G&-),F/ =S>, ')/ 1/I,%,#/ -/)(,(/%&-GH (,&&$*%/F,H " N)&%,%G%$ /)%*'.'#'E,, 5'&&,;&-'; /-/($+,, )/G-.
<= %06)7%> 36%6"; | 7
S"#'% !'%#&3$5'#F$ – ('-%'* .&,@'#'E,B$&-,@ )/G-, .*'3$&&'* , B#$) <-/($+,, 3,#'&'3,, S*G1,,. A 1996 E. ') '&)'"/# , & %$@ .'* !"#!$%&! .*$(&$(/%$#$+ O')(/ «5/1",%,$ B$#'"$B$&-,@ *$&G*&'"», E($ *G-'"'(,# .*'$-%/+, .&,@'&'F,/#:)'; *$/0,#,%/F,, 0$7$)F$" , "4)G7($))' .$*$+$I$))4@ #,F " S*G1,,, .*,),+/! GB/&%,$ " )/*'()'; (,.#'+/%,, , ,),F,/%,"/@ .' G-*$.#$),H ('"$*,! +$7(G #H(:+, ,1 1') -')3#,-%'". J'(/* GB/&%"'"/# " «8/"-/1&-'+ 3'*G+$» JKL , " */1#,B)4@ ,),F,/%,"/@ E*G1,)'-/0@/1&-'E' (,/#'E/ , E*/7(/)&-'E' +,*'&%*',%$#:&%"/ & International Alert , 8/#,3'*),;&-,+ G),"$*&,%$%'+ (N*"/;)) & +'+$)%/ )/B/#/ ,@ (,/#'E/ " 1996 E'(G. J'(/* %/-7$ !"#!$%&! B#$)'+ =$7(G)/*'()'; /&&'F,/F,, -')&G#:%/)%'", /"%'*'+ ($&!%-'" -),E , &%/%$;, '.G0#,-'"/))4@ )/ E*G1,)&-'+, *G&&-'+, /)E#,;&-'+, )$+$F-'+ , 3*/)FG1&-'+ !14-/@.
+%#' O('5-O<' – !"#!$%&! /0@/1&-,+ -''*(,)/%'*'+ +,*'%"'*B$&-'E' (,/#'E/ .*$(&%/",-%$#$; '*E/),1/F,; E*/7(/)&-'E' &''0I$&%"/ S*G1,, , <0@/1,,, &.')&'*'+ -'%'*'E' "4&%G./$% 8/#,3'*),;&-,; G),"$*&,%$% (N*"/;)). L)/ 04#/ 1/+$&%,%$#$+ (,*$-%'*/ ,&&#$('"/%$#:-&-,@ .*'E*/++ " 9$)%*$ EG+/),%/*)4@ .*'E*/++ (9SK) & +'+$)%/ $E' &'1(/),! " 1994 E. W%'% F$)%* – '()/ ,1 .$*"4@ JKL " <0@/1,,. <*(/ */0'%/$% .' F$#'+G *!(G "'.*'&'" */1",%,! E*/7(/)&-'E' '0I$&%"/, %*/)&3'*+/F,, -')3#,-%/ , E*/7(/)&-'+G "'&.,%/),H. Q' M%'E' ')/ */0'%/#/ )/GB)4+ &'%*G(),-'+ " <0@/1&-'+ ,&&#$('"/%$#:&-'+ ,)&%,%G%$ !14-/, ,&%'*,, , #,%$*/%G*4 , B,%/#/ #$-F,, " <0@/1&-'+ E'&G(/*&%"$))'+ G),"$*&,%$%$. L)/ !"#!$%&! '(),+ ,1 *$(/-%'*'" .!%)/(F/%, %'+'" &$*,, «<&.$-%4 E*G1,)'-/0@/1&-'E' -')3#,-%/». <*(/ – "4-.G&-),F/ 3/-G#:%$%/ .&,@'#'E,, ='&-'"&-'E' E'&G(/*&%"$))'E' G),"$*&,%$%/ (=S>). D 2007 E. ')/ !"#!$%&! B#$)'+ L0I$&%"$))'; ./#/%4 <0@/1,,.
=$3"%9 L$%-='G%)$52( – (,*$-%'* «O')(/ ./*%)$*&%"/ C"*/1,!» " <*+$),,. N+$$% 27-#$%),; '.4% */0'%4 " B/&%)'+, E'&G(/*&%"$))'+ , )$.*/",%$#:&%"$))'+ &$-%'*/@. 5/)$$ */0'%/# &%/*2,+ &'"$%),-'+--')&G#:%/)%'+ .' "'.*'&/+ .'#,%,-, , +$)$(7$*'+ .*'E*/++4 «C"*/1,!» '*E/),1/F,, International Alert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+5'( ?'%':@'$3 " 1998 E. &'1(/# JKL «67)'-L&$%,)&-,; F$)%* EG+/),%/*)4@ ,),F,/%," , ,&&#$('"/),;»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
-)'(' N5$B( !"#!$%&! +$)$(7$*'+ .*'$-%/ " International Alert .' .*'E*/++$ «A'.*'&4 +,*'%"'*B$&%"/» , " )/&%'!I$$ "*$+! "'1E#/"#!$% E*G..G M-')'+,-, , +,*'%"'*B$&%"/. 5/)$$ ')/ G.*/"#!#/ *$E,')/#:)'; &$%:H .' ,&&#$('"/),!+ , (,/#'EG, #'00,*'"/),$+ ,)%$*$&'" E*/7(/)&-'E' '0I$&%/ " .*'$-%$ «W-')'+,-/ , -')3#,-% )/ 67)'+ 8/"-/1$», .*,"#$-/! /-%'*'" ,1 B/&%)'E' &$-%'*/ "&$@ &%'*') -')3#,-%/ " *$E,')$, &'($;&%"G! (,/#'EG +$7(G */1#,B)4+, &%'*')/+, -')3#,-%/, / %/-7$ ,&.'#:1G! M-')'+,B$&-,$ .'(@'(4 - +,*G , .*,+,*$),H " *$E,')$. Q' */0'%4 " '*E/),1/F,, International Alert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+9'3() N'%'8'(2( – (,*$-%'* N)&%,%G%/ E*/7(/)&-'E' '0I$&%"/ , *$E,')/#:)'E' */1",%,! " C*$"/)$ (<*+$),!). L)/ */0'%/$% .' )$&-'#:-,+ +$7(G)/*'()4+ ,&&#$('"/%$#:&-,+ .*'$-%/+: W-')'+,-/ , -')3#,-% (International Alert, A$#,-'0*,%/),!), S#'0/#,1/F,!, 5$E,')/#,1/F,! , ($+'-*/%,1/F,!, / %/-7$ =,*, L0*/1'"/),$, N&-G&&%"', 8G#:%G*/ , L-*G7/HI/! &*$(/ " +,*$ E#'0/#,1/F,, (N)&%,%G% E#'0/#:)'E' +,*/ , .'#,%,-, Y'(/, S/"/;,, DR<) , (*. <E/"), !"#!$%&! B#$)'+ 8#G0/ M-&.$*%'" LLJ , /"%'*'+ «S#'0/#,1/F,, , ,)%$E*/F,,» (#! '%B$%/ «Q$&!%:
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W'8)( *F'$3 & 1999 E. !"#!$%&! &%*/)'"4+ (,*$-%'*'+ " <1$*0/;(7/)$ N)&%,%G%/ .' '&"$I$),H "';)4 , +,*/ (IWPR). L) %/-7$ !"#!$%&! '(),+ ,1 '&)'"/%$#$; , B#$)'+ &'"$%/ 9$)%*/ .*/" B$#'"$-/ " <1$*0/;(7/)$ , M-&.$*%'+ 9$)%*/ 7G*)/#,&%,-, " M-&%*$+/#:)4@ &,%G/F,!@. A 1997 E. R/@,) "'1E#/",# .$*"GH E*G..G /1$*0/;(7/)&-,@ 7G*)/#,&%'", .'&$I/"2,@ <*+$),H .'( ME,('; 2"$;F/*&-'; '*E/),1/F,, Cimera. D %'E' "*$+$), ') .*,),+/# GB/&%,$ " )$&-'#:-,@ %*/)&E*/),B)4@ 7G*)/#,&%&-,@ .*'$-%/@ & /*+!)&-,+, , E*G1,)&-,+, -'##$E/+,, "-#HB/! GB/&%,$ " 8/"-/1&-'+ 3'*G+$ JKL , " .*'E*/++/@ International Alert (#! +'#'(4@ 7G*)/#,&%'" 8/"-/1/. L) !"#!$%&! /"%'*'+ +)'E'B,&#$))4@ &%/%$; .' "'.*'&/+ -')3#,-%/, '.G0#,-'"/))4@ " F$#'+ *!($ */1#,B)4@ +$&%)4@ , +$7(G)/*'()4@ D=N, "-#HB/! N)&%,%G% .' '&"$I$),H "';)4 , +,*/ ,
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2 ‘Glossary’, Conflict Research Consortium (CRH) – University of Colorado, US.3 E.E. Azar (1983). ‘The theory of protracted social conflict and the challenge of transforming conflict situations’, World
Affairs, Monograph Series, Vol. 20, 367. 81–994 J. Burton (1987). Resolving deep-rooted conflict: A handbook. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America.
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5 J.V. Montville (1987). ‘The arrow and the olive branch: The case for track-two diplomacy’ in W.S. Thompson and K.M. Jensen (Eds.) (1987). Conflict resolution: Track two diplomacy. Washington DC, US: Foreign Service Institute, US Department of State. 367. 253–269.
6 J. McDonald and L. Diamond (1996). Multi-track diplomacy: A systemic approach to peace. Virginia, US: Kumarian Press.
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7 H)36E5+) +% 3%;6" M+36$6E6% !+)*)E7)0+"0); H$5().%6$$ +% http://www.imtd.org/at-a-glance/mission/working-methods/what-is-multi-track-diplomacy.
8 C. Barnes (Ed.) (2002). ‘Owning the process: Public participation in peacemaking’, Accord, No. 13. H)36E5+) +% http://www.c-r.org/accord/participation.
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5/&%GIGH .'.G#!*)'&%: &#,!),! (,/#'E/ & (*GE,+, +,*'%"'*B$&-,+, .*'$-%/+, +'7)' '0]!&),%: (/"#$),$+ &' &%'*')4 &''0I$&%"/ (')'*'", -'%'*4+ )$'0@'(,+' .'#GB,%: ('-/1/%$#:&%"/ .*'(G-%,")'&%, (,/#'E/ -/- ($!%$#:)'&%,, -'%'*GH &%',% 3,)/)&,*'"/%: (,)4+, &#'"/+,, -/- ",(/ ($!%$#:)'&%,, " *$1G#:%/%$ -'%'*'; .'!"#!$%&! ('"$*,$, .'),+/),$, M+./%,! ,, " -')$B)'+ ,%'E$, G&%/)/"#,"/$%&! +,*).
9 P"7.$+ $35)(B2E"63' M+$&$%6$0); Y57%0("+$' /7$2$3). (CMI). ?)#7)=+)36$ +% www.cmi.fi10 H.H. Saunders (1999). A public peace process: Sustained dialogue to transform racial and ethnic conflicts. New York,
US: St. Martin’s Press.11 H.C. Kelman (1972). ‘The problem-solving workshop in conflict resolution’ in R.L. Merritt (Ed.) (1972). Communication
in international politics. Urbana, US: University of Illinois Press. 367. 168–204.12 Conflict Research Consortium, University of Colorado, USA. 13 R.J. Fisher (1997). Interactive conflict resolution. New York, US: Syracuse University Press., 367. 9.14 R6)6 57)&"33 +%&"("+ 1%1 +% 5)(ED"+$" 57)#E16%, 6%1 $ +% ("*$6$.$2%&$L #$%()*% 1%1 &"++);, I88"16$0+);
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17 J.P. Lederach (1997). Building peace: Sustainable reconciliation in divided societies. Washington DC: US Institute of Peace Press.
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18 H. Slim (2007). A guide to mediation: Enabling peace processes in violent conflicts. Geneva, Switzerland: Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue. H)36E5+) +% http://www.hdcentre.org/publications/guide-mediation-enabling-peace-processes-violent-conflicts.
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19 P. Wallensteen (2002). Understanding conflict resolution: War, peace and the global security. London, UK and New Delhi, India: SAGE Publications.
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21 J.P. Lederach (1995). Preparing for peace: Conflict transformation across cultures. New York, US: Syracuse University Press. 367. 14.
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22 B.D. Mor (1997). ‘Peace initiatives and public opinion: The domestic context of conflict resolution’, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 34, No.2, 367. 197–215.
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24 S. @%;7$+"+ (1991 *.) [$6. 0 \BL !%;%(( (2004 *.). ‘P7%+38)7.%&$' 1)+8($16)0: 1).5("13+%' 2%#%D%’. SE1)0)#360) T"7*>)8% 5) 67%+38)7.%&$$ 1)+8($16%. /)+&"5&$$ $ ."-#$3&$5($+%7+4" 57)=(".4. H)36E5+) +% http://www.berghof-handbook.net/documents/publications/russian_miall_handbook.pdf (319Kb PDF).
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25 G. Baechler (2008). ‘“Emerging archetypes”: A comparison of patterns of the peace processes in Sri Lanka and Nepal’, The Berghof handbook for conflict transformation dialogue series, No. 6: A systemic approach to conflict transformation. 3xploring strengths and limitations. H)36E5+) +% http://www.berghof-handbook.net/documents/publications/dialogue6_baechler_com.pdf (241Kb PDF).
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28 J. Smith, C. Chatfield and R. Pagnucco (1997). Transnational social movements and global politics: Solidarity beyond the state. New York, US: Syracuse University Press.
29 J. Galtung (2000). Conflict transformation by peaceful means (The Transcend method). Trainer’s manual. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Disaster Management Training Programme. H)36E5+) +% http://www.transcend.org/pctrcluj2004/TRANSCEND_manual.pdf.
30 J. Kuttab (1988) cited in M. Abu-Nimer (1999). Dialogue, conflict resolution and change: Arab-Jewish encounters in Israel. New York, US: State University of New York Press. 367. 152.
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31 /. /("."+63 (2004 *.). ‘/ 67%+38)7.%&$$ 1)+8($16% $ 357%0"#($0).E .$7E’, SE1)0)#360) T"7*>)8% 5) 67%+38)7.%&$$ 1)+8($16%. ?)3("0)"++)" 0)336%+)0("+$": 5)361)+8($16+)" 0)27)-#"+$" $ 57$.$7"+$". H)36E5+) +% http://www.berghof-handbook.net/documents/publications/russian_clements_handbook.pdf (274Kb PDF).
32 N. Ropers (2008). ‘Systemic conflict transformation: Reflections on the conflict and peace process in Sri Lanka’, The Berghof handbook for conflict transformation dialogue series, No. 6, 367.11–43. H)36E5+) +% http://www.berghof-handbook.net/documents/publications/dialogue6_ropers_lead.pdf.
33 [$6. 5) /. /("."+63 (2004).
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34 J.P. Lederach (1995). P%. -", 367. 14.35 M. Estrada-Hollenbeck (2001). ‘The attainment of justice through restoration, not litigation: The subjective road to
reconciliation’ in M. Abu-Nimer (Ed.) (2001). Reconciliation, justice and co-existence: Theory and practice. New York and Boulder, CO and Oxford, UK: Lexington Books. 367. 65–86.
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36 D. Bloomfield, T. Barnes and L. Huyse (Eds.) (2003). Reconciliation after violent conflict. Stockholm, Sweden: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA). H)36E5+) +% http://www.reconciliationmovement.org/docs/ReconcilationAfterConflict.pdf.
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38 F. O. Hampson (2001). ‘Parent, midwife or accidental executioner? The role of third parties in ending violent conflict’ in C.A. Crocker, F.O. Hampson and P. Aall (Eds.) (2001). Turbulent peace: The challenges of managing international conflict. Virginia, US: USIP Press. 367. 387–403.
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4 Y. Anchabadze, B. Coppieters, G. Nodia, (eds).Georgians and Abkhazians, The Search for a Peace Settlement, Bundesinstituts fur ostwissenschaftliche und internationale Studien, Kolln, 1998; L. Broers, «’David and Goliath’ and ‘Georgians in the Kremlin’: a post-colonial perspective on conflict in post-Soviet Georgia’, Central Asian Survey, Vol.28, No.2 (June 2009), 367. 99-118.
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6 P. Dixon and M. Simmons (2006). “The role of track two initiatives in Sudanese peace processes”; in in P. Dixon and M. Simmons (Eds.) Peace by piece: Addressing Sudan’s conflicts, Accord: a review of international peace initiatives, London: Conciliation Resources, 367. 60-61
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7 R. Slim and H. Saunders (2001). ‘The Inter-Tajik Dialogue: from civil war to wards civil society’ in K. Abdullaev and C. Barnes (Eds.) Politics of compromise: the Tajikistan peace process, (eds), Accord: an international review of international peace initiatives. London: Conciliation Resources, 367. 44
8 P%. -", 367. 45–46.
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17 9.. C. McCartney, J. Cohen and R. Clogg (2003). The Georgian-Abkhaz conflict: Reflections on four study visits to the United Kingdom and Ireland. London: Conciliation Resources 9.. http://www.c-r.org/resources/occasional-papers/study-visit-reflections.php.
18 “Saakashvili to announce Abkhazia concept on 26 May – State Minister”, Civil Georgia, 13th May 2004, 9.. http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=6933.
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20 ‘9%%1%K0$($ 0436E5%"6 3 +)04.$ .$7+4.$ $+$&$%6$0%.$ 1 N=>%2$$’, Civil Georgia, 28 !%76% 2008. 9.. http://www.civil.ge/rus/article.php?id=16063.
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5 G. Bonvicini, E. Greco, B. von Plate, R. Rummel (eds.) ‘Strategies in Ethnic Conflict and a Regional Cooperation System for the Caucasus’ Preventing Violent Conflict: Issues from the Baltic and the Caucasus. A Joint Study of the Istituto Affari Internazionali, Rome, and the Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, Ebenhausen. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden, 1998 (Aktuelle Materialien zur Internationalen Politik, Band 50).
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International Alert. 346 Clapham Road, London SW9 9AP, United KingdomTel +44 (0)20 7627 6800, Fax +44 (0)20 7627 6900, Email [email protected]
ISBN: 978-1-906677-21-3
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